#double layer PCB

[circuitwala]

Printed Circuit Board Basics

Most of us are using Printed Circuit Board in our daily life. Printed Circuit Boards are used in almost all the Electronic products, from consumer gadgets such as PCs, tablets, smartphones, and gaming consoles to industrial and even high tech products in strategic and medical electronics domains.

Here, we have some statistics for you that shows how many electronic devices connect worldwide from 2015 to 2025. This statistic shows an increase in the use of a number of PCB in people daily life. Hence, CircuitWala took this opportunity to provide a basic knowledge about PCB via this article.

There are so many books available online which teach about Printed Circuit Board design and hardware part. There are few links available online which shows only a few basic fundamentals of PCB and few are there for Basics of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Design. Few which gives good know knowledge on Printed Circuit Board terminology. But in the end for the hobbyist, there is no such material available which make their work easy.

Now days there few online designing websites available which allow hobbyist and students to create their design and Printed Circuit Board fabrication part. These websites provide limited features and charge high for the full edition. We, @CircuitWala are in try to provide one platform which provides plenty of Printed Circuit Board knowledge digitally to make your work simple and easy.

Alternatives of PCB include wire wrap and point-to-point construction. Creating a layout of PCB is a little bit time-consuming method as compared to its alternative solution but manufacturing of PCB is cheaper and faster then other wiring methods as electronic components are mounted and wired with one single part.

Let’s start with some basics of Printed Circuit Board with this article. Here in this article we will discuss about history of PCB to understand the emerge of PCB, Types of PCB to make your complex PCB a very simple using different types, Usage of PCB to provide you an idea to create more Printed Circuit Board projects, Advantages and Disadvantages, Possible Future to know about new technological change in Printed Circuit Board manufacturing and also about how to destroy and manage your PCB’s e-waste? We know you are eager to know all the stuff in details but before that let’s make a simple definition of Printed Circuit Board.

What is Printed Circuit Board?Printed Circuit Board is an electronic device made of conductive material(FR-4) like copper which connects components mounted on it to to get desired output by providing an input on another end.

When the board has not mounted with any of the components is called as Printed Circuit Board or Printed Wired Board. Mounting of an electronic component on Printed Circuit Board is called as PCB assembly.

History of Printed Circuit BoardThe invention of Printed Circuit Board was by Austrian engineer Paul Eisler as part of a radio set while working in England around 1936.

In early days before Printed Circuit Board became common in use, Point-to-Point construction was used. This meant some bulky and unreliable design that required plenty of sockets and regular replacement of it. Most of this issue directly address when PCB went into regular production.

Originally, every electronic component had wire leads, and the PCB had holes drilled for each wire of each component. The components’ leads were then passed through the holes and soldered to the PCB trace. This method of assembly is called Through-Hole construction. There is one other method to mount component is called as Surface Mount.

Type of Printed Circuit BoardPCBs are produced from the different types of material and on the basis of that material PCBs are divided mainly into two parts: Rigid PCB and Flexible PCB. Nowadays, a combination of Rigid and flexible PCB is also possible and that is called as Flexi-Rigid PCBs.

Most of the PCBs are built in layers. The inner layer is the base material called as a substrate. Rigid PCBs are mainly made of material like epoxy materials and Flexible PCBs are made of plastic material that can withstand high temperatures.

Rigid PCBs are generally, hard materials that hold the component in a better way. The motherboard in the tower of a computer is the best example of Rigid PCBs. Flexible PCBs fundamental material allows PCB to fit into forms that Rigid PCBs can not. Flexible PCBs can turn round without harmful the circuit on PCB.

All Rigid and Flexible PCBs can come in three formats by layers: Single Layer, Double Layer, and Multi-Layer.

1. Single Layer PCBSingle Layer PCBs have been around since the late 1950s and still dominate the world market in sheer piece volume. Single Sided PCBs contain only one layer of conductive material and are best suited for low-density designs. Single-sided PCBs are easy to design and quick to manufacture. They serve as the most lucrative platform in the industry.

2. Double Layer PCBDouble Layered printed circuit board technology is conceivably the most popular type of PCB in the industry. Double Sided PCB (also known as Double-Sided Plated Thru or DSPT) circuits are the gateway to advanced technology applications. They allow for a closer (and perhaps more) routing traces by alternating between top and bottom layers using vias.

3. Multi Layer PCB

Multilayer PCB is a circuit board that has more than two layers. Unlike a Double-Sided PCB which only has two conductive layers of material, all multilayer PCBs must have at least three layers of conductive material which are buried in the center of the material.

Usage of Printed Circuit BoardBy reading this article till this point, we hope that you are now able to get about printed circuit boards. Now, we will make you understand about different applications of printed Circuit Board.

In this digital world, Printed Circuit Board is in almost all our daily life electronic devices and in our industrial electronics as well. Below are the industries where PCBs are used:

Possible FutureNowadays, most of the circuits are replaced to produce Printed Circuit Board from the old methods. Revolution in technology made many of the processes automated and hence it is easy to manufacture PCB. But still, these processes are a bit expensive to hire, involve toxic waste and use high temperatures and acids. With technological advances we have seen in the past years, it is not hard to imagine PCB will soon be revolutionized. Not only that but research institutes predict a more ‘green’ future for PCBs; PCBs being made of paper.

Electronic Waste (e-waste)Electronic Waste or e-waste is described as discarded electrical or electronic devices. Informal processing of e-waste in developing countries can lead to adverse human health effects and environmental pollution.

Electronic scrap components contain a hazardous substance such as lead, cadmium, beryllium, or brominated flame retardants. Recycling and disposal of e-waste may involve significant risk to health of workers and communities in developed countries and great care must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling operations

Nowadays, developing countries are encouraging electronic users to take care while recycling the e-waste or submit them to the organization who are involved in such activities.

SummaryIn this blog, we have learned the basics of Printed Circuit Board. CircuitWala is planning to write as many blogs to provide more and more knowledge of Printed Circuit Board. Either it is basics or manufacturing or usages or advantages and disadvantages of PCBs. We will also try to make our users/customers up to date for the new technology innovations, including past histories and revolution of the PCB industries.

In the next blog, we will look at more briefly about the different types of Printed Circuit Board. We also understand the process to make it and different usage and application for the same.

[pcbsino-com]

flex pcb fabrication 2023 3

[dyethin14]

Understanding Circuit Board Electronic Components: A Comprehensive Guide

In today's digital world, electronic devices have become an essential part of our daily lives. But what makes these devices tick? At the heart of every electronic device lies a circuit board—a masterpiece of tiny electronic components working together to perform complex tasks. In this article, we’ll dive deep into the fascinating world of circuit board electronic components, exploring each element’s role and how they contribute to the overall functionality of the device.

What is a Circuit Board?

A circuit board, often referred to as a PCB (Printed Circuit Board), is a flat board used to mechanically support and electrically connect various electronic components. These components work in unison to perform a specific task. Think of the circuit board as the skeleton and nervous system of an electronic device—it holds everything together and allows communication between parts.

Types of Circuit Boards

Single-sided PCB: Has one layer of conducting material.

Double-sided PCB: Contains two layers for components and connections.

Multi-layer PCB: Complex boards with multiple layers for advanced applications.

The Role of Electronic Components on a Circuit Board

Every electronic device you interact with is powered by a carefully designed circuit board filled with various components. These components might be tiny, but each one has a critical role in the operation of the device. Here's a breakdown of the most important electronic components you’ll find on a typical circuit board.

1. Resistors

Resistors are fundamental components that control the flow of electrical current. They resist the flow of electrons, hence the name "resistor." Their primary function is to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, and divide voltages in a circuit. Without resistors, circuits would allow too much current to flow, potentially damaging other components.

Types of Resistors

Fixed resistors: Have a set resistance value.

Variable resistors: Allow adjustment of the resistance.

2. Capacitors

Capacitors store and release electrical energy in a circuit. They are often compared to small rechargeable batteries that quickly charge and discharge. Capacitors help smooth out fluctuations in voltage, filter noise, and store energy for future use.

Common Uses of Capacitors

Energy storage

Signal filtering

Voltage stabilization

3. Inductors

Inductors are components that store energy in a magnetic field when electrical current flows through them. They resist changes in current and are typically used in circuits to filter signals, manage power, and store energy.

Applications of Inductors

Power supplies

Radio frequency circuits

Noise suppression in circuits

4. Diodes

A diode is like a one-way valve for electricity, allowing current to flow in only one direction. They are vital in circuits to prevent reverse currents, which can damage components.

Types of Diodes

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs): Produce light when current flows through.

Zener diodes: Regulate voltage within a circuit.

5. Transistors

The transistor is a versatile component used to amplify or switch electronic signals. In essence, transistors are like tiny switches that turn signals on and off rapidly, making them essential in modern electronics.

Types of Transistors

NPN transistors: Allow current flow when a small voltage is applied to the base.

PNP transistors: Conduct when the base is negatively charged.

How Circuit Board Components Work Together

In a circuit, each component has a specific role, and together they form a cohesive system. For example:

Capacitors and resistors may work together to filter signals or smooth out voltage fluctuations.

Transistors and diodes ensure that signals are amplified or directed properly.

Integrated circuits handle the complex tasks, processing data, and controlling the overall system.

Choosing the Right Components for Your Circuit Board

When designing or repairing a circuit board, choosing the correct components is crucial. Some factors to consider include:

Voltage requirements

Power consumption

Signal type and frequency

Physical size and compatibility

Conclusion

Circuit boards are an integral part of any electronic device. The various components on the board each play a specific role in ensuring the device functions as intended. Understanding these components, from resistors to integrated circuits, is essential for anyone working with electronics, whether you're designing a new system or troubleshooting an existing one.

[techav]

Wrap030-ATX Says "Hellorld"

In the immortal word of [Usagi Electric], Wrap030-ATX says, "Hellorld". This can only mean one thing — serial I/O is working!

Getting serial working should be relatively straightforward. The UART I'm using is an 8-bit peripheral which needs a Chip Enable and an Output Enable signal, just like the ROM. It's a little slower, so it will need an extra wait state or two, but it should be easy enough to modify the bus controller state machine to address the UART as well. It didn't take me long to add the necessary logic, solder on the new parts, and fire it up for a test run.

Nothing happened.

I went through all the normal steps — double check the wiring, make sure my test leads haven't come loose, make sure the chip is seated properly in its socket and not shorted out …

… I burned my finger. And not just a little 'ow that's a bit warm to the touch', but a proper second-degree burn. That UART chip was hot.

That kind of heat can only mean there is a direct short somewhere in the chip. It could just be a defective part, but since they are out of production and I only have a few on hand, the best thing to do is confirm the problem isn't on my board somewhere before trying another one (and potentially destroying it too).

The PCB layout passed Design Rule Check, so I didn't have any overlapping traces. The schematic didn't have any obvious errors where maybe I had inadvertently tied an output signal to power or ground. This was not an existing library part — it was one that I had to create — so it was possible I had gotten pin assignments wrong.

I pulled up the datasheet and opened the part in the library and started confirming all of the pin assignments matched the datasheet. Bus & I/O pins were all fine; but the very last power supply pin was assigned to Vcc, where the datasheet had it marked Vss. So I had a +5V power supply capable of sourcing in excess of 25A of current running into what should have been a ground pin. No wonder it was hot enough to burn; it's a wonder it didn't release the magic smoke immediately.

This is a challenge. I need to swap a power pin for a ground pin on a PLCC socket. On a simpler project, I might've gotten away with just cutting the trace running to that pin and soldering a bodge wire to it.

… But this is a 4-layer board. There is no mere trace running to that pin — there is an entire inner layer attached to it. My best bet would probably be removing the offending pin from the socket, but depending on how it's constructed, I may not be able to remove the pin.

Through-hole PLCC socket pins are staggered. Some go straight down through the board, but alternating pins make an L-shape so that the socket can have two rows of through-hole pins at a 0.1" grid spacing. The L-shaped pins would be trapped under the plastic base of the socket.

Luckily, the pin in question was the first on its side, so it went straight through the base. I started by bending up its contact, and then with the heat turned up on my soldering iron, I was able to pull it out of the board and completely free from the socket.

I had some wire on hand that was just the right width to match the slots for the contacts in the socket. I bent a flat loop to make contact with the chip lead and shoved it down into the slot. It worked perfectly. I ran it over to a nearby jumper that had a ground lead, and there I have my first bodge wire for this project.

It still didn't work.

This is the part of debugging that is the most frustrating. There's a problem and it takes a considerable amount of effort to identify not just the cause, but also the solution. And then after working through those steps and finally implementing a fix, it still doesn't work because there is another problem. Back to square 1 with debugging.

Why is it not working? It's not burning hot, so that problem was indeed solved. I'm getting data to the chip, and the read/write strobes are functional. The chip select signals are ... wait, why isn't chip select working?

... Because I forgot a chip, that's why. Insert Picard facepalm GIF here.

The UART I'm using is a Western Digital WD16C552. It's a lovely chip designed for 386 era PCs contain two 16550-compatible UARTs and a Centronics Parallel port as well. It is three peripherals in one package. To save I/O on my bus controller CPLD, I used a 74'139 2-to-4 decoder to further break down the address for this serial/parallel I/O chip into the three specific peripheral select signals I needed. And I simply forgot to solder that chip onto the board.

Two headers and one 74LS139 later and finally my terminal came to life. The Wrap030-ATX whispered its very first greeting, "HELLORLD". Serial I/O is working and I can move on to the next step. And oddly enough, I tested that first chip that flirted with fire and it actually still works!

I am racing forward through the countless tests and steps to bring this machine to life ahead of VCF Southwest at the end of June. I am hoping to get it at least running BASIC over serial by that time, but for that I am going to need some RAM. This will be fun because this is my first time actually building a DRAM controller; I've done some test designs before but never actually built them. Fingers crossed I don't run into any show-stopping errors getting it up and running.

[amy-hitechpcb]

Aluminium PCB

Aluminium PCB are metal-based, copper-clad laminates with a good heat dissipation function. Usually, Aluminium PCB is refer to LED PCB board, which is the most important part of LED display and lighting products, etc.

Hitech Circuits Co., Limited is a professional aluminum pcb board, LED PCB manufacturer in China. Through 10 years of aluminum pcb board designing and manufacturing experience, Hitech are able to provide high quality and cost effective single layer, double layer and multi layer aluminum pcb boards to global customers. For any of your requirements regarding aluminum pcb board, please don’t hesitate to contact sales20@hitechpcb.com

[jonphaedrus]

let's build ANOTHER KEYBOARD, the 1up level 60: weird keycaps edition

this is a budget custom level60 board from 1up keyboards in turquoise with tecsee purple panda tactile switches, akko screw in stabilizers in transparent pink (which i happened to have leftovers of from my wife build), and then some wonky keycaps cobbled together from the idobao gradient oem keycap set (a cheaper version of drop's artifact bloom rainbow set), cherry profile de/qwertz keys from kp republic's international set, and one random constellation key from my xda profile constellation set that's filling the # space.

this time, let's talk keycaps.

my husband is working his way to b1 fluency in german so he'll have an easier time getting permanent residency after we move (i also need to study, since i... dont speak much german despite being a citizen) and it's been driving him crazy to have to enter ¨ with alt on his standard keyboard, so he asked me to build him a qwertz layout keyboard. so, for black friday i kept my eye out on sales.

what he wanted:

a 65% or smaller keyboard (no need for f-row, arrows, etc, since he'll be using it specifically for typing in german and will have his laptop accessible)

underglow, not show-through per-key rgb

he wanted that rainbow keycap set from drop real bad

qwertz keycaps

lighter tactiles than his current work board, which has akko jelly purples on it

something that would be small and light enough to hook up on his lap on the couch

so, i went through all the bf/cm sales and found 1up, and then showed him and he said "yes that's exactly what i want"

the hardest part of the buying process was picking switches, since he wanted both something cheap and something a little lighter than the jelly purple actuation, and i didnt want to buy from elsewhere when i could get them included with the 1up build. i was going to do gateron milkies (since he doesnt care about per-key) but they were sold out, and i've heard a lot of good stuff about panda tactiles, so i took the jump on the tecsee.

if you're wondering: they're just as nice as people say. they're really nide. they aren't as thunky and im sure they sound even better lubed & filmed, but they're silky smooth and light enough i can use them without wanting to die.

this is the third stacked acrylic board i've built, and i have to say, stacked acrylic is both really affordable and really nice to work with. there's a lot less fidgeting with making sure things fit in solid housings, and i enjoy the peeling sticky off of each layer process because i have ocd.

some glossary:

underglow: there are LEDs on the bottom side of the pcb

per-key rgb: there's an LED for each key, called per-key or smd LED, it all means the same thing. this means every key lights up. there are some switches that aren't built to fit smd boards, so always double check that you have ones with a gap to fit.

keycap profiles: the different alignment and ways that keycaps are made, including height, shape, curve, and edge. there are about a billion. there will be a section more in-depth later.

and this time, i remembered photos!

here's all the acrylic peeled and stacked, with the top side of the pcb, on my messy dining table. so you can see here, it's really easy to take these apart and put them back together—great for upkeep.

one of the really cool parts about this pcb is that it's hotswap (i.e., no soldering required, just stick the switches in) but the hotswaps are soldered in such a way as you can adjust the layout slightly for your preference. i'm not sure if you could set it up as an iso (i didn't check) but you can see here how it looks on the bottom row, where the pink line is one switch orientation and the blue line is the other

since this isn't a per-key rgb, that means there's no need to make sure there's space for a top-facing smd led, so the switches can be placed in either direction. which is super cool!

when installing switches on a hot swap board, you have to be really careful of pin alignment. the spaces that the pins go into in the hot swap can be jarred loose, and the pins, if bent, won't make connection, preventing the switch from working. here's an example of what bent pins look like

the top switch in both these photos has straight pins, the bottom in both photos has one bent pin. the good news is, bent pins are really easy to fix: you can usually bend them back with your fingers, if it's just a slight misalignment, or you can use tweezers.

to prevent bending, when you insert a switch, always press in the pin-side first. so if you look at the holes on the pcb above, a "north" facing pin insert (the pink line) you'd push in the top side of the switch first. a "south" (the blue line) you'd push in the bottom first. you can then flip the pcb over to check and make sure everything went in.

here's a close-up of hot swap sockets on the bottom of the pcb. the pink circles show where the pins are in the housings. success! all of these are inserted correctly.

once this board was built, it came time for the keycaps. as i said up top, this is a bit of a cobbled-together keycap set, in that there's a few different-height sets combined. so let's talk about.... keycaps.

there are about a billion different guides to keycap profiles. rather than rehash them here, i'm going to talk about the simple stuff, because i was so confused trying to figure this out.

there are, put simply, two different "styles" of keycaps, broken up into dozens of different profiles. there are "uniform" keycaps, where all the keys are the same height, and "sculpted", where the keys are staggered to shape the profile of the board to be taller at the top, lower in the middle, and rise again at the bottom. the most popular uniform keycap profiles are xda and dsa. the most popular sculpted keycap profiles are cherry and oem. you can find a whole bunch of other types and options, too. some companies (like tai hao and akko) tend to only produce certain profiles (tai hao and osa respectively)

here's a side by side of xda, oem, and cherry keycaps all in the same row. they're all slightly different heights, shapes, and sculpts.

in sculpted keycap profiles, each row is of a slightly different height. for qwety layouts that would be r1 (number row), r2 (qwerty row), r3 (home row), r4 (zxcv row), r5 (space/ctrl row). function row usually is either r1 or r5.

since this keyboard is a little cobbled together, keycaps wise, you can see here the different height of some of the keys. if you're looking into non-qwerty layouts, i'd suggest a uniform profile. you can get international inserts like the ones i got for my husband here, or buy the international sets for nor/de/fr, but you can also just buy dsa or xda and swap keys around as needed.

now, be aware when mixing and matching sets, unless you can guarantee that your keycap sets come from the same manufacturer (i.e., cannon keys, idobao, drop, etc... so if you aren't buying knockoffs or recolors) the printing may be slightly different. here are two different xda profile keycap sets, side by side.

you can see the constellation set is wider and a little flatter, while the night sakura set is taller and a little skinnier. they're both still xda, but the print is very slightly different. (in all fairness, the night sakura may actually be kam knockoffs, im not sure. they were advertised as xda, but they don't quite match the profile).

one of the other things keycaps will be marked as is PBT vs ABS—this is the variety of plastic they're made from. pbt is more sturdy. thats really all you need to know.

finally, there are what are called "doubleshot" and "show-through" keycaps. doubleshot means that the keycap is made from two different types of plastic, machined together, and it makes them a little more sturdy. most show-through keycaps are also doubleshot, but the lower plastic isn't the full body of the key, but a transparent layer to allow the light from the per-key rgb to show through.

finally, you can get what are called "artisan" keycaps. these are single keycaps, usually custom or small-run, and they can be made of ceramic, plastic, resin, glass, metal...etc. some are standard shapes, some arent.

from left to right, this is an oem r1, cherry r1, artisan from hirosart, and osa r1. as you can see, these are all very different heights and shapes. artisans are super cool (expensive) but also very fun. you should get one if you have a mechanical keyboard. they spark So much joy.

finally, here's a sound test. not plugged in because im lazy. sorry about the horrible flashing of my actual keyboard in the background (flashing light warning: please just listen if you want to hear the sound test and you're light sensitive)

[acmecircuit]

Multilayer PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards) offer numerous advantages over their single-layer or double-layer counterparts. These benefits arise from their enhanced design capabilities, improved performance, and greater flexibility. Here are some key advantages of multilayer PCBs:

[gamesception]

another new toy

I've been planning to get a number of accessories for my new computer. A new monitor, microphone, maybe one of those vr headsets. But after having it for a few weeks, one thing jumped out as needing an upgrade more urgently than anything else - the stock full size keyboard that came with it was just too large and awkward for my little keyboard shelf. I was tempted to go back to the Microsoft Compact Bluetooth keyboard that I was using with the Steam Deck... but I haven't had a "real" computer, like a proper desktop computer in decades, I wanted a "real" keyboard to go with it. Like a proper mechanical keyboard with switches and buttons and such. And so I typed "mechanical keyboard reviews" into a youtube search, blissfully unaware of the rabbit hole I was about to fall down.

If you know then you already know, but it came as a surprise to me that membrane keyboards are so cheap and so easy to mass produce that they've taken over the casual market altogether, forcing mechanical keyboards into the domain of the ⋆ ˚｡⋆˚enthusiast⋆ ˚｡⋆˚

Yes, it seems proper keyboards are a hobby now, not a very cheap one either, and the very last thing I need is another expensive hobby. But every hobby has its more affordable and approachable on ramps, and there are a number of pre-built budget boards occupying this space in world of mechanical keyboards. After watching a few dozen hours of youtube videos and reading a bunch of reviews and tutorials, I eventually settled on the RK84 'limited edition' from Royal Kludge for us$80. Which is like twice what I expected to pay when I in my naive innocence began shopping for keyboards, but I've come to understand that eighty bucks absolutely counts as "budget" in this hobby.

Pricing aside, I really do love my new keyboard. The 75% form factor is ideal, better centering the typing keys and saving a bunch of extra space on my little shelf while maintaining all the functionality of a full size board save only for the number pad. While I do like to use a number pad, I don't mind taking one out when I need it, and the keyboard even has a couple usb ports to easily plug a mouse and separate number pad into, which is super convenient and such an obvious idea that I really have to wonder why all keyboards aren't doubling as USB multi-dongles at this point, with additional usb ports, sd card ports, and so on.

For $10 more than the regular RK84 wireless, the 'limited edition' version has better keycaps, factory-lubed switches, some filler foam in the housing to reduce the hollow sound, an additional layer of sound dampening foam sandwiched between the top plate and the pcb, and a snazzy color scheme, the version I chose combining a black body and mostly black keys with a white top plate that better reflects the swirly rainbow rgb backlighting. The sound is decent, at least to my untrained ear, right out of the box. Which is ideal, as I'd like to avoid the temptation to start modding it.

Because I've gone about as far down this particular rabbit hole as I want to go.

Though I suppose it is tempting to open it up, as some basic tape & band aid mods would be cheap and easy and might improve the sound a bit...

And as much as the pre-lubed yellow linear switches are nice, I did make sure to get a hot-swappable board so it's easy to change them out later if I want to try alternatives, and I do think I might prefer tactile switches for typing...

And the rgb lighting is nice enough that it really is a shame these caps aren't shine though. Yeah, yeah, shine-through is tacky, but Cringe is Dead, and some black top pudding caps might really make the lighting pop. Or maybe a mix of black, white and some accent color to match the color layout that the board came with?

The abyss, it tempts me so...

[aimtronelectronics]

What Makes Aimtron Electronics a Leader in ESDM and PCB Assembly?

In today’s fast-paced world of electronics manufacturing, companies are constantly looking for ways to innovate, streamline operations, and improve the quality of their products. One company that stands out in this space is Aimtron Electronics, a leader in the field of Electronics System Design and Manufacturing (ESDM) and PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Assembly. But what sets AImtron apart from its competitors? 

Let’s explore the key factors that have helped Aimtron Electronics become a trailblazer in the ESDM and PCB assembly industries.

1. Comprehensive End-to-End ESDM Solutions

Aimtron Electronics offers a complete range of services that span the entire product lifecycle, from initial concept to final delivery. This end-to-end capability allows the company to provide tailored solutions that meet the unique needs of its clients. Whether it's designing a custom PCB, developing complex electronics systems, or providing full-scale manufacturing, Aimtron integrates each step seamlessly, ensuring quality and efficiency throughout the process.

This ability to handle every phase of the development cycle means clients don't have to manage multiple vendors, which can lead to miscommunication, delays, and inconsistencies. Aimtron’s holistic approach not only simplifies the process but also accelerates time-to-market, which is crucial in today’s competitive electronics landscape.

2. Cutting-Edge PCB Assembly Technology

Aimtron Electronics has built a reputation for using the latest technology and techniques in PCB assembly. The company invests heavily in advanced manufacturing equipment, including pick-and-place machines, automated optical inspection (AOI) systems, and reflow soldering technology. These innovations ensure that each PCB assembly is completed with the highest level of precision and reliability.

Moreover, Aimtron’s facilities are designed to handle a wide range of PCB assembly types, including single-sided, double-sided, and multi-layer boards. This versatility means that the company can meet the needs of a variety of industries, from consumer electronics to automotive and industrial applications.

3. Uncompromising Quality Control Standards

One of the hallmarks of AImtron Electronics is its commitment to quality. The company adheres to strict industry standards, such as ISO 9001 and IPC-2221, ensuring that its products meet or exceed the highest benchmarks in the ESDM and PCB assembly industries. AImtron integrates quality control (QC) at every stage of the production process, from design to final assembly.

To further ensure the reliability of its products, AImtron employs automated testing systems, in-circuit testing (ICT), and functional testing to detect any potential defects early in the process. These rigorous quality control measures reduce the likelihood of failure and improve the overall performance of the final product.

4. Design Expertise and Innovation

At Aimtron, the design team is at the heart of everything. The company’s engineers are experts in Electronics System Design (ESD), with deep knowledge in a wide variety of industries and applications. AImtron’s design capabilities cover a broad spectrum, including analog circuits, digital circuits, RF (Radio Frequency) designs, and power electronics.

The team works closely with clients to understand their unique needs and provide innovative solutions that align with their business goals. This collaborative approach ensures that each design is optimized for performance, manufacturability, and cost-efficiency. Additionally, Aimtron’s design team uses state-of-the-art CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software to create accurate and detailed schematics, reducing the likelihood of errors and streamlining the design-to-manufacturing transition.

5. Scalability and Flexibility

Aimtron Electronics excels in delivering scalable solutions. Whether a customer needs a small batch run for prototyping or high-volume production for large-scale manufacturing, Aimtron has the capacity and flexibility to meet diverse demands. The company’s manufacturing facilities are designed for scalability, enabling it to accommodate both small and large orders with equal efficiency and quality.

This flexibility is particularly beneficial for clients in industries such as medical devices, telecommunications, automotive, and aerospace, where demands can fluctuate based on market conditions, regulations, and technological advancements.

6. Commitment to Sustainability

As industries increasingly focus on reducing their environmental footprint, Aimtron Electronics has taken significant steps to ensure that its operations are both efficient and eco-friendly. The company actively embraces green manufacturing practices, such as reducing waste, recycling materials, and utilizing energy-efficient technologies in its PCB assembly process.

Aimtron also works with clients to develop environmentally friendly products, ensuring that their designs are not only high-performing but also sustainable. This commitment to sustainability resonates with clients who are looking to reduce their carbon footprint and meet global environmental standards.

7. Customer-Centric Approach

Aimtron’s customer-centric approach is one of the key factors that sets it apart from other companies in the ESDM and PCB assembly space. From the initial consultation to after-sales support, Aimtron places a strong emphasis on building lasting relationships with its clients.

The company offers personalized service, ensuring that each customer’s unique needs are met with tailored solutions. Aimtron’s engineering team works hand-in-hand with clients to refine designs, troubleshoot issues, and optimize product performance. Additionally, the company’s customer service team is always available to provide ongoing support, from product updates to maintenance and repair services.

8. Global Reach with Local Expertise

While Aimtron Electronics operates on a global scale, it combines this reach with local expertise to serve a diverse client base across multiple industries. The company’s team understands the nuances of different markets, from regional regulations and certifications to cultural considerations in manufacturing.

Aimtron’s ability to navigate these complexities while delivering top-tier ESDM and PCB assembly services has earned the company a strong reputation as a trusted partner in the global electronics supply chain.

Conclusion

Aimtron Electronics stands out as a leader in Electronics System Design and Manufacturing (ESDM) and PCB Assembly due to its combination of cutting-edge technology, rigorous quality standards, innovative design expertise, and a customer-focused approach. The company’s commitment to excellence, scalability, and sustainability has positioned it as a trusted partner for companies across a variety of industries.

With a strong emphasis on precision, efficiency, and reliability, Aimtron Electronics continues to push the boundaries of what’s possible in electronics manufacturing, ensuring that its clients remain competitive in an ever-evolving market.

If you're looking for a partner who can handle all your ESDM and PCB assembly needs, Amitron Electronics offers the experience, technology, and customer care you need to succeed.

[hitechpcba]

Copper core PCB is a copper substrate + Insulated layer + copper

Copper core PCB is a copper substrate + Insulated layer + copper circuits layer PCB,also, it is called copper substrate pcb, copper based pcb,copper clad pcb.

A copper base PCB is a metal core PCB with a copper substrate. If a hybrid PCB whose substrate is a copper plate inlay in the FR4 board, it is also a copper base PCB.

Usually, copper-base PCBs have the same structure as aluminum PCBs - single-layer, double-layer with single component-mounting side, double-layer with dual component-mounting sides, and four-layer with dual component-mounting sides. Even they use the same prepreg material to insulate the copper layers. However, the copper substrate (398W/mK) has better thermal conductivity than the aluminum substrate (237W/mK).

[hitechpcb]

Metal core PCBs, or MCPCBs, including single layer metal core PCB, double layer metal core PCB and multilayer metal core PCB, are widely used in high-power LED lighting applications, automotive electronics, and other fields. HITECHPCB is a trusted metal core PCB manufacturer in China. We offer metal core PCB prototyping, single-layer copper core PCB, double-side MCPCB, and multilayer MCPCB manufacturing services.

[alisa-hitechpcb]

Ceramic PCB VS Aluminum PCB

The biggest difference between the ceramic PCB and the aluminum PCB is the material and structure. The ceramic PCB uses ceramic as the substrate material. In terms of structure, the insulation performance of the ceramic itself is very good, so the ceramic PCB does not need an insulating layer.

The aluminum PCB is a metal-based copper clad laminate with good heat dissipation function. Generally, a single side pcb is composed of a three-layer structure, which is a circuit layer (copper foil), an insulating layer and a metal base layer. For high-end use, it is also designed as a double-sided PCB board, and the structure is circuit layer, insulating layer, aluminum base, insulating layer, and circuit layer. Very few applications are using multi-layer boards, which can be formed by bonding ordinary multi-layer pcb boards with insulating layers and aluminum bases.

The thermal conductivity of the aluminum PCB is almost between 1.0 and 2.0. It can be seen from the structure that the aluminum PCB has an insulating layer, so its thermal conductivity is mainly related to the insulating layer. The thermal conductivity of the aluminum PCB with an insulating layer is not outstanding, but much better than the general FR-4 PCB.

At present, the ceramic PCBs on the market are mainly aluminum nitride ceramics and alumina ceramics. The thermal conductivity of alumina ceramics is almost 15~31, and the thermal conductivity of aluminum nitride is almost 135~175.

Obviously, the thermal conductivity of ceramic PCB is much better than that of aluminum PCB. The insulating layer is the core technology of aluminum PCB, which mainly plays the role of bonding, insulation and heat conduction. The insulating layer of the aluminum PCB is the largest thermal barrier in the power module structure. The better the thermal conductivity of the insulating layer, the more conducive to the diffusion of heat generated during the operation of the device, and the more conducive to reducing the operating temperature of the device, so as to achieve the purpose of increasing the power load of the module, reducing the volume, extending the life, and improving the power output. In other words, the aluminum PCB performance is subject to the insulating layer. The ceramic PCB has no insulating layer, so there will be no such troubles.

[pcbcircuit]

Top-Rated PCB Stencil Makers in Hyderabad: Industry Experts

PCB stencil makers in Hyderabad offer a range of services, including custom stencil manufacturing for different types of PCBs, such as single-sided, double-sided, and multi-layer boards. The process involves advanced technology like laser cutting and precision etching to create stencils that meet exact specifications, including aperture size, thickness, and material quality.

[usapcbpowermarket]

Understanding 3D IC Technology - An Overview | PCB Power

As the world demands faster, more powerful, and smaller devices, traditional chip designs are hitting their limits. That’s where 3D IC technology steps in. Instead of spreading circuits out flat, like in conventional 2D designs, 3D ICs stack layers of integrated circuits, opening up new possibilities for performance, power efficiency, and space-saving. Imagine more computing power packed into a smaller area with better communication between layers—that’s the promise of 3D ICs.

In this blog, we'll dive into how 3D IC technology works, the benefits it brings, and the hurdles we need to overcome as we look toward the future of electronics…

What is 3D IC Technology?

Over the past four decades, advancements in ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) technology have drastically improved the power and efficiency of semiconductors. However, as we try to pack more power into devices, making chips larger has become increasingly difficult, expensive, and time-consuming. We're reaching the limits predicted by Moore’s Law, where doubling the number of transistors on a chip is no longer as easy or cost-effective as it used to be.

This challenge has led to the rise of 3D IC (Integrated Circuit) technology. A 3D IC is made up of two or more smaller chipsets—essentially mini integrated circuits—designed to work together within the same package. These chipsets are connected using advanced packaging methods, whether it's 2D, 2.5D, or fully stacked 3D techniques. Instead of relying on the traditional approach of cramming everything into a single layer, 3D ICs divide the workload across smaller, more manageable pieces that are either stacked on top of each other or connected side by side. This not only reduces the overall size of the chip but also dramatically boosts performance without needing to duplicate components. 

By embracing 3D IC technology, we can keep pushing the boundaries of semiconductor innovation, even as traditional methods reach their limits.

Benefits of 3D-IC Technology

The benefits of 3D-IC Technology are as follows: 

Low Expenditures: Components such as analog circuits and memory can be fabricated on older generations of technology without additional cost.

Enhanced Capability: Boosted speed and bandwidth support up to 100 Gbps in advanced memory applications.

Space Efficiency: Miniature 3D ICs are used on smaller boards. It is useful for compact mobile devices. 

Less Wasted Energy: Provided smaller I/O drivers and fewer RLC parasitics cause better efficiency in power consumption.

Faster Time-to-Market:  Modular design and possibilities of “die reuse” accelerate project development.

Increased Integration: Allows one system to implement photonics, MEMS, and other new technologies.

Enhanced Signal Integrity: The use of TSVs lowers parasitics, which leads to better performance and saves power much better than traditional SiP designs. 

Flexibility: Different technological nodes of dies can be stacked, making the system design more versatile. 

3D ICs have a denser configuration, quicker interconnects, and better power characteristics; therefore they revolutionize the concept of high-performance applications, through design, heat control, and ramp-up production. 

Applications of 3D IC Technology

3D IC technology is transforming industries that require high-performance and compact designs. Its ability to stack layers of circuits has made it an essential component in advanced computing, AI, and data centers, where speed and efficiency are critical. 

It’s also revolutionizing the smartphone and wearable tech markets, enabling thinner devices with more power. In automotive applications, 3D ICs contribute to smarter, faster processing for autonomous driving systems. Additionally, 3D ICs are increasingly used in healthcare devices, powering sophisticated imaging and diagnostic equipment that rely on speed and accuracy.

Challenges in 3D IC Technology

Setbacks experienced with 3D IC Technology: 

Heat Management: Ever-rising vertical stacks create a high level of power density and hence create thermal hot spots which may negatively affect performance and reliability. Also, adequate control of heat flow between the layers is necessary to avoid thermal crossover which may lead to defects in the circuitry.

Manufacturing Difficulty: The extent of tolerances required for the alignment and bonding of the dies in 3D IC exceeds that of 2D IC resulting in greater manufacturing costs and time as well as problems in increasing production volume.

Design Validation: The features of a 3D IC make design validation processes very difficult. Existing methods are ineffective due to the complexity of multilayer interactions and new ones need to be developed.

Differential Thermal Expansion Ratios: Materials with differing thermal expansion coefficients can result in mechanical stresses that lead to distortion and failure. Therefore appropriate materials and designs should be employed to avoid such occurrences.

Electromagnetic and power management problems: The performance of power-integrated circuits with multiple layers may be limited because of the complex power distribution within the stacked layers. Designers would require high-end software to model power distribution and temperature effects precisely to ensure the systems work well.

The Future of 3D IC Technology & PCB Power's Role in Driving Innovation

3D IC technology is shaping the future of electronics, bringing forth smaller, faster, and more energy-efficient devices. With its ability to stack circuits vertically, 3D ICs significantly reduce signal delays and improve overall performance, making them key to advancing AI, IoT, and other emerging technologies.

However, the journey to full adoption is not without challenges. Thermal management, manufacturing complexity, and the need for reliable interconnects are crucial hurdles that the industry needs to address. This is where PCB Power steps in.

At PCB Power, we understand that as IC designs become more sophisticated, the demand for high-performance PCBs will only grow. Our expertise in creating multi-layer and high-density interconnect (HDI) PCBs ensures that we can meet the evolving needs of 3D IC technology. We continuously adapt our processes to support cutting-edge designs and ensure that signal integrity and heat dissipation are prioritized.

Whether you’re looking for custom PCBs for advanced 3D IC applications or turnkey solutions that streamline the PCB manufacturing and assembly process, we are here to partner with you every step of the way.

As we look to the future, PCB Power remains committed to pushing the boundaries of PCB technology, helping businesses like yours thrive in this exciting era of innovation.

Read the original blog post here: Understanding 3D IC Technology - An Overview

[circuitcardassembly]

PCB Electronic Board and the Role of Electronic Components Distributors

Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) are essential to advanced innovation, serving as the establishment upon which electronic components are fastened to make utilitarian gadgets. From shrewd phones to mechanical apparatus, PCBs are fundamental in nearly each industry. In this article, we’ll investigate the part of the PCB electronic board, the significance of an electronic components merchant, and the centrality of circuit board components in guaranteeing smooth gadgets manufacturing.

What is a PCB Electronic Board?

A PCB Electronic Board is a pivotal component in any electronic gadget. It serves as a physical stage to interface and organize electronic components such as resistors, capacitors, and transistors through conductive pathways, flag follows, or tracks. The essential work of a PCB is to mechanically bolster and electrically interface different components, permitting them to work together seamlessly.

Types of PCB Electronic Boards

1. Single-Sided PCB: This is a clear sort where components are put on one side, whereas conductive copper follows are found on the inverse side.

2. Double-Sided PCB: In differentiate, this sort obliges components on both sides of the board, with conductive layers too on both sides.

3. Multi-Layer PCB: Numerous layers of PCBs stacked together, utilized for more complex electronic circuits, frequently seen in progressed computing frameworks and communication devices.

Importance of PCB Electronic Boards in Cutting edge Electronics

• Compact Plan: PCBs permit for the miniaturization of gadgets, empowering the creation of littler, more capable contraptions like smart phones, portable workstations, and wearable devices.

• Cost-Efficiency: Mass generation of PCBs guarantees that electronic gadgets can be made cost-effectively, whereas still guaranteeing tall performance.

• Reliability: A well-designed PCB moves forward the in general unwavering quality and toughness of electronic gadgets, as components are safely mounted and connected.

Defining an Electronic Components Distributor

An Electronic Components Distributor is crucial within the electronics supply chain. These merchants act as mediators between producers and businesses, giving a wide run of components required to collect PCBs and other electronic frameworks. Whether you're a large-scale hardware producer or a little commerce, having get to dependable merchants guarantees that you get high-quality components on time.

Role of Electronic Components Distributors

1. Wide Item Accessibility: Wholesalers give a wide choice of components, from essential things like resistors and capacitors to progressed chip and coordinates circuits.

2. Quality Confirmation: Legitimate wholesalers work with certified producers to guarantee that all components meet industry measures and are free from defects.

3. Supply Chain Productivity: Wholesalers guarantee convenient conveyance of components, lessening the hazard of delays in generation due to supply shortages.

4. Technical Bolster: Numerous merchants offer extra administrations such as specialized back and plan exhortation, making a difference producers select the right components for their particular needs.

Key Circuit Board Components

A PCB electronic board requires a assortment of components to work accurately. Here are a few of the most basic Circuit Board Components:

1. Resistors: These components direct the stream of electrical current, guaranteeing that circuits work inside secure working limits.

2. Capacitors: Capacitors store electrical vitality and discharge it when required. They are pivotal in sifting signals and stabilizing voltage in circuits.

3. Diodes: Diodes permit current to stream in one heading as it were, securing the circuit from harm due to switch current.

4. Transistors: These components act as switches or speakers, playing a critical portion in controlling the stream of electrical signals in a circuit.

5. Integrated Circuits (ICs): ICs are small chips that contain distinctive components like transistors, diodes, and resistors, allowing complex capacities to be performed on a single piece of silicon.

6. Inductors: Inductors store vitality in a attractive field when current passes through them, commonly utilized in sifting applications and control supplies.

How to Select the Right Circuit Board Components

• Compatibility: Guarantee that the components are congruous with the plan of your PCB, counting measure, control prerequisites, and execution specifications.

• Reliability: Select high-quality components from trusted producers or wholesalers to guarantee the long-term unwavering quality of your devices.

• Availability: Guarantee that the components you select are promptly accessible in the showcase, particularly if you're arranging for large-scale production.

Conclusion

PCB electronic Boards, electronic components merchants, and circuit board components are basic in the world of hardware fabricating. A well-designed PCB, combined with high-quality components sourced from dependable merchants, guarantees the effective generation of tough, high-performance electronic gadgets. Understanding these components permits producers to enhance and create the innovation that powers our advanced world.

[integrating-sphere]

The Profound Impact of Lightning Surges on Electronic Devices and Protective Measures

As technology advances and electronic devices become more ubiquitous, the impact of lightning surges on electronic equipment is garnering increasing attention. Lightning surges, which refer to transient overvoltages or overcurrents caused by lightning activity on power or signal lines, can cause severe damage to devices. This article explores the effects of lightning surges on electronic equipment and how to effectively protect against them. 1. Generation and Characteristics of Lightning Surges Lightning surges typically occur within an extremely short time frame, often in the microsecond range or even shorter. This transient phenomenon causes voltage and current levels to exceed the normal operating levels of the equipment by more than double. Due to their rapid onset and quick dissipation, lightning surges can inflict damage on equipment in a very brief period. During a surge, the input filter capacitor charges rapidly, leading to peak currents far exceeding the steady-state input current, placing immense stress on the power supply and other critical components. 2. Effects of Lightning Surges on Electronic Devices • Voltage Fluctuations and Equipment Damage Lightning surges can cause severe voltage fluctuations, leading to abnormal behavior in electronic devices. Common issues include: machinery stopping or starting unexpectedly, control systems frequently resetting, and premature aging or damage to motors and other electrical components due to excessive current surges. Additionally, surges can lead to breakdowns in semiconductor device voltages, damage to metallization layers on components, or even destruction of printed circuit board (PCB) traces and contacts, ultimately resulting in complete equipment failure. • Data Transmission and Processing Interference Besides hardware damage, lightning surges can interfere with data processing and transmission. This can result in partial corruption of data files, errors in data processing programs, and unstable communication signal reception or transmission, significantly reducing system reliability and stability. In severe cases, surges may even cause permanent equipment failures. • Reduced Equipment Lifespan Repeated impact from lightning surges accelerates the aging of internal components, significantly shortening the overall lifespan of the equipment. This not only increases maintenance and replacement costs but can also affect the operational efficiency of the equipment. 3. Protective Measures and Best Practices • Installation of Surge Protectors Surge protectors are effective devices designed to quickly absorb excessive voltage or current during a lightning surge, protecting electronic equipment from damage. It is recommended to install high-quality surge protectors on critical power and signal lines to ensure equipment safety. • Optimizing Power Design During the design phase, effective power planning and filter circuit design can reduce the impact of lightning surges on equipment. For instance, using higher-rated fuses and rectifiers can enhance the surge tolerance of the equipment. • Regular Inspection and Maintenance For equipment vulnerable to lightning surges, regular inspection of power and signal lines is essential. Timely replacement of aging components and wiring ensures the equipment remains in optimal operating condition. 4. Testing Methods for Surge Testers Surge testers are designed to simulate lightning and switching transients that can cause instantaneous large impacts on electrical equipment. To standardize this testing process, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has established the IEC 61000-4-5 standard, which outlines detailed requirements for surge immunity testing. According to the IEC 61000-4-5 standard, surge testers typically simulate the following waveforms: • 1.2/50µs Voltage Waveform: This waveform simulates voltage transients caused by lightning strikes, representing the typical characteristics of lightning voltage waveforms. • 8/20µs Current Waveform: A rapidly rising current waveform used to simulate switching transients in power systems. Combination Waveforms: Including 10/700µs voltage waveforms and 5/320µs current waveforms, these combination waveforms are used for more complex surge simulation scenarios. During testing, surge testers precisely couple these waveforms into the test circuit through coupling/decoupling networks, assessing the equipment’s surge immunity in real-world applications. The goal is to determine whether the equipment can maintain normal operation under various surge intensities or how its functionality and performance change after a surge.  Surge generator_SG61000-5 5. Surge Tester Testing Levels To scientifically assess the equipment’s surge immunity under different environmental conditions, surge tester testing levels are categorized based on varying voltage severity. These levels are classified from low to high as Levels 1, 2, 3, 4, and X, each corresponding to different voltage strengths and applicable scenarios. The classification is as follows: • Level 1: Excellent Protection Environment Suitable for environments with good electromagnetic protection, such as factory or power station control rooms. In these settings, electromagnetic interference is minimal, and the probability of surge occurrence is low. • Level 2: Moderately Protected Environment Applicable to ordinary factory settings with minimal interference sources. Although electromagnetic interference is low, there is still a possibility of mild surge impacts. • Level 3: Typical Electromagnetic Interference Environment Appropriate for industrial locations, standard cable networks, and substations without special electromagnetic interference protection. Equipment in these environments may frequently encounter general electromagnetic interference. • Level 4: Severe Interference Environment Designed for environments with high exposure to lightning or strong electromagnetic interference, such as unprotected high-voltage substations or overhead lines. Equipment in these conditions requires robust surge protection. • Level X: Special Level An open level where specific surge testing standards are determined through mutual agreement between users and manufacturers. This level is used for unconventional applications with customized testing conditions based on specific requirements. 6. Selection Criteria for Testing Levels The choice of surge tester testing level primarily depends on the installation environment of the equipment and the potential frequency and intensity of surges. For enclosed environments like control rooms and data centers, lower testing levels are typically used. Conversely, for outdoor or lightning-prone areas, higher testing standards are required. Ultimately, the specific testing level for equipment is usually determined based on its applicable product standards. Conclusion Surge testers are crucial tools in assessing the surge immunity of electrical and electronic devices. By adhering to the IEC 61000-4-5 standard and selecting appropriate testing levels, one can effectively evaluate equipment performance under surge conditions, ensuring stability and safety in practical applications. Read the full article