#electronic_components

[phonemantra-blog]

Apple retains another 15% In the US market, Apple is the undisputed leader, occupying just over half of the market. But the level of loyalty demonstrated by the people of South Korea is unimaginable to the Cupertino giant. Samsung holds 84% ​​of the smartphone market in the country, according to Counterpoint Research. [caption id="attachment_81923" align="aligncenter" width="780"] Samsung[/caption] Samsung occupies 84% ​​of the South Korean market Apple is in second place there with a share of 15%. This means that all other brands combined account for only 1% of sales, which may be a unique case. Interestingly, just a few weeks ago Samsung occupied 86%, and lost 2 percentage points with the launch of the iPhone 15 in the country. Analysts say that foldable Galaxy Z smartphones are very popular in South Korea, which allows Samsung to earn more from each device sold. A user survey showed that 32% of those who switched from Samsung to iPhone cited performance as the reason. Another 31% switched due to the image of the American brand. In addition, many people changed their phone because of the camera.

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[bestelectricalproducts-blog]

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Find out more at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_component.

[elektromechanic]

The hunt continues

So after just about two hours in commute it’s time to get back to work. 

I’ve decided to sit in the library this time, maybe that helps with concentration. Let’s see, where did we leave the research yesterday? I did some digging into different kinds of light, specifically the color of light. White light seems to be the best for growing plants although green light isn’t strictly necessary. I also came to some conclusion that different spectrums are better for different plants depending on in which state of growth they’re in. 

So where do we go from here? After some discussion with my lab partner I figure I should probably do some more research into how we would measure the light levels surrounding the plants. I’m thinking some kind of light dependent resistor would be the easiest since it barely requires any special measurement techniques. There might exist some problems with this apporach though as this kind of sensors might not be accurate enough. We’ll see. 

Another idea might be to use a photodependent transistor, which is a kind of sensor using the idea of a transistor, letting current flow proportional to the amount of light hitting the sensor. This would be a bit more complex than using a simple photoresistor since we need to convert a current flow into a voltage. Not too complex, but it requires some thinking. 

Lastly we could go for some kind of solar cell, which generates a current from the energy of light hitting the sensor. This would probably be practical if we would combine direct sunlight with artificial light from a LED source. Then we could gather energy during the periods where the plants are sustained by pure sunlight and use this energy to light the LEDs during darker periods. This is outside the scope of the project but an interesting idea nonetheless. 

Okay, no more messing around. Surrounded by four cloth-covered walls, nothing but my computer in front of me and Brain Food in my ears, the hunt continues...

First of all, a google search of “light dependent resistor” leads me directly to the wikipedia page of “photoresistor,” a good start. 

I immediately note that this page is short, Too short to be a reliant source of information. But I can still salvage some information. It seems photoresistors are a bit slow, often requiring many milliseconds, sometimes up to a second, to reach a steady state. This is typically not a problem for hydroponic systems since we only need to measure the approximate amount of light that the system sees over the whole day. The key property of days (them being a lot longer than a second) makes the sloth-like speed of photoresistors a minor issue. 

Another thing about photoresistors is their size, being extremely small and very cheap (~$1) they sure are a worthy competitor. Picture and source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoresistor

One concern that popped up yesterday was the color of the light used, I can only guess that it is important when choosing a photocell as well. 

I noted something on the wikipedia page about some photoresistors being exceptionally well-suited for use when measuring infrared light and background light. Since we don’t have much use for this light I need to look into this subject further. The perfect scenario would be finding a photoresistor that sees the exact wavelengths a plant sees. That would mean seeing a lot of blues and reds. 

I found a page that actually expands on this subject. See this graph:

It shows different kinds of photoresistors comprised of different elements. Although none of these exactly matches what we want it seems that the CdS (Cadmium, Sulphur) sensor operating at 300 degrees Kelvin is the closest match. This is fine, we could just use this sensor and be done with it, my research in this subject is done... that wouldn’t be too fun...

Fear not, just a paragraph later, the author notes that photoresistors are a bad option when it comes to “... precise light intensity measurements.” See more at: http://www.resistorguide.com/photoresistor/

So to conclude the photoresistor chapter we’ll note that they are cheap, easy to control, and they can measure the light spectrum we need to measure. On the other hand, they are not too precise, they have a pretty notable latency, and they aren’t cool. (Yeah I made that last one up in order to get some symmetry in my argument) 

Onwards! Let’s look at phototransistors. 

The first few links from the search of simnply “phototransistors” explains them in more detail even though there seems to be less information about phototransistors out there than there were about photoresistors. Firstly they seem to be quite a bit faster than resistors which is a positive (we could always alter the measurement in software if we want a slower measurement). Second, they let current flow proportionally to the light hitting the transistor, this means that when connected in series with a (regular) resistor we have a simple measuring system. 

See: https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/transistor/what-is-a-phototransistor-tutorial.php and https://www.elprocus.com/phototransistor-basics-circuit-diagram-advantages-applications/

Okay, so we know how a phototransistor works, more light gives a higher current. What about sensitivty of different kinds of light? 

After a bit of digging I find a source that notes some interesting facts about phototransistors. According to the author, phototransistors are most sensitive to light near, and in, the infrared spectrum, which is not too great. 

Here we can see the sensitivty of phototransistors dependant on the wavelength of light. Since we want to measure both blue and red light we might be out of luck. There seems to be some hope though, for the author notes that this is the case unless you use a filter. Ah, there we go. For more information: http://www.johnloomis.org/ece445/topics/egginc/pt_char.html

And looking even further I found that this light sensitivty of different spectra might be dependent on the material the transistor is made of. https://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/optics_optical_components/optoelectronics/phototransistors

To reach a conclusion about phototransistors I need to do some more research but I’ll hold it here, fearing that I might not have enough time to explore the other techniques of light sensors. 

So what I have found is that both phototransistors and photoresistors are viable options but on almost every single page I’ve landed on someone mentions photodiodes as a comparison. Let’s look further into these, another time...

To be continued...

[wasfalaki]

ESP32 Development Board WiFi and Bluetooth Ultra-Low Power Consumption Dual Core #arduino #electronics #electronic_components #integratedcircuits https://t.co/On2347TTYP

ESP32 Development Board WiFi and Bluetooth Ultra-Low Power Consumption Dual Core #arduino #electronics #electronic_components #integratedcircuits pic.twitter.com/On2347TTYP

— Besty Goods (@BestyGoods) September 2, 2019

via Twitter https://twitter.com/BestyGoods September 02, 2019 at 11:29PM

[bct1305722paulchan-blog]

CTEC501_2017_01 Creative Technologies Studio I Sem 1, 2017 Some insight finding about E-waste

Sustainable Recycling on E-waste In today’s living world, recycling of waste becomes an important part of our lives.

One of the most challenge of waste recycling is to deal with the E-waste, which has become a global ecological issue.

“E-Waste is a term used to cover items of all types of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) and its parts that have discarded by the owner as waste without the intention of re-use.” Reference: White Paper - Defining e-waste by STEP http://www.step-initiative.org/ So, it includes almost any household or business item containing circuitry or electrical components with either power or battery supply. They are items such as TV appliances, computers, laptops, tablets, mobile phones, white goods - for example, fridges, washing machines, dryers - home entertainment and stereo systems, toys, toasters and kettles……

They are much harder to deal with as compared to recycling normal living waste  made with paper, plastic, and glass. Because they are:

1, Sophistically Integrated—they are consist of various electronic and electromechanical components, such as, A:  Active components of a). Semiconductors including diodes, transistors, IC (Integrated Circuits) & optoelectronic devices. b). Display units made by a variety of display technology such as, VFD (Vacuum fluorescent display), CRT (Cathode ray tube), LCD, Plasma display, LED & etc,. c). Vacuum tubes (valves) d). Discharge devices e). Power sources

B: Passive components of a). Resistors that pass current in proportion to voltage and oppose current. b). Capacitors that store and release electrical charge. c). Magnetic (inductive) devices such as Inductor, coil, choke including transformer, magnetic amplifier, motor, solenoid, speaker & microphone. d). Memristor (Memory plus Resistor) that can pass charge in proportion to magnetic flux, and also have the ability to retain a previous resistive state. e). Networks, that are components which use more than one type of passive component. f). Transducers, sensors, detectors of audio, position & motion, force & torque, thermal, magnetic field, humidity (hydrometer), photo (light) and etc. g). Antennas that transmit or receive radio waves. h). Modules that are multiple electronic components assembled in a device that is in itself used as a component, such as oscillator, display device, BLE (Bluetooth low energy) sensor module. and,

C: Electromechanical components, such as piezoelectric devices , crystals, resonators; Terminals and connectors, like socket, terminal blocks and pin header; and all sorts of cable and switch. Reference: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_component

2, Hazardous, Toxic & Radiative— They contain hazardous, toxic & radiative components, which are threats to the public health and the environment if not deposing properly. Recycling E-waste often posts risk of direct contact of substance like, lead, cadmium, chromium, brominated flame retardants or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); inhalation of toxic fumes, and accumulation of chemicals in soil, water and food. Reference: http://www.who.int/ceh/risks/ewaste/en/

3, Dumped by dramatically increasing volume—“Countries like the United States regulate where and how e-waste gets recycled, but many goods still fill landfills instead. Of the $206 billion spent on consumer electronics in the U.S. in 2012, only 29 percent of the resulting e-waste generated was recycled. The rest were simply trashed. …….According to a United Nations Environment Program report titled “Waste Crimes,” up to 50 million tons of electronic waste—mainly computers and smartphones—are expected to be dumped in 2017. That’s up 20 percent from 2015, when about 41 million tons of electronic waste was discarded, mostly into third world countries serving as global landfills.�� Reference: http://www.waste360.com/e-waste/estimating-global-cost-e-waste by SYED FARAZ AHMED  SEP 29, 2016

Therefore, ‘EEE-Wastes’  are detrimental to the environment of our living earth as a globe. Finding a sustainable and cost effective solution for recycling E-waste has become a global challenge.

[phonemantra-blog]

The new SoC Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 is not behaving perfectly yet Editor-in-chief of the Mobiltelefon portal Evgeniy Makarov continues to explore Xiaomi 14 and talk in his personal Telegram channel about the problems of a hot new product in all respects.  [caption id="attachment_81344" align="aligncenter" width="631"] Xiaomi 14 chip failure[/caption] As fans of the brand already know well, the smartphone is based on the latest Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 platform. Makarov demonstrated in short videos how a smartphone on the new SoC heats up and also freezes. Xiaomi 14 chip failure on Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 almost live The whole process is accompanied by malicious comments: Urgently! The failure of the Xiaomi 14 chip on Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 is almost live. The super-flagship from a small, inexperienced company continues to freeze. Makarov summed up his cry from the heart by putting forward two assumptions: It's clear. In general, there is no temperature control and Xiaomi wants the Xiaomi 14 motherboards to burn like the 11 and 11 Ultra. The second assumption is that the first firmware does not choke the chip, so that users boast about numbers from Antutu and FPS from games at the start of sales in the first days, and then they will release firmware that will choke the hardware so that it does not die. Let's hope that Xiaomi will be able to overcome the “childhood illnesses” of its flagship and firmware correction will be enough for this.   

[sakshikapoor-bangalore]

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