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medicaljournals1 · 1 year

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When does Pancreatic Cancer show its early warning signs?

The development of malignant cells in the tissues of the pancreas, an organ in the abdomen that is essential for digestion and blood sugar management, results in pancreatic cancer. With only a 10% five-year survival rate, it is a very dangerous kind of cancer. Unfortunately, because pancreatic cancer sometimes doesn't show symptoms until it has progressed to other body areas, it is frequently difficult to diagnose early.

However, being aware of the early indicators of pancreatic cancer can assist raise the likelihood of early discovery, providing greater options for treatment and better results. The finest country in the world for treating pancreatic cancer is India. Understanding pancreatic cancer's early warning symptoms and its consequences in India are crucial.

Pancreatic Cancer: An Overview

Your pancreas is around 6 inches or 15 centimetres long and resembles a pear flipped on its side. Your body produces (secretes) chemicals like insulin to help it metabolise the sugar in the meals you eat. It also produces digestive juices to help in the digestion of meals and nutrient absorption.

The Functions of the Pancreas

The pancreas generates enzymes that aid in the digestion of food and hormones such as insulin that regulate blood sugar levels. It is deep within the abdomen, behind the stomach.

Different Kinds Pancreatic Cancer

There are two forms of pancreatic cancer:

Exocrine tumors

Endocrine tumors

Out of which Exocrine tumours, account for around 95% of cases, grow in cells that manufacture digestive enzymes. Endocrine tumours, also known as pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PNETs), arise from cells that create hormones.

The Cause of Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer is the outcome of DNA alterations (mutations) in pancreatic cells. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell it what to do. These mutations give the cells the instructions to proliferate out of control and continue to exist after normal cells would die. As they accumulate, these cells may become a tumour.

The pancreas, a vital organ in the belly, is affected by pancreatic cancer, a dangerous and sometimes fatal condition. The likelihood of effective therapy increases with earlier pancreatic cancer detection. The importance of early detection and the early warning signals of pancreatic cancer will be covered in this blog.

Progression of Pancreatic Cancer

Although the primary aetiology of pancreatic cancer is unclear, various risk factors have been discovered. Age, family history, smoking and tobacco use, obesity and poor nutrition, chronic pancreatitis, and diabetes are all risk factors.

The Advantages of Early Detection

Early identification of pancreatic cancer can considerably improve treatment outcomes. When pancreatic cancer is detected early, it is more likely to be localised and treatable. Patients with early-stage pancreatic cancer have a substantially better chance of surviving than those with advanced illness.

Pancreatic Cancer Early Detection Challenges

One of the difficulties in detecting pancreatic cancer early is that the disease's early stages frequently do not present any symptoms. When symptoms occur, cancer may have already migrated to other regions of the body, making treatment more difficult.

Screening's Role in Early Detection

Screening techniques, such as imaging scans and blood testing, can aid in the early detection of pancreatic cancer. However, there is no standard pancreatic cancer screening test, and screening is often only suggested for patients who are at high risk for the illness.

Typical Early Warning Signs

Jaundice

It is a disorder in which the skin and eyes become yellow owing to bilirubin accumulation in the body. If the tumour is positioned in the head of the pancreas, where it might block the bile duct, this can be a symptom of pancreatic cancer.

Pain in the abdomen

One of the most prevalent signs of pancreatic cancer is abdominal discomfort. The discomfort is felt in the upper abdomen and might be severe or continual.

Unusual Weight Loss

Even if the person is eating appropriately, unexplained weight loss might occur. It's also a prevalent side effect of pancreatic cancer.

Appetite Suppression

Another symptom of pancreatic cancer is loss of appetite, which can be caused by a combination of causes such as pain and nausea.

Digestive Problems

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and constipation are all symptoms of pancreatic cancer.

Back Ache

If the tumour is in the body or the pancreas tail, back discomfort is a common symptom.

Pancreatic Cancer comes with multiple Risk Factors

Age: Pancreatic cancer risk increases with age, with most instances occurring in those over 60.

History of the Family: Those with a family history of pancreatic cancer are more likely to get the illness.

Tobacco Use and Smoking: Tobacco use and smoking are key risk factors for pancreatic cancer, with smokers being two to three times more likely than nonsmokers to get the illness.

Obesity and poor dietary habits: Obesity and a high-fat, processed-food diet have been related to an increased risk of pancreatic cancer.

Chronic pancreatitis: Prolonged pancreas inflammation increases the chance of developing pancreatic cancer.

Diabetes: Diabetics are at a slightly increased risk of acquiring pancreatic cancer.

Why is India the best place to seek treatment for pancreatic cancer?

India is well-known for having one of the greatest healthcare systems in the world. Indian Hospitals are outfitted with cutting-edge facilities and medical equipment, making them a popular destination for people seeking superior medical care. This is especially true for patients with pancreatic cancer, since India is home to some of the world's top pancreatic cancer treatment centres and specialists.

India is also recognised for valuing interdisciplinary treatment. This implies that patients are treated by a multidisciplinary team of professionals, including medical and surgical oncologists, radiologists, pathologists, and dietitians. This interdisciplinary approach guarantees that patients receive complete, individualised treatment that is customised to their specific need.

Furthermore, India is at the forefront of pancreatic cancer research, with many of its healthcare facilities conducting clinical trials and studies to create new and creative therapies. In India, patients have access to cutting-edge therapies like immunotherapy and targeted therapy.

Conclusion

India is one of the greatest places for pancreatic cancer treatment, with world-class hospitals, top doctors, and cutting-edge technology. Patients receive thorough and individualised therapy as a result of the emphasis on interdisciplinary care, while continuing research and clinical trials enable access to cutting-edge therapies. While the cost of therapy may be greater in India than in other countries, the quality of care and likelihood of success make it a top choice for patients seeking advanced pancreatic cancer treatment.

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cancertheraphy · 2 years

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Signs and Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer

The pancreas is the main organ that helps in maintaining blood sugar levels in our body by releasing two major hormones glucagon and insulin. Insulin helps the cells to absorb glucose from food digested and glucagon provides nourishment to the body by increasing glucose level when it is low. The pancreas is located behind the stomach and plays a major role in digestion by providing enzymes required to digest proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

Pancreatic cancer starts developing in the tissues of the pancreas. Several types of growth can occur in the pancreas, including cancerous and noncancerous tumours. The most common type of cancer that forms in the pancreas starts in the cells that line the ducts that carry digestive enzymes out of the pancreas (pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma).

At Cancer Therapy India, we have the best pancreatic cancer doctors in India who are experts in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer is rarely detected at its initial stages when it's most curable. This is because it often doesn't cause any signs and symptoms until after it has spread to other organs. Pancreatic cancer often does not show any signs and symptoms until the disease is advanced. They may include:

Abdominal pain that radiates to your back

Sudden rise in blood sugar level

Tiredness and weakness

Excessive thirst or hunger

Yellowing of your skin

Whites of your eyes (jaundice)

Light-coloured stools

Dark-coloured urine

Itchy skin

Blood clots

Fatigue

If you experience any of these above signs or symptoms then consult the best pancreatic surgeon in India, or visit the best pancreatic cancer treatment centres in India.

Pancreatic Cancer Risk Factors

There are certain risk factors considered to result in pancreatic cancer.

Take food with high-fat content: Taking high-fat content food upgrades cholesterol levels in the body, which destroy the functionality of several organs in the body, considering the pancreas.

Diabetes: When sugar levels in the blood are not under control, it disorders the functionality of internal organs and causes heavy damage to them.

Smoking: Smoking is the major cause of many cancerous diseases. Smoking maximizes the production of cancer cells by destroying healthy ones.

Lack of Exercise and Obesity: Daily exercise is the right way to stay healthy. Working out regularly for at least 30 mins a day maintains your immune system healthy to fight against various deadly diseases. Obesity increases the growth of hormones which leads to hormonal imbalance that can result in pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic Cancer Causes

The causes of pancreatic cancer are unknown. This type of cancer occurs when abnormal cells start to increase within the pancreas and form tumours.

Normally, healthy cells grow, increase and die in moderate numbers. In the case of cancer, abnormal cell production is increased, and these abnormal cells sometimes take over the healthy cells.

While researchers and doctors don't know what causes the changes in the cells, they do know some common factors that may maximize a person’s risk for developing this type of cancer.

The two major risk factors are inherited gene mutations and acquired gene mutations. Genes control the way cells act, so changes to those genes may lead to tumours.

Pancreatic Cancer Stages

When cancer is discovered, doctors will likely perform more tests to confirm whether the cancer has spread or not. Imaging tests, such as PET scan, help doctors to understand the presence of cancerous growths. Blood tests may also be used.

With these tests, doctors work to determine the cancer stage. Staging helps to understand how advanced the cancer is. It also helps a doctor to decide treatment options.

Once a diagnosis has been done, your doctor will assign a stage based on the test results:

Stage 1: tumours present in the pancreas only

Stage 2: tumours have spread to nearby abdominal tissues or lymph nodes

Stage 3: tumour has spread to lymph nodes and major blood vessels

Stage 4: tumours have spread to other organs also, such as the liver

Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosis

Chances of life expectancy are more when pancreatic cancer is diagnosed earlier. However, the chances of early diagnosis are very less. Once your doctor knows the presence of pancreatic cancer, he/she would advise you to undergo a few of the following tests to diagnose the issue.

MRI or CT scans to get a detailed and complete picture of your pancreas

An endoscopic ultrasound, in which a camera attached to a thin flexible tube is inserted down into the stomach to capture images of the pancreas

Biopsy or tissue sample of the pancreas

Blood tests to spot the presence of a particular protein - CA19-9 in the blood, which verifies the presence of cancer.

Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer treatment depends on the various types of factors as:

the type of cancer

the stage of the cancer

the person’s health status, age, and other characteristics

the individual’s personal choices

The goal of treatment is to:

remove the cancer

relieve painful symptoms

Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are the most common treatment options used for pancreatic cancers. At Cancer Therapy India, We have a team of top cancer surgeons who are skilled and experts in these treatments.

Surgery

The option to use surgery to treat pancreatic cancer comes down to two things i.e., the location and stage of cancer. Surgery can remove all or some portion of the pancreas.

This can remove the original tumour, but it will not remove cancer that has spread to other areas of the body. Surgery may not be acceptable for people with advanced-stage pancreatic cancer for that reason.

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy uses X-rays and other high-energy beams to destroy or kill cancer cells. This usually comes from a machine that moves around you, directing radiation rays to specific points on your body (external beam radiation). In specialized medical centres, this therapy may be given during surgery (intraoperative radiation).

Chemotherapy

In some cases, your doctor might combine other treatments with chemotherapy, which uses cancer-killing medicines to prevent further growth of cancer cells in the future.

Targeted therapy

This Therapy of cancer treatment uses drugs or other measures to specifically attack cancer cells and work to kill them. These drugs are mapped not to harm healthy or normal cells.

If you have any concerns regarding pancreatic cancer, then you can consult Cancer Therapy India. We are associated with some of the best hospitals for pancreatic surgery in India.

#hospitals #cancertheraphy #cancer #cureforcancer

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mprobeprecisioncare · 2 years

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A Beginner’s Guide to Breast Cancer Genetic Testing

According to researches, half of the people with a genetic mutation that is linked to the disease cannot do genetic testing after a breast cancer diagnosis. Approx. 5 to 10% of people suffer from breast cancer because of heredity. The most common three types of genes are BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2 which mutate and higher the risk of ovarian and breast cancer.

If women inherit any of these genes from their parents they have a higher risk of increasing breast cancer in their body. Mutations in these three genes are the main reason behind breast cancer in women. If you have a history of breast or ovarian cancer in your family, then contact the breast cancer genetic screening clinic to do a test.

Are You Suffering From Breast Cancer Because of Genetic Mutation?

Your relative has triple-negative breast cancer

There is a history of both ovarian and breast cancer on the same side of your family.

Any of your blood relatives like your mother, grandmother or aunt already suffered from breast cancer diagnosed before age 50.

If a man in your family had suffered from breast cancer.

You belong in Eastern European heritage

Your female family members have experienced cancer in both of their breasts.

Any of your family members experience cancer in other body parts like melanoma, prostate, stomach, uterine, pancreatic, sarcoma, thyroid and colon.

If you are black and are diagnosed with breast cancer before 35 years.

When does the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Recommend Genetic Testing?

If you are diagnosed with breast cancer at the age of 50, then you can visit a breast cancer genetic screening clinic. Having a known mutation in the family is also another reason for genetic testing. If a man in your family suffers from breast cancer, then there is a huge chance that you will also have a chance to have this disease in near future. The other scenarios are including:

If you are diagnosed with primary breast cancer.

If your near relatives were diagnosed with prostate cancer.

What Do Researchers Show?

A study has included approx. 959 people who are between 18 to 90 years old and they have also been diagnosed with breast cancer. The research has shown that about 6% were Black, 80% were white, 11% had a history of cancers, 7% were Asian and 65% had a family history of breast cancer.

Cancer is a Word, Not a Sentence

Undoubtedly, any cancer news can be bone-chilling to anyone. None of us want to go through the pain, tension and other therapies which are an integral part of having cancer. You may wonder what if any health analysis can alert you about this disease before it strikes root in your body. If this thought strikes your mind, then mProbe is the right destination for you.

#breast cancer genetic screening clinic

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nkemaghalives · 2 years

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Green Tea- Super Food or Just Another Fad?

Blogs,Business,Advice Everyone has heard of green tea, whether or not they are a tea drinker. It is the latest addition to every health freak's diet. From weight loss to blood pressure control, this super food claims to do it all. But does it really help? Or is it just flavoured, mildly caffeinated hot water? One cannot trust everything that is found on the internet.

So let me give you on a comprehensive guide to the truth about green tea- super food or fad. According to the National Cancer Institute, the polyphenols in tea have been shown to decrease tumour growth in laboratory and animal studies and may protect against damage caused by ultraviolet UVB radiation.

In countries where green tea consumption is high, cancer rates tend to be lower, but to link that to green tea may be far-fetched since there are other lifestyle factors to consider. One large-scale clinical study compared green tea drinkers with non-drinkers and found that those who drank the most tea were less likely to develop pancreatic cancer, particularly women, who were 50% less likely to develop the disease.

Many studies, on the other hand, have shown that there is no link between the green tea and cancer. In 2005, the FDA stated that "there is no credible evidence to support qualified health claims for green tea consumption and a reduced risk of gastric, lung, colon/rectal, oesophageal, pancreatic, ovarian, and combined cancers.

A 2006 study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association concluded that green tea consumption is associated with reduced mortality due to all causes, including cardiovascular disease. The study followed over 40,000 Japanese participants between the ages of 40 and 79 for 11 years, starting in 1994.

The participants who drank at least 5 cups of green tea per day had a significantly lower risk of dying (especially from cardiovascular disease) than those who drank less than one cup of tea per day. An analysis of published studies in 2011 found that consuming green tea, either as a beverage or in capsule form, was linked to significant but modest reductions in total and LDL or "bad" cholesterol.

Another study found that consuming 10 cups of green tea per day can lower total cholesterol, however, consuming 4 cups or less had no effect on cholesterol levels. Studies concerning the relationship between green tea and diabetes have been inconsistent. Some have shown a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes for green tea drinkers than for those who consumed no tea, while other studies have found no association between tea consumption and diabetes at all.

Green tea may promote a small, non-significant weight loss in overweight and obese adults; however, since the weight lost in the studies were so minimal, it is unlikely that green tea is clinically important for weight loss. Research published in the journal Psychopharmacology in 2014 suggests that green tea can enhance our brain's cognitive functions, particularly the working memory.

The research team said their findings suggest that green tea could be promising in the treatment of cognitive impairments associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, such as dementia. In a study published in 2011, researchers tested the effect of a component of green tea, CAGTE, after it had been digested, to see how it affected a key protein in Alzheimer's disease. The study showed that at high concentrations, CAGTE protected the cells from the toxic effects of the protein amyloid-beta.

The Alzheimer's Society commented that, "this study adds to previous research that suggests green tea might help to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease. However, the researchers used a far higher dose of the active green tea chemical than would ever be found in the human body. More research is needed to see whether green tea is protective at a much lower dose, and to understand the mechanism involved.

Thus while green tea does help in treating many conditions, there is not enough evidence to support its claim for other diseases. It certainly is not a bad addition to your diet! see link if you want to loose weight : @analexzing | Linktree

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peterrparrkerr · 3 years

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Hit mad falls in love with target - read on ao3

*-*

Peter waved frantically at Tony when he walked into the lab, eyes glued to a computer screen.

"Tony, quick! Look!" He demanded, nearly vibrating in his chair.

Tony made his way over, hands clasped behind his back as he leaned over Peter's shoulder.

"Isn't it awesome?" The young man asked, waving his hands around.

"What am I looking at?" Tony asked.

"Its cancer," Peter said. He points to different colored lines in the graph, all jagged and fluctuating. "This is breast cancer, and this one is pancreatic, skin, lung."

Tony hums as Peter continues to list each colored line as a different form of cancer.

"I was able to isolate the individual cells from everything else, and- look, look!"

Peter snatches Tony by the shirt sleeve and tugs him from one monitor to the one on the other side of the lab. He taps his fingers on the screen, bouncing on his heels.

"These are the cells after being treated with non-radioactive therapy," Peter said, looking up at Tony. "The number of cancer cells is cut in half within a week!"

Peter then drags Tony across the lab again, babbling excitedly as he does so. "Do you know what this means? This means we can start human testing! And we can market the treatment for practically nothing!"

He shows Tony a live feed of the treatment in action from a TV monitor.

"Think about the possibilities," Peter grinned. "Anyone can get treated, no matter their financial standing. And the treatment isn't as harmful as chemo or radiation. It doesn't attack the body as a whole, it isolates the cancer cells and leaves the rest of the body alone.

"No more hair loss or side effects. And we could cut remission in half too," Peter said. "Just think, this time next year, we could start selling to hospitals all over the world."

Tony smiles down at the younger man. He had known within the first day of meeting Peter that he wouldn't be able to follow through. He's glad he hadn't.

"Have you told anybody else?" He asks casually.

"Ned knows," Peter said. "And Bruce, but they were here when it happened."

"Where are they now?"

Peter gives Tony a wry smile, still too excited about his treatment working.

"I sent them home a couple hours ago," he said. "We've all been awake for almost three days, so I'm sure they've gone to bed already."

"You should be in bed too, don't you think?" Tony asked, raising an eyebrow.

Peter waves him off, shaking his head as he goes to his work desk. "I'll sleep later," he said, pulling his lab coat off and draping it over the chair.

He's dressed in his usual outfit; comfortable pants and a button up.

"Plus, I knew you'd make your rounds around this time, and I wanted to tell you," Peter said with a grin, grabbing his personal items.

That was part of Tony's cover. A janitor for the building Peter worked for. Hes wearing a navy blue jump suit, though he's left the cart out in the hallway.

"I'll walk you to your car," Tony hums, leading the way out. When he'd first started this, he'd offered his company to get closer to Peter -to find his vulnerabilities.

Now though, he does it because he's protecting the young scientist.

He'd skipped out with 45 thousand dollars paid to kill the boy, but as the days had gone on, and Peter had grown comfortable with him, Tony realized he couldn't steal him from the world.

Peter was incredible. He worked tirelessly to find a cure for cancer. He's already created a new insulin for diabetes that he's made available to everyone for only $10 a month -something not many other medical professionals liked.

Peter was making enemies left and right, and Tony decided to make it his job to keep him breathing. If not for the rest of his life, then for as long as it takes for the young scientist to see an end to cancer.

The boy wasn't getting much in terms of money for his creations. In fact, from what Tony's come to learn, the boy doesn't own a car, and rents an apartment with his aunt.

He sees enough to live paycheck to paycheck and this new treatment won't do much to better his life, but he's not concerned with money. He wants to make Healthcare more effective and affordable.

Tony's got morals. Enough of them to know when a hit is a bad investment. That didn't stop him from taking his payment anyway.

The two make it to the car park. Its dark, the overhead lights buzzing annoyingly. Its empty, save for a couple cars belonging to a few of the security guards, and the car Peter shares with his aunt.

It's an older model, grey paint chipping and metal beneath rusting near the wheels. Peter talks animatedly beside him, lands flailing in front of him.

Tony glances around them, scowling as he takes in the familiar cement structure.

"Wait," Tony says, just as Peter's pulling the keys from his pocket. They're a couple feet away from the car, and the hairs on Tony's arms and neck stand on end.

"What is it?" Peter asked curiously, reaching for the door handle.

It's just as Peter grips the handle that Tony sees the wire connected to the metal lock on the other side of the glass.

Tony is quick to react, grabbing Peter by the arms and wrenching him away from the door.

Peter yelps in surprise, but its cut out by the sound of a small explosion. Tony braces for the blast of air that knocks the two off their feet, and grits his teeth at the heat that follows.

Peter's pressed against the cement, Tony weighing down on him. His ears ring, but he quickly gets to his feet, unzipping his jumpsuit and grabbing the .9 mm from the waistband of his jeans.

The car is ablaze, crackle-popping and sizzling. Its just the cab thats on fire, but Tony knows its only a matter of seconds before the flames reach the engine and the fuel line.

Tony looks around him, trying to find the culprit -though he knows from experience that the man won't be here.

He grabs Peter by the armpits and pulls him to his feet. Blood smears against his forehead and jaw. His hands and arms are scraped up and Tony can tell his knees are busted too, but it doesn't look like anything damaging.

"We gotta go," Tony urges, already half dragging the younger back towards the building.

"You-you have a gun," Peter gapes, stumbling after Tony, arm in the older's hard grip. "Why do you have a gun?"

Tony reaches the door for the stairwell.

"I'm a hired gun," Tony said, glancing up, then down, gun following his eyeline before pushing Peter towards the stairs going up.

"I thought you were a janitor," Peter gasped, climbing the stairs and swaying. Tony places his free hand on Peter's lower back.

"Thats just a front," Tony confessed. "We got to get you out of here."

"Someone blew up my car," Peter said, panting as they continue up to the first floor. "Aunt May is gonna kill me."

"Not if Buck doesn't kill you first," Tony grunted, pulling Peter out of the stairwell and into the main lobby.

Tony's car is around the side of the building, but its open to attack. Tony can't keep Peter trapped inside the building though, so he risks it.

Their feet slap loudly on the asphalt as they run for the nondescript black SUV Tony had taken to driving.

He checks around the vehicle, under and inside before issuing Peter into the back seat.

Tires screech as Tony peels out of the parking lot.

"What- whats happening? Tony, what- why do-"

"Someones trying to kill you, Peter," Tony said, blowing past the guard tower at the exit of the parking lot.

"But why?" Peter asked dumbly, voice slurring slightly as more blood turns the side of his face crimson.

"I'll answer all your questions when we're safe," Tony promised, eyes frantically shifting from the area ahead of him to the rear view mirror.

Peter must really be feeling the effects of his head slamming into the concrete, because he doesn't protest.

"Lay down," Tony orders, merging into traffic and slowing down. "Lay low until I say."

Peter does -Tony thinks mostly because of his head injury. Tony relaxes a little, knowing the scientist won't be gunned down in the back seat.

"Where are you taking me?"

"Somewhere safe," Tony answered, keeping an eye behind him.

He doesn't see a tail, but he takes a round-about way to his safe house, just outside of Queens.

When they get to the small cabin, Tony checks the building before helping Peter inside.

"I think I have a concussion," Peter mumbles, swaying on his feet as Tony guides him to the kitchen chair.

"I don't doubt it," Tony agrees, setting his gun down on the table beside Peter's elbow before grabbing the first aid kit.

He pulls another chair over in front of the young scientist and opens the red box.

"Let me see your hands," Tony orders. Peter does, palms up. Tony begins to clean them and his arms.

"Tony," Peter says, breaking the silence. Tony doesn't say anything. He reaches up to clean the blood from the side of Peter's cheek.

"Is your name actually Tony?"

Tony makes eye contact before nodding.

"And you're a hired gun?" Peter asks, slightly breathless. "Like, like a hitman?"

"Yes," Tony answers, reaching the cut on Peter's hairline. Peter winces, but doesn't pull away.

"You kill people for a living?"

"Yes."

It takes Peter a couple seconds, but it seems to hit him. Hes bolting to his feet, the chair clattering behind him.

Tony leans back into the chair, watching as Peter begins to pace.

"What- Tony, you have to tell me whats going on," Peter demands, hand on his head. Tony knows from experience that pacing tends to help the scientist expell excess energy.

"I will," Tony nods. Peter continues his pacing. Back and forth beside the kitchen counter.

"Why- why are people trying to kill me?" He demanded. "Who blew up my car?"

Tony sets the paper towels down on the table, knowing Peter won't sit still for him to properly tend to him.

"The one who blew up your car is another hitman," Tony said. "Goes by the name Winter Soldier."

"You called him Buck," Peter said, pointing an accusatory finger at Tony, eyes narrowed.

"I did," Tony nodded. "Hitmen tend to run in the same circles, though we don't always like each other. Bucky was probably hired to finish the job."

"Finish the job," Peter repeated dumbly. "I'm the job?"

Tony nods, once more letting Peter process. He knew Peter would figure it out without Tony's help. He was smart.

"Finish the job means someone already tried to- to kill me," Peter said, panting as he continued to pace. The wound at his hairline is bleeding sluggishly, dripping down his temple and towards his jaw.

Peter wipes at it without thought, smearing blood against his cheek. He pauses to look down at his hand, fingers glistening in red.

He touches his forehead again, as if remembering he's still injured, then turns to Tony, accusation and fear in his Bambi brown eyes.

"You," he said softly, in disbelief. "You were hired to kill me, weren't you."

"I was," Tony nodded.

"But you haven't," Peter said. Tony can practically see the gears turning behind his eyes. "And, and now whoever hired you hired the Winter Soldier."

Tony only nods. Peter takes a shuddering inhale and has to grip the counter with a bloody hand to stabilize himself.

"I'm- I'm- who- who would want to-to kill me?!"

"The payment was anonymous," Tony said. "Thats how it works. But whoever it is is threatened by you."

Peter looks at Tony incredulously. "Me? Why me? I'm the least threatening person -like- ever!"

"You've cost Big Pharma millions with your insulin," Tony said. "You've patented it, so they can't take it and upcharge the way they've been doing. And if your treatment for cancer is a success, you'd be costing them even more."

Peter takes a moment to process that before he nods. "Right, yeah. I knew I was going to make a lot of people mad about that, but. But I never expected anyone to actually try to kill me."

"Money is a powerful motive," Tony said, a little too much experience leaking into his tone.

Peter hears it, because he stops his pacing, shoulders dropping. Exhaustion seems to pull him towards the floor like an anvil tied to his spine.

He sways a little, and Tony's about to offer him the chair again, but he moves to it willingly. When he sits, their knees are barely touching, and he blinks dazedly at his bloody hand.

Tony grabs a clean rag and leans forward to clean up the blood from Peter's head. The younger lets him, still processing and no doubt sluggish from the concussion.

"Why didn't you?" Peter asked after Tony had taped gauze to his hairline. It was patchy and poorly done, but it would help.

"Why didn't I what," Tony hummed, using an alcoholic wet wipe to clean the remaining blood from Peter's hands. The boy winces at the burn to his scraped palms.

"Kill me," he said, swallowing thickly. "You had plenty of opportunity."

Tony sighed, setting the wipes down before leaning forward and looking Peter in the eye.

"Because I believe in the work you're doing," he said honestly. "And I'm going to make sure you finish it."

Peter blinks once, twice, before breaking eye contact and sighing, body eating to melt into the chair as the air leaves his lungs.

"Come on," Tony said, standing up and slipping the gun into the waistband of his pants. Then offering his hand. "This place is safe. Theres a bed you can sleep in."

"I shouldn't sleep with a concussion," Peter said weakly, taking Tony's offered hand anyway.

"Its mild, I'm sure you'll be fine," Tony mused, heading deeper into the cabin to the bedroom.

The bedroom isn't anything special. A twin bed in the corner, a four drawer dresser and a blackout curtain.

Peter climbs onto the bed, not bothering with the covers or taking his shoes off. Tony thinks its best he sleep with them on anyway, in case Bucky finds them.

Tony moves to leave, grabbing the handle, and Peter bolts upright again, eyes wide.

"You're okay," Tony promises. "I'll be right outside."

Peter gives the barest shake of his head. "Stay here, please," he says softly.

Tony nods, shutting the door and turning off the light before making his way to the side of the bed. Theres an old step stool there, and he sits down at the head of the bed.

Peter lays back down, body too tense to ever fall asleep. Tony keeps his ears attuned to any noise that could alert him to Bucky, or anyone else, gun sitting perfectly stop on his knee, finger off the trigger, but ready at a moments notice.

"Tony?"

"Yes, Peter."

Peter shuffles around, and Tony turns his head just in time to feel pillow soft lips connect with the corner of his mouth.

He can't help but smirk as Peter settles back down. "Thanks for not killing me."

Tony chuckles at that, leaning his head against the wall. "I may be a hitman, but I've got morals," he says into the dark room. "Besides, nobody likes cancer."

Peter laughs tiredly at that before reaching his hand out and grabbing Tony's. Their fingers interlock, and Tony doesn't really know which one of them initiated it.

"You're going to be okay," Tony continued. "I wont let anyone hurt you. You're safe with me."

"I know."

#marvel #tony stark #peter parker #ironman #starker #spiderman #my writing #ao3 #sfsummerbingo21

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fightingsail · 4 years

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This poor boy can’t win.

He spent all last night licking his paw - which is a thing he does, compulsively and has his whole life, so I didn’t think anything of it - and then this morning when I tried to take a look at it, saw blood and he snapped at me. So off to the vet immediately.

Turned out he’d just had a cut slightly under his pawpad, but had to be sedated for stitches. Due to his medications and age I opted for a blood test pre-sedation.

He ended up not needing stitches, they just flushed out the wound and gave him a pretty bandage for two days. But the blood test came up high on calcium and amylase - we’re going to redo the blood test next week after Harley has fasted. As was explained to me both those things are usually indicators of cancers - thyroid/lymph node for the first and pancreatic for the latter. She explained there are things that can make the calcium show up high when it isn’t, so she urged me not to panic til we’ve redone the test.

At which point we can then look at further diagnostic testing.

Ngl, I am panicking a little bit. Just trying to push it aside, focus on keeping Harley’s bandage dry (a task) and Harley from running into things while he’s still pretty drugged.

The worst is I’m travelling interstate the day before his blood test is scheduled, so I won’t even be here for it, or whatever results are. I am taking my brother to Sydney for surgery so it’s not something I can skip.

Please keep your fingers crossed for my boy.

#harley #tw cancer #personal

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mcatmemoranda · 4 years

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Reviewing questions:

ARDS is basically caused by anything that leads to inflammation in the alveoli (pancreatitis, trauma, near drowning). There are three phases of ARDS: exudative (week 1), proliferative (week 2), and fibrotic (week 3). In the exudative phase, you get exudate in the alveoli. You get macrophages and necrotic cells in the alveoli and the formation of hyaline membranes (the cellular debris becomes organized to form hyaline membranes). In the proliferatie phase, you get proliferation of fibroblasts and interstitial inflammation as the cells try to repair the damage. In the fibrotic phase, which doesn't always occur, the whole alveolus is surrounded by fibrotic tissue; it's pulmonary fibrosis. Sepsis can cause injury to the pulmonary endothelium or epithelium, which can lead to ARDS. CXR will show white out that can't be explained by cardiac causes and the pt will be hypoxemic.

Even if you survive ARDS, you can have an increased A-a gradient that lasts for a while or even forever (it would be forever if you ended up with pulmonary fibrosis as a result of the ARDS).

As you age, you lose compliance of the chest wall and elastic recoil of the alveoli. You lose elastin in the alveoli, so they can't snap back as well, thus you have increased residual volume and decreased FVC.

In chronic bronchitis, the mucus glands in the bronchial wall submucosa increase in size, causing increased bronchial wall thickness. The Reid Index indicates the severity of chronic bronchitis. It's the thickness of the submucosal mucous glands/thickness of the bronchial wall from the basement membrane of the epithelium to the cartilage. The normal Reid Index is 0.4; anything higher than that is more severe chronic bronchitis.

Small Cell Lung Cancer is a neuroendocrine tumor (so it will stain positive for chromagranin, synaptophysin, and CD56 [neural cell adhesion molecule, or NCAM], neuron-specific enolase), associated with smoking; the tumor is centrally located. Histologically, it shows small round cells with little cytoplasm and hyperchromic nuclei with lots of divisions. It has 3 paraneoplastic syndromes (Cushing's syndrome, Lambert-Eaton Syndrome, and SIADH). For some reason, SCLC is also called oat cell carcinoma.

In pts on treatment for asthma who still have exacerbations despite being on an PRN SABA (albuterol), ICS (e.g., mometasone), and LABA (e.g., formoterol), if the pt has high IgE levels, he can try omalizumab, which binds IgE so it can't cause mast cell crosslinking and degranulation of leukotrienes and histamine. Omalizumab is an anti-IgE antibody.

Type II pneumocytes make surfactant, which is transported in lamellar bodies to the cell surface of pneumocytes. I don't recall learning about lamellar bodies, but I knew that type II pneumocytes make surfactant and regenerate type I pneumocytes. Type I pneumocytes do gas exchange.

Secondary polycythemia (increased hematocrit) occurs as a response of the kidneys to chronic hypoxemia. Hypoxemia-> hypoxia in the tissues-> cells in the cortex and medulla of the kidneys release erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production so there will be more RBCs to carry more O2. Secondary polycythemia can occur in pts with COPD or other conditions that cause chronic hypoxemia. So if you have a pt with OHS, he can have higher than normal Hct as a result of the chronic hypoxemia. Oxygen saturation less than 92% is hypoxemia.

Neutrophils and macrophages can make elastase, which degrades the elastin in the alveoli. Other proteinases besides elastase are cathepsin G, and Matrx Metalloproteinase (MMP). Anti-proteases counteract the proteases. Alpha-1 antitrypsin stops neutrophil elastase from breaking down elastin in alveoli. Other antiproteases are alpha-2 macroglobulin and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases (TIMPs).

Elastase is a neutral protease found in alveolar fluid. Neutrophil elastase is inhibited by alpha-1 antitrypsin. Macrophage elastase is inhibited by TIMPs.

Atopic asthma presents with eosinophils and Charcot-Leyden crystals in the sputum. I remembered the crystals from a pulm lecture given by one of the fellows a few weeks ago, so I got the question on it right. T helper 2 cells release IL-5, which summons eosinophils. Charcot-Leyden crystals are bunches of eosinophil membrane protein seen in atopic (extrinsic) asthma. TH2 cells also release IL-4, which causes B cells to make IgE.

Ketamine (NMDA antagonist) can be used to induce anesthesia in pts who are hemodynamically unstable or who have bronchospasm and need to be intubated. Ketamine causes increased catecholamine release, which can increase blood pressure. This is desirable in a pt who has low BP and needs to be intubated. Ketamine's sympathomimetic effects lead to increased HR, contractility, bronchodilation, and cerebral blood flow. You wouldn't use propofol in a hypotensive pt, as that would cause even lower BP. Ketamine is also analgesic.

Etomidate is a GABA receptor agonist. It does not affect BP, cardiac output, or HR, so it's hemodynamically neutral. It decreases cortisol synthesis. Well that's interesting, because isn't cortisol also involved in blood pressure? I guess cortisol would take longer to start impacting blood pressure control, so that's why it doesn't affect BP when used for induction. But I guess it causes adrenocortical suppression over time. So it wouldn't be used in pts with sepsis.

Propofol is a GABA agonist; good for longer sedation; but decreases BP due to vasodilation.

OSA can lead to pulmonary HTN and right heart failure because of the hypoxic vasoconstriction that occurs in response to hypoventilation. The hypoxemia in these pts also causes systemic HTN and sympathetic stimulation of the heart. Chronic sleep apnea that goes untreated can lead to arrythmias, CAD, and sudden cardiac death!

In cystic fibrosis, there are no, or few properly functioning CFTR channels, so you can't get Cl- out of the respiratory epithelial cells. As a result, there is increased movement of Na+ into respiratory epithelial cells and water follows the Na+. This is why respiratory secretions are thickened in CF.

The pathophysiology of CF was not explained well to us when we learned this in school! What happens in the sweat ducts is different from what happens in the respiratory epithelium in CF. In the normal respiratory epithelium, CFTR channels inhibit the ENac channels through which Na+ is reabsorbed. This allows more Na+ and H20 to stay in the mucus so that the mucus can stay watery and be easily coughed up. In CF, you have no or few properly functioning CFTR channels. Therefore, chloride can't move out of respiratory epithelial cells, so you can't inhibit Na+ reabsorption by the epithelial cells. Thus excess Na+ is reabsorbed and excess water follows the Na+, leading to dry respiratory secretions. In the sweat ducts of normal people, the opposite occurs--CFTR channels cause increased absorption of Na+ via ENac channels. In CF, there are no/few functioning CFTR channels, so you can't reabsorb Na+, thus the sweat has increased NaCl-> salty sweat.

The CFTR channel is an ATP-gated channel. It opens when ATP binds to it. In CF, the CFTR channel can't bind ATP, so the channel won't open and chloride ions in the respiratory epithelium can't leave cells.

Pts can have increased sweat chloride levels or normal sweat chloride levels (normal if the CFTR mutation is mild). If sweat chloride is normal, you can make the diagnosis of CF by measuring the nasal transepithelial potential difference with the nasal transepithelial potential difference test. In this test, NaCl solution is applied to the nasal mucosa. If the pt has CF, the pt's respiratory epithelial cells can absorb the Na+, but not the Cl- in the applied solution, so the transepithelial voltage difference is more negative because negatively charged chloride ions can't be absorbed by the respiratory epithelial cells.

In the sweat ducts of normal pts, CFTR channels reabsorb Cl- and that causes reabsorption of Na+. In pts with CF, mutated CFTR means no reabsoption of NaCl, so the sweat is salty.

Ok, I was confused about what actually happens with the CFTR and the Na+ and Cl-. CF causes decreased ability to reabsorb Na+ and Cl- from the sweat, hence salty sweat in CF pts. But in the respiratory epithelium, the inability to get Cl- out of the cells causes increase Na+ reabsorption into cells-> water reabsorbed into cells-> dry respiratory secretions.

#ARDS #hyaline membrane #chronic bronchitis #Reid Index #NCAM #omalizumab #ketamine #propofol #etomidate #anesthesia #cystic fibrosis #TIMPs #TIMP #MMP

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drpradnya-blog1 · 4 years

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Blog about Vitamin D

Vitamin D BLOG

Vitamin D is one of the most essential “vitamins” needed to support proper bodily functioning!

It is so important at this particular time with us spending more time indoors due to the way of the world that we all need to supplement our diets and bodies with this essential nutrient.

WHY WE NEED VITAMIN D

Vitamin D is a powerhouse nutrient responsible for the proper functioning of many bodily systems. For example, it:

regulates levels of calcium in the bloodstream and is essential to bone formation

strengthens immunity and protects the body from illness and infection

reduces inflammation and autoimmune response

improves mood and has been shown to improve symptoms of depression

defends cells against cancer (vitamin D deficiency is linked to numerous cancers, including some of the most common—breast, prostate, lung, colorectal, leukaemia, bladder, pancreatic and lymphoid just to name a few!)

So how does Vitamin D help support the immune system?

Vitamin D is necessary for the proper functioning of your immune system which is your body’s first line of defence against infection and disease.

This vitamin plays a critical role in promoting the immune response. It has both anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties and is crucial for the activation of immune system defences which is necessary but even more crucial at this time.

Vitamin D is known to enhance the function of immune cells, including T-cells and macrophages, that protect your body against pathogens (Bacteria, fungi and viruses).

In fact, the vitamin is so important for immune function that low levels of vitamin D have been associated with an increased susceptibility to infection, disease, and immune-related disorders.

For example, low vitamin D levels are associated with an increased risk of respiratory diseases, including tuberculosis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as well as viral and bacterial respiratory infections which though there is no strong evidence to support this, it is being linked to increased resistance to COVID-19.

What’s more, deficiency of Vitamin D has been linked to decreased lung function, which may affect your body’s ability to fight respiratory infections such as pneumonia and COVID-19.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF SUN EXPOSURE & VITAMIN D

Historically, the human body has synthesized vitamin D directly from sunlight. This makes sense: we’re pretty hairless and, until recently, spent significant time each day outside. Most of our human evolution occurred around the equator where there was plenty of sunlight year-round, and even after branching off to northern latitudes, a notable adaptation occurred: because melanin (the pigment in skin that gives it colour) protects skin cells from sun exposure and slows vitamin D production, early humans living in northern, less sun-intense climates developed lighter skin to maximize vitamin D production.

Very few food sources contain vitamin D, the main exception being the liver of fatty fish. It’s no coincidence that indigenous Arctic populations, living without strong sunlight much of the year, have historically consumed plenty of vitamin D-rich marine foods.

Now, modern lifestyle factors are significantly reducing our levels of vitamin D: we spend our days inside, cover ourselves in clothing and sunscreen when we do go outside, and eat a primarily Western diet that does not contain food sources rich in vitamin D.

ARE WE VITAMIN D DEFICIENT?

Chances are: yes. Vitamin D is one of the most prominent vitamin deficiencies in modern society.

Vitamin D deficiency is commonly known for causing rickets (soft bones in children), but there are many other symptoms that often go unnoticed and undiagnosed, as they can be subtle, or presumed to be caused by something else.

SYMPTOMS OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY INCLUDE:

Getting sick regularly or having trouble fighting off infections

Fatigue

Depression

Slow healing of wounds

Bone loss (osteoporosis) and increased risk of fractures

Hair loss

Increased reports of pain, including muscle pain and back pain

If you think your vitamin D levels may be low, ask your doctor to test them. If your levels are on the low end, there are several ways to raise them with lifestyle and nutrition.

A Daily intake of 400-800IU of Vitamin D supplements are recommended depending on age though we take more. You can take upto 4000 IU daily but not to sustain these levels for too many months.

BEST SOURCES OF VITAMIN D

SUNLIGHT

Likely the best way to get healthy doses of vitamin D is via natural sunlight.

How much sun exposure you need varies depending on your skin colour, strength of sun (location, time of year and time of day), cloud cover, pollution, and even what your diet is like. But, as a guide a light-skinned individual typically needs 20-30 minutes of midday sun to produce a requisite amount of vitamin D daily. Because more melanin = more natural sun protection, people with darker skin need more sun exposure to produce the same amount of vitamin D—up to 2-2.5 hours for the same effect.

Sun damage and skin cancer are real concerns , and sufficient sun exposure should not result in burning. People with very light skin or those not used to being in the sun regularly will need to gradually work up to the recommend exposure so there is no lasting damage to their delicate skins.

A few other notes on obtaining vitamin D from sunlight:

Vitamin D is synthesized from UVB rays, which do not penetrate glass—so while sitting in the sunlight in a sunny window certainly has other benefits (it’s good for your mood, for one!), it’s not actually resulting in vitamin D3 synthesis.

The more skin exposed to the sun, the more vitamin D3 synthesis occurs. So, if you spend time outside with only your face and hands exposed, you’ll produce less vitamin D3 than if you were laying out in a bathing suit.

UVB tanning beds are potentially a method for obtaining vitamin D, though they should only be used very carefully and minimally—it takes considerably less exposure in a tanning bed to achieve the same effect as natural sunlight.

Your body can store vitamin D3 for weeks or months at a time, so experiencing some period of time without sun may not radically reduce your blood levels.

FOOD SOURCES OF VITAMIN D

Though there are not many food sources containing sufficient levels of vitamin D, there are a few specific foods high in this nutrient, most of which have been used for centuries by populations without access to year-round sunshine. Without any sunlight you’d have to eat these foods in large quantities daily to get enough vitamin D… but occasional consumption can also supplement moderate sunlight exposure.

The best food sources of vitamin D are:

Fatty fish: salmon, sardines, herring, tuna

Oysters, shrimp

Egg yolks (Note: Eggs from pasture-raised chickens—those roaming outside in sunlight—contain 3-4 times the vitamin D as those raised indoors)

Mushrooms

Cod liver oil

Fortified foods: cow’s milk, soy milk and cereals are often fortified with vitamin D, though usually at lower levels than natural sources

There are two types of vitamin D obtained from food sources: D2, found in plants and yeasts, and D3, found in animal products. D3 is more effective at raising blood levels of vitamin D.

VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTS

If your lifestyle and diet prevent regular, sufficient sun exposure or food sources of vitamin D, it is possible to improve your levels with a vitamin D supplement. In general we aim for up to 4,000 IU daily.

People with a heavier body mass require more Vitamin D3 and a new study suggests the more weight you carry around your waist, the lower your Vitamin D3 levels. Recent findings show that belly fat has a greater impact on Vitamin D levels than overall fat.

Skin Southwest are now offering supplements from Award Winning ZENii and these include’ Sunshine in a bottle’ which are capsules designed to take daily and equate to 2000 IU which is recommended by Public Health England.

120 Capsules cost £25.00.

Email: [email protected]

Visit www.skinsouthwest.co.uk

#vitamind #health #wellness #sunshine #drpradnya #skinsouthwest

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drferox · 5 years

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Pancreatitis

My elderly cat has pancreatitis, and of course we are working with a vet on it (kitty hasn’t thrown up in so long! All it takes is severely restricting her food choices and keeping everything in the kitchen, even fucking FRUIT BAGELS, out of her shameless nibbling range). But I have a question about pancreatitis in general. Why is it that there seems to be no consensus about where it comes from, how it develops, why it hits dogs and cats differently, and so on? Every page I’ve looked at online out of curiosity says the same sort of thing: here are some symptoms that may or may not occur, here is a list of reasons that maybe caused it and maybe didn’t, here are some ways to maybe treat it. Why the mystery disease status? Why does my cat try to eat fruit bagels?? (Okay that last one I know is a true mystery.)

Your cat is eating fruit bagels to show off to the dog who cannot eat raisins without risking death.

Pancreatitis can either be acute, from which we expect the pet to recover completely, or chronic, with which we expect there to be scar tissue and permanent effects from.

The pancreas also doesn’t really look like the human organ, which is what the art in the video looked like. It’s got more distinct left and right lobes so symptoms can vary depending on which part of the pancreas is affected.

Anything that causes pancreatic enzymes to leak inside the pancreas will cause pancreatitis, as will literally any other cause of inflammation. That includes pressure from some object blocking the duodenum at the duodenal papilla, anything that causes intestinal contents to regurgitate back up the pancreatic duct, carrying active enzymes with it that then activate all the stored enzymes, or even a gall stone blocking the portion of the duct system that the pancreatic duct and bile duct share.

And pancreas anatomy can vary between individual members of a species, in terms of in terms of how many ducts they have, and whether they all join together before entering the intestine or not.

You can also get really obscure conditions that look all the world like pancreatitis on bloods and symptoms, but turn out to be something else, like a pancreatic cancer which was causing pancreatitis in the surrounding tissue.

It’s mostly treated with symptomatic treatment until the inflammation settles down, and then we try to prevent it with dietary control, which is mostly aimed at controlling fat intake. And to be fair, about 80% of cases are from the animal eating a whole bunch of unusual food, like BBQ left overs, which are higher in fat than they’re used to, so there’s a pretty strong correlation there.

But part of its ‘mystery status’ it likely just that we don’t always pursue further tests while providing that symptomatic treatment. If I’m going to do the same treatment anyway, is there value to be doing an ultrasound and a biopsy of this organ? Maybe, maybe not.

#submission #veterinarian #pancreas

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cancertheraphy · 2 years

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Signs and Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer

At Cancer Therapy India, we have the best pancreatic cancer doctors in India who are experts in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer

Abdominal pain that radiates to your back

Sudden rise in blood sugar level

Tiredness and weakness

Excessive thirst or hunger

Yellowing of your skin

Whites of your eyes (jaundice)

Light-coloured stools

Dark-coloured urine

Itchy skin

Blood clots

Fatigue

If you experience any of these above signs or symptoms then consult the best pancreatic surgeon in India, or visit the best pancreatic cancer treatment centres in India.

Pancreatic Cancer Risk Factors

There are certain risk factors considered to result in pancreatic cancer.

Take food with high-fat content: Taking high-fat content food upgrades cholesterol levels in the body, which destroy the functionality of several organs in the body, considering the pancreas.

Diabetes: When sugar levels in the blood are not under control, it disorders the functionality of internal organs and causes heavy damage to them.

Smoking: Smoking is the major cause of many cancerous diseases. Smoking maximizes the production of cancer cells by destroying healthy ones.

Pancreatic Cancer Causes

The causes of pancreatic cancer are unknown. This type of cancer occurs when abnormal cells start to increase within the pancreas and form tumours.

Normally, healthy cells grow, increase and die in moderate numbers. In the case of cancer, abnormal cell production is increased, and these abnormal cells sometimes take over the healthy cells.

While researchers and doctors don't know what causes the changes in the cells, they do know some common factors that may maximize a person’s risk for developing this type of cancer.

The two major risk factors are inherited gene mutations and acquired gene mutations. Genes control the way cells act, so changes to those genes may lead to tumours.

Pancreatic Cancer Stages

With these tests, doctors work to determine the cancer stage. Staging helps to understand how advanced the cancer is. It also helps a doctor to decide treatment options.

Once a diagnosis has been done, your doctor will assign a stage based on the test results:

Stage 1: tumours present in the pancreas only

Stage 2: tumours have spread to nearby abdominal tissues or lymph nodes

Stage 3: tumour has spread to lymph nodes and major blood vessels

Stage 4: tumours have spread to other organs also, such as the liver

Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosis

MRI or CT scans to get a detailed and complete picture of your pancreas

An endoscopic ultrasound, in which a camera attached to a thin flexible tube is inserted down into the stomach to capture images of the pancreas

Biopsy or tissue sample of the pancreas

Blood tests to spot the presence of a particular protein - CA19-9 in the blood, which verifies the presence of cancer.

Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer treatment depends on the various types of factors as:

the type of cancer

the stage of the cancer

the person’s health status, age, and other characteristics

the individual’s personal choices

The goal of treatment is to:

remove the cancer

relieve painful symptoms

Surgery

The option to use surgery to treat pancreatic cancer comes down to two things i.e., the location and stage of cancer. Surgery can remove all or some portion of the pancreas.

Radiation therapy

Chemotherapy

In some cases, your doctor might combine other treatments with chemotherapy, which uses cancer-killing medicines to prevent further growth of cancer cells in the future.

Targeted therapy

This Therapy of cancer treatment uses drugs or other measures to specifically attack cancer cells and work to kill them. These drugs are mapped not to harm healthy or normal cells.

If you have any concerns regarding pancreatic cancer, then you can consult Cancer Therapy India. We are associated with some of the best hospitals for pancreatic surgery in India.

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healthians · 3 years

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All You Need To Know About Amylase Test & Its Importance

What is amylase?

Amylase, an enzyme or special protein, is found in the pancreas and salivary glands. A digestive organ located behind the stomach is the pancreas. It makes enzymes that help with food digestion in your intestines.

The pancreas may be damaged or inflamed, allowing it to produce too much or too little amylase. A high level of amylase in your body may mean a problem with your pancreas. An amylase test is nearly invariably ordered at the same time as a lipase test from your doctor. The pancreas produces lipase, a chemical that aids in fat digestion. These tests will tell the doctor whether you have a pancreas disease such as pancreatitis, which means the pancreas is inflamed.

The importance of amylase testing

Amylase levels can be measured in cystic fibrosis patients (CF). This illness leads to lung infections. It may also make it difficult for the body to absorb nutrients from food. In people with cystic fibrosis, high amylase levels may mean that thick mucus plugs are blocking digestive enzymes from moving from the pancreas to the small intestine.

A urine test for amylase should be ordered in combination with or after an Amylase Test In Bengaluru. The appearance of amylase in the urine may help doctors diagnose pancreatic and salivary gland problems. One or more types of tests can be used to monitor amylase levels in patients who are being treated for pancreatic or other disorders.

Steps involved in amylase testing

Alcohol should not be consumed prior to the test. You can also tell the doctor of the medications you're taking. These prescriptions can have an effect on the results of the tests. Your doctor can advise you to stop taking a drug or change the dose temporarily.

What does the outcome of the Amylase Blood Test mean?

If there are elevated levels of amylase in the results, it means:

Kidney function is deteriorating.

Infection of the pancreas (acute pancreatitis)

Salivary gland inflammation is a condition in which the salivary glands become inflamed.

Lung, breast, prostate, or cervical cancer Appendicitis

If the findings show that amylase levels are normal, it means that:

Cystic fibrosis is a disease that affects the lungs.

Long-lasting aches

Failure of the liver

#amylase #amylase test #digestive organ

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mcatmemoranda · 4 years

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Intussusception is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in children between 3 months and 6 years of age.

Symptoms of amebic dysentery (or colitis) to some extent may mimic symptoms of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. Usually, the illness lasts about 2 weeks, but it can recur without treatment. The general symptoms include abdominal cramps, diarrhea, passage of 3 to 8 semi-formed stools per day, passage of soft stools with mucus and occasional blood, fatigue, excessive flatulence, rectal pain during bowel movement (tenesmus), and unintentional weight loss. Severe symptoms include abdominal tenderness, bloody stools, and passage of liquid stools with streaks of blood, passage of 10 to 20 stools per day, fever, and vomiting. Amebic colitis is the result of invasive infection of the colonic mucosa by Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica).

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES) presents with marked gastric acid secretion, ulcer disease of the upper GI tract including the stomach and duodenum, and non-beta islet cell tumors of the pancreas, but it does not normally affect the Islets of Langerhans. Zollinger-Ellison is commonly associated with tumors of delta cells of the pancreas. However, the tumors are also commonly located in other areas such as the duodenum and abdominal lymph nodes. Note that hyper-acidity in the duodenum inactivates pancreatic enzymes and results in diarrhea. Differential diagnosis of ZES includes gastroesophageal reflux disease, MEN1 (Wermer syndrome), peptic ulcer disease, helicobacter pylori infection, gastric outlet obstruction, pernicious anemia, achlorhydria, and pancreatic cancer. Note that hyalinization of the Islets of Langerhans is associated with Diabetes mellitus.

I didn't know that MEN1 is also called "Wermer syndrome." Now I know.

Hepatoblastoma is the most common malignant primary liver tumor in children. I only got that right because I remember Dr. Plummer saying that blast tumors are associated with kids.

Most esophageal varices are located in the lower third of the esophagus.

Apparently, phytate exerts the most profound inhibitory effects on the absorption of zinc (Zn) from the lumen of the small intestine. Never heard of phytate. When I googled it, this is what came up:

Phytate, or phytic acid, is a naturally occurring compound found in all plant foods like beans, grains, nuts, and seeds. In the past, there were concerns that foods high in phytates might reduce the absorption of minerals.

Zinc deficiency has been found in some populations that consume large quantities of unrefined foods. The phytate in these foods may decrease zinc absorption. Note that picolinic acid is the body's prime natural chelator. It is the most efficient chelator for minerals such as chromium, zinc, manganese, copper, iron, and perhaps molybdenum. Zinc picolinate is actually readily absorbable.

Never heard of picolinic acid either.

The most common bacteria linked to ascending cholangitis are gram-negative enteric bacteria, in particular Escherichia coli, followed by Klebsiella and Enterobacter. Treatment consists of antibacterial therapy and removal of gallstones. Note that the presence of antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen will rule out a hepatitis B infection, and interferon-alfa or ribavirin administration is mostly indicated for hepatitis C treatment.

Unresolved PUD can cause perforations. Perforated ulcers are the most commonly encountered dreaded consequence. Note that common symptoms of perforation include: (1) sudden development of sharp abdominal pain; (2) rigidity and tenderness of the abdomen; (3) symptoms of shock (fainting, hypotension, excessive sweating, and confusion); and (4) bloody vomitus or tarry stool. Also note that demonstration of “free air” on radiological examination is highly indicative of a perforated viscus organ. An erect chest x-ray or an upright abdominal x-ray is by far the best initial diagnostic screening test.

GERD and Barrett’s esophagus are related to inappropriate relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter.

Hiatal hernia predisposes to GERD and may causes herniation of the stomach into the thoracic cavity.

Crigler-Najjar Syndrome patients are unable to conjugate bilirubin. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia quite often causes death due to kernicterus.

The body and tail of the pancreas are situated posterior to the stomach. The quadrate lobe of the liver and gall bladder are both anterior to the stomach. The right kidney is situated posterior to the duodenum and small intestine. The right crus of the diaphragm is posterior to the liver.

An anal fissure is a small split or tear in the mucosa lining the anus. Anal fissures are extremely common in young infants, but they may occur at any age. Studies suggest that 80% of infants will have had an anal fissure by the end of their first year. The rate of anal fissures decreases rapidly with age, and fissures are much less common among school-aged children. I didn't know that they were common in infants.

Cryptosporidium = acid-fast protozoan that produces voluminous watery diarrhea without blood or mucus. It is very common in AIDS patients. Entamoeba histolytica (causes amoebic colitis), shigella, enteroinvasive E. coli, campylobacter, and cryptosporidium cause bloody diarrhea.

This question was about a woman who clearly had H. pylori infection and they asked what kind of cancer she had. I chose lymphoma but then switched to adenocarcinoma, finally changing back to lymphoma and got it wrong. I thought H. pylori causes MALToma, which is a type of lymphoma. Yes, the gastric cells are secretory cells, so if they became cancerous, it would be cancer of glandular cells (the "adeno" in "adenoma" = glandular cells), but H. pylori causes MALToma. So I don't think lymphoma is necessarily the wrong answer. I was stuck between lymphoma (my initial answer because the pt clearly has a history of H. pylori infection) and adenocarcinoma. The explanation:

Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with adenocarcinoma (accounts for almost 90% of stomach cancers). Note that adenoacanthoma is an adenocarcinoma in which some of the cells exhibit squamous differentiation.

The vagus nerve passes inferiorly from a plexus associated with the hilum of the lung. Injury to the vagus nerve--> decreased gastric motility. In the mediastinum, the vagus nerves pass immediately posterior to the roots of the lungs, while the phrenic nerves pass immediately anterior to them.

Dietary long chain fatty acids (more than 12C) are transported from the intestine to the adipose tissue in the form of chylomicron triglycerides. I remembered that from learning about cholesterol. Pretty sure they get transported across the intestines. I really have to review cholesterol. Ugh.

In a question, the pt had polyuria, pruritic skin rashes that appeared in one place and then disappear and showed up elsewhere, erythematous plaques and vesicles on her thigh, anemia, hyperglycemia, and increased ACTH. I wasn't sure what it was.

The patient most likely has necrolytic migratory erythema (NME) due to glucagonoma.

Glucagonoma is a rare pancreatic alpha-cell neoplasm that is mostly seen in pre-and post-menopausal woman. Patients present with marked increase in serum glucagon level, hyperglycemia, polydipsia, and polyuria. During the early stages, the condition may mimic symptoms of mild diabetes mellitus. A characteristic skin finding in these patients is necrolytic migratory erythema (NME). The majority of these tumors are malignant, and metastasis to the liver is not uncommon. Note that glucagonoma is often associated with MEN I, and serology of the patients often show increased plasma ACTH, MSH, serotonin, and epinephrine. Treatment includes insulin administration and surgical removal of the tumors.

The mechanism of NME is not well-known but it is postulated to be due to (1) direct damage of glucagon to skin that causes necrosis; (2) serious metabolic deficiencies that cause deficiency of epidermal proteins; and (3) autoimmune conditions that damage the skin. Glucagonoma is by far the most common cause of NME. Deficiency of zinc, fatty acid, and amino acids, liver diseases, hypoalbuminemia, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac sprue, and malnutrition conditions may also be associated with NME. Given that pancreatic alpha-cell neoplasm is by far the most common cause of NME, the non-pancreatic causes of NME (e.g. liver disease or zinc deficiency) are collectively known as pseudoglucagonoma.

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dreamresearchgroup1 · 3 years

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Belly Fat Exercises to Lose Belly Fat Quickly & Easily

The exercises which burn the fat in the belly or abdomen are called belly fat exercises. They are many, and all these done in combination regularly burn the fat in the stomach.

Before one defines what the exercises are meant to kill Belly fat, it is essential to clarify this fat formation in your stomach area. Fat does exist everywhere in the body, but with age progressing, it chooses to settle down in the abdominal area.

Therefore, it is not correct to say that fat has increased in your body compared to your younger years. Instead, it is the same fat that does not engage in fair distribution. It does settle deep into the abdomen and affects your health. It also shows your overweight. And it is not easy to melt them as they are embedded deep.

What Causes Belly Fat?

People gain belly fat due to many reasons. That includes the following:

Absence of an exercise regimen

A diet that is poor in nutrition

Increase in stress levels.

Even though the factors mentioned above are the ones that contribute to the area surrounding the belly, such fat can assume two forms. They are:

Subcutaneous fat, which can be found right beneath the skin and

Visceral Fat, which wraps itself around the organs in your body, deep within.

Belly fat is caused by aging too, where the ability to digest food faster becomes slow, or in other words, it’s called ‘ slowdown in metabolism.’ Therefore, combining the three factors mentioned above and low metabolism results in the two types of fat. These contribute to fat in the belly region.

Symptoms of Belly Fat:

Generally, fat in the belly region is regarded as the start of weight gain. As it is the mid-section, any small increase in it is immediately noticed by the person. The reason is that the clothes fitting become tighter. These factors mislead the person to conclude that a swollen belly is nothing else but a fat increase. For it could only be a stomach bloat thanks to an attack of gas or fluid.

So, how do we as alienate and determine it is belly fat that is on the increase?

Found below are three symptoms that would let us know on the arrival of belly fat:

Bulgy stomach

Use the naked eye and scan your abdominal and stomach area, and feel them. You are the best judge to notice the bulges increasing. If those bulges run along the width of the stomach, you can be sure it’s belly fat. It can only be gas if it bulges in one concentrated area and needs to be treated.

A Hard stomach

Stomachs are soft areas, and when one presses it, it will yield softy to it. This is irrespective of the fact that you have gained weight. So, it’s best to apply yourself to a ‘ pressure’ test. All you need to do is press the bulged up areas softly. If the area is hard and not yielding, it’s only bloating. Softness and increase indicate belly fat.

Dynamic changes in stomach size but temporary

You may have binged on food and eaten extra. Or, you may experience an increase in size, particularly on days of your monthly menstruation cycle. Both are temporary and would go down in time. In case the bulge refuses to meltdown, you know it’s only belly fat.

Health Benefits of Losing Belly fat

1.Lowers risk of Diabetes

Diabetes is linked with belly fat. The question is how this fat lead to diabetes does as found below:

It hinders insulin releases

Prevents the muscle cells its share of glucose

The bloodstream receives the glucose from the liver. The liver’s primary function is to prevent releasing additional glucose. When this ability to control is lost, the bloodstream receives excess glucose, which leads to diabetes. Excess fat is mainly responsible for this mishap.

A combination of all these promotes diabetes. On the other hand, if such excess fat is lost from the belly area, the beta cells present in the pancreas would tend to make more insulin, which would not lead to diabetes.

2. Control over Blood Sugar

The adverse effects that fat around the belly area are many, which includes blood sugar control. Sugar should not be allowed to build up in the blood. Belly fat does not permit the sugar to enter in by resisting insulin. Insulin, if allowed to function correctly, opens up the cells to let in the sugar. The consequences of not allowing the insulin to work lead to the accumulation of sugar in the blood, leading to ailments.

To decrease insulin resistance, which is the core issue, the visceral fat has to be done away with. Once that happens, sugar would be allowed to enter at correct levels into the cells and balance the blood’s glucose levels in a much better fashion. Studies suggest that even a mere five percent drop in weight leads to good results.

3. Healthy Liver

A few organs, including the liver, are not supposed to store fatty acids beyond a particular level. In the case it does so, it would lead to fatty liver ailments. When this intensifies, cirrhosis could be the result.

With belly fat around, the liver cannot undergo de-tox in any way, and the metabolic by-products enjoy a free run into the bloodstream from the visceral fat cells.

All these problems can be solved in the best way possible, and that would be to maintain a weight which is ideal and healthy.

4. Solves Sleeping Disorders

Excess weight, which is primarily due to belly fat, leads to sleep apnea. Due to the excess fat, the soft tissues around the throat region permit free-breathing and get closed. Thus breathing is obstructed and disrupts sleep.

If belly fat is done away with, sleep apnea gets easily cured along with snoring.

5. Cures Heart Diseases

The fat in the belly region is found to be the main culprit behind cardiovascular diseases. The heart would find it extremely difficult to handle high blood pressure resulting from excess fat around the belly region. This adds a lot to the stress. Reducing fat or weight even by five percent would help the blood circulation drop lower. With lowered blood pressure, the heart can pump blood at correct levels to the tissues and organs.

There is more to this. Irregular blood circulation also affects the triglycerides, thus contributing to LDL, which is the bad cholesterol. Such an issue affects the heart again. The best solution again is the reduction of the belly.

6. Leads to Active Sexual Life and Health

Visceral fat affects men and women in different ways regarding sexual health and activity.

Men would experience erectile dysfunction and a reduction in sperm count. This is primarily due to the fat in the belly region and the resulting overweight.

For women, the issues are more. They are bound to experience irregularities in their menstrual cycle. The excess fat leads to the production of Estrogens hormones, which cause an imbalance in hormones.

Moreover, the fat factor contributes to infertility too. Conceiving becomes a problem with such hormonal and irregular menstrual cycles.

A good diet and exercise regime would help remove the fat and solve many issues connected to sexual health, reproduction, and activity.

7. Reduction in Cancer Risk

It does not matter your total weight, but the belly fat component is bound to affect the colon and rectal region leading to cancer in these areas. The excess fat in the belly area increases inflammation and hormone manufacture, which gives a great impetus to cancer.

8. Mood Swings Averted

Although mood swings cannot be attributed to excess weight, it plays a role. Mood swings and depression are pure reflections of one’s lifestyle. If the lifestyle changes for the better, perhaps by introducing an exercise schedule. Exercises help release a hormone called Endorphins, which makes one feel good. It improves the looks, gives self-confidence, and leads to better sleep. The same is the cause of breast and pancreatic cancer.

9. Prevents the occurrence of Arthritis

Heavy bellies is a lot of weight to carry around for your knees. Joints feel the overburden, thus leading to Arthritis. Pregnant women feel it too, but that is for a short period only. To be more accurate, a reduction of ten pounds of your belly weight will bring down the pressure on your knees by 40 pounds. Therefore it’s best to get rid of the excess fat that directly affects your joints.

Belly Fat Exercises That Burn Belly Fat At Home:

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It is essential not to accumulate fat around the belly region. Even if you follow a diet, the minimal calories you consume should be burnt away through exercises. These simple exercises are what exercises burn the most belly fat at home.

1. Walking

The simplest of all belly fat exercises is walking. It is something we do naturally, but in this context, we walk to shed excess weight stored in especially the belly. One can achieve more results with walking, provided you have a balanced diet. It is recommended to walk at least 30 minutes outside and breathe in the fresh air.

2. Crunches

Crunches are considered a top belly fat exercise for men at home. It hits the spot exactly where we want it to. Breathe in and out as you do it in the following manner:

Lie down flat on your back

Place your hands behind your head and make sure they clasp each other.

Raise your feet and bend your knees towards your chest.

Release the feet back to the floor to raise it again.

The alternative way is to clasp your hands near your chest.

Doing crunches develop your abs and most effective on how to get rid of belly fat by exercising at home.

3. Leg raises

Similar to crunches, leg raises hit your abs and love handles directly by burning the fat. It’s the same position as the crunches but raise your legs straight instead of bending them.

4. Zumba Workouts

Zumba is fun. Play some fast music and do your workouts. It melts away your fat in the belly section, and blood sugar is lowered, thus helping the heart. Zumba is the most famous exercise to reduce belly fat for a female at home.

5. Cycling

Yet another natural exercise. It attacks the fat on your thighs and waist. Cycling for one hour a day would melt away belly fat.

List of Best Belly – Burn Workouts and Belly Fat Exercises:

The ultimate objective of such exercises is to have a mid-section that is lean and strong. Here are the best belly fat exercises.

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1. Burpees:

Good for the upper body and heart too.

2. Turkish Kettlebell:

Also known as ‘ Turkish- Getup, ‘this works away on the belly region and conditions the total body.

3. Sprawls:

Sprawls work away the fat accumulated in the entire body. It concentrates on the belly region first as that fat should be rid of first to perform sprawls more effectively.

4. Medicine ball:

These reduce the fat stored on the sides and then the belly area.

5. Russian Twists:

The Russian Twists are more advanced exercises and give immense strength to the obliques. That is the area around the belly.

6. Planks:

Planks are most popular with beginners and professionals alike. It strengthens you by reducing the fat in the abdominal area

7. Incline slope running:

It’s plain running but on an inclined slope. Treadmills can be useful if you do not want to do it on steep and inclined roads.

8. Rowing:

Similar movements to the oar rowing on open waters. Gyms have these and are quite popular as it impacts the abdominal region.

9. Yoga:

Yoga is everything and in one spot. There are no machines or any equipment involved. It’s great for the system too. It’s considered the ultimate guide to health.

These are the best tummy exercises and some variations like crunches, leg raises, walking, mountain climbing, etc. These can also have the desired effect of burning away fat in the belly region.

Frequently Asked Questions:

Q1.What exercise burns the most belly fat?

Ans: Crunches are considered the ultimate exercise to burn the fat accumulated in the belly region. Apart from that, walking, jogging, cycling, planks, and leg raises are also considered the best fat burning exercises for the belly.

Q2. How can I lose tummy fat fast?

There are many ways available to burn away belly fat, leading you to a healthier life. They are:

Avoid carbs to the maximum limit possible

Schedule an eating plan instead of a diet plan

Plan your day in such a way that it allows you to stay on your feet and keep moving

Lifting weights that suit you is excellent.

Always read the labels stuck on the product and decide whether it would help you burn fat.

Say goodbye to any form of processed food.

Make sure you are with friends who believe in good health and stay away from bad habits.

Your progress in losing abdominal fat depends on what your clothes tell you. If it is getting looser, then you are progressing in the correct direction. Never make your judgment by checking bathroom weighing scales only.

Q3. How can I lose my belly fat in a week?

Ans: Although it is a tricky proposition, belly fat can be reduced in a week in the following ways:

Hit bed early in the night

Be regular in consuming meals

Avoid dehydration by drinking more water than usual

Sit in a posture that straightens your tummy

Eat foods with high water content

Regular coffee

Have more nuts, for example, almonds

Attend to toilet needs and do not postpone them just because you’re busy

Make sure you consume low-fat milk

Consume your food slow enough so that digestion also takes place.

Include more probiotic food.

Do not chew gum

Walk all seven days, which is an ideal exercise to lose belly fat in one week.

Try yoga as an exercise to reduce belly fat in a week

Q4.What foods help burn belly fat?

Here is the list of foods that help fight the fat in your belly area:

Yogurt

Green tea

Bananas

Avocados

Berries

Citrus fruits

Conclusion:

The world has become too conscious of the evils that are caused by belly fat. Solutions are also available with the increase in gyms and health centers. The advantage of this issue is that there are belly fat exercises to lose belly fat at home, cost-effectiveness, and a perfect guide to health.

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reyskyber · 6 years

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Mom has S3 pancreatic cancer. Diagnosed in January, the doctor said she'd be doing chemo for 4 months, with a new CT scan at the halfway point. She had her CT scan yesterday. Good news: The doc is hopeful because the severe back pain that led to her diagnosis is gone. She can go days without her pain patch and hours without pain meds now, before 5min was bad. Also her cancer markers apparently started out around 13,000 (30 is normal), but her most recent blood tests showed they were down to 50.

Oh wow! That’s wonderful news! Thank you so much for sharing that :D

Okay, here’s some happy thoughts/quotes things:

when the sky does that thing at dusk where it’s a dark orange and the clouds have a pink underglow, and when the stars are out too and it looks amazing

when you hear a song on the radio that you completely forgot about and you sit smiling because it reminds you of being younger

telephone calls that last for hours

being awake early in the morning when the rest of the world is quiet and alseep and you can just sit in the calm state of the universe

If you can be one thing, be kind

I’m giving out compliments and happy thoughts!

#isla does a nice thing #trueromantic1 #asks

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cancertheraphy · 2 years

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At Cancer Therapy India, we have the best pancreatic cancer doctors in India who are experts in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer

Abdominal pain that radiates to your back

Sudden rise in blood sugar level

Tiredness and weakness

Excessive thirst or hunger

Yellowing of your skin

Whites of your eyes (jaundice)

Light-coloured stools

Dark-coloured urine

Itchy skin

Blood clots

Fatigue

If you experience any of these above signs or symptoms then consult the best pancreatic surgeon in India, or visit the best pancreatic cancer treatment centres in India.

Pancreatic Cancer Risk Factors

There are certain risk factors considered to result in pancreatic cancer.

Take food with high-fat content: Taking high-fat content food upgrades cholesterol levels in the body, which destroy the functionality of several organs in the body, considering the pancreas.

Diabetes: When sugar levels in the blood are not under control, it disorders the functionality of internal organs and causes heavy damage to them.

Smoking: Smoking is the major cause of many cancerous diseases. Smoking maximizes the production of cancer cells by destroying healthy ones.

Pancreatic Cancer Causes

The causes of pancreatic cancer are unknown. This type of cancer occurs when abnormal cells start to increase within the pancreas and form tumours.

Normally, healthy cells grow, increase and die in moderate numbers. In the case of cancer, abnormal cell production is increased, and these abnormal cells sometimes take over the healthy cells.

While researchers and doctors don't know what causes the changes in the cells, they do know some common factors that may maximize a person’s risk for developing this type of cancer.

The two major risk factors are inherited gene mutations and acquired gene mutations. Genes control the way cells act, so changes to those genes may lead to tumours.

Pancreatic Cancer Stages

With these tests, doctors work to determine the cancer stage. Staging helps to understand how advanced the cancer is. It also helps a doctor to decide treatment options.

Once a diagnosis has been done, your doctor will assign a stage based on the test results:

Stage 1: tumours present in the pancreas only

Stage 2: tumours have spread to nearby abdominal tissues or lymph nodes

Stage 3: tumour has spread to lymph nodes and major blood vessels

Stage 4: tumours have spread to other organs also, such as the liver

Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosis

MRI or CT scans to get a detailed and complete picture of your pancreas

An endoscopic ultrasound, in which a camera attached to a thin flexible tube is inserted down into the stomach to capture images of the pancreas

Biopsy or tissue sample of the pancreas

Blood tests to spot the presence of a particular protein - CA19-9 in the blood, which verifies the presence of cancer.

Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer treatment depends on the various types of factors as:

the type of cancer

the stage of the cancer

the person’s health status, age, and other characteristics

the individual’s personal choices

The goal of treatment is to:

remove the cancer

relieve painful symptoms

Surgery

The option to use surgery to treat pancreatic cancer comes down to two things i.e., the location and stage of cancer. Surgery can remove all or some portion of the pancreas.

Radiation therapy

Chemotherapy

In some cases, your doctor might combine other treatments with chemotherapy, which uses cancer-killing medicines to prevent further growth of cancer cells in the future.

Targeted therapy

This Therapy of cancer treatment uses drugs or other measures to specifically attack cancer cells and work to kill them. These drugs are mapped not to harm healthy or normal cells.

If you have any concerns regarding pancreatic cancer, then you can consult Cancer Therapy India. We are associated with some of the best hospitals for pancreatic surgery in India.

#cancertheraphy #hospital

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