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nuttydefendoryouth · 3 years ago

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Development of a Wireless Temperature Sensor Using Polymer-Derived Ceramics

A temperature sensor has been developed using an embedded system and a sensor head made of polymer-derived SiAlCN ceramics (PDCs). PDC is a promising material for measuring high temperature and the embedded system features low-power consumption, compact size, and wireless temperature monitor. The developed temperature sensor has been experimentally tested to demonstrate the possibility of using such sensors for real world applications.

1. Introduction

Accurate temperature measurements are crucial for many applications, such as chemical processing, power generation, and engine monitoring. As a result, development of temperature sensors has always been a focus of microsensor field. A variety of materials have been studied for temperature sensor applications, for example, semiconducting silicon and silicon carbide. Silicon based sensors are typically used at temperatures lower than 350°C due to accelerated material degradation at higher temperature [1, 2]. Silicon carbide based sensors are better than silicon based sensors in high temperature measurement and can be applied in temperatures up to 500°C [3–5].

Polymer-derived SiAlCN ceramics (PDCs) are another widely studied material that demonstrate properties such as excellent high temperature stability [6] as well as good oxidation/corrosion resistance [7]. PDCs have been considered as a promising material for measuring high temperature [8]. Our early works have showed that PDC sensor head can accurately measure high temperature up to 830°C [9] using data acquisition system from National Instruments. The cost and size of the sensor system must be significantly reduced before it can be deployed for real world applications. In this paper, we develop a temperature sensor using PDC and an embedded system. Comparing to the National Instruments data acquisition equipment used in the previous paper, the newly developed embedded sensor is much smaller (9.7 dm3 versus 0.3 dm3), lighter (5.97 kg versus 0.19 kg), and cheaper (approximately $8000 versus $170). A WiFi module is also added so the temperature measurement can be transmitted wirelessly. The embedded board and WiFi module used in this paper are commercially available. The experiments in this paper demonstrate the possibility of deploying PDC based sensors for real world applications.

2. Fabrication of the PDC Sensor Head

In this study, the PDC sensor head is fabricated by following the procedure reported previously [9]. In brief, 8.8 g of commercially available liquid-phased polysilazane (HTT1800, Kion) and 1.0 g of aluminum-tri-sec-butoxide (ASB, Sigma-Aldrich) are first reacted together at 120°C for 24 hours under constant magnetic stirring to form the liquid precursor for SiAlCN. The precursor is then cooled down to room temperature, followed by adding 0.2 g of dicumyl peroxide (DP) into the liquid under sonication for 30 minutes. DP is the thermal initiator which can lower the solidification temperature and tailor the electrical properties [10]. The resultant liquid mixture is solidified by heat-treatment at 150°C for 24 hours. The disk-shaped green bodies are then prepared by ball-milling the solid into fine powder of ~1 μm and subsequently uniaxially pressing. A rectangular-shaped sample is cut from the discs and pyrolyzed at 1000°C for 4 hours. The entire fabrication is carried out in high-purity nitrogen to avoid any possible contamination.

Pt wires are attached to the sensor head by two ceramic fasteners on the two mounting holes on the diagonal of the sensor head. To improve the conductivity, both mounting holes are coated with Pt plasma; see Figure 1.

To measure temperature using the PDC sensor, the processor needs to perform the following tasks: () supply voltage ��to the circuit through DAC7724; () sample the circuit output using AD7656 and convert the output to temperature measurement; and () transmit data to readers from the RS232 port.

The input signal to the conversion circuit is a sinusoidal signal of ±10 V. The sinusoidal signal can bypass the parasitic capacitor in series to the PDC probe. The noise from the furnace coil can also be greatly subdued. The sensor output voltage is approximately sinusoidal as well and its magnitude can be computed using Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) or curve fitting using recursive least square method (RLSM) [11]. Comparing to FFT, RLSM is more computationally efficient but may have numerical instability because TMS320F28335 only supports IEEE 754 floating-point arithmetic. Here we prefer FFT for fast prototyping purpose because Texas Instruments provides FPU library that performs floating FFT routines on C2000 series microcontroller. Next we explain how the sensor works.

A high-priority interrupt service request (ISR1) based on a CPU timer continues reading a look-up-table and drives the DAC7724 to generate the input signal . The frequency of is controlled by the frequency of ISR1. ISR1 also samples circuit output from AD7656 and adds the data to a 1024-point buffer if there is no FFT running. Once the buffer is filled up, ISR1 stops writing the buffer and the FFT routine starts. The FFT routine is implemented in another slower low-priority interrupt service (ISR2). Once the FFT routine is completed, ISR2 will give ISR1 the permission to clean and write the input buffer again. The magnitude from the FFT is used as the circuit output . The software flowchart is shown in Figure 4.

High temperature sensors capable of operating in harsh environments are needed in order to prevent disasters caused by structural or system functional failures due to increasing temperatures. Most existing temperature sensors do not satisfy the needs because they require either physical contact or a battery power supply for signal communication, and furthermore, neither of them can withstand high temperatures nor rotating applications. This paper presents a novel passive wireless temperature sensor, suitable for working in harsh environments for high temperature rotating component monitoring. A completely passive LC resonant telemetry scheme, relying on a frequency variation output, which has been applied successfully in pressure, humidity and chemical measurement, is integrated with a unique high-k temperature sensitive ceramic material, in order to measure the temperatures without contacts, active elements, or power supplies within the sensor. In this paper, the high temperature sensor design and performance analysis are conducted based on mechanical and electrical modeling, in order to maximize the sensing distance, the Q factor and the sensitivity. In the end, the sensor prototype is fabricated and calibrated successfully up to 235ºC, so that the concept of temperature sensing through passive wireless communication is proved.

This paper aims to develop a prototype for a web-based wireless remote temperature monitoring device for patients. This device uses a patient and coordinator set design approach involving the measurement, transmission, receipt and recording of patients’ temperatures via the MiWi wireless meter iot solution. The results of experimental tests on the proposed system indicated a wider distance coverage and reasonable temperature resolution and standard deviation. The system could display the temperature and patient information remotely via a graphical-user interface as shown in the tests on three healthy participants. By continuously monitoring participants’ temperatures, this device will likely improve the quality of the health care of the patients in normal ward as less human workload is involved.

Background

During the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003, hospitals became treatment centres in most countries. Because a patient’s core body temperature is one vital parameter for monitoring the progress of the patient’s health, it is often measured manually at a frequency ranging from once every few hours to once a day [1]. However, such manual measurement of the temperature of patients requires the efforts of many staff members. In addition, when the patients suffer from conditions that result in abrupt changes of the core body temperature, e.g., due to infection at a surgical site after surgery, the staff on duty will not know such a temperature change occurred until the next temperature measurement. Such a delay may lead to patients being unnoticed while their health conditions worsen, which is dangerous because a difference of 1.5 degrees Celsius can result in adverse outcomes [2]. Furthermore, there is always a need to have a monitoring system to improve the quality of health care [3], such as temperature monitoring of elderly and challenged persons using a wireless remote temperature monitoring system.

Body temperature can be used to monitor the pain level of a patient following an operation [4] or after shoulder endoprosthesis [5]. In some cases, the tissue transient temperature was monitored during microwave liver ablation [6] for the treatment of liver metastases. Instead of using a temperature sensor, pulse-echo ultrasound [7] was used to visualize changes in the temperature of the patient’s body. In addition, a non-contact temperature-measuring device, such as a thermal imaging camera [8], was successfully used to detect human body temperature during the SARS outbreak. However, it can be quite expensive to equip each patient room with a thermal imaging camera. In addition, there are a few wireless temperature measuring solution (e.g., CADIT™, Primex™, and TempTrak™) on the market that are used to monitor and store a patient’s temperature for medical research by using body sensor networks [9]. Most of these systems consist of an electronic module and a temperature-sensing device. The systems include a stand-alone electronic module with a display screen that allows the temperature sensor data to be transmitted over a secure wireless network.

However, these systems can be difficult to reconfigure to suit the current database system used in the hospital. In addition, the current systems using short message service (SMS)-based telemedicine [10] systems with hardware equipment were developed to monitor the mobility of patients. However, proper hardware and software to manage the messages and the patient’s temperature for display on mobile phones are not widely available.

Hence, a medical device to continuously measure the body temperature of patients using a wireless temperature receiver [4,11,12] is required. With such a wireless temperature sensor system, nurses will no longer have to manually measure the temperature of patients, which will free their time for other tasks and also reduce the risk associated with coming into contact with patients with contagious diseases, such as SARS. The readings will be transmitted wirelessly to the central nurse station, where they can be monitored by the staff-on-duty. In addition, the current and past history of the body temperature measurements can be stored in an online database, which allows the medical staff to access the database when they are not in the hospital.

To the best of our knowledge, a MiWi wireless (besides using the Zigbee[11]) temperature-monitoring system using a patient and coordinator set design that provides remote internet access to the temperature database has not been reported in any publication. The objective is therefore to develop and implement a prototype temperature-monitoring system for patients using a MiWi wireless remote connection to the nurse’s station for frequent real-time monitoring. The temperature monitoring system was designed based on a proposed patient and coordinator set design approach. The proposed temperature-monitoring system for use in normal ward will likely to improve the quality of the health care of the patients as the nursing workload is reduced. In this paper, the discussion on medical regulations and policy will not be included.

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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years ago

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Silk Fibers May Represent Natural Metamaterials, Capable of light Confin Android vending computer ement

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New research suggests fibers from a silkworm’s cocoon may represent “natural metamaterials,” a discovery with various technological and scientific implications. Purdue University image/Young Kim

New research has demonstrated how the nano-architecture of a silkworm’s fiber causes “Anderson localization of light,” a discovery that could lead to various innovations and a better understanding of light transport and heat transfer.

The discovery also could help create synthetic materials and structures that realize the phenomenon, named after Nobel laureate Philip Anderson, whose theory describes how electrons can be brought to a complete halt in materials due to their “scattering and defects.” The new findings relate not to electrons, but to light transport.

Researchers demonstrated how the nano-architecture of the silk fibers is capable of light “confinement,” a trait that could provide a range of technological applications including innovations that harness light for new types of medical therapies and biosensing. This light-confinem Industrial IoT Gateway ent effect in biological and natural tissue, which was unexpected, is made possible by the Anderson localization of light, said Young Kim, an associate professor in Purdue University’s Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering.

The new findings suggest silk fibers may represent “natural metamaterials” and “natural metastructures,” Kim said.

Various research groups have created synthetic “metamaterials” capable of the ultra-efficient control of light. However, metamaterials have limitations because they are often difficult to scale up for commercial production and pose other challenges. Because silk’s nano-architecture is “disordered” instead of meticulously designed periodic structures, the findings suggest a strategy to produce metamaterials that are less expensive to fabricate and manufacture and easier to scale up for industry.

“This is fascinating because realizing Anderson localization of light is extremely challenging, yet we now know that it can be achieved using irregular, disordered nanostructures to create highly packed nanomaterials for strong light scattering as a silkworm produces a silk fiber and spins a cocoon shell in nature,” Kim said.

The findings are detailed in a paper appearing on Wednesday (January 31) in the journal Nature Communications. The paper’s lead author is Purdue postdoctoral research associate Seung Ho Choi.

“Our findings could open up new possibilities for metamaterials and metastructures,” said Kim, who is leading research to better understand the underlying reasons for silk’s white, silvery and lustrous reflection. “I know this is an oxymoron, but we are saying silk fibers represent ‘natural metamaterials’ and ‘natural metastructures.'”

The silk fibers are 10-20 microns in diameter and contain thousands of tiny nanofibrils, each around 100 nanometers wide. For perspective, a human hair is roughly 100 microns in diameter.

A silk fiber has numerous “scattering centers” inside. Anderson localization arises from this light scattering due to disorder in the nanostructure.

“Silk has many nanofibrils, which individually scatter light,” Kim said.

For the software Anderson localization to occur, there must be both scattering and interference between scattered light waves. Densely packed irregular nanostructures cause light waves to interfere with each other, sometimes in destructive and sometimes in constructive ways. If constructive, the light is intensified.

“If waves are constructively interf M2M IoT router ering, this forms a very high energy inside the disordered media,” Choi said.

The small size and roughly parallel arrangement of the nanofibrils are conducive to the effect. The scattering power is maximized when there are many scattering centers and when their size is comparable to the wavelength of the light, both criteria found in the silk fibers.

Whereas commercial optical fibers must be specially engineered with a reflective coating, or cladding, to allow for the confinement of light, the silk fibers are able to achieve the feat naturally due to Anderson localization of light. The Anderson localization creates “modes” that make confinement of light possible without carefully engineered periodic structures. Instead, the same confinement is possible with disordered, more random designs.

“We found that most transmission of light disappears in most of the silk surface. However, counterintuitively, in a small area we found that the energy is confined, and this confined energy is transmitted through localized modes,” Kim said. “The localized mode is a unique pathway for energy flow.”

Although biological structures such as silk diffuse light, other natural materials with similar microstructures do not possess the localized, modes making Anderson localization of light possible.

“Such a difference makes silk particularly interesting for radiative heat transfer.” Kim said. The silk has a high emissivity for infrared light, meaning it readily radiates heat, or infrared radiation, while at the same time being a good reflector of solar light. Because the strong reflectivity from Anderson localization is combined with the high emissivity of the biomolecules in infrared radiation, silk radiates more heat than it absorbs, making it ideal for passive, or “self-cooling.”

“You may have heard that silk underwear can keep you cooler in summertime and warmer in winter,” Kim said. “We have learned the basic mechanism behind this observation.”

The work is led by researchers in Purdue’s Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering; the Department of Agricultural Biology of the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences in South Korea; and the Materials and Manufacturing Directorate of the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory. A complete list of co-authors is available in the abstract.

“Our findings could open up largely unexplored opportunities for engineering, energy, and biomedical areas,” Kim said. “However, while direct applications could be possible, we really want to learn from silk to help develop material synthesis and design processes in the future.”

Publication: Seung Ho Choi, et al., “Anderson light localization in biological nanostructures of native silk,” Nature Communications, volume 9, Article number: 452 (2018) doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02500-5

Sources: Emil Venere, Young L. Kim, Seung Ho Choi, Purdue University

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datawiresolutions · 7 years ago

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8 Life-Changing Ways the Internet is Impacting Your Home

We all know what the Internet is. But there’s a relatively new term that you should know about: Internet of Things. Exactly what is the Internet of Things, or IoT? Basically, it’s anything (everyday gadgets and objects) that connects to the Internet. This could be your smart TV that pulls content from the Internet, a water sensor that uses the Internet to notify you via smartphone that there’s a leak in the basement, a surveillance camera that lets you peek in on happenings around the house while you’re miles away, and a host of other connected devices.

Research firm Gartner forecasts that 8.4 million connected things (Internet of Things; IoT) will be in use worldwide in 2017, up 31 percent from 2016, and will reach 20.4 billion by 2020. That’s a lot of smart devices communicating over the Internet … and it’s impact on our homes, our lives and our world will be huge.

Perfect IoT Conditions

There are a lot of factors making IoT as commonplace as facial tissues. First, broadband in the home is nearly ubiquitous. It gives your home and the devices inside it a connection to the outside world.

Second, there’s Wi-Fi which provides a connection that’s wireless and a complement to broadband. Take a stroll down the aisles at your local home improvement store and you’ll likely see dozens of Wi-Fi-enabled products that can be accessed, monitored and controlled from mobile devices like your smartphone.

Third, these Internet-connected devices are becoming increasingly smart, embedded with sensors and other technology that enables them to gather, analyze and disseminate data. And last, there’s the smartphone. Who doesn’t own one of these—the integral piece of the IoT chain that lets you send and receive information to and from your home’s IoT devices.

How Does IoT Impact You?

Information is power, and the more information you are able to gather from your home the more efficiently you’ll be able to live in it. You’ll be able to gauge the entire of environment of your home and make educated decisions about how to respond and do so in a timely manner regardless of whether you’re sitting on the family room couch or lounging by a pool 800 miles away. Here are a few examples, along with benefits to your life:

1 Peace of Mind: Did you lock the door, did you turn off the iron, is the garage door still open? All of these questions deal directly with the safety and security of your home. When door locks, garage door openers, and outlets are connected to the Internet, you can monitor the status of these devices from your smartphone; you can lock, close and turn off them remotely to ensure that your home is protected.

2 An Eye in the Sky: Seeing is believing, so when products like a surveillance camera are IoT-enabled, you can get a visual of the happenings at home. Some cameras have sensors built it that will push a notification to you whenever they sense motion, for example.

3 A Heads-Up: Are you out of trash bags? Low on laundry detergent? Does your home’s air filter need to be changed? IoT devices like trash cans (yes, these exist), washing machines, and indoor air quality monitors can keep track of things and notify you when you need to take action.

4 More Modes of Home Management: Back before so many things were connected to the Internet, the only way to monitor and manage them were through keypads, touchpanels, and remote controls. IoT extends your control options to include smartphones, tablets, and your voice (whether you’re at home or away).

5 24/7 Help from Tech Experts: Prior to IoT, homeowners experiencing problems with their smart devices called a home tech expert for help. This often required the pro to make a house visit—potentially pricey and annoying. IoT devices, however, gives these tech easy access to your smart devices and systems. They can be informed of problems and remedy them without ever coming to your house.

6 Connections to the Outside World: IoT devices are everywhere … not just in your home. This means that you house can exchange information with businesses, industries, and public places. For example, a connected toothbrush could communicate data to your dentist, possibly saving you a visit; a connected refrigerator could zip an email to your local grocery store when you’re running low on milk adding the item to a list of items to be delivered later that week.

7 Autonomous Operation: As sensors, microprocessors, and other technology get smaller and more affordable, they become easier to integrate into IoT devices. When this happens, IoT devices literally have a mind of their own. We are already seeing this in products like Nest thermostats, which over time learn your habits to adjust their settings accordingly. Other IoT devices are bound to get smarter, allowing certain facets of your house to operate autonomously.

8 Voice Control: Smart speakers with integrated voice assistant technology—like Amazon Alexa and Google Assistant—are IoT devices. Today the can deliver information (music, weather reports, restaurant reservations) to your home from the Internet and serve as a control interface to other IoT devices. As they too become smarter, they can even serve as an automation hub for your home.

The post 8 Life-Changing Ways the Internet is Impacting Your Home appeared first on Electronic House.

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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years ago

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New Polymer Material Uses Carbon Dioxide to cellular router manufacturer Self‐Repair

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Diagrams illustrate the self-healing properties of the new material. At top, a crack is created in the material, which is composed of a hydrogel (dark green) with plant-derived chloroplasts (light green) embedded in it. At bottom, in the presence of light, the material reacts with carbon diox smart grid ide in the air to expand and fill the gap, repairing the damage. Courtesy of the researchers

A material designed by MIT chemical engineers can react with carbon dioxide from the air, to grow, strengthen, and even repair itself. The polymer, which might someday be used as construction or repair material or for protective coatings, continuously converts the greenhouse gas into a carbon-based material that reinforces itself.

The current version of the new material is a synthetic gel-like substance that performs a chemical process similar to the way plants incorporate carbon dioxide from the air into their growing tissues. The material might, for example, be made into panels of a lightweight matrix that could be shipped to a construction site, where they would harden and solidify just from exposure to air and sunlight, thereby saving on the energy and cost of transportation.

The finding is described in a paper in the journal Advanced Materials, by Professor Michael Strano, postdoc Seon-Yeong Kwak, and eight others at MIT and at the University of California at Riverside

“This is a completely new concept in materials science,” says Strano, the Carbon C. Dubbs Professor of Chemical Engineering. “What we call carbon-fixing materials don’t exist yet today” outside of the biological realm, he says, describing materials that can transform carbon dioxide in the ambient air into a solid, stable form, using only the power of sunlight, just as plants do.

Developing a synthetic material that not only avoids the use of fossil fuels for its creation, but actually consumes carbon dioxide from the air, has obvious benefits for the environment and climate, the researchers point out. “Imagine a synthetic material that could ptcrb certified grow like trees, taking the carbon from the carbon dioxide and incorporating it into the material’s backbone,” Strano says.

The material the team used in these initial proof-of-concept experiments did make use of one biological component — chloroplasts, the light-harnessing components within plant cells, which the researchers obtained from spinach leaves. The chloroplasts are not alive but catalyze the reaction of carbon dioxide to glucose. Isolated chloroplasts are quite unstable, meaning that they tend to stop functioning after a few hours when removed from the plant. In their paper, Strano and his co-workers demonstrate methods to significantly increase the catalytic lifetime of extracted chloroplasts. In ongoing and future work, the chloroplast is being replaced by catalysts that are nonbiological in origin, Strano explains.

The material the researchers used, a gel matrix composed of a polymer made from aminopropyl methacrylamide (APMA) and glucose, an enzyme called glucose oxidase, and the chloroplasts, becomes stronger as it incorporates the carbon. It is not yet strong enough to be used as a building material, though it might function as a crack filling or coating material, the researchers say.

The team has worked out methods to produce materials of this type by the ton, and is now focusing on optimizing the material’s properties. Commercial applications such as self-healing coatings and crack filling are realizable in the near term, they say, whereas additional advances in backbone chemistry and materials science are needed before construction materials and composites can be developed.

One key advantage of such materials is they would be self-repairing upon exposure to sunlight or some indoor lighting, Strano says. If the surface is scratched or cracked, the affected area grows to fill in the gaps and repair the damage, without requiring any external action.

While there has been widespread effort to develop self-healing materials that could mimic this ability of biological organisms, the researchers say, these have all required an active outside input to function. Heating, UV light, mechanical stress, or chemical treatment were needed to activate the process. By contrast, these materials need nothing but ambient light, and they incorporate mass from carbon in the atmosphere, which is ubiquitous.

The material starts out as a liquid, Kwak says, adding, “it is exciting to watch it as it starts to grow and cluster” into a solid form.

“Materials science has never produced anything like this,” Strano says. “These materials mimic some aspects of something living, even though it’s not reproducing.” Because the finding opens up a wide array of possible follow-up research, the U.S. Department of Energy is sponsoring a new program directed by Strano to develop it further.

“Our work shows that carbon dioxide need not be purely a burden and a cost,” Strano says. “It is also an opportunity in this respect. There’s carbon everywhere. We build the world with carbon. Humans are made of carbon. Making a material that can access the abundant carbon all around us is a significant opportunity for materials science. In this way, our work is about making materials that are not just carbon neutral, but carbon negative.”

The research team included Juan Pablo Giraldo at UC Riverside Dual SIM M2M router , and Tedrick Lew, Min Hao Wong, Pingwei Liu, Yun Jung Yang, Volodomyr Koman, Melissa McGee and Bradley Olsen at MIT. The work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy.

Publication: Seon‐Yeong Kwak, et al., “Polymethacrylamide and Carbon Composites that Grow, Strengthen, and Self‐Repair using Ambient Carbon Dioxide Fixation,” Advanced Materials, 2018; doi:10.1002/adma.201804037

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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years ago

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Newly Developed “Variable Friction” Fingers Enable Better Ro LTE router bot Hands

www.inhandnetworks.com

Picking up a pen off a desk and writing with it might seem easy to you, but it’s no small feat to a robot.

For one thing, once you pick up the pen, you then have to shift it in your hand to get it in the writing position. “You move the pen from an initial grasp to something more stable, but to do that, you’re gripping it with certain surfaces of the fingers and sliding it against other surfaces of the fingers,” said Adam Spiers, a former associate research scientist in Aaron Dollar’s lab. “It’s really quite complicated as far as all the force and frictional interactions go, but we all take it for granted as a very simple thing to do.”

So Dollar’s lab tried a simpler tack that focuses on the variation in friction of finger surfaces. Their results were recently published in IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters and will also Smart Vending soon be presented at the International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2018).

“I think one of the key features of human hands that’s often overlooked is the surface properties of our fingers and what that allows us to do as far as moving objects within the hand,” Spiers said. “For example, when you make a light touch with your finger pads they are able to slide over objects, while using a bit more force deforms the soft internal tissue and causes them to grip.”

The newly developed ‘Variable Friction’ robot fingers combine a surface made of soft urethane (high-surface friction), a surface made of hard 3D-printed plastic (low-surface friction) and some rubber bands to suspend one surface behind the other. Two of these mechanical fingers face each other to form a robot hand, each with pivot joints at the bottom moved by electrical motors that allow the fingers to be controlled in multiple ways. At low-grip forces, the urethane acts as the finger pad, but switches to the hard surface made from Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) at higher forces.

“We can get some pretty interesting behaviors where we can move objects within the hand, while they are being grasped,” said Spiers, now a research scientist at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems. “The object can be made to slide up and down the fingers, or we can make objects roll between the fingers. Then, we can actually combine those motions to reposition objects anywhere within the workspace of the hand.”

It’s kind of like a human hand, but not entirely.

“There’s a lot to be said for taking inspiration from nature, but not copying it too much,” he said. “With a human finger, you’re getting very good behaviors out of it, but it’s also attached to a really powerful brain.”

The origins of the intuitive way industrial wireless that humans can effortlessly perform complicated tasks is unclear, Spiers said. Is it because we have sophisticated brains that allow us to control our bodies with complex maneuvers, or because our fingers have a structure that includes the ability to vary surface friction?

In either case, he said, he sought to replicate the end results with the robotic device. It’s a proof-of-concept, so it still doesn’t perform some of the more subtle tasks that a human hand does, but they’ve made the design open-source so that other researchers could expand on it, and increase its dexterity.

“This is router industrial a new platform that other people can now build on and maybe implement those more difficult but common behaviors that humans do effortlessly but robots struggle with,” he said.

Publication: Adam J. Spiers, et al., “Variable-Friction Finger Surfaces to Enable Within-Hand Manipulation via Gripping and Sliding,” IEEE, 2018; DOI: 10.1109/LRA.2018.2856398

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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years ago

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New Method to Control Nano wordpress particles with Light and Magnets

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Elemental mapping of the location of iron atoms (blue) in the magnetic nanoparticles and cadmium (red) in the fluorescent quantum dots provide a clear visualization of the way the two kinds of particles naturally separate themselves into a core-and-shell structure.

A team of researchers has developed particles that can glow with color-coded light and be manipulated with magnets, improving the likelihood of tracking the position of the nanoparticles as they move within the body or inside a cell.

A long-sought goal of creating particles that can emit a colorful fluorescent glow in a biological environment, and that could be precisely manipulated into position within living cells, has been achieved by a team of researchers at MIT and several other institutions. The finding is reported this week in the journal Nature Communications.

The new technology could make it possible to track the position of the nanoparticles as they move within the body or inside a cell. At the same time, the nanoparticles could be manipulated precisely by applying a magn 3g router etic field to pull them along. And finally, the particles could have a coating of a bioreactive substance that could seek out and bind with particular molecules within the body, such as markers for tumor cells or other disease agents.

“It’s been a dream of mine for many years to have a nanomaterial that incorporates both fluorescence and magnetism in a single compact object,” says Moungi Bawendi, the Lester Wolfe Professor of Chemistry at MIT and senior author of the new paper. While other groups have achieved some combination of these two properties, Bawendi says that he “was never very satisfied” with results previously achieved by his own team or others.

For one thing, he says, such particles have been too large to make practical probes of living tissue: “They’ve tended to have a lot of wasted volume,” Bawendi says. “Compactness is critical for biological and a lot of other applications.”

In addition, previous efforts were unable to produce particles of uniform and predictable size, which could also be an essential property for diagnostic or therapeutic applications.

Moreover, Bawendi says, “We wanted to be able to manipulate these structures inside the cells with magnetic fields, but also know exactly what it is we’re moving.” All of these goals are achieved by the new nanoparticles, which can be identified with great precision by the wavelength of their fluorescent emissions.

The new method produces the combination of desired properties “in as small a package as possible,” Bawendi says — which could help pave the way for particles with other useful properties, such as the ability to bind with a specific type of bioreceptor, or another molecule of interest.

In the technique developed by Bawend cloud platform i’s team, led by lead author and postdoc Ou Chen, the nanoparticles crystallize such that they self-assemble in exactly the way that leads to the most useful outcome: The magnetic particles cluster at the center, while fluorescent particles form a uniform coating around them. That puts the fluorescent molecules in the most visible location for allowing the nanoparticles to be tracked optically through a microscope.

“These are beautiful structures, they’re so clean,” Bawendi says. That uniformity arises, in part, because the starting material, fluorescent nanoparticles that Bawendi and his group have been perfecting for years, are themselves perfectly uniform in size. “You have to use very uniform material to produce such a uniform construction,” Chen says.

Initially, at least, the particles might be used to probe basic biological functions within cells, Bawendi suggests. As the work continues, later experiments may add additional materials to the particles’ coating so that they interact in specific ways with Industrial IoT Manufacturer molecules or structures within the cell, either for diagnosis or treatment.

Watch how supernanoparticles are made to glow and manipulated with magnets inside a cancer cell. Video: Melanie Gonick/MIT

The ability to manipulate the particles with electromagnets is key to using them in biological research, Bawendi explains: The tiny particles could otherwise get lost in the jumble of molecules circulating within a cell. “Without a magnetic ‘handle,’ it’s like a needle in a haystack,” he says. “But with the magnetism, you can find it easily.”

A silica coating on the particles allows additional molecules to attach, causing the particles to bind with specific structures within the cell. “Silica makes it completely flexible; it’s a well developed material that can bind to almost anything,” Bawendi says.

For example, the coating could have a molecule that binds to a specific type of tumor cells; then, “You could use them to enhance the contrast of an MRI, so you could see the spatial macroscopic outlines of a tumor,” he says.

The next step for the team is to test the new nanoparticles in a variety of biological settings. “We’ve made the material,” Chen says. “Now we’ve got to use it, and we’re working with a number of groups around the world for a variety of applications.”

Christopher Murray, a professor of chemistry and materials science and engineering at the University of Pennsylvania who was not connected with this research, says, “This work exemplifies the power of using nanocrystals as building blocks for multiscale and multifunctional structures. We often use the term ‘artificial atoms’ in the community to describe how we are exploiting a new periodic table of fundamental building blocks to design materials, and this is a very elegant example.”

The study included researchers at MIT; Massachusetts General Hospital; Institut Curie in Paris; the Heinrich-Pette Institute and the Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine in Hamburg, Germany; Children’s Hospital Boston; and Cornell University. The work was supported by the National Institutes of Health, the Army Research Office through MIT’s Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, and the Department of Energy.

Publication: Ou Chen, et al., “Magneto-fluorescent core-shell supernanoparticles,” Nature Communications 5, Article number: 5093; doi:10.1038/ncomms6093

Image: Courtesy of the researchers

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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years ago

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3-D Printe vehicle router r Makes Custom Human Bones

www.inhandnetworks.com

We’ve been printing documents and pictures for ages and lately 3D printers have been helping us make all kinds of 3D objects like toys and custom p Remote connectivity arts for equipment. Now the latest use for 3D printers is to create custom human bones.

Washington State University researchers have modified a 3-D printer that usually cre Vending Telemeter ates metal parts to do just that. They are creating a bone-like material that acts as a framework for new bone cells. The hope is that after a few years, doctors and dentists will be able to print custom bone tissue on demand.

So far it looks like this bone-like material has no ill effects and it also eventually dissolves, but only after it has provided the framework for new bone cells. They also encourage the growth of new bone that fuses with existing tissue. This opens up a world of da monitoring possibilities that doctors did not have before and could create nearly perfect replacement parts.

The process is also fast. Researchers report that networks of new bone cells grew within the structures after only a week when they placed them with immature bone cells. It has a long way to go, but this seems very promising for decreasing patient recovery time.

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inhandnetworks-blog · 7 years ago

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When Winter Hits, Tiny Shrews Survive by Decreasing Head Size

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According to new research, shrews change their size in accordance with the season. The tiny gray mammals can lose 20 percent of their body size in the cold winter months, possibly to conserve energy.

Scientists have long known that shrews are bigger in the summer than in the winter, and any careful observer could spot the difference. But exactly why their size changed was unknown. Some ecologists thought that the larger animals died off in winter.

To learn more, scientists captured shrews in Germany using live traps, measuring them and repeating the exercise. They caught 100 live common shrews (Sorex araneus) during the spring and anesthetized them. They measured the shrews’ overall sizes and used computer imaging and X-rays to look at the size of their skeletons and their brains. They released the shrews and recaptured them several times throughout the year, and found 37 of the same shrews multiple times. Of those 37 they saw a clear pattern: The shrews were getting smaller during the winter, and bigger during the summer.

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A common shrew, Sorex araneus, in the snow. Hanna Knutsson on Flickr

“We don’t know why for sure why this happens,” Javier Lázaro, a Ph.D. student at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, told Newsweek. “We hypothesize that they have developed these shrinkings to face the winter months when they have less food.” Maintaining body mass, especially brain mass, is calorically expensive, Lázaro explained; it means that you have to eat a lot of food to power your body, organs and brain. If you can’t migrate to a habitat with better winter food options, it makes sense to simply change your body size. Previously, it had been thought that shrews looked bigger in the summer because the smaller ones had died off.

It’s particularly surprising that as shrew skeletons shrink, their skulls shrink too—and so, too, does their brain case and brain. There’s no research yet on whether it affects their intelligence.

A collection of shrew skulls. Left, top to bottom: greater white-toothed shrew, Trowbridge’s shrew, vagrant shrew, pygmy shrew. Right, top to bottom: Asian house, northern short-tailed shrew, southern short-tailed shrew. Austin George

The researchers also noticed that the length of the shrew’s spine, spleen, liver, heart, fat and muscles all shrunk and regrew. In total, a winter shrew weighs only 6 grams, whereas a summer young shrew weighs about 8 grams, and a summer adult shrew weighs 14 to 15 grams. That means adult shrews nearly double in body mass during the warmer months.

Shrews are members of the family Soricidae, which eat insects and live almost everywhere in the world. They are some of the few terrestrial mammals able to echolocate, and this species is the first studied mammal to demonstrate an ability to change size back and forth after leaving the womb. The research was published today in the journal Current Biology. Lázaro says the work demonstrates a very important evolutionary mechanism and could have wide-ranging implications, including for human medicine. “We are dealing with a system that loses in this case bone tissues and, in some still unknown mechanism,” he says. “They are able to regenerate this tissue.”

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inhandnetworks-blog · 7 years ago

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Will This Scar? Japanese Scientists Uncover Secret to Regenerative Skin in Frogs

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The ability to regenerate damaged organs and limbs is chief among the many intriguing traits that amphibians possess. Newts and salamanders can grow new hearts and tails. The cells that bud at the start of new limb growth can continue the process even when they are attached to another animal. African clawed frogs, known to scientists as Xenopus laevis, are not equipped to the same extent but can regenerate some limb and skin following wounds. And they do it without scarring.

Mammals cannot do any of this. When humans are wounded, our skin regenerates but not completely, which is why we have scars. Different parts of our skin have different healing capacities; chest skin often scars more severely than leg skin, for example. Avoiding scars, particularly following serious injuries, has long been a quest of medical research.

How, exactly, Xenopus frogs accomplish scarless skin regeneration is a mystery. Now, researchers from Tohoku University in Japan have uncovered a new clue. The finding could lead to better techniques for treating burns and other traumatic skin injuries, and wound healing after surgery.

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To study cell regeneration in Xenopus frogs, the researchers bred a group of the animals with a fluorescing protein labeling subcutaneous tissue; that is, fatty skin cells beneath the outer, surface layer known as the dermis. Because these cells were glowing, the researchers could see that they contributed to wound healing. They also found that skin on the head, which covers bone rather than muscle, could also regenerate without scarring. The findings were reported this week in Developmental Dynamics.

Knowing that subcutaneous tissue is crucial to scar-free wound healing in Xenopus frogs means researchers can now try to identify the exact mechanism in those cells that leads to such regeneration. If they can figure out how the frogs do it, then scientists could adopt the technique to create regenerative skin structures that will not scar in people.

This research, conducted by biochemist Rina Otsuka-Yamaguchi and colleagues, is not the first time that African clawed frogs have yielded secrets. Xenopus frogs were once commonly used to confirm pregnancy with a strange technique known as the Hogben test, for its inventor, British zoologist Lancelot Hogben. Female frogs injected with urine from a possibly pregnant woman would begin ovulating overnight if the urine contained human chorionic gonadotriphin, a pregnancy hormone. More recently, Xenopus frogs were found to carry a deadly fungus responsible for wiping out dozens of amphibian species around the world.

The study does not have any implications for healing emotional scars.

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Half of World’s Olive Oil Threatened by Deadly Bacteria in Spain

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Spanish officials have confirmed the arrival of Xylella fastidiosa, a pathogen deadly to olive trees, on the country’s mainland. About half the world’s olive oil comes from Spain’s estimated 340 million olive trees, and experts fear the bacteria could devastate the harvest. Up to a million olive trees in Italy were killed by the infection last year, leading Italian officials to chainsaw trees to the ground in an effort to stop the sickness.

The pathogen was found among almond trees in the eastern region of Valencia, according to Elena Cebrian, head of the agriculture department there. Of a sample of 17 almond trees, 12 were infected with the bacteria. The trees did not appear sick, but their almond production had decreased. Olive trees in the immediate area have not tested positive for the bacteria so far, but all trees and plants within a 300-foot radius of the infected almond trees are being killed, per containment measures enforced by the European Union. Officials are also treating the area against insects that may carry the pathogen. The country also has banned plant imports from Spain’s Balearic Islands as another precaution. Last year, Xylella subtypes were found on cherry trees in Mallorca, which is on the largest of these islands. Currently there is no cure for the disease caused by the bacteria.

Olive trees infected by Xylella fastidiosa in the Puglia region of Italy. There is no cure for the disease caused by the bacteria. Tiziana Fabi/AFP/Getty Images

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Xylella fastidiosa, which the Spanish newspaper El Mundo has called the “Ebola of olive trees,” is feared by olive growers. The European Union considers it, “one of the most dangerous plant bacteria worldwide,” with a huge potential to decimate crops and hurt agriculture. The pathogen was first reported in Europe in 2013, when it was found in the olive groves of Puglia, in Italy. France reported an outbreak in Corsica in 2015 and later on the mainland among myrtle-leaf milkwort.

A scathing report released in June by the European Commission blames Italian authorities for allowing the Italy outbreak to proceed unchecked. Researchers believe X. fastidiosa reached Italy from its native ecology in the Americas. A recent thorough overview in Nature documents the challenges that followed. After the bacteria were identified as the cause of the “olive quick decline syndrome” striking Puglia trees, local environmentalists were furious about ancient olive trees being cut down to stop its spread, leading one prosecutor to launch a criminal investigation asserting that the researchers had themselves caused the infection.

A dried olive branch from a tree infected by Xylella fastidiosa in Italy. Tiziana Fabi/AFP/Getty Images

The European Commission has expressed serious concerns about the havoc X. fastidiosa could wreak on the entire olive industry. Those fears are now accompanied by the threat of another subtype, X. fastidiosa fastidiosa, native to southern Central America. This species causes Pierce’s disease, known to kill grapevines in California and was recently spotted in Mallorca.

X. fastidiosa lives in the xylem tissue, which move water through a plant. Spittlebugs, cicadas and sharpshooters that feed on the xylem are known transmitters of the pathogen. One such insect, a spittlebug known as the meadow froghopper, or Philaenus spumarius, feeds frequently on olive trees and is the bug responsible for the Apulia outbreak. The pathogen can infect an estimated 300 plant types worldwide.

In trees infected by X. fastidiosa, the leaves dry out and soon appear scorched. The bacteria move throughout the xylem, preventing water and nutrients from reaching the leaves and other structures. The infection carries a high risk of death. In the U.S., X. fastidiosa has attacked blueberry, pecan, almond and other trees in the south and in California.

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Case Study Suggests Zika Virus Can Cause Stillbirths and Congenital Defects

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As the Zika outbreak continues, evidence is mounting in support of the theory that the virus is the reason why than 4,000 infants in Brazil have been born in recent months with microcephaly, a condition in which a baby has an abnormally small skull and underdeveloped brain.

But a new paper, published Thursday in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, suggests exposure to the virus can also result in other pregnancy complications: congenital defects and even stillbirth.

The paper recounts details of one pregnancy in Salvador, Brazil. After labor was induced in the 32nd week of her pregnancy, a 20-year-old woman delivered a stillborn in January. In an autopsy of the infant, physicians identified severe inflammation in the central nervous system and an absence of the cerebral cortex. The doctors detected the Zika virus in other regions of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid and amniotic fluid.

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Study author Dr. Albert Ko of the Yale School of Public Health says the Zika virus appears to also cause hydrops fetalis, an abnormal accumulation of fluid in fetal compartments (which eventually develop into organs like abdomen, lungs and heart). Pregnancy complications from the virus, he says, can also result in hydranencephaly, which is a complete absence of brain tissue.

The woman profiled in the case study had a normal, healthy pregnancy up until her 18th week. But then an ultrasound revealed that the fetus’ weight was far lower than it should have been at that point in the pregnancy. Throughout the duration of her pregnancy, the patient didn’t report experiencing any symptoms of Zika, such as fever, rash or body aches. (Only about a quarter of all people who become infected with the virus actually have symptoms.)

However, since evidence of Zika was detected in tissue and fluid samples from the infant, physicians highly suspect the virus is the cause of the pregnancy complications and stillbirth.

This single case study can’t tell us everything about every potential pregnancy outcome that involves exposure to the Zika virus. But it does reinforce how little is still known about Zika’s potential impact on fetal development.

Ko and his team are now evaluating newborns who were born at three hospitals in Brazil and have microcephaly. In particular, they are studying the differences between babies who have microcephaly and those who do not. Ko is concerned the virus may be affecting fetal development in ways not as immediately recognizable as microcephaly. Babies that look healthy, he says, may turn out to have some central nervous system abnormalities. In scans of some infants exposed to the virus, Ko and his team have identified a number of abnormalities such as lesions in the brain and eyes.

Ko says a review of epidemiological data on the Zika virus in Brazil and cases of microcephaly suggest that women infected with the virus in the first trimester are at highest risk for an abnormal pregnancy.

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Researchers Use a Vitamin to Stop the Aging of Internal Organs

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Researchers have for the first time successfully tested a vitamin’s ability to help the internal organs of elderly mammals regenerate their cells.

Scientists at the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) gave mice Nicotinamide riboside (NR), which proved to have a positive effect on the functioning of stem cells. Their research is published today in the journal Science.

It is hoped that the method used will prove useful for treating a number of degenerative diseases, allowing vital organs and muscles to regain the regeneration process that deteriorates with age.

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“We supplied NR as a supplement to the diet of 700-day-old mice, which is an advanced age even for a lab mouse,” Dongryeol Ryu, second author of the study, tells Newsweek. “The mice that received the substance lived longer than the mice that didn’t receive it.”

NR treatment rescues neural stem cell decline in aged mice. EPFL

No negative side effects were observed in the mice given NR, even at high doses. NR, which is a form of vitamin B3, has not been scientifically tested on humans but is already available in certain nutritional supplements found in the U.S.

The EPFL researchers said caution should be observed when it comes to branding NR an elixir of youth, as further studies are required. One avenue of study would be to make sure the vitamin does not also boost the functioning of pathological cells, such as those found in cancerous tissue.

Johan Auwerx, who led the team, says the study is a breakthrough for regenerative medicine and could have profound implications for treating diseases like muscular dystrophy. According to the scientists’ data, the muscular power of mice taking NR did improve.

“This work could have very important implications in the field of regenerative medicine,” Auwerx says.

“We are not talking about introducing foreign substances into the body, but rather restoring the body’s ability to repair itself with a product that can be taken with food.”

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Bat-Killing White-Nose Syndrome Spreads to West Coast

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A bat-killing fungus has been found in central Washington, the first time this deadly disease has been confirmed west of the Rockies. Known as white-nose syndrome, it has decimated populations of bats in the East and Midwest and threatens to do the same in the Northwest.

Bat conservationists and scientists say the development is very bad news for the animals. “We’ve been dreading this,” Mollie Matteson, senior scientist with the environmental group Center for Biological Diversity, told The Huffington Post.

White-nose syndrome is caused by a fungus known as Pseudogymnoascus destructans, which was first found in the United States in New York state in 2006 and has since spread to and been confirmed in 28 states and five Canadian provinces. But until this new discovery, it hadn’t been found west of eastern Nebraska.

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White-nose syndrome, and the fungus that causes it, has spread west to Washington state, which is unprecedented for the disease. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation

This enormous jump in range, about 1,300 miles, was almost certainly caused by humans, as it’s not plausible that a bat could’ve spread the fungus that far so quickly. The disease can be carried on clothing, in shoes or in other equipment that cavers use, and it can also be spread by bats from cave to cave.

Infected bats get a white fuzz on their faces or wings, giving the fungus its name. It kills bats by eating away at their tissues, and interrupting their hibernation; infected bats are often awoken early from their winter slumber, and leave the cave before dying. In this case, hikers found an infected bat in mid-March near North Bend, Washington, and took it to an animal shelter where it later died.

White-nose syndrome has killed more than 6 million bats since 2006, and the fungus often kills entire populations of the mammals, with a mortality rate of 100 percent. Seven species of cave-dwelling bats are affected; two of those—little brown bats and big brown bats—are found in Washington, and another 11 species are potentially at risk in the state, according to the state’s Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation.

This is “somewhat of a game-changer,” Jeremy Coleman of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service told The Seattle Times. “The concern has always been it would show up somewhere in North America and create a new center of detection and spread from there…. We’ve been bracing for such a jump, [and] fortunately it hasn’t happened until now.”

Investigation of the dead bat shows that it had been dealing with the infection for a long time, suggesting that the infection has probably been in the state unnoticed for several years.

Officials encourage people who find sick or dead bats with signs of the syndrome to report it online.

ICYMI: Bat with white-nose syndrome confirmed in Washington state: https://t.co/sFY5r72lHb (Photo: Steve Taylor) pic.twitter.com/WDqdnNjpLn

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Will This Scar? Japanese Scientists Uncover Secret to Regenerative Skin in Frogs

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A frog swims in a puddle in Germany. Researchers have a new clue about how Xenopus frogs regenerate wounded skin without a scar. Christof Stache/AFP/Getty

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The study does not have any implications for healing emotional scars.

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