#energybands

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Work Function: Unlocking the Secrets of Electron Emission

The work function is a fundamental concept in solid-state physics and materials science, playing a crucial role in understanding electron emission from surfaces. This intrinsic property of materials describes the minimum energy required to extract an electron from a solid to a point immediately outside its surface.

At its core, the work function represents the energy barrier that electrons must overcome to escape the material. This barrier arises from the attractive forces between the electrons and the positive ions in the material's lattice structure. The strength of this barrier varies among different materials, leading to diverse applications in technology and research.

The derivation of the work function involves considering the energy states of electrons within the material and at its surface. We start by examining the Fermi level, which represents the highest occupied energy state at absolute zero temperature. The work function is then defined as the energy difference between the Fermi level and the vacuum level (the energy of a free electron at rest outside the material).

To calculate the work function, we must account for several factors:

The chemical potential of electrons in the bulk material

The electrostatic potential difference between the bulk and the surface

Surface dipole effects due to electron redistribution at the material's boundary

By combining these components, we arrive at a comprehensive understanding of the work function and its variations across different materials and surface conditions.

The implications of work function extend far beyond theoretical physics. It influences various phenomena and technologies, including:

Thermionic emission in vacuum tubes and cathode ray tubes

Photoelectric effect in solar cells and photomultiplier tubes

Field emission in electron microscopy and flat-panel displays

Schottky barriers in semiconductor devices

Read More about work function formula

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My chica @chanbarbados getting the show started @nanikimusicfestival #beautifulvocals #always #energyband

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Bohr’s Atomic Model | Energy Levels | Energy Bands | Silicon

INTRODUCTION The study of the atomic structure and energy bands is the most important for electronics engineering. The fact is that the size of an atom is so small that it is virtually not possible to see it even with the most powerful microscope. Therefore, we have to employ an indirect method for the knowledge of its structure. The method consists of studying the properties of atom experimentally. After this, a guess is made about the possible structure of the atom, which can satisfy the properties studied experimentally. many scientists have present different theories regarding the structure of the atom. However, for the purpose of understanding and learning electronics, the study of Bohr’s atomic model is adequate. Although many refinements on Bohr’s atomic model have since been made, we still believe in the laws which Bohrs applied to the atomic world. In this chapter, we shall study Bohr’s atomic model in order to understand and learn the problems facing the electronic world. Bohr’s Atomic Model In 1913, Neils Bohr, Danish Physicist gave a clear explanation of the atomic structure. According to Bohr:(i) An atom consists of a positively charged nucleus around which negatively charged electrons rotate or revolve in different circular orbits. (ii) The electrons can revolve only around the nucleus only in certain permitted orbits i.e. orbits of certain radii are allowed. (iii) The electrons in each permitted orbit have a certain fixed energy amount. #Bohr’sAtomicModel #EnergyBands #EnergyLevels Read the full article

[babyawacs]

#plasma #control #method #fusion .@energy .@darpa .@fusion_iter .@nif .@ppplab .@harvardphysics .@lhcb .@sciam .@cern .@brookhavenlab .@losalamosnatlab .@jointinstitute @dimona @culham What is the radio emission or energy band emission on the resonating

#plasma #control #method #fusion .@energy .@darpa .@fusion_iter .@nif .@ppplab .@harvardphysics .@lhcb .@sciam .@cern .@brookhavenlab .@losalamosnatlab .@jointinstitute @dimona @culham

What is the radio emission or energy band emission on the resonating deuterium

And resonating tritium

*********** We see the average mix only. Average

its only mixed d+t+he

But how do they emit which energyband at…

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Mcqs of Electronics | Energy band | Silicon

Mcqs of energy band, silicon, and energy levels of the 4th chapter which is most important. Usually, this type of Mcqs comes in job tests not all of them but 2 or 3 from this post. these Mcqs of (energy band) are prepared for the learners who are now trying to get a job. Mcqs of Electronics, energy band and silicon The electrons in the 3rd orbit of an atom have …….. energy than the electrons in the 2nd orbit.(i) more (ii) less(iii) the same (iv) none of the aboveWhen an electron jumps from higher or larger orbit to a lower orbit, it …….. energy.(i) absorbs (ii) emits(iii) sometimes emits, sometimes absorbs(iv) none of the aboveWhich of the following is quantized according to Bohr’s atomic theory of atom?(i) linear momentum of the electron(ii) the linear velocity of the electron(iii) angular momentum of an electron(iv) angular velocity of an electronA semiconductor has …….. band.(i) almost empty valence(ii) almost empty conduction(iii) almost full conduction(iv) none of the above The electrons in the conduction band are called ……..(i) bound electrons (ii) valence electrons (iii) free electrons (iv) none of the above In insulators, the energy gap between conduction bands and valence bands is ……..(i) very large (ii) zero(iii) very small (iv) none of the aboveIn a conductor, the energy gap between conduction bands and valence bands is ……..(i) #electronic #electronicdepartment #electronicsjobtest #energyband #mcqsofelectronics #mcqsofenergyband #Silicon Read the full article

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Mcqs of Electronics | Energy band | Silicon

Mcqs of energy band, silicon, and energy levels of the 4th chapter which is most important. Usually, this type of Mcqs comes in job tests not all of them but 2 or 3 from this post. these Mcqs of (energy band) are prepared for the learners who are now trying to get a job. Mcqs of Electronics, energy band and silicon The electrons in the 3rd orbit of an atom have …….. energy than the electrons in the 2nd orbit.(i) more (ii) less(iii) the same (iv) none of the aboveWhen an electron jumps from higher or larger orbit to a lower orbit, it …….. energy.(i) absorbs (ii) emits(iii) sometimes emits, sometimes absorbs(iv) none of the aboveWhich of the following is quantized according to Bohr’s atomic theory of atom?(i) linear momentum of the electron(ii) the linear velocity of the electron(iii) angular momentum of an electron(iv) angular velocity of an electronA semiconductor has …….. band.(i) almost empty valence(ii) almost empty conduction(iii) almost full conduction(iv) none of the above The electrons in the conduction band are called ……..(i) bound electrons (ii) valence electrons (iii) free electrons (iv) none of the above In insulators, the energy gap between conduction bands and valence bands is ……..(i) very large (ii) zero(iii) very small (iv) none of the aboveIn a conductor, the energy gap between conduction bands and valence bands is ……..(i) #electronic #electronicdepartment #electronicsjobtest #energyband #mcqsofelectronics #mcqsofenergyband #Silicon Read the full article

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Mcqs of Electronics | Energy band | Silicon

Mcqs of energy band, silicon, and energy levels of the 4th chapter which is most important. Usually, this type of Mcqs comes in job tests not all of them but 2 or 3 from this post. these Mcqs of (energy band) are prepared for the learners who are now trying to get a job. Mcqs of Electronics, energy band and silicon The electrons in the 3rd orbit of an atom have …….. energy than the electrons in the 2nd orbit.(i) more (ii) less(iii) the same (iv) none of the aboveWhen an electron jumps from higher or larger orbit to a lower orbit, it …….. energy.(i) absorbs (ii) emits(iii) sometimes emits, sometimes absorbs(iv) none of the aboveWhich of the following is quantized according to Bohr’s atomic theory of atom?(i) linear momentum of the electron(ii) the linear velocity of the electron(iii) angular momentum of an electron(iv) angular velocity of an electronA semiconductor has …….. band.(i) almost empty valence(ii) almost empty conduction(iii) almost full conduction(iv) none of the above The electrons in the conduction band are called ……..(i) bound electrons (ii) valence electrons (iii) free electrons (iv) none of the above In insulators, the energy gap between conduction bands and valence bands is ……..(i) very large (ii) zero(iii) very small (iv) none of the aboveIn a conductor, the energy gap between conduction bands and valence bands is ……..(i) #electronic #electronicdepartment #electronicsjobtest #energyband #mcqsofelectronics #mcqsofenergyband #Silicon Read the full article

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Mcqs of Electronics | Energy band | Silicon

Mcqs of energy band, silicon, and energy levels of the 4th chapter which is most important. Usually, this type of Mcqs comes in job tests not all of them but 2 or 3 from this post. these Mcqs of (energy band) are prepared for the learners who are now trying to get a job. Mcqs of Electronics, energy band and silicon The electrons in the 3rd orbit of an atom have …….. energy than the electrons in the 2nd orbit.(i) more (ii) less(iii) the same (iv) none of the aboveWhen an electron jumps from higher or larger orbit to a lower orbit, it …….. energy.(i) absorbs (ii) emits(iii) sometimes emits, sometimes absorbs(iv) none of the aboveWhich of the following is quantized according to Bohr’s atomic theory of atom?(i) linear momentum of the electron(ii) the linear velocity of the electron(iii) angular momentum of an electron(iv) angular velocity of an electronA semiconductor has …….. band.(i) almost empty valence(ii) almost empty conduction(iii) almost full conduction(iv) none of the aboveThe electrons in the conduction band are called ……..(i) bound electrons (ii) valence electrons (iii) free electrons (iv) none of the above In insulators, the energy gap between conduction bands and valence bands is ……..(i) very large (ii) zero(iii) very small (iv) none of the aboveIn a conductor, the energy gap between conduction bands and valence bands is ……..(i) #electronic #electronicdepartment #electronicsjobtest #energyband #mcqsofelectronics #mcqsofenergyband #Silicon Read the full article

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Mcqs of Electronics | Energy band | Silicon

Mcqs of energy band, silicon, and energy levels of the 4th chapter which is most important. Usually, this type of Mcqs comes in job tests not all of them but 2 or 3 from this post. these Mcqs of (energy band) are prepared for the learners who are now trying to get a job. Mcqs of Electronics, energy band and silicon The electrons in the 3rd orbit of an atom have …….. energy than the electrons in the 2nd orbit.(i) more (ii) less(iii) the same (iv) none of the aboveWhen an electron jumps from higher or larger orbit to a lower orbit, it …….. energy.(i) absorbs (ii) emits(iii) sometimes emits, sometimes absorbs(iv) none of the aboveWhich of the following is quantized according to Bohr’s atomic theory of atom?(i) linear momentum of the electron(ii) the linear velocity of the electron(iii) angular momentum of an electron(iv) angular velocity of an electronA semiconductor has …….. band.(i) almost empty valence(ii) almost empty conduction(iii) almost full conduction(iv) none of the aboveThe electrons in the conduction band are called ……..(i) bound electrons (ii) valence electrons (iii) free electrons (iv) none of the above In insulators, the energy gap between conduction bands and valence bands is ……..(i) very large (ii) zero(iii) very small (iv) none of the aboveIn a conductor, the energy gap between conduction bands and valence bands is ……..(i) #electronic #electronicdepartment #electronicsjobtest #energyband #mcqsofelectronics #mcqsofenergyband #Silicon Read the full article

[abdulraheem-posts]

Mcqs of Electronics | Energy band | Silicon

Mcqs of energy band, silicon, and energy levels of the 4th chapter which is most important. Usually, this type of Mcqs comes in job tests not all of them but 2 or 3 from this post. these Mcqs of (energy band) are prepared for the learners who are now trying to get a job. Mcqs of Electronics, energy band and silicon The electrons in the 3rd orbit of an atom have …….. energy than the electrons in the 2nd orbit.(i) more (ii) less(iii) the same (iv) none of the aboveWhen an electron jumps from higher or larger orbit to a lower orbit, it …….. energy.(i) absorbs (ii) emits(iii) sometimes emits, sometimes absorbs(iv) none of the aboveWhich of the following is quantized according to Bohr’s atomic theory of atom?(i) linear momentum of the electron(ii) the linear velocity of the electron(iii) angular momentum of an electron(iv) angular velocity of an electronA semiconductor has …….. band.(i) almost empty valence(ii) almost empty conduction(iii) almost full conduction(iv) none of the aboveThe electrons in the conduction band are called ……..(i) bound electrons (ii) valence electrons (iii) free electrons (iv) none of the above In insulators, the energy gap between conduction bands and valence bands is ……..(i) very large (ii) zero(iii) very small (iv) none of the aboveIn a conductor, the energy gap between conduction bands and valence bands is ……..(i) #electronic #electronicdepartment #electronicsjobtest #energyband #mcqsofelectronics #mcqsofenergyband #Silicon Read the full article

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Mcqs of Electronics | Energy band | Silicon

Mcqs of energy band, silicon, and energy levels of the 4th chapter which is most important. Usually, this type of Mcqs comes in job tests not all of them but 2 or 3 from this post. these Mcqs of (energy band) are prepared for the learners who are now trying to get a job. Mcqs of Electronics, energy band and silicon The electrons in the 3rd orbit of an atom have …….. energy than the electrons in the 2nd orbit.(i) more (ii) less(iii) the same (iv) none of the aboveWhen an electron jumps from higher or larger orbit to a lower orbit, it …….. energy.(i) absorbs (ii) emits(iii) sometimes emits, sometimes absorbs(iv) none of the aboveWhich of the following is quantized according to Bohr’s atomic theory of atom?(i) linear momentum of the electron(ii) the linear velocity of the electron(iii) angular momentum of an electron(iv) angular velocity of an electronA semiconductor has …….. band.(i) almost empty valence(ii) almost empty conduction(iii) almost full conduction(iv) none of the aboveThe electrons in the conduction band are called ……..(i) bound electrons (ii) valence electrons (iii) free electrons (iv) none of the above In insulators, the energy gap between conduction bands and valence bands is ……..(i) very large (ii) zero(iii) very small (iv) none of the aboveIn a conductor, the energy gap between conduction bands and valence bands is ……..(i) #electronic #electronicdepartment #electronicsjobtest #energyband #mcqsofelectronics #mcqsofenergyband #Silicon Read the full article

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Mcqs of Electronics | Energy band | Silicon

Mcqs of energy band, silicon, and energy levels of the 4th chapter which is most important. Usually, this type of Mcqs comes in job tests not all of them but 2 or 3 from this post. these Mcqs of (energy band) are prepared for the learners who are now trying to get a job. Mcqs of Electronics, energy band and silicon The electrons in the 3rd orbit of an atom have …….. energy than the electrons in the 2nd orbit.(i) more (ii) less(iii) the same (iv) none of the aboveWhen an electron jumps from higher or larger orbit to a lower orbit, it …….. energy.(i) absorbs (ii) emits(iii) sometimes emits, sometimes absorbs(iv) none of the aboveWhich of the following is quantized according to Bohr’s atomic theory of atom?(i) linear momentum of the electron(ii) the linear velocity of the electron(iii) angular momentum of an electron(iv) angular velocity of an electronA semiconductor has …….. band.(i) almost empty valence(ii) almost empty conduction(iii) almost full conduction(iv) none of the aboveThe electrons in the conduction band are called ……..(i) bound electrons (ii) valence electrons (iii) free electrons (iv) none of the above In insulators, the energy gap between conduction bands and valence bands is ……..(i) very large (ii) zero(iii) very small (iv) none of the aboveIn a conductor, the energy gap between conduction bands and valence bands is ……..(i) #electronic #electronicdepartment #electronicsjobtest #energyband #mcqsofelectronics #mcqsofenergyband #Silicon Read the full article

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Mcqs of Electronics | Energy band | Silicon

Mcqs of energy band, silicon, and energy levels of the 4th chapter which is most important. Usually, this type of Mcqs comes in job tests not all of them but 2 or 3 from this post. these Mcqs of (energy band) are prepared for the learners who are now trying to get a job. Mcqs of Electronics, energy band and silicon The electrons in the 3rd orbit of an atom have …….. energy than the electrons in the 2nd orbit.(i) more (ii) less(iii) the same (iv) none of the aboveWhen an electron jumps from higher or larger orbit to a lower orbit, it …….. energy.(i) absorbs (ii) emits(iii) sometimes emits, sometimes absorbs(iv) none of the aboveWhich of the following is quantized according to Bohr’s atomic theory of atom?(i) linear momentum of the electron(ii) the linear velocity of the electron(iii) angular momentum of an electron(iv) angular velocity of an electronA semiconductor has …….. band.(i) almost empty valence(ii) almost empty conduction(iii) almost full conduction(iv) none of the aboveThe electrons in the conduction band are called ……..(i) bound electrons (ii) valence electrons (iii) free electrons (iv) none of the above In insulators, the energy gap between conduction bands and valence bands is ……..(i) very large (ii) zero(iii) very small (iv) none of the aboveIn a conductor, the energy gap between conduction bands and valence bands is ……..(i) #electronic #electronicdepartment #electronicsjobtest #energyband #mcqsofelectronics #mcqsofenergyband #Silicon Read the full article

[abdulraheem-posts]

Bohr’s Atomic Model | Energy Levels | Energy Bands | Silicon

INTRODUCTION The study of the atomic structure and energy bands is the most important for electronics engineering. The fact is that the size of an atom is so small that it is virtually not possible to see it even with the most powerful microscope. Therefore, we have to employ an indirect method for the knowledge of its structure. The method consists of studying the properties of atom experimentally. After this, a guess is made about the possible structure of the atom, which can satisfy the properties studied experimentally. many scientists have present different theories regarding the structure of the atom. However, for the purpose of understanding and learning electronics, the study of Bohr’s atomic model is adequate. Although many refinements on Bohr’s atomic model have since been made, we still believe in the laws which Bohrs applied to the atomic world. In this chapter, we shall study Bohr’s atomic model in order to understand and learn the problems facing the electronic world. Bohr’s Atomic Model In 1913, Neils Bohr, Danish Physicist gave a clear explanation of the atomic structure. According to Bohr:(i) An atom consists of a positively charged nucleus around which negatively charged electrons rotate or revolve in different circular orbits. (ii) The electrons can revolve only around the nucleus only in certain permitted orbits i.e. orbits of certain radii are allowed. (iii) The electrons in each permitted orbit have a certain fixed energy amount. #Bohr’sAtomicModel #EnergyBands #EnergyLevels Read the full article

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Mcqs of Electronics | Energy band | Silicon

Mcqs of energy band, silicon, and energy levels of the 4th chapter which is most important. Usually, this type of Mcqs comes in job tests not all of them but 2 or 3 from this post. these Mcqs of (energy band) are prepared for the learners who are now trying to get a job. Mcqs of Electronics, energy band and silicon The electrons in the 3rd orbit of an atom have …….. energy than the electrons in the 2nd orbit.(i) more (ii) less(iii) the same (iv) none of the aboveWhen an electron jumps from higher or larger orbit to a lower orbit, it …….. energy.(i) absorbs (ii) emits(iii) sometimes emits, sometimes absorbs(iv) none of the aboveWhich of the following is quantized according to Bohr’s atomic theory of atom?(i) linear momentum of the electron(ii) the linear velocity of the electron(iii) angular momentum of an electron(iv) angular velocity of an electronA semiconductor has …….. band.(i) almost empty valence(ii) almost empty conduction(iii) almost full conduction(iv) none of the aboveThe electrons in the conduction band are called ……..(i) bound electrons (ii) valence electrons (iii) free electrons (iv) none of the above In insulators, the energy gap between conduction bands and valence bands is ……..(i) very large (ii) zero(iii) very small (iv) none of the aboveIn a conductor, the energy gap between conduction bands and valence bands is ……..(i) #electrical #electricaldepartment #electricalengineering #electronic #electronicdepartment #electronicengineering #electronicsengineering #EnergyBands #EnergyLevels #germanium #Mcqsanddiscussionofelectronicsenergybandandsilicon #schoolofelectrical #schoolofelectronic #Silicon Read the full article