#existence of infrared DE's

[orgasmictomato]

DSC02237 (1)c1 (1)rsz by Jim Via Flickr: This photograph was taken with a Sony HDR-SR12E camera with flash and pointing up to the night sky in Greta NSW Australia... it was during a night sky watch session with dimensional entities and this was after a request to "show themselves" so believe it or not that is a fact... I suggest any that think otherwise, then prove this wrong... Genuine photograph with archived original and all evidence of dimensional entities here able to visit our planet... or is it? They most probably have been here a lot longer than humans... INFRARED DIMENSIONAL ENTITIES Dimensional Entities in Australia's night sky captured by way of IR cameras and Night vision Monocular scopes. Discovered technique by FRJS in 2009.

[mindblowingscience]

Using data from the Spitzer space observatory, Dr. Susana Iglesias-Groth, a researcher from The Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), has found evidence for the existence of the amino acid tryptophan in the interstellar material in a nearby star-forming region. The research is published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. High amounts of tryptophan were detected in the Perseus molecular complex, specifically in the IC348 star system, a star-forming region that lies 1,000 light years away from Earth—relatively close in astronomical terms. The region is generally invisible to the naked eye, but shines brightly when viewed in infrared wavelengths. Tryptophan is one of the 20 amino acids essential for the formation of key proteins for life on Earth, and produces one of the richest pattern of spectral lines in the infrared. It was therefore an obvious candidate to be explored using the extensive spectroscopic database of the Spitzer satellite, a space-based infrared telescope.

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[spacetimewithstuartgary]

NASA’s Webb Reveals Smallest Asteroids Yet Found in Main Asteroid Belt

NASA’s powerful James Webb Space Telescope includes asteroids on its list of objects studied and secrets revealed. 

A team led by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge repurposed Webb’s observations of a distant star to reveal a population of small asteroids — smaller than astronomers had ever detected orbiting the Sun in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.

The 138 new asteroids range from the size of a bus to the size of a stadium — a size range in the main belt that has not been observable with ground-based telescopes. Knowing how many main belt asteroids are in different size ranges can tell us something about how asteroids have been changed over time by collisions. That process is related to how some of them have escaped the main belt over the solar system’s history, and even how meteorites end up on Earth.  

“We now understand more about how small objects in the asteroid belt are formed and how many there could be,” said Tom Greene, an astrophysicist at NASA’s Ames Research Center in California’s Silicon Valley and co-author on the paper presenting the results. “Asteroids this size likely formed from collisions between larger ones in the main belt and are likely to drift towards the vicinity of Earth and the Sun.”

Insights from this research could inform the work of the Asteroid Threat Assessment Project at Ames.ATAP works across disciplines to support NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office by studying what would happen in the case of an Earth impact and modeling the associated risks. 

“It’s exciting that Webb’s capabilities can be used to glean insights into asteroids,” said Jessie Dotson, an astrophysicist at Ames and member of ATAP. “Understanding the sizes, numbers, and evolutionary history of smaller main belt asteroids provides important background about the near-Earth asteroids we study for planetary defense.”

The team that made the asteroid detections, led by research scientist Artem Burdanov and professor of planetary science Julien de Wit, both of MIT, developed a method to analyze existing Webb images for the presence of asteroids that may have been inadvertently “caught on film” as they passed in front of the telescope. Using the new image processing technique, they studied more than 10,000 images of the star TRAPPIST-1, originally taken to search for atmospheres around planets orbiting the star, in the search for life beyond Earth. 

Asteroids shine more brightly in infrared light, the wavelength Webb is tuned to detect, than in visible light, helping reveal the population of main belt asteroids that had gone unnoticed until now. NASA will also take advantage of that infrared glow with an upcoming mission, the Near-Earth Object (NEO) Surveyor. NEO Surveyor is the first space telescope specifically designed to hunt for near-Earth asteroids and comets that may be potential hazards to Earth.

TOP IMAGE: Basics of a blind search for asteroids using synthetic tracking. Average stack of exposures 4,000 to 4,500 from PID 3077 centered on the ultra-cool star TRAPPIST-1, revealing two known bright asteroids (2004 GH89 and 2016 UR72) crossing the left side of the field of view (FoV). Being bright, they are detectable on individual exposures, leading to a trail on the stacked exposure.

LOWER IMAGE: Illustration of the main asteroid belt, orbiting the Sun between Mars and Jupiter NASA

[religion-is-a-mental-illness]

By: Ellen Phiddian

Published: May 4, 2023

Astronomers have observed a dying star engulfing a planet for the first time. It’s something that’s likely to happen to Earth in a few billion years.

While the precursors and after-effects of stars engulfing planets have been observed before, this is the first time a star’s been caught sucking in a planet that strayed too close.

[ Artist's impression. Astronomers have captured a star in the act of engulfing a planet. Credit: International Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/M. Garlick/M. Zamani ]

This happens when Sun-like stars get old, expanding in size until they’ve engulfed planets in their star systems.

It’s estimated to only happen a few times a year in the Milky Way, making it a difficult to observe.

The researchers who have just published their observation in Nature,  first spotted the evidence of planetary engulfment in May 2020, when they saw a bright flash on a star 12,000 light-years away, in the Aquila constellation.

They were looking for flashes from stellar binaries with data from the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF).

Binary star systems occasionally get brighter, as mass from one star is pulled into the other.

“One night, I noticed a star that brightened by a factor of 100 over the course of a week, out of nowhere,” says lead author Dr Kishalay De, a researcher at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), US.

“It was unlike any stellar outburst I had seen in my life.”

When he cross-referenced this data against observations from the Keck Observatory in Hawaii, De couldn’t find any of the tell-tale chemical signatures that binary eruptions normally give off.

Next, the researchers looked at infrared data from the Palomar Observatory.

“That infrared data made me fall off my chair,” says De.

“The source was insanely bright in the near-infrared.”

This could have indicated that the flash was a red nova – an explosion from two merging stars.

But data from NASA’s infrared space telescope, NEOWISE, showed that the explosion was too small – about one thousandth the size of even a small stellar merger.

“That means that whatever merged with the star has to be 1,000 times smaller than any other star we’ve seen,” says De.

“And it’s a happy coincidence that the mass of Jupiter is about 1/1,000 the mass of the sun. That’s when we realized: This was a planet, crashing into its star.”

[ Stars like our Sun turn hydrogen into helium in their cores – until they get to old age, when the hydrogen runs out. At this point, helium starts fusing into carbon, and the outer layers of the star expand outwards and glow red as they get cooler. This engulf planets in the inner star system – and when a planet is engulfed, it triggers a flashy outburst of energy and material. Credit: International Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/P. Marenfeld ]

The researchers believe that the planet was between about one and 10 times the mass of Jupiter.

The initial flash from the planet’s engulfment lasted 10 days, followed by 100 days of a bright infrared emission caused by the engulfing star ejecting material.

“I think there’s something pretty remarkable about these results that speaks to the transience of our existence,” says co-author Dr Ryan Lau, an astronomer at the US National Science Foundation’s NOIRLab.

“After the billions of years that span the lifetime of our Solar System, our own end stages will likely conclude in a final flash that lasts only a few months.”

[ An aging star dubbed ZTF SLRN-2020 has been caught in the act of swallowing a planet. Credit: K. Miller/R. Hurt (Caltech/PAC) ]

[kevinjeangros]

The unseen de Edward Thompson - 2016

The unseen est une oeuvre photographique de Edward Thompson qui traite d'art, de l'environnement et de la science. Il à réalisé des séries de photo infrarouges qui permettent de révéler des aspects ou des détails qui sont imperceptibles en temps normal à l'oeil nu mais qui existe dans notre monde.

En révélant l'invisible il permet grâce à ses photos de sensibiliser le spectateur en nous montrant des détails qu'on ne pourrait pas voir sans celles-ci, dont les changements environnementaux causés par la pollution mais également en montrant des subtilités technologiques ou scientifiques. Il nous montre la vie que chaque Homme connaît d'une autre manière grâce à l'infrarouge comme si dans ce qu'on voit il nous manquait certains détails de la vie. Cela nous questionne également sur la limite de la perception humaine et de ce qu'on peut percevoir avec nos yeux.

A première vu ces photos sont très spectaculaire avec ce rouge qui prend le dessus sur beaucoup de photos mais ce qui m'a le plus intéressé c'est qu'il nous montre le monde d'une manière amélioré, on pensait voir le monde de sa forme complète alors que ce n'est pas le cas.

[ajetromat]

Understanding Water Damage Restoration in Cary, NC

Water damage can strike without warning, causing severe harm to homes and businesses in Cary, NC. The region's humid subtropical climate, characterized by heavy rainfall and occasional hurricanes, makes water damage a frequent concern. This guide delves into the essentials of water damage restoration in Cary, NC, highlighting the importance of prompt action, detailing the restoration process, and offering preventive measures to protect properties from future water damage.

What is Water Damage?

Water damage refers to any destruction caused by water intruding where it shouldn’t, leading to detrimental processes such as rotting of wood, growth of mold, rusting of steel, de-laminating of materials like plywood, and many others. Water damage can be immediate or gradual, but it invariably requires prompt and thorough remediation to prevent long-term issues.

Why Immediate Action is Crucial

When water damage occurs, time is of the essence. The longer water remains stagnant, the more damage it can inflict. Mold and mildew can start to develop within 24 to 48 hours, posing significant health risks and complicating the restoration process. Moreover, prolonged exposure to water can undermine the structural integrity of buildings, leading to expensive repairs and potential safety hazards.

The Process of Water Damage Restoration

Assessment and Inspection The first step in water damage restoration is a comprehensive assessment of the affected area. This includes identifying the source of the water, classifying the water (clean, gray, or black), and determining the extent of the damage. Advanced tools, such as moisture detectors and infrared cameras, are used to detect hidden water damage and form a detailed plan for restoration.

Water Extraction Once the assessment is complete, the next step is to remove any standing water. Industrial-grade pumps and vacuums are used to extract water quickly and efficiently. This step is crucial to prevent further damage and make the drying process easier.

Drying and Dehumidification After water extraction, the affected areas need to be thoroughly dried to prevent mold growth and further damage. Industrial dehumidifiers and high-speed air movers are used to eliminate moisture from the air and affected materials. The drying process can take several days, depending on the severity of the water damage.

Cleaning and Sanitizing Water damage often introduces contaminants, especially if the water is gray or black. All affected areas and items must be cleaned and sanitized to ensure a safe living environment. This involves using specialized cleaning products and techniques, as well as antimicrobial treatments to prevent mold growth.

Restoration and Repair The final step in the water damage restoration process is to restore the affected areas to their pre-damage condition. This can range from minor repairs, such as replacing drywall and installing new carpets, to major reconstruction projects. The goal is to ensure that the property is safe, functional, and aesthetically pleasing.

The Dangers of Delaying Water Damage Restoration

Delaying water damage restoration can lead to numerous complications and risks:

Mold Growth Mold can begin to develop within 24 to 48 hours of water exposure. Mold spores can cause various health issues, including respiratory problems and allergic reactions, particularly in individuals with pre-existing health conditions.

Structural Damage Prolonged exposure to water can weaken the structural integrity of a building. This can result in sagging ceilings, warped walls, and compromised foundations, leading to extensive repairs and potentially unsafe living conditions.

Electrical Hazards Water and electricity are a dangerous combination. Water damage can impact electrical systems, increasing the risk of electric shock or fire. Immediate professional assessment and intervention are essential to address any electrical hazards.

Increased Restoration Costs The longer water damage goes unaddressed, the more extensive and costly the restoration process becomes. Early intervention can help minimize damage and reduce overall restoration expenses.

Preventing Water Damage in Cary, NC

While it's impossible to prevent all instances of water damage, residents of Cary, NC can take proactive steps to protect their properties:

Regular Maintenance Regularly inspect and maintain your home’s plumbing system, roof, and foundation. Look for signs of wear and tear, leaks, or other issues that could lead to water damage.

Install a Sump Pump A sump pump can help prevent basement flooding by automatically pumping water out of your home. Ensure it is in good working condition and consider installing a battery backup system in case of power outages.

Use Water Detection Devices Water detection devices can alert you to leaks or flooding before they cause significant damage. Place these devices near appliances, in basements, and in other areas prone to water damage.

Seal Windows and Doors Properly seal windows and doors to prevent water from entering your home during storms. Consider installing storm windows and doors for added protection.

Maintain Proper Drainage Ensure that gutters and downspouts are clear of debris and direct water away from your home’s foundation. Proper drainage can prevent water from pooling around your home and causing damage.

Choosing a Water Damage Restoration Professional

Selecting the right water damage restoration professional in Cary, NC is crucial. Look for certified and experienced professionals who can provide a detailed assessment, use advanced equipment and techniques, and work efficiently to restore your property to its pre-damage condition. Checking customer reviews and credentials can help you make an informed decision.

Conclusion

Water damage restoration is a vital process that requires immediate and professional action to minimize damage and ensure a safe living environment. In Cary, NC, where weather conditions can be unpredictable, understanding the steps involved in water damage restoration in Cary NC and taking preventive measures can help protect your property and health. By acting quickly and choosing a reputable restoration professional, you can effectively address water damage and restore your home or business to its original condition.

[jcmarchi]

NASA’s Hubble Finds that Aging Brown Dwarfs Grow Lonely - Technology Org

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/nasas-hubble-finds-that-aging-brown-dwarfs-grow-lonely-technology-org/

NASA’s Hubble Finds that Aging Brown Dwarfs Grow Lonely - Technology Org

It takes two to tango, but in the case of brown dwarfs that were once paired as binary systems, that relationship doesn’t last for very long, according to a recent survey from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope.

This is an artist’s concept of a brown dwarf. This class of object is too large to be a planet (and did not form in the same way), but is too small to be a star because it cannot sustain nuclear fusion, since it is less massive than even the smallest stars. A brown dwarf is marked by wind-driven horizontal bands of thick clouds that may alternate with relatively cloud-free bands, giving the object a striped appearance. Whirling storm systems as big as terrestrial continents, or even small planets, might exist. The name “brown dwarf” is a misnomer because the object would typically appear red to the naked eye. It is brightest in infrared light. Many brown dwarfs have binary companions. But as they age, the binary system gravitationally falls apart, and each dwarf goes its separate way, according to a recent Hubble Space Telescope study. The background stars in this illustration are a science visualization assembled from the Gaia spacecraft star catalog. The synthesized stars are accurate in terms of position, brightness, and color. Because this is not an image of the Milky Way, missing are glowing nebulae and dark dust clouds. Image credit: NASA, ESA, Joseph Olmsted (STScI)

Brown dwarfs are interstellar objects larger than Jupiter but smaller than the lowest-mass stars. They are born like stars – out of a cloud of gas and dust that collapses – but do not have enough mass to sustain the fusion of hydrogen like a normal star.

Astronomers using Hubble confirm that companions are extremely rare around the lowest-mass and coldest brown dwarfs. Hubble can detect binaries as close to each other as a 300-million-mile separation – the approximate separation between our Sun and the asteroid belt. But they didn’t find any binary pairs in a sample of  brown dwarfs in the solar neighborhood. This implies that a binary pair of dwarfs is so weakly linked by gravity that they drift apart over a few hundred million years due to the pull of bypassing stars.

“Our survey confirms that widely separated companions are extremely rare among the lowest-mass and coldest isolated brown dwarfs, even though binary brown dwarfs are observed at younger ages. This suggests that such systems do not survive over time,” said lead author Clémence Fontanive of the Trottier Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Canada.

In a similar survey Fontanive conducted a couple of years ago, Hubble looked at extremely young brown dwarfs and some had binary companions, confirming that star-forming mechanisms do produce binary pairs among low-mass brown dwarfs. The lack of binary companions for older brown dwarfs suggests that some may have started out as binaries, but parted ways over time.

The new Hubble findings, published in The Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, further support the theory that brown dwarfs are born the same way as stars, through the gravitational collapse of a cloud of molecular hydrogen. The difference being that they do not have enough mass to sustain nuclear fusion of hydrogen for generating energy, whereas stars do. More than half of the stars in our galaxy have a companion star that resulted from these formation processes, with more massive stars more commonly found in binary systems. “The motivation for the study was really to see how low in mass the trends seen among multiple stars systems hold up,” said Fontanive.

“Our Hubble survey offers direct evidence that these binaries that we observe when they’re young are unlikely to survive to old ages, they’re likely going to get disrupted. When they’re young, they’re part of a molecular cloud, and then as they age the cloud disperses. As that happens, things start moving around and stars pass by each other. Because brown dwarfs are so light, the gravitational hold tying wide binary pairs is very weak, and bypassing stars can easily tear these binaries apart,” said Fontanive.

The team selected a sample of brown dwarfs previously identified by NASA’s Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer. It sampled some of the coldest and lowest-mass old brown dwarfs in the solar neighborhood. These old brown dwarfs are so cool (a few hundred degrees warmer than Jupiter in most cases) that their atmospheres contain water vapor that condensed out.

To find the coolest companions, the team used two different near-infrared filters, one in which cold brown dwarfs are bright, and another covering specific wavelengths where they appear very faint due to water absorption in their atmospheres.  

“This is the best observational evidence to date that brown dwarf pairs drift apart over time,” said Fontanive. “We could not have done this kind of survey and confirmed earlier models without Hubble’s sharp vision and sensitivity.”

Source: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Astronomers using Hubble confirm that companions are extremely rare around the lowest-mass and coldest brown dwarfs. Hubble can detect binaries as close to each other as a 300-million-mile separation – the approximate separation between our Sun and the asteroid belt. But they didn’t find any binary pairs in a sample of  brown dwarfs in the solar neighborhood. This implies that a binary pair of dwarfs is so weakly linked by gravity that they drift apart over a few hundred million years due to the pull of bypassing stars.

“Our survey confirms that widely separated companions are extremely rare among the lowest-mass and coldest isolated brown dwarfs, even though binary brown dwarfs are observed at younger ages. This suggests that such systems do not survive over time,” said lead author Clémence Fontanive of the Trottier Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Canada.

In a similar survey Fontanive conducted a couple of years ago, Hubble looked at extremely young brown dwarfs and some had binary companions, confirming that star-forming mechanisms do produce binary pairs among low-mass brown dwarfs. The lack of binary companions for older brown dwarfs suggests that some may have started out as binaries, but parted ways over time.

The new Hubble findings, published in The Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, further support the theory that brown dwarfs are born the same way as stars, through the gravitational collapse of a cloud of molecular hydrogen. The difference being that they do not have enough mass to sustain nuclear fusion of hydrogen for generating energy, whereas stars do. More than half of the stars in our galaxy have a companion star that resulted from these formation processes, with more massive stars more commonly found in binary systems. “The motivation for the study was really to see how low in mass the trends seen among multiple stars systems hold up,” said Fontanive.

“Our Hubble survey offers direct evidence that these binaries that we observe when they’re young are unlikely to survive to old ages, they’re likely going to get disrupted. When they’re young, they’re part of a molecular cloud, and then as they age the cloud disperses. As that happens, things start moving around and stars pass by each other. Because brown dwarfs are so light, the gravitational hold tying wide binary pairs is very weak, and bypassing stars can easily tear these binaries apart,” said Fontanive.

The team selected a sample of brown dwarfs previously identified by NASA’s Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer. It sampled some of the coldest and lowest-mass old brown dwarfs in the solar neighborhood. These old brown dwarfs are so cool (a few hundred degrees warmer than Jupiter in most cases) that their atmospheres contain water vapor that condensed out.

To find the coolest companions, the team used two different near-infrared filters, one in which cold brown dwarfs are bright, and another covering specific wavelengths where they appear very faint due to water absorption in their atmospheres.  

“This is the best observational evidence to date that brown dwarf pairs drift apart over time,” said Fontanive. “We could not have done this kind of survey and confirmed earlier models without Hubble’s sharp vision and sensitivity.”

Source: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

You can offer your link to a page which is relevant to the topic of this post.

[spacenutspod]

4 min read NASA’s Hubble Finds that Aging Brown Dwarfs Grow Lonely It takes two to tango, but in the case of brown dwarfs that were once paired as binary systems, that relationship doesn’t last for very long, according to a recent survey from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. Brown dwarfs are interstellar objects larger than Jupiter but smaller than the lowest-mass stars. They are born like stars – out of a cloud of gas and dust that collapses – but do not have enough mass to sustain the fusion of hydrogen like a normal star. This is an artist’s concept of a brown dwarf. This class of object is too large to be a planet (and did not form in the same way), but is too small to be a star because it cannot sustain nuclear fusion, since it is less massive than even the smallest stars. A brown dwarf is marked by wind-driven horizontal bands of thick clouds that may alternate with relatively cloud-free bands, giving the object a striped appearance. Whirling storm systems as big as terrestrial continents, or even small planets, might exist. The name “brown dwarf” is a misnomer because the object would typically appear red to the naked eye. It is brightest in infrared light. Many brown dwarfs have binary companions. But as they age, the binary system gravitationally falls apart, and each dwarf goes its separate way, according to a recent Hubble Space Telescope study. The background stars in this illustration are a science visualization assembled from the Gaia spacecraft star catalog. The synthesized stars are accurate in terms of position, brightness, and color. Because this is not an image of the Milky Way, missing are glowing nebulae and dark dust clouds. NASA, ESA, Joseph Olmsted (STScI) Astronomers using Hubble confirm that companions are extremely rare around the lowest-mass and coldest brown dwarfs. Hubble can detect binaries as close to each other as a 300-million-mile separation – the approximate separation between our Sun and the asteroid belt. But they didn’t find any binary pairs in a sample of  brown dwarfs in the solar neighborhood. This implies that a binary pair of dwarfs is so weakly linked by gravity that they drift apart over a few hundred million years due to the pull of bypassing stars. “Our survey confirms that widely separated companions are extremely rare among the lowest-mass and coldest isolated brown dwarfs, even though binary brown dwarfs are observed at younger ages. This suggests that such systems do not survive over time,” said lead author Clémence Fontanive of the Trottier Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Canada. In a similar survey Fontanive conducted a couple of years ago, Hubble looked at extremely young brown dwarfs and some had binary companions, confirming that star-forming mechanisms do produce binary pairs among low-mass brown dwarfs. The lack of binary companions for older brown dwarfs suggests that some may have started out as binaries, but parted ways over time. The new Hubble findings, published in The Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, further support the theory that brown dwarfs are born the same way as stars, through the gravitational collapse of a cloud of molecular hydrogen. The difference being that they do not have enough mass to sustain nuclear fusion of hydrogen for generating energy, whereas stars do. More than half of the stars in our galaxy have a companion star that resulted from these formation processes, with more massive stars more commonly found in binary systems. “The motivation for the study was really to see how low in mass the trends seen among multiple stars systems hold up,” said Fontanive. “Our Hubble survey offers direct evidence that these binaries that we observe when they’re young are unlikely to survive to old ages, they’re likely going to get disrupted. When they’re young, they’re part of a molecular cloud, and then as they age the cloud disperses. As that happens, things start moving around and stars pass by each other. Because brown dwarfs are so light, the gravitational hold tying wide binary pairs is very weak, and bypassing stars can easily tear these binaries apart,” said Fontanive. The team selected a sample of brown dwarfs previously identified by NASA’s Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer. It sampled some of the coldest and lowest-mass old brown dwarfs in the solar neighborhood. These old brown dwarfs are so cool (a few hundred degrees warmer than Jupiter in most cases) that their atmospheres contain water vapor that condensed out. To find the coolest companions, the team used two different near-infrared filters, one in which cold brown dwarfs are bright, and another covering specific wavelengths where they appear very faint due to water absorption in their atmospheres.   “This is the best observational evidence to date that brown dwarf pairs drift apart over time,” said Fontanive. “We could not have done this kind of survey and confirmed earlier models without Hubble’s sharp vision and sensitivity.” The Hubble Space Telescope has been operating for over three decades and continues to make ground-breaking discoveries that shape our fundamental understanding of the universe. Hubble is a project of international cooperation between NASA and ESA (European Space Agency). NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the telescope. Goddard also conducts mission operations with Lockheed Martin Space based in Denver, Colorado. The Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, conducts Hubble science operations for NASA. Learn More NASA Telescopes See Weather Patterns in Brown Dwarf Small Companion to Brown Dwarf Media Contacts: Claire AndreoliNASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MDclaire.andreoli@nasa.gov Ray VillardSpace Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD Science Contact:Clémence FontaniveTrottier Institute for Research on Exoplanets at Université de Montréal Share Details Last Updated Mar 21, 2024 Editor Andrea Gianopoulos Related Terms Brown Dwarfs Goddard Space Flight Center Hubble Space Telescope Missions The Universe Keep Exploring Discover More Topics From NASA Hubble Space Telescope Since its 1990 launch, the Hubble Space Telescope has changed our fundamental understanding of the universe. Stars Stories Galaxies Stories Eclipse 2024 Science

[astroimages]

JAMES WEBB FAZ IMAGENS IMPRESSIONANTES DE BERÇÁRIO DE ESTRELAS GIGANTES!!!

LINKS ÚTEIS DO SPACE TODAY: LINK PARA O GRUPO DO WHATSAPP SOBRE ATUALIZAÇÕES ESPACIAIS: https://app.gruposinteligentes.com/r/mundo-aeroespacial CANAL DO TELEGRAM DO SPACE TODAY: https://t.me/canalspacetoday LINK PARA RESERVAR SUA VAGA NA VIAGEM DO ECLIPSE: https://spacetoday.com.br/ECLIPSE24/ LINK PARA SE TORNAR PREMIUM NO SPACE TODAY PLUS: https://spacetodayplus.com.br/premium/ LINK PARA VOCÊ FAZER SUA DUPLA CIDADANIA: https://lp.mastercidadania.com.br/cidadaoeuropeu/?utm_source=influenciador&utm_medium=sergiosacani Duas novas imagens do NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) e MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) do Telescópio Espacial James Webb da NASA/ESA/CSA mostram a região de formação estelar NGC 604, localizada na Galáxia do Triângulo (M33), 2,73 milhões de luz -anos longe da Terra. Nestas imagens, bolhas cavernosas e filamentos de gás esticados gravam uma tapeçaria mais detalhada e completa do nascimento de estrelas do que a vista no passado. Abrigadas entre os invólucros poeirentos de gás da NGC 604 estão mais de 200 dos tipos de estrelas mais quentes e massivas, todas nas fases iniciais das suas vidas. Esses tipos de estrelas são conhecidos como tipos B e tipos O, sendo que a última pode ter mais de 100 vezes a massa do nosso próprio Sol. É muito raro encontrar esta concentração deles no Universo próximo. Na verdade, não existe nenhuma região semelhante dentro da nossa galáxia, a Via Láctea. Esta concentração de estrelas massivas, combinada com a sua distância relativamente próxima, significa que NGC 604 dá aos astrónomos a oportunidade de estudar estes objetos num momento fascinante no início da sua vida. Na imagem NIRCam de infravermelho próximo de Webb, as características mais visíveis são gavinhas e aglomerados de emissão que aparecem em vermelho brilhante, estendendo-se de áreas que parecem clareiras ou grandes bolhas na nebulosa. Os ventos estelares das estrelas jovens mais brilhantes e quentes esculpiram estas cavidades, enquanto a radiação ultravioleta ioniza o gás circundante. Este hidrogênio ionizado aparece como um brilho fantasmagórico branco e azul. As listras laranja brilhantes na imagem infravermelha próxima de Webb significam a presença de moléculas à base de carbono conhecidas como hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos, ou PAHs. Este material desempenha um papel importante no meio interestelar e na formação de estrelas e planetas, mas a sua origem é um mistério. À medida que você se afasta das clareiras imediatas de poeira, o vermelho mais profundo significa hidrogênio molecular. Este gás mais frio é um ambiente privilegiado para a formação de estrelas. A excelente resolução do Webb também fornece insights sobre recursos que antes pareciam não estar relacionados à nuvem principal. Por exemplo, na imagem de Webb, existem duas estrelas jovens e brilhantes escavando buracos na poeira acima da nebulosa central, conectadas através de gás vermelho difuso. Nas imagens de luz visível obtidas pelo Telescópio Espacial Hubble da NASA/ESA , estas apareceram como manchas separadas. A visão de Webb nos comprimentos de onda do infravermelho médio também ilustra uma nova perspectiva sobre a atividade diversificada e dinâmica desta região. Na visão MIRI da NGC 604, há visivelmente menos estrelas. Isto ocorre porque as estrelas quentes emitem muito menos luz nestes comprimentos de onda, enquanto as nuvens maiores de gás mais frio e poeira brilham. Algumas das estrelas vistas nesta imagem da galáxia circundante são supergigantes vermelhas – estrelas que são frias mas muito grandes, centenas de vezes o diâmetro do nosso Sol. Além disso, algumas das galáxias de fundo que apareceram na imagem NIRCam também desaparecem. Na imagem MIRI, as gavinhas azuis do material significam a presença de PAHs. Estima-se que NGC 604 tenha cerca de 3,5 milhões de anos. A nuvem de gases brilhantes estende-se por cerca de 1300 anos-luz de diâmetro. FONTE: https://esawebb.org/news/weic2407/?lang #JAMESWEBB #STAR #UNIVERSE

[msclaritea]

Out of Competition in Venice | Current | The Criterion Collection

Benedict Cumberbatch in Wes Anderson’s The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar (2023)

Often at major film festivals, the Out of Competition programs are eclectic grab bags of films that are, on the one hand, too big not to invite, but on the other hand, less than ideal fits for the main competition or any other section. Where else would Venice programmers slot a thirty-nine-minute short from Wes Anderson, a breezy comedy from Richard Linklater, an infrared whatsit from Harmony Korine, or a chilling documentary on the Taliban from Berlin-based Egyptian filmmaker Ibrahim Nash’at?

Out of Competition is also where the hot potatoes usually land. In the days and weeks leading up to the opening of Venice’s eightieth edition, festival director Alberto Barbara kept telling interviewers that he was fully aware that he and his team would catch flak for programming new work from Roman Polanski and Woody Allen. And they did. Polanski’s The Palace, a Y2K comedy set in a luxury hotel, fell dead flat. “I told Roman before the festival that it was weak, but I don’t agree with the critics,” Barbera tells Deadline’s Andreas Wiseman. “I know it’s not a perfect movie, I can see the weaknesses and where it doesn’t work, but it’s not as bad as the critics say. It comes across as mean.”

Coup de chance, Allen’s fiftieth feature, has presented critics with a more complicated challenge because, as Xan Brooks writes in the Guardian, it “turns out to be the best one he’s managed in a decade at least.” Shot by Vittorio Storaro—he’s working digitally here for the first time—and starring Lou de Laâge, Valérie Lemercier, Melvil Poupaud, and Niels Schneider, Coup de chance is the story of a dangerous love affair—in French. The Hollywood Reporter’s Leslie Felperin calls it “a smoothly efficient but oddly anonymous work that looks like it was made by a French director who is a superfan of Allen, but not really Woody himself.” At Vanity Fair, Catherine Bray has a terrific overview of how Polanski, Allen, and their movies have been received in Venice.

The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar

“So is this a kids’ film or a grown-ups’ film?” asked Erica Wagner when we released Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009), Wes Anderson’s first adaptation of a story by Roald Dahl. “Who says you—or Anderson—have to choose?” The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar is the first of four new Dahl adaptations, all of them from shorter stories, and all of them undeniably geared a little more toward an older audience than the one for a tale of an underground rascal in a corduroy suit. Netflix will begin streaming Henry Sugar on September 27 and then successively roll out, one per day, The Swan, The Ratcatcher, and Poison.

Adaptation may not actually be the right word. These films could just as easily be described as staged recitals. The “moment of inspiration” that hit Anderson, as he explains to Netflix’s John DiLillo, came with the realization that he should have his illustrious casts deliver the stories verbatim, albeit in slightly condensed versions. In Henry Sugar, Benedict Cumberbatch, Ralph Fiennes, Dev Patel, Ben Kingsley, Richard Ayoade, and Rupert Friend juggle multiple roles to present the story of a rich and idle fellow, Henry Sugar, who reads about a guru who can see with his eyes shut. Sugar decides that the talent could come in handy at a casino.

Anderson goes “totally off the leash,” writes IndieWire’s David Ehrlich. “We’re talking dioramas, rear-projection, an on-screen stagehand, and a fetishistic degree of pleasure taken in all of the literary quirks that film adaptations exist to avoid.” In short, this is “the most visually inventive film that Anderson has made thus far.” For Leonardo Goi at the Film Stage, there’s “a Brechtian feel that never carries a distancing effect.” At RogerEbert.com, Glenn Kenny is reminded of the work of “the fantastic Czech filmmaker Karel Zeman, who put live-action actors into animated backgrounds.”

“Walls slide away to reveal new locations,” writes Vulture’s Bilge Ebiri, and “one step moves us from one scene to another; clocks advance at super-speed; days, years fly by in a sentence; actors double up on roles; simple, transparent effects are presented as sources of wonderment. The result is delightful, but it also suggests a universe that requires our own imagination to be fully realized—which is, of course, the whole point of the story.”

Hit Man

Richard Linklater tells Deadline’s Joe Utichi that he’d been toying with the idea of making a movie based on Skip Hollandsworth’s article “Hit Man” ever since it appeared in Texas Monthly in 2001. Ten years later, he turned Hollandsworth’s 1998 article, “Midnight in the Garden of East Texas,” into Bernie (2011), but he still couldn’t get a handle on the story of Gary Johnson, a psychology professor moonlighting as a tech guy for the Houston Police Department. When the officer who usually poses as a hit man to lure prospective clients—some might call it entrapment—can’t make a gig, Gary steps in and discovers he’s got a talent for role-playing.

Glen Powell, who worked with Linklater on Fast Food Nation (2006) and Everybody Wants Some!! (2016), suggested massaging the facts of the case, and the actor and director wound up cowriting a story in which Gary (Powell) is so taken by one client, Maddy Masters (Adria Arjona), that he tries to persuade her not to hire him in such a way that the officers listening in won’t catch on. “Faster than you can say Double Indemnity, things take a dark turn,” writes Leslie Felperin.

Just about every review of Hit Man so far has included a declaration that it’s high time Powell, who has appeared as a supporting player in such films as Hidden Figures (2016) and Top Gun: Maverick (2022), landed a starring role. This one “gives Powell the opportunity to put on an array of accents and don a bunch of wigs and false teeth,” writes Vanity Fair’s Richard Lawson. “He’s a creepy British assassin with a red bob, a stern cigar-smoking Russian, a good ol’ boy looking to fuck some shit up. His most successful, and enduring, persona is Ron, a cool customer who is essentially Gary with the confidence and suavity turned up.” Powell “shrewdly keeps the differences between Gary and Ron subtle, but distinct enough that a sudden switch back to Gary after many scenes of Ron arrives as an amusing shock. It’s nimble work, sexy and sweet at once.”

Hit Man “trips along on great writing, Linklater’s witty, light-touch direction, and a rich sense of place,” writes the Telegraph’s Robbie Collin, “but what makes it especially pleasurable is Powell and Arjona’s naturally steamy rapport. Here is a screen couple who look like they really do want to take each other to bed—and since that makes them easy to root for, you find yourself happily overlooking the duo’s own mounting misdeeds. Well aware how the game works, Linklater ever-so-casually pushes his luck on this front right to the limit, but not a millimeter more. What slippery fun it is to watch him get away with it.”

Aggro Dr1ft

Another movie, another hit man. In Harmony Korine’s Aggro Dr1ft, he’s Bo (Jordi Mollà), who’s out to slay a Floridian crime lord (Joshua Tilley). The Hollywood Reporter’s Jordan Mintzer suggests that Aggro Dr1ft is “not really a movie at all, but more like a cross between a movie, a video game, and a flow of hallucinatory images that could play in the background of a live show by rapper Travis Scott—who costars here as a gun-toting, philosophizing killer surrounded by a swarm of twerking booties. Korine calls this new style ‘gamecore,’ which, well, why not.”

“With human figures and landscapes rendered in infrared’s trademark pooling of contours, like day-glo gasoline slicks, the movie is less a matter of story and character than it is about keyed-up headspaces and raved-up palettes,” writes Nicolas Rapold for Sight and Sound. “A Korine creation, generally speaking, is trying to break your brain and free it at the same time with a liberating wrongness.” But “Korine is also an expert mixer, or clasher, or casting agent for reality: a fundamental move of his has been to match American skater-video anarchy with the craft of European cinematographers,” and Aggro Dr1ft is shot by Arnaud Potier, who is known for his work with Mélanie Laurent and Thomas Bidegain. Rapold finds that “the novel world of mashed-up media that Korine envisions as part of his future work still has some ways to go before it feels as nightmare-fuel-ish as a destabilizing hour spent bingeing TikToks.”

“Of all Korine’s decisions,” finds Wendy Ide in Screen, “the least successful is the one to do away with a screenplay, leading to a disjointed, incoherent structure and requiring his largely nonprofessional cast to improvise their lines. This results in something that is not dialogue in the conventional sense but rather darkly ominous phrases repeated in a monotonous, nihilistic mantra until eventually the words lose meaning and it all gets rather tedious.”

[orgasmictomato]

DSC06610 (c1) (1)rsz tag (left)rszX crop by Jim Via Flickr: These entities are travelling our planets sky, it is just that human vision cannot see them in the infrared dimension. That is without my laser illumination and capture on night vision cameras... A technique I discovered in 2009, but ignored by mainstream science and media both.

[rauhauser]

Hyperspectral Polyphony

A bit more than three years ago I was cruising YouTube for something new and I happened to notice this video on John Bonham. I have zero formal music theory, so this was my introduction to the notion of polyphony. That there are two different time signatures in Fool In The Rain was not something I could hear at the time, and while this triggered me to try something new, I still can’t hear what he’s doing.

The 1984 David Lynch version of Dune I think I have seen complete just once, on DVD, years after it was in the theaters. The SciFi series is here on my system, because it’s not consistently available anywhere streaming. When the Denis Villeneuve version came out I purchased it, a rare use of my limited budget. I watched the Thomas Flight analysis of the movie’s continuity, and then went quite a bit further down that rabbit hole.

If you’ve perused my Bookwyrm shelves and found Tradecraft you might have noticed Information Operations Recognition: From Nonlinear Analysis to Decision-Making. Chapter three, Elements of non-linear dynamics for information operations recognition, begins with this:

Quantitative analysis of dynamics of information streams generated in the Internet is becoming one of the most informative methods allowing us to research the relevance of various topical flows. This dynamics depends on various qualitative factors, and many of them are not subject to accurate description. However, the general character of temporal dependence of the number of online topical publications still allows for development and research of mathematical models and for prediction of their behavior. Observation of temporal dependencies of online information flow volumes persuasively shows that the mechanisms of their generation and distribution are, obviously, related to complex nonlinear processes.

So there’s that nonlinear keyword again.

Spectral analysis is done with… wait for it … spectrometers. Hyperspectral? This word gets applied to broad inputs – like the Hubble telescope, which can see the same visual spectrum we do, as well as sneaking down into the near infrared range. This applies to anything that transfers energy – photons, particles moving in magnetic fields, and there are a variety of means to observe what free neutrons do.

So what qualifies as hyperspectral when it comes to human communications? Consider the wavelengths involved.

Twitter – 140 characters early on, now 280 characters.

Telegram – larger, but used in a similar fashion.

ActivityPub – the federated newcomer, de facto fragmented.

Reddit – much larger, but with serialized communications.

RSS – Twitter used to have this, much larger, slower, more influential content here.

My published work has all been Twitter related but I am at least somewhat hyperspectral in my observation. There are over 15,000 Twitter threads I captured with ThreadReader, back when I cared about Twitter. I’ve had to pull stuff out of the Wayback Machine, too. I’ve had to do stuff with RSS feeds and Inoreader lets me capture a broad swathe of anything deemed important.

Moving from listening to composing is like moving from coach class to the left hand seat in the cockpit. I know I can compose a flow of text and still images that will not just draw in an audience, but get them actively engaged in doing things. I’ve managed that three or four times in the last sixteen years.

The last three years have been all about pivoting from my existing strengths in this area to doing something completely different. I have not told anyone else what I am doing. And I have no plans to ever tell anyone else. What I have done will live or die on its merit, without any acceleration or drag that would come from having my name associated with it.

I made one concession on this, hunting up Silent Sam and sharing a list of keywords that will start appearing via alerts as things progress. Sam is one of those semi-savant types that lurk in my periphery, my overwatch in various misadventures through the years. We are so utterly opposite in temperament, which I guess is why we’ve stuck together.

[spacetimewithstuartgary]

Webb finds new galaxies in Spiderweb protocluster field

Using the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope, an international team of astronomers have found new galaxies in the Spiderweb protocluster. Their characteristics shed light on the growth of galaxies in these large cosmic cities, with the finding that gravitational interactions in these dense regions are not as important as previously thought.

Astronomers explore galaxy populations and uncover their physical characteristics across large-scale structures to better understand the build-up of galaxies and how their environments shape their assembly. The Spiderweb protocluster is a well-studied object in the early universe. Its light has traveled over 10 billion years to reach us, and it shows us a galaxy cluster in formation, composed of more than a hundred known galaxies.

With the use of Webb's capabilities, astronomers have now sought to better understand this protocluster and to reveal new galaxies inside it. Infrared light passes more freely through cosmic dust than visible light, which is scattered by the dust. Because Webb can see infrared light very well, scientists used it to observe regions of the Spiderweb that were previously hidden to us by cosmic dust, and to find out to what degree this dust obscures them.

"We are observing the build-up of one the largest structures in the universe, a city of galaxies in construction," explained Jose M. Pérez-Martínez of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and the Universidad de La Laguna in Spain.

"We know that most galaxies in local galaxy clusters (the biggest metropolises of the universe) are old and not very active, whereas in this work we are looking at these objects during their adolescence. As this city in construction grows, their physical properties will also be affected. Now, Webb is giving us new insights into the build-up of such structures for the first time."

Webb enabled the team to study the hydrogen gas using a powerful diagnostic tracer that cannot be studied from ground-based observations. That allowed the team to reveal new, strongly obscured galaxies belonging to the cluster and to study how much they were obscured. This was accomplished using only about 3.5 hours of Webb's observing time.

"As expected, we found new galaxy cluster members, but we were surprised to find more than expected," explained Rhythm Shimakawa of Waseda University in Japan. "We found that previously-known galaxy members (similar to the typical star-forming galaxies like our Milky Way galaxy) are not as obscured or dust-filled as previously expected, which also came as a surprise."

"This can be explained by the fact that the growth of these typical galaxies is not triggered primarily by galaxy interactions or mergers that induce star-formation," added Helmut Dannerbauer of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias in Spain. "We now figure this can instead be explained by star formation that is fueled through gas accumulating at different locations all across the object's large-scale structure."

The new results used Webb's NIRCam observations and are featured in two papers that have been published today in The Astrophysical Journal. The team is planning to study the new galaxy cluster members in more detail and confirm their existence with spectroscopic observations using Webb.

TOP IMAGE: Galaxy distribution in the Spiderweb Protocluster Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, H. Dannerbauer

CENTRE IMAGE: The galaxy distribution in the Spiderweb protocluster as seen by Webb's NIRCam (Near-InfraRed Camera). The galaxies are annotated by white circles, and the collection of gravitationally-bound galaxies is identified in the center of the image. A selection of these galaxies are featured as individual close-ups at the bottom of the image. Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, H. Dannerbauer

LOWER IMAGE: Spiderweb protocluster as seen by Webb's NIRCam (Near-InfraRed Camera). Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, H. Dannerbauer

[tnsblogs]

Sauna Health Benefits: Investigating the Many Advantages of Sauna Sessions

Saunas have been around for centuries, and their popularity is growing as a result of the myriad health benefits they provide. In this blog post, we'll look at the many benefits of saunas, compare them to steam rooms, and explain why including regular sauna sessions into your health routine can be really useful.

Understanding the Difference Between Saunas and Steam Rooms Before we get into the health benefits, let's first distinguish between saunas and steam rooms. While both offer heat therapy, the primary difference is the sort of heat. Saunas use dry heat, which is often produced by hot rocks or infrared heaters, whereas steam rooms use wet heat produced by a steam generator. Both have distinct advantages, but for the sake of this essay, we will concentrate on saunas.

Detoxification and Purification Saunas' capacity to aid in detoxifying is one of their most well-known benefits. As you relax in a sauna, your body temperature rises, causing you to sweat more. Sweating is a natural mechanism that helps the body expel toxins, heavy metals, and other pollutants. Saunas treatments on a regular basis can help your body's natural cleansing process, improving general well-being.

Circulation and Cardiovascular Health Improvements Sauna heat stimulates blood vessels to dilate, which improves circulation. This increased blood flow supplies oxygen and nutrients to muscles, tissues, and organs, allowing them to function at their best. Regular sauna use has been linked to a lower risk of cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension and heart disease. Individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular issues, on the other hand, should consult their doctor before introducing sauna sessions into their routine. The health benefits of saunas are,

Stress Reduction and Relaxation Saunas give a relaxing and serene environment in which to unwind and de-stress. The heat relaxes muscles, relieves stress, and soothes both the body and the mind. Endorphin release during sauna sessions contributes to a general sensation of well-being and relaxation, making it an effective approach to manage stress and anxiety.

Skin Care and Beauty Another major advantage of saunas is the beneficial effect they can have on your skin. Sauna sessions stimulate circulation and sweating, which helps drain out toxins and impurities, leaving your skin revitalized and shining. Furthermore, the heat opens pores and facilitates deep cleansing, which may help to reduce acne and improve overall skin health.

Muscle relaxation and improved recovery Athletes and fitness enthusiasts might considerably benefit from include saunas in their recuperation routines. Sauna heat relaxes muscles, decreases inflammation, and promotes speedier recovery after strenuous activities. Saunas can also help with muscular and joint discomfort, making them a vital therapy for persons suffering from chronic pain.

Immune System Enhancement Regular sauna sessions have been demonstrated to improve immune system function. A sauna session causes a moderate fever, which stimulates the creation of white blood cells and antibodies, increasing the body's defence mechanisms. By exposing your body to the heat of a sauna on a daily basis, you may be able to minimize your risk of common illnesses and increase your general immune system.

Finally, saunas provide numerous saunas benefits such as detoxification, increased circulation, relaxation, skin health, enhanced recovery, and immune system support. Whether you prefer traditional or infrared saunas, adding regular sauna sessions into your regimen will help you feel better overall. Listen to your body and speak with your healthcare professional, as with any health practice, especially if you have any pre-existing medical concerns. So, why not embrace the therapeutic heat of a sauna and begin reaping its incredible benefits?

[myfeeds]

Celestial monsters at the origin of globular clusters

Globular clusters are very dense groupings of stars distributed in a sphere, with a radius varying from a dozen to a hundred light years. They can contain up to 1 million stars and are found in all types of galaxies. Ours is home to about 180 of them. One of their great mysteries is the composition of their stars: why is it so varied? For instance, the proportion of oxygen, nitrogen, sodium and aluminium varies from one star to another. However, they were all born at the same time, within the same cloud of gas. Astrophysicists speak of ”abundance anomalies”. Monsters with very short lives A team from the universities of Geneva (UNIGE) and Barcelona, and the Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris (CNRS and Sorbonne University) has made a new advance in the explanation of this phenomenon. In 2018, it had developed a theoretical model according to which supermassive stars would have “polluted” the original gas cloud during the formation of these clusters, enriching their stars with chemical elements in a heterogeneous manner. ”Today, thanks to the data collected by the James-Webb Space Telescope, we believe we have found a first clue of the presence of these extraordinary stars,” explains Corinne Charbonnel, a full professor in the Department of Astronomy at the UNIGE Faculty of Science, and first author of the study. These celestial monsters are 5,000 to 10,000 times more massive and five times hotter at their centre (75 million °C) than the Sun. But proving their existence is complex. ”Globular clusters are between 10 and 13 billion years old, whereas the maximum lifespan of superstars is two million years. They therefore disappeared very early from the clusters that are currently observable. Only indirect traces remain,” explains Mark Gieles, ICREA professor at the University of Barcelona and co-author of the study. Revealed by light Thanks to the very powerful infrared vision of the James-Webb telescope, the co-authors were able to support their hypothesis. The satellite captured the light emitted by one of the most distant and youngest galaxies known to date in our Universe. Located at about 13.3 billion light-years, GN-z11 is only a few tens of millions of years old. In astronomy, the analysis of the light spectrum of cosmic objects is a key element in determining their characteristics. Here, the light emitted by this galaxy has provided two valuable pieces of information. ”It has been established that it contains very high proportions of nitrogen and a very high density of stars,” says Daniel Schaerer, associate professor in the Department of Astronomy at the UNIGE Faculty of Science, and co-author of the study. This suggests that several globular clusters are forming in this galaxy and that they still harbour an active supermassive star. ”The strong presence of nitrogen can only be explained by the combustion of hydrogen at extremely high temperatures, which only the core of supermassive stars can reach, as shown by the models of Laura Ramirez-Galeano, a Master’s student in our team,” explains Corinne Charbonnel. These new results strengthen the international team’s model. The only one currently capable of explaining the abundance anomalies in globular clusters. The next step for the scientists will be to test the validity of this model on other globular clusters forming in distant galaxies, using the James-Webb data.

[androgynousbirdtale]

shedding light on the fate that will befall Earth in about four billion years when our dying sun swells to engulf our world, a new study finds.

By analyzing countless stars during various stages of their evolution, astronomers have discovered that as our sun and stars like it near the ends of their lives, they begin to exhaust their primary source of fuel, the hydrogen near their cores. This leads their cores to contract and their outer shells to expand and cool. During this "red giant" phase, these stars may billow out anywhere from 100 to 1,000 times their original diameter, swallowing closely orbiting planets.

"We know that this must happen to all planets that are orbiting at distances smaller than that of the Earth, but it was considered extremely challenging to provide experimental evidence for this," study lead author Kishalay De, an astrophysicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, told Space.com.

For decades, scientists have detected evidence of stars just before and shortly after the act of consuming planets. However, researchers had never caught a star in the act until now, De explained.

"Honestly, one of the biggest surprises for me was that we found it in the first place," De said in an email. "Planetary engulfment has been a fundamental prediction in our understanding of stars and planets, but their frequency have been very uncertain. So finding a potentially rare event for the first time is always exciting."

In the new study, De and his colleagues made their breakthrough after examining a burst of radiation dubbed ZTF SLRN-2020, which took place in 2020 in the Milky Way's disk about 12,000 light-years away, near the constellation Aquila. During the event, a star brightened by a factor of 100 over the course of a week.

"The work started back in 2020 when I was not looking for this type of event, actually," De said. "I was looking for a much more common type of outburst called novae." Novas are stellar explosions that can happen when a red giant pours fuel onto a companion white dwarf star.

The initial discovery was made by analyzing data collected by the Zwicky Transient Facility, run at the California Institute of Technology's Palomar Observatory. The Zwicky Transient Facility scans the sky for stars that rapidly change in brightness, which could be events such as novas.

To learn more about ZTF SLRN-2020, De analyzed the spectrum of light from the bright outburst. "That's when I was surprised to see that unlike a nova, which has hot gas around it, this source was primarily surrounded by cool gas," he said.

Cool gas from such bursts often results from merging stars, De explained. When he followed up by looking at data from the same star collected by the Keck Observatory in Hawaii, he also found molecules that can only exist at very cold temperatures.

Cold gas can condense to form dust over time. About a year after the initial discovery, De and his colleagues analyzed data from the same star, this time collected using an infrared camera at the Palomar Observatory. Infrared data can yield signals of colder material, in contrast to bright visible light signals that often come from novas and other powerful events.

The scientists found the brief outburst of visible light from the star was accompanied by extraordinarily bright near-infrared light signals that slowly faded over the course of six months. This confirmed De's suspicion "that this source had indeed formed a lot of dust," he said.

The final piece of the puzzle came when the researchers examined data collected by NASA's infrared space telescope, NEOWISE. This suggested the total amount of energy the star released since its initial outburst was surprisingly small — about a thousandth the magnitude of any stellar merger observed in the past.

"That means that whatever merged with the star has to be 1,000 times smaller than any other star we've seen," De said in a statement. "And it's a happy coincidence that the mass of Jupiter is about one-thousandth the mass of the sun. That's when we realized: This was a planet, crashing into its star."

Based on the nature of the outburst, the astronomers estimated the event released hydrogen equal to about 33 times the Earth's mass, as well as about 0.33 Earth-masses of dust. From this, they suggest the progenitor star was about 0.8 to 1.5 times the mass of our sun, and the engulfed planet was about 1 to 10 times the mass of Jupiter.

Earth is expected to meet a similar fate when the sun becomes a red giant in about 5 billion years.

"If I was sitting on a planet 10,000 light years away, I would basically see a similar flash of light from the solar system — a bit subdued compared to this one because the Earth is much less massive than a planet like Jupiter, which is what we believe was involved in this event — which puts the significance of this discovery into a human perspective," De said.

There are many questions this discovery raises. "Did the planet survive the plunge, or did it get annihilated into the stellar material during the plunge?" De said. "Did the planet come into contact with the stellar surface because of the star's natural expansion, or did something give it an ever-so-slight push to go close to the star? All these questions will become clear as we get more data on this object and find more events in the future."

Now that scientists know what planetary engulfment likely looks like, "we can look for similar events in the future, especially as infrared surveys become increasingly common in the next decade," De said. "We can also go back into this system and see what the star looks like. Was it polluted by the planet? Was it spun up because of the energetic eruption? More importantly, the data itself provides a foundational starting point for theory to try and understand how planets themselves affect their host stars."

The scientists detailed their findings online today (May 3) in the journal Nature.