#emrick hammond | Explore Tumblr posts and blogs

inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years ago

Text

Newly Designed Nanoparticles Can Deliver Three Canc m2m communication er Drugs at a Time

www.inhandnetworks.com

The new MIT nanoparticles consist of polymer chains (blue) and three different drug molecules — doxorubicin is red, the small green particles are camptothecin, and the larger green core contains cisplatin. Image courtesy of Jeremiah Johnson

In a newly published study, MIT chemists detail how they designed nanoparticles that can deliver three cancer drugs at a time.

Delivering chemotherapy drugs in nanoparticle form could help reduce side effects by targeting the drugs directly to the tumors. In recent years, scientists have developed nanoparticles that deliver one or two chemotherapy drugs, but it has been difficult to design particles that can carry any more than that in a precise ratio.

Now MIT chemists have devised a new way to build such nanoparticles, making it much easier to include three or more different drugs. In a paper published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, the researchers showed that they could load their particles with three drugs commonly used to treat ovarian cancer.

“We think it’s the first example of a nanoparticle that carries a precise ratio of three drugs and can release those drugs in response to three distinct triggering mechanisms,” says Jeremiah Johnson, an assistant professor of chemistry at MIT and the senior author of the new paper.

Such particles could be designed to carry even more drugs, allowing researchers to develop new treatment regimens that could better kill cancer cells while avoiding the side effects of traditional chemotherapy. In the JACS paper, Johnson and colleagues demonstrated that the triple-threat nanoparticles could kill ovarian cancer cells more effectively than particles carrying only one or two drugs, and they have begun testing the particles against tumors in animals.

Longyan Liao, a postdoc in Johnson’s lab, is the paper’s lead author.

Putting the pieces together

Johnson’s new approach overcomes the inherent limitations of the two methods most often used to produce drug-delivering nanoparticles: encapsulating small drug molecules inside the particles or chemically attaching them to the particle. With both of these techniques, the reactions required to assemble the particles become increasingly difficult with each new drug that is added.

Combining these two approaches — encapsulating one drug inside a particle and attaching a different one to the surface — has had some success, but is still limited to two drugs.

Johnson set out to create a new type of particle that would overcome those constraints, enabling the loading of any number of different drugs. Instead of building the particle and then attaching drug molecules, he created building blocks that already include the drug. These building blocks can be joined together in a very specific structure, and the researchers can precisely con industrial M2M router trol how much of each drug is included.

Each building block consists of three components: the drug molecule, a linking unit that can connect to other blocks, and a chain of polyethylene glycol (PEG), which helps protect the particle from being broken down in the body. Hundreds of these blocks can be linked using an approach Johnson developed, called “brush first polymerization.”

“This is a new way to build the particles from the beginning,” Johnson says. “If I want a particle with five drugs, I just take the five building blocks I want and have those assemble into a particle. In principle, there’s no limitation on how many drugs you can add, and the ratio of drugs carried by the particles just depends on how they are mixed together in the beginning.”

Varying combinations

For this paper, the researchers created particles that carry the drugs cisplatin, doxorubicin, and camptothecin, which are often used alone or in combination to treat ovarian cancer.

Each particle carries the three drugs in a specific ratio that matches the maximum tolerated dose of each drug, and each drug has its own release mechanism. Cisplatin is freed as soon as the particle enters a cell, as the bonds holding it to the particle break down on exposure to glutathione, an antioxidant present in cells. Camptothecin is also released quickly when it encounters cellular enzymes called esterases.

The third drug, doxorubicin, was designed so that it would be released only when ultraviolet light shines on the particle. Once all three drugs are released, all that is left behind is PEG, which is easily biodegradable.

This approach “represents a clever new breakthrough in multidrug release through the simultaneous inclusion of different drugs, through distinct chemistries, within the same … platform,” says Todd Emrick, a professor of polymer science and engineering at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst who was not involved in the study.

Working with researchers in the lab of Paula Hammond, the David H. Koch Professor of Engineering and a member of MIT’s Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, the team tested the particles against ovarian cancer cells grown in the lab. Particles carrying all three drugs killed the cancer cells at a higher rate than those that delivered only one or two drugs.

Johnson’s lab is now working on particles that carry four drugs, and the researchers are also planning to tag the particles with molecules that will allow them to home to tumor cells by interacting with proteins found on the cell surfaces.

Johnson also envisions that the ability to reliably produce large quantities of multidrug-carrying nanoparticles will enable large-scale testing of possible new cancer treatments. “It’s important to be able to rapidly and efficiently make particles with different ratios of multiple drugs, so that you can test them for their activity,” he says. “We can’t just make one parti inhand cle, we need to be able to make different ratios, which our method can easily do.”

Other authors of the paper are graduate students Jenny Liu and Stephen Morton, and postdocs Erik Dreaden and Kevin Shopsowitz.

The research was funded by the MIT Research Support Committee, the Department of Defense Ovarian Cancer Research Program Teal Innovator Award, the National Institutes of Health, the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council, and the Koch Institute Support Grant from the National Cancer Institute.

Public remote connectivity ation: Longyan Liao, et al., “A Convergent Synthetic Platform for Single-Nanoparticle Combination Cancer Therapy: Ratiometric Loading and Controlled Release of Cisplatin, Doxorubicin, and Camptothecin,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2014; DOI: 10.1021/ja502011g

Image: Jeremiah Johnson

Industrial IoT Connectivity, Industrial IoT Products, Industrial IoT Solutions, Industrial IoT Products, industrial IoT Gateway, industrial IoT router, M2M IoT gateway, M2M IoT router, industrial router, Industrial IoT Router/Gateway, industrial IoT Gateway, industrial LTE router, Industrial VPN router, Dual SIM M2M router, Entry level Industrial Router, Cost effective, 3G 4G LTE, WiFi, VPN industrial router for commercial and industrial and M2M/IoT applications, Industrial 3G Router, Industrial 3g router, UMTS router, VPN routerIndustrial 3g router, UMTS router, VPN router, DIN-Rail router, cellular router, Industrial IoT Gateway, Industrial IoT Gateway, M2M gateway, VPN gateway, remote PLC programming, Industrial Cellular Modem, Cellular modem, data terminal unit, 3g modem, Industrial 3G Cellular Modem, 3g modem, industrial cellular modem3g modem, industrial cellular modem, industrial wireless modem, data terminal unit, Android Industrial Computer, Android Industrial Computer, Vending PC, Vending Telemetry, Vending Telemeter, Android Industrial Computer, Android Industrial Computer, Vending PC, Vending Telemetry, Vending Telemeter, Touchscreen & Vending PC, Vending Touchscreen, Vending Telemeter, Vending Telemetry, Vending Computer, Industrial LTE Router, industrial IoT Gateway, industrial LTE router, Industrial VPN router, Dual SIM M2M router, Industrial IoT Router/Gateway, industrial IoT Gateway, industrial LTE router, Industrial VPN router, Dual SIM M2M router, Industrial LTE Router, Industrial LTE router, industrial 4G/3G router, router industrial, cost-effective industrial LTE router, Industrial LTE Router, Industrial LTE router, industrial IoT router, router industrial, cost-effective M2M router, M2M LTE router, Industrial 3G Router , Industrial 3g router, industrial wireless router, VPN router, DIN-Rail router, cellular router, Industrial 3G Router , Industrial 3g router, industrial wireless router, VPN router, DIN-Rail router, cellular router, Distribution Power Line Monitoring System, Overhead Line Monitoring, Distribution Power Line Monitoring, Fault detection & location, Grid Analytics System, Remote Machine Monitoring & Maintenance System, IoT Remote Monitoring, Prognostics and Health Management, Remote connectivity, Remote Maintenance, Smart Vending, smart vending, InHandGo, retrofit, touchscreen vending, cashless vending, cloud VMS, Transformer Monitoring, Transformer Monitoring, substation monitoring, grid LTE router, wireless communication,

#wireless m2m router #Industrial 3G Cellular Modem #smart vending solution #medium voltage smart grid sensor #mri-remote-monitoring #ATM cellular #vending vms #industrial 4G/3G router

0 notes

redwoodhollows · 6 months ago

Text

Intro to Soulbounds - Redwood Hollow

Soulbounds are one of the three sub-types of humans, they have specific people in the world who are their designated soulmates.

The way soulmates work is still not fully understood, there are very rare occasions where a soulmate comes to cause harm to their soulmate, but this is far and beyond the exception, and generally soulmates are a perfect match for the Soulbound.

Soulbounds can be platonic or romantic or familial, the process of finding your soulmate is not about meeting them, but about coming to terms with them being your soulmate, which means it can take upwards of decades for someone to realise someone in their life is their soulmate, because of this self reflection and personal understanding is prioritised by many Soulbounds.

Soul bounds have blank white eyes, once a Soulbound finds their soulmate their eyes become bright and colourful. Soulmates can be anyone of any sub-type, once their soulmate is found their eyes also become unnaturally bright.

there are many societal pressures that come with being a Soulbound, dating can be difficult for Soulbounds as they are pressured to find their soulmate fast. Despite soulmates not being exclusively romantic there is a misconception that platonic soulmates will end up dating or that there is something "wrong" with having a familial soulmate due to the popular concept that all soulmates must be romantic.

Having white eyes as an older Soulbound is seen as "pitiful" or "sad" and is regularly used as shorthand in media to portray that a Soulbound is isolated.

Soulbounds will occasionally hide their eyes entirely to avoid pestering questions from people asking about their soulmates. There is also a small faction of Soulbounds who have chosen to never find their soulmate to fight the stigma against being a white-eyed Soulbound.

Examples of Soulbounds in Redwood Hollow include Pluto King, Gabrielle Phan, Emrick Hammond, and Irene Farzan.

#2024 #lore #Soulbounds #worldbuilding

2 notes · View notes