#dengue cases in rajasthan

[sameerrazobyte]

How to choose the right Dengue test facility in Jaipur: key tips”

Dengue fever often called breakbone fever because of the intense muscle and joint pain it causes is viral dengue symptoms and illness spread by mosquitoes it is also known as dandy fever or seven-day fever because the symptoms typically last about a week. Even though many people don’t show any symptoms it can become severe and even deadly in some cases. When you have dengue fever symptoms it might start with symptoms that seem like a normal sickness because dengue is becoming more common it is crucial to catch it early so it can be trusted well. Different tests are available for diagnosing dengue tests including NS1 antigen test, IGM, and IGG serological tests, and PCR test for dengue test in Jaipur.

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[rupalic]

New Revenue Sources in Insect Repellent Active Ingredients Market

Insect repellents are substances designed to deter insects from landing on the treated surface or contacting the skin. They are commonly used to prevent insect bites and the transmission of insect-borne diseases. There are several active ingredients found in insect repellent products, each with varying degrees of effectiveness and duration.

The insect repellent active ingredients market is estimated at USD 1.0 billion in 2023; it is projected to grow at a CAGR of 7.6% to reach USD 1.5 billion by 2028.

Some of the most common active ingredients in insect repellents include:

DEET (N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide): DEET is one of the most widely used and effective insect repellents. It can provide long-lasting protection against a variety of insects, including mosquitoes, ticks, and biting flies. DEET's effectiveness increases with higher concentrations, but concentrations above 50% don't necessarily provide significantly longer protection. DEET can be used on skin and clothing.

Picaridin (also known as Icaridin): Picaridin is another effective insect repellent that provides protection against mosquitoes, ticks, and other biting insects. It is less likely to damage synthetic materials, such as plastics and fabrics, compared to DEET. Picaridin is generally odorless, feels less greasy than DEET, and is considered a good alternative for people who prefer non-DEET options.

Download PDF Brochure: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/pdfdownloadNew.asp?id=111358884

Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus (OLE): Derived from the lemon eucalyptus plant, OLE is a natural insect repellent. The active ingredient in OLE is called PMD (para-menthane-3,8-diol), which has been shown to effectively repel mosquitoes. However, it's important to note that OLE is not recommended for children under three years old.

IR3535: This is an organic compound that works as an insect repellent against a variety of pests, including mosquitoes, ticks, and flies. It has a low odor and is considered safe for use on the skin.

Natural Extracts and Essential Oils: Some natural extracts and essential oils, such as citronella, lavender, cedarwood, and eucalyptus, are believed to have insect-repelling properties. While these can provide some level of protection, they tend to be less effective and have shorter durations compared to synthetic repellents like DEET and picaridin.

Asia Pacific is expected to account for the largest market share in 2023.

The insect repellent active ingredients market industry has been studied in North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America and Rest of the World. The Asia Pacific region is known for having a high prevalence of insect-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, and Zika virus. According to article by National Library of Medicine 2022, India reported a ZIKV outbreak in Kerala in July 2021, the first activity in the region of South-East Asia since the outbreak in Rajasthan, India, in 2018. At least 70 ZIKV disease cases were found after extensive testing and confirmed by PCR by August 2021. These diseases pose significant health risks to the population, leading to a greater demand for insect repellent products and active ingredients to protect against insect bites. Major players operating in the insect repellent active ingredients market includes Spectrum Brands Inc. (US), Reckitt Beneckiser Group Plc (UK), Henkel AG & Co KGaA (Germany), MERCK KGaA (Germany), S.C. Johnson & Son Inc. (US), Dabur (India), Godrej (India), Sawyer (US), BUGG Products, LLC (US), Coghlan’s (Canada), Vertellus (US), Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd (Japan), Clariant (Switzerland), Citrefine (UK), NK Chemiosys Pvt. Ltd. (India), and Shorgun Organics (India).

Speak to the Analyst: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/speaktoanalystNew.asp?id=111358884

DEET segment, by type, is expected to account for the largest share in 2023.

DEET has been proven to be highly effective in repelling a wide range of biting insects, including mosquitoes, ticks, flies, and fleas. It is known to provide long-lasting protection, making it a preferred choice for individuals seeking reliable insect repellent solutions. DEET can be used in various formulations, such as sprays, lotions, creams, and wipes, making it suitable for different user preferences and needs. It can be applied directly to the skin or on clothing, making it versatile for both personal and outdoor use.

[ivisonguitars]

इजराइल में न्यायिक सुधार (ज्यूडिशियल ओवरहॉल) बिल पास होने का विवाद थमता नजर नहीं आ रहा https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oW3LFfj15tI युग चरण के साथ देखिये देश-विदेश की सभी महत्वपूर्ण और बड़ी खबरें | अडाणी ग्रीन एनर्जी ने 31 जुलाई को फाइनेंशियल ईयर 2024 की पहली तिमाही के नतीजे जारी किये। Adani Green Energy released the results for the first quarter of the financial year 2024 on 31 July. ��जराइल में न्यायिक सुधार (ज्यूडिशियल ओवरहॉल) बिल पास होने का विवाद थमता नजर नहीं आ रहा The controversy over the passing of the Judicial Overhaul Bill in Israel does not seem to stop. नॉन RAS से IAS पदोन्नति प्रक्रिया पर रोक जारी रहेगी। The ban on non-RAS to IAS promotion process will continue. ED ने आरजेडी सुप्रीमो लालू यादव और उनके परिवार की 6 करोड़ 2 लाख की संपत्ति अटैच की। ED attached assets worth 6 crore 2 lakhs of RJD supremo Lalu Yadav and his family. राजस्थान में इस मानसून भारी बारिश के साथ डेंगू-मलेरिआ के केस भी तेज़ी से बढ़ने लगे। With heavy rains this monsoon, cases of dengue and malaria also started increasing rapidly in Rajasthan. Watch the latest Hindi news Live on the World's Most Loved News Channel on YouTube. #News #NewsHindiLive #LiveTVNews #HindiNews Latest News about Politics , Sports , Entertainment, Crime at Yugcharan Channel. Un Biased News Reporting ! Follow this link to join our WhatsApp group to get Latest News Updates : https://chat.whatsapp.com/ESor6YJXGEIL9y7DZRCtim Subscribe our channel for the latest news: https://www.youtube.com/@yugcharan Like us: https://www.facebook.com/theyugcharan Follow us: https://twitter.com/theyugcharan Telegram : https://t.me/TheYugCharanpaper Instagram : https://www.instagram.com/theyugcharan/ Website : https://yugcharan.com #today_breaking_news #Breaking_news #Latest_news #Hindi_News Your Queries : #hindinews #news #today_breaking_news #latest_news #livetvnews #adani #adanigroup #israel #laluyadav #edraid #rjd #politicalnews #today_breaking_news #livenews #livetvnews #todaynews #news via Yugcharan News https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCbT6O9BlRulH48ph5QmCYEg August 01, 2023 at 03:15PM

[gojackenmitracoolas]

इजराइल में न्यायिक सुधार (ज्यूडिशियल ओवरहॉल) बिल पास होने का विवाद थमता नजर नहीं आ रहा https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oW3LFfj15tI युग चरण के साथ देखिये देश-विदेश की सभी महत्वपूर्ण और बड़ी खबरें | अडाणी ग्रीन एनर्जी ने 31 जुलाई को फाइनेंशियल ईयर 2024 की पहली तिमाही के नतीजे जारी किये। Adani Green Energy released the results for the first quarter of the financial year 2024 on 31 July. इजराइल में न्यायिक सुधार (ज्यूडिशियल ओवरहॉल) बिल पास होने का विवाद थमता नजर नहीं आ रहा The controversy over the passing of the Judicial Overhaul Bill in Israel does not seem to stop. नॉन RAS से IAS पदोन्नति प्रक्रिया पर रोक जारी रहेगी। The ban on non-RAS to IAS promotion process will continue. ED ने आरजेडी सुप्रीमो लालू यादव और उनके परिवार की 6 करोड़ 2 लाख की संपत्ति अटैच की। ED attached assets worth 6 crore 2 lakhs of RJD supremo Lalu Yadav and his family. राजस्थान में इस मानसून भारी बारिश के साथ डेंगू-मलेरिआ के केस भी तेज़ी से बढ़ने लगे। With heavy rains this monsoon, cases of dengue and malaria also started increasing rapidly in Rajasthan. Watch the latest Hindi news Live on the World's Most Loved News Channel on YouTube. #News #NewsHindiLive #LiveTVNews #HindiNews Latest News about Politics , Sports , Entertainment, Crime at Yugcharan Channel. Un Biased News Reporting ! Follow this link to join our WhatsApp group to get Latest News Updates : https://chat.whatsapp.com/ESor6YJXGEIL9y7DZRCtim Subscribe our channel for the latest news: https://www.youtube.com/@yugcharan Like us: https://www.facebook.com/theyugcharan Follow us: https://twitter.com/theyugcharan Telegram : https://t.me/TheYugCharanpaper Instagram : https://www.instagram.com/theyugcharan/ Website : https://yugcharan.com #today_breaking_news #Breaking_news #Latest_news #Hindi_News Your Queries : #hindinews #news #today_breaking_news #latest_news #livetvnews #adani #adanigroup #israel #laluyadav #edraid #rjd #politicalnews #today_breaking_news #livenews #livetvnews #todaynews #news via Yugcharan News https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCbT6O9BlRulH48ph5QmCYEg August 01, 2023 at 03:15PM

[tezlivenews]

कोरोना के बाद अब राजस्थान में डेंगू का डंक, पिछले साल से तीन गुना मरीज

कोरोना के बाद अब राजस्थान में डेंगू का डंक, पिछले साल से तीन गुना मरीज

हाइलाइट्स राजस्थान में तेजी से बढ रहा है डेंगू चिकित्सा महकमा हुआ अलर्ट, कल से चलेगा विशेष अभियान सभी डॉक्टर्स के अवकाश रद्द, 10 मरीजों की हो चुकी डेंगू से मौत कोरोना के बाद अब डेंगू का डंक गतवर्ष की इस साल तीन गुणा ज्यादा बढे डेंगू के मरीज जयपुर, रामस्वरूप लामरोड़कोरोना संक्रमण के बाद अब डेंगू ने अपना कहर बरपाना शुरु कर दिया है। राजस्थान में डेंगू के मरीजों की संख्या में काफी बढोतरी देखी जा…

[hummingzone]

Gujarat prone to repeated dengue strikes: Study | Ahmedabad News - Times of India

Gujarat prone to repeated dengue strikes: Study | Ahmedabad News – Times of India

AHMEDABAD: In India, Gujarat and three northeastern states are at the greatest risk of high repeat incidence of dengue. This observation is derived from a mammoth survey that began in January 2014, in which 2.11 lakh dengue cases across India were analyzed by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai. By early 2018, the institution had collected…

[ziqitzarajasthan00]

Ziqitza Rajasthan – Why is National Dengue Day observed?

National Dengue Day is observed every year on May 16th in India under the recommendation of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The day is observed to generate awareness about dengue fever and to promote and intensify the measures to control the spread of the disease.

Ziqitza Healthcare explains that Dengue fever is a tropical disease and is mosquito-borne. The disease is caused by the virus called dengue. The disease has a gestation period of thirteen to fourteen days and the symptoms typically do not appear before that. The dengue fever symptoms include vomiting, high fever, headache, joint aches etc and the person suffering from dengue develops a characteristic skin rash peculiar to dengue only. The recovery time usually ranges between two to seven days, however, in rare scenarios, the disease develops into a more severe dengue hemorrhagic fever. Ziqitza further explains that the dengue hemorrhagic fever could lead to bleeding, lower count of blood platelets, low blood pressure and other fatal symptoms.

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Ziqitza Healthcare ltd further elaborates that dengue is spread by several species of female mosquitoes belonging to Aedes genus, more specifically Aedes aegypti. The virus is classified into five different kinds of serotypes. If you’re infected by one type, you develop lifelong immunity to that type, however, short-term immunity to other types. A subsequent infection from different types increases the chances of developing severe and fatal complications.

India experiences a large amount of dengue cases during the transmission seasons. In the year 2017, Tamil Nadu reported the maximum number of dengue cases. The state was followed by Kerala, Karnataka, Punjab, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Haryana, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Delhi and other states. Ziqitza Rajasthan stresses on the World Health Organisation’s report that the incidences of dengue has increased exponentially around the world. WHO estimates that the world experiences on average a 100-400 million cases of infection every year.

Dengue is potentially a fatal disease and is most commonly found in tropical and subtropical climates. While the country is dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, Ziqitza Limited lays out that it is absolutely imperative that serious measures are undertaken to prevent concurrent outbreak of dengue. The cases of dengue follow a seasonal pattern and typically rise between July to November. ZHL Rajasthan asserts that timely preventive measures can play an efficient role in curbing the spread of dengue fever.

Removal of stagnant water: The  Aedes mosquito responsible for transmitting the dengue fever breeds in stagnant water, and this is the precise reason why dengue cases catapults during monsoons. Exposed flower vases, water containers, pots, buckets etc must be cleaned regularly and replaced with fresh water. One must use larvicides when possible to kill the larvae of the Aedes mosquito. Exposed containers with stagnant water must be kept covered always in order to prevent the infestation.

Keep hands and legs covered: One must always keep their hands and legs covered during the season time of the dengue. Proper coverage of hands and legs can prevent mosquito bites. One should avoid using aromatic perfumes and soaps etc and must apply a generous amount of mosquito repellants when stepping outside. Ziqitza Limited Rajasthan further advises that during monsoons, one must avoid dengue hotspots and areas where water gets accumulated.

Keep your homes safe from mosquitos: Not just outside, one must keep their guard on even inside the house against the mosquitoes. Window screens and other structural barriers must be installed at homes to stop mosquitoes from entering the house. If using a mosquito net, then it must be insecticide treated. Over the counter available coils and vaporisers are effective against mosquitoes, they can also be used inside houses lest you are not allergic to them.

Responsible waste segregation: Practising separate disposal of dry waste and wet waste is not just an eco-friendly practice, but is also crucial to curtail the spread of dengue. Wet garbage offers perfect breeding ground for mosquitoes. Responsible segregation and disposal of wet waste ensures safety of all stakeholder involved in waste handling.

National Dengue Day is an affirmative step taken by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to create awareness about dengue fever and promote preventive measures to curb the spread of the disease and outbreaks. Ziqitza Health care limited notes that the observance is a constructive effort to mobilise state government, civic bodies, nonprofits to improve the country’s preparedness and vigilance against dengue. Preventive measures are necessary to curb the outbreak of diseases and to not put extra avoidable burden on the health infrastructure and system of the country.

[ziqitzahealthcare]

Ziqitza Rajasthan - Why is National Dengue Day observed?

National Dengue Day is observed every year on May 16th in India under the recommendation of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The day is observed to generate awareness about dengue fever and to promote and intensify the measures to control the spread of the disease.

 Ziqitza Healthcare explains that Dengue fever is a tropical disease and is mosquito-borne. The disease is caused by the virus called dengue. The disease has a gestation period of thirteen to fourteen days and the symptoms typically do not appear before that. The dengue fever symptoms include vomiting, high fever, headache, joint aches etc and the person suffering from dengue develops a characteristic skin rash peculiar to dengue only. The recovery time usually ranges between two to seven days, however, in rare scenarios, the disease develops into a more severe dengue hemorrhagic fever. Ziqitza further explains that the dengue hemorrhagic fever could lead to bleeding, lower count of blood platelets, low blood pressure and other fatal symptoms.

 Ziqitza Healthcare ltd further elaborates that dengue is spread by several species of female mosquitoes belonging to Aedes genus, more specifically Aedes aegypti. The virus is classified into five different kinds of serotypes. If you’re infected by one type, you develop lifelong immunity to that type, however, short-term immunity to other types. A subsequent infection from different types increases the chances of developing severe and fatal complications.

 India experiences a large amount of dengue cases during the transmission seasons. In the year 2017, Tamil Nadu reported the maximum number of dengue cases. The state was followed by Kerala, Karnataka, Punjab, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Haryana, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Delhi and other states. Ziqitza Rajasthan stresses on the World Health Organisation’s report that the incidences of dengue has increased exponentially around the world. WHO estimates that the world experiences on average a 100-400 million cases of infection every year.

 Dengue is potentially a fatal disease and is most commonly found in tropical and subtropical climates. While the country is dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, Ziqitza Limited lays out that it is absolutely imperative that serious measures are undertaken to prevent concurrent outbreak of dengue. The cases of dengue follow a seasonal pattern and typically rise between July to November. ZHL Rajasthan asserts that timely preventive measures can play an efficient role in curbing the spread of dengue fever.

 -          Removal of stagnant water: The  Aedes mosquito responsible for transmitting the dengue fever breeds in stagnant water, and this is the precise reason why dengue cases catapults during monsoons. Exposed flower vases, water containers, pots, buckets etc must be cleaned regularly and replaced with fresh water. One must use larvicides when possible to kill the larvae of the Aedes mosquito. Exposed containers with stagnant water must be kept covered always in order to prevent the infestation.

-          Keep hands and legs covered: One must always keep their hands and legs covered during the season time of the dengue. Proper coverage of hands and legs can prevent mosquito bites. One should avoid using aromatic perfumes and soaps etc and must apply a generous amount of mosquito repellants when stepping outside. Ziqitza Limited Rajasthan further advises that during monsoons, one must avoid dengue hotspots and areas where water gets accumulated.

-          Keep your homes safe from mosquitos: Not just outside, one must keep their guard on even inside the house against the mosquitoes. Window screens and other structural barriers must be installed at homes to stop mosquitoes from entering the house. If using a mosquito net, then it must be insecticide treated. Over the counter available coils and vaporisers are effective against mosquitoes, they can also be used inside houses lest you are not allergic to them.

-          Responsible waste segregation: Practising separate disposal of dry waste and wet waste is not just an eco-friendly practice, but is also crucial to curtail the spread of dengue. Wet garbage offers perfect breeding ground for mosquitoes. Responsible segregation and disposal of wet waste ensures safety of all stakeholder involved in waste handling.

 National Dengue Day is an affirmative step taken by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to create awareness about dengue fever and promote preventive measures to curb the spread of the disease and outbreaks. Ziqitza Health care limited notes that the observance is a constructive effort to mobilise state government, civic bodies, nonprofits to improve the country’s preparedness and vigilance against dengue. Preventive measures are necessary to curb the outbreak of diseases and to not put extra avoidable burden on the health infrastructure and system of the country.  

[rupalic]

Insect Repellent Active Ingredients Market Trends

According to a research report “Insect Repellent Active Ingredients Market by Type (DEET, Picaridin, IR 3535, P-Methane3,8 DIOL, DEPA), Concentration (Less than 10%, 10% to 50%, More Than 50%), Insect Type (Mosquitoes, Bugs), End Application and Region – Global Forecast to 2028″ published by MarketsandMarkets, the insect repellent active ingredients market is estimated at USD 1.0 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 1.5 billion by 2028, at a CAGR of 7.6% from 2023 to 2028. The rise in insect-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, Zika virus, and Lyme disease, has heightened the need for effective insect repellents. According to WHO 2020, More than 17% of all infectious diseases are vector-borne diseases, which result in more than 700 000 deaths per year. They may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. As people become more aware of the health risks associated with insect bites, the demand for insect repellent products, and consequently, their active ingredients, has increased.

Asia Pacific is expected to account for the largest market share in 2023.

The insect repellent active ingredients market industry has been studied in North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America and Rest of the World. The Asia Pacific region is known for having a high prevalence of insect-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, and Zika virus. According to article by National Library of Medicine 2022, India reported a ZIKV outbreak in Kerala in July 2021, the first activity in the region of South-East Asia since the outbreak in Rajasthan, India, in 2018. At least 70 ZIKV disease cases were found after extensive testing and confirmed by PCR by August 2021. These diseases pose significant health risks to the population, leading to a greater demand for insect repellent products and active ingredients to protect against insect bites.

Download PDF Brochure: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/pdfdownloadNew.asp?id=111358884

DEET segment, by type is expected to account for the largest share in 2023.

DEET has been proven to be highly effective in repelling a wide range of biting insects, including mosquitoes, ticks, flies, and fleas. It is known to provide long-lasting protection, making it a preferred choice for individuals seeking reliable insect repellent solutions. DEET can be used in various formulations, such as sprays, lotions, creams, and wipes, making it suitable for different user preferences and needs. It can be applied directly to the skin or on clothing, making it versatile for both personal and outdoor use.

Major players operating in the insect repellent active ingredients market includes Spectrum Brands Inc. (US), Reckitt Beneckiser Group Plc (UK), Henkel AG & Co KGaA (Germany), MERCK KGaA (Germany), S.C. Johnson & Son Inc. (US), Dabur (India), Godrej (India), Sawyer (US), BUGG Products, LLC (US), Coghlan’s (Canada), Vertellus (US), Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd (Japan), Clariant (Switzerland), Citrefine (UK), NK Chemiosys Pvt. Ltd. (India), and Shorgun Organics (India).

Make an Inquiry: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Enquiry_Before_BuyingNew.asp?id=111358884

[technomoz]

Dengue outbreak: Health Ministry sends central teams to 9 states, UTs

Dengue outbreak: Health Ministry sends central teams to 9 states, UTs

The Federal Ministry of Health on Tuesday fielded central teams of experts in nine states and union territories to help them provide technical guidance, including public health measures, for managing dengue outbreaks. The move came amid a high number of dengue cases reported in Haryana, Punjab, Kerala, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir. The expert teams…

[giestt2931]

How to recognize the role of negative energy in illness.

Good morning, Good afternoon, good evening good night. Greeting to the elders and love to the younger ones. Dear readers today I shall be discussing with you an indication which will warn you against the role of negative energy. Now through different cases which I have dealt with, today I try to tell the origin of problem and its rectification. If you might face such situation this article will be great help for you. Many cases come to me having similar problems, so you might be one of them facing the same problem. In this context , article written by me will provide you great help as when problem comes, mind does not work at full level. So let's start the case.Generally rainy season comes with many new diseases. Dengue fever is also one of them. So the incidence is full of illness but behind it something other you will find, read yourself.A student of mine ,named Vaibhav (changed name) came to me with the problem, accompanied by his mother. Vaibhav's Family had become near and dear to our family. Since it was a problem, we all sat in a place of worship. Vaibhav knew that I was staunch follower of God and provided remedies , so he came to me with the problem. His Mother narrated the full story. She told that the Vaibhav's elder sister was married in Ajmer in Rajasthan. Name of sister was Geeta. Geeta's husband was a Hindi lecturer in university. Geeta was also doing the job of teacher in a school. Geeta had two children,a boy and a girl. Read the full article

[loyallogic]

COVID-19 Crisis: Law, Lockdown and Rights

This article is written by Fatema Lightwala and Nipa Dharod, pursuing B.L.S L.L.B from SVKM’s Pravin Gandhi College of Law. This article speaks about the various legislations encompassing the COVID-19 Lockdown in India and the constitutionality of the various provisions adopted by the Government to curb the spread of the virus. It further analyses the status quo regarding the plight of migrant labourers and the atrocities committed by the law enforcement personnel. 

Introduction

The World Health Organization (WHO), on 11th March, 2020 declared the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic. COVID-19 (Coronavirus), a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 which precipitously transformed from an epidemic to a pandemic originated at the infamous Huanan Seafood market at Wuhan when a person got infected by a virus from an animal on 17th November, 2019. Initially, limited to China, today coronavirus has spread across the globe, from Vatican City to Russia, with the death toll constantly at a rise, sending millions of people into lockdown as health services struggle to subsist. The pandemic which is now a global health hazard has kept many questioning, whether in the imminent future will there be any country which will be corona-free? 

India with its gargantuan population, deplorable standards of hygiene and sanitation, unhealthy living conditions, poor and deficient health system is highly susceptible to the virus. To follow the norm of social distancing in inadequately ventilated and closely situated houses is a far-fetched dream. These areas are the major hotspots for epidemics like coronavirus which are extremely contagious. 

With the number of detected cases escalating, many individual states announced the closure of schools, colleges, cinemas, gyms, and other public places. In several states including Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, etc., Section 144 of CrPC was imposed.  This section promotes the principle of social distancing and thus acts as a chief preventive measure against the virus. Section 144 of CrPC empowers any Executive Magistrate to prohibit the assembly of four or more people in an area in apprehension of danger to human life, health or safety. This further forbids public meetings, movements and rallies and orders temporary cessation of educational institutions. An individual violating these provisions can be punished with imprisonment or fine or both. Moreover, obstructing law enforcement authorities from dispersing an unlawful assembly is also punishable. 

With the proliferation of COVID-19 cases throughout India, the Union Government declared a nationwide lockdown. The Ministry of Home Affairs issued an order under Section 6(2)(i) of Disaster Management Act, 2005 for implementation of various measures such as restricting residents’ movements outside their homes, closure of non-essential services, private and state offices, educational and religious institutions and suspension of transport services. Nevertheless, essential commodities and service establishments like groceries, dairies, ATMs, pharmacies and medical services were allowed to function. Additionally, several provisions of the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 (EDA) and the Disaster Management Act, 2005 (DMA) were invoked to tackle the spread of the virus.

Related Legislations

Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 (EDA)

The Epidemic Diseases Act was enacted in 1897 during the British Raj to tackle the outbreak of epidemics and to provide for the better prevention of the spread of dangerous epidemic diseases. In India, the act has been invoked several times to curb the spread of diseases such as cholera, dengue, malaria, swine flu, etc. 

Subsequent to the WHO declaring COVID-19 a pandemic, the Central Government decided that all states/ UT’s should be advised by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) to invoke the provisions of Section 2 of EDA, to ensure that any advisories issued by the MoHFW and the state governments are enforceable. Accordingly, various states have promulgated special regulations and provisions such as providing temporary accommodation or segregation of people in hospitals, compulsory screening, quarantine measures, restricting entry and exit in areas, etc. to curb epidemics within their state jurisdiction. Further, the Epidemic Diseases Amendment Ordinance dated 22nd April, 2020 permits the Central Government to lay down rules as to the inspection and detention of any bus, train, goods vehicle, ship, vessel or aircraft arriving or leaving the territory of India or the detention of any person intending to travel therein or arriving thereby.

The Epidemic Diseases Act vests in the state governments the power to make any provisions for the prevention of the disease, nonetheless the Act itself stands silent on various aspects such as expenses incurred by the State and the Centre, any framework for responding to epidemics, lockdown provisions, guidelines to be followed by hospitals and healthcare personnel, travel restrictions, etc. Moreover, the Central Government is given only advisory jurisdiction, thus incapacitating it from implementing policy decisions. The Act endows excessive responsibilities on the State. However, such perilous emergency decisions cannot be left to be dealt with through temporary regulations by state officials on the spot. This is unconstitutional as it is based on the doctrine of ‘excessive delegation’. This can be highly detrimental in grave emergencies and disasters, especially when the state fails to effectively regulate a crisis.

Disaster Management Act, 2005 (DMA) 

The Central Government has declared COVID-19 crisis as a ‘notified disaster’, a ‘critical medical condition and pandemic situation’, thus bringing it within the ambit of the Act and allowing it wide powers to deal with the pandemic by laying down guidelines, plans, policies to provide for an efficient and effective response to the crisis. The DMA provides for the establishment of the National, State and District Disaster Management Authorities for effectively managing a disaster. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), which is chaired by the Prime Minister is empowered to lay down directions and guidelines for reducing the risk and effects of disasters through mitigation strategies, capacity building, etc.

Section 51 of DMA provides for punishment for obstructing any authority under DMA or non-compliance of any direction given by the authorities. Section 52 of the Act makes provisions against ill-fated people that maliciously seek to get benefits from the government based on false claims. In emergency situations like these, where fake news spreads faster than the virus, legislation to curb such immoral practices are the need of the hour. Section 54 of DMA provides for imprisonment up to one year for those who make or circulate a false alarm or warning regarding a disaster or its severity or magnitude. This section puts a bar on citizens with malafide intentions from creating unnecessary havoc and chaos in the nation by spreading rumours and fake news and also ensures that the press furnishes nothing but the status quo.

Laws pertaining to essential commodities and essential services 

The major setback of lockdown has been the loss of production owing to various factors such as reduction in labour supply, restrictions on transport, etc. which has led to scarcity of essential commodities. A severe consequence to this can be a spike in unlawful activities such as black marketing, hoarding, profiteering and speculation eventually leading to inflation. Some states also witnessed an abrupt rise in prices and scarcity of masks, hand sanitisers and alcohol used in sanitizers. To resolve this, the Centre directed the State governments to invoke the provisions of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 which empowers it to regulate or prohibit production, supply, distribution, etc. of essential commodities by taking various measures such as fixing prices and stock limits, boosting production, scrutinizing accounts of dealers, etc. Individuals violating these provisions shall be punished with imprisonment of seven years or fine or both. The Prevention of Black-marketing and Maintenance of Supplies of Essential Commodities Act, 1980 is also a competent legislation under which the State governments can detain offenders.

Further, to ensure uninterrupted availability of essential services such as electric and water supply, transportation (for essential purposes only), police, defence, medical services, etc., the Essential Services Maintenance Act, 1968 has also been invoked. The primary objective of the Act is to provide for the maintenance of certain essential services integral to human functioning.

                  Click Above

Penal Provisions 

There have been numerous occasions of people flouting quarantine measures, evading health screening at airports, concealing their travel history, organizing public events and disobeying government orders. Owing to such careless acts and irresponsible behaviour, people have not only risked lives of their near and dear ones but also jeopardized the safety of the nation at large. It is crucial to educate the citizens about the various laws and provisions under which they can be penalized for such acts. Violations of the prevailing lockdown provisions are punishable in accordance with the following sections of the Indian Penal Code, 1860.

Section 188 – Disobedience to an order duly promulgated by a public servant. 

Section 269 – Negligent act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life. 

Section 270 – Malignant act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life.

Section 271 – Disobedience to Quarantine rule.

An individual committing an offence under these sections shall be penalized with imprisonment or fine or both. Section 271 is a non-cognizable and bailable offence while the remaining three sections are cognizable and bailable in nature. 

Human Rights

“The pandemic is a human crisis that is fast becoming a human rights crisis.”

    -UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres

The mandate of human rights is ensuring a dignified life, liberty and equality to all citizens. Anything that contravenes these assurances sabotages the very principles on which our Constitution stands and is indeed a huge failure on the part of Democracy. The Golden Triangle i.e. Article 14, 19 and 21 bear a witness to these principles enshrined in the Constitution. Even in disasters and emergency situations like these, the Government cannot encroach upon the fundamental rights of citizens and is duty bound to uphold these rights.

Plight of migrant workers 

Subsequent to the Government announcing the lockdown with a meagre four hours’ notice, millions of migrant workers across the country were left starving without a roof on their head. Several Indians stranded abroad before the lockdown were rescued by specialized flights scheduled by the nation. In contrast, the government failed to provide transportation facilities to the migrant workers which was highly criticized and condemned. Later, they provided these facilities but at huge costs and complex procedures, thus leaving the migrant workers with no option but walking thousands of kilometres to their homes.

Instances such as police brutality on workers, spraying disinfectants on them, failure on part of the government to provide accommodation and basic necessities amid the excruciating and distressing journeys are a mockery to human rights. Moreover, various states have stigmatized them as ‘virus carriers’ and also been reluctant to admit their native migrants back. Various state governments have provided relief packages and schemes to the workers, however they cannot avail the same because they don’t have domicile documents. It is high time that we adopt measures like ‘One Nation, One Ration-card’. There is a pressing need to create a ubiquitous social security scheme through accurate databases regarding the migrants and develop effective coordination between states.

The uncelebrated Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979 aims to ensure safe migration, prevention of exploitation and protection of the rights of migrant workers. However, the obsolete legislation only remained on paper and failed to protect this marginalized group. Further, the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2019 (Bill No. 186 of 2019) was introduced in the Lower House to strengthen migrant labour rights, however it has not yet been enacted. The Government’s response has failed to confront their appalling humanitarian condition and further aggravated their vulnerability.

Police brutality

Another rampant civil rights violation which has emerged during this crisis is police brutality. Section 4 of EDA states that, ‘No suit or legal proceeding lies against any person or authority for anything done or in good faith intended to be done under this Act’, thus giving unrestricted, and absolute powers to the police authorities. The government guidelines allow certain relaxations to lockdown measures whereby citizens can move about to fulfil their essential needs. Nevertheless, the media is flooded with several disturbing videos whereby people were assaulted, beaten to death, shopkeepers were harassed and forced to pay bribes, violators were demeaned and compelled to do push-ups, sit-ups, crouches, workers were stuffed in suffocating truck containers, etc. Such arbitrary use of force has frightened not only the common man venturing out to fulfil his essential needs but also the workers delivering such essential goods and services. None of the provisions of The Police Act, 1861 empower a police officer to brutalize citizens and use arbitrary measures against them.

The authorities can charge the violators under the relevant statutes and duly prosecute them instead of subjecting them to humiliating treatment. They should not resort to excessive use of force or function in contravention to the legal framework. Mere suspension of police officers does not serve the purpose of deterring them and they must be dealt with by the courts in accordance with law. Police misconduct and abuse of power has been condemned by the Supreme Court and through several judgments it has held the state liable and granted pecuniary compensations for infringement of fundamental rights.

Conclusion

Article 21 ensures protection of life and personal liberty to all the citizens. Life here does not mean mere animal existence, but right to live with human dignity. According to J. Bhagwati, “This right has been held to be the heart of the Constitution, the most organic and progressive provision in our living constitution, the foundation of our laws”. The aforementioned occurrences are a clear infringement of this sacrosanct right. The lockdown provisions and legislations dealing with epidemics not only fail to safeguard the Fundamental Rights of citizens but also prove to be deficient. A strong plan of action, efficient surveillance networks, effective regulations and resilient health systems are imperative to deal with such a crisis. Ergo, there is an urgent need for a solid, all-encompassing and humane legislation that, inter alia, clearly provides for an administrative structure for crisis management and positively corresponds to the current situation. Until any such legislation is formulated, citizens need to be vigilant and courts need to ensure that there is no transgression of authority.

References

‘WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020’ (World Health Organisation, 11 March 2020) https://ift.tt/34l7693

Mackenzie JS, Smith DW, ‘COVID-19: a novel zoonotic disease caused by a coronavirus from China: what we know and what we don’t’ [2020] https://ift.tt/32aPMEF

Mohammed Iqbal, ‘Coronavirus | Prohibitory orders in Rajasthan after 3 new cases test positive’ The Hindu (Jaipur, 19 March 2020) ; Alok Deshpande, ‘Section 144 imposed in all cities of Maharashtra: Uddhav’ The Hindu (Mumbai, 22 March 2020)

‘High level Group of Ministers reviews current status, and actions for prevention and management of COVID-19’ (Press Information Bureau, 11 March 2020) https://ift.tt/2DvAujy

ANI, ‘COVID-19 notified disaster; Centre announces Rs 4 lakh ex-gratia for deaths’ The Times of India (New Delhi, 14 March 2020)

Writankar Mukherjee, Ratna Bhushan,Teena Thacker, ‘Coronavirus terror in India: Sanitisers, masks sold out, prices peak’ The Economic Times (Kolkata New Delhi, 5 March 2020)

‘The Plight of Migrants Remains the Foremost Casualty of India’s Covid-19 Response’ (2020) The Citizen Bureau https://ift.tt/32bmdTv, Anisha Sircar, ‘India’s Coronavirus lockdown is bringing out the worst in its police force’ Quartz India (27March 2020)

Maneka Gandhi v UOI [1978] AIR 597 (SC)

Rudal Shah v State of Bihar [1983] AIR 1086 (SC)

Bhim Singh v State of Rajasthan [1986] AIR 494 (SC)

Smt. Gian Kaur v The State Of Punjab [1996] AIR 946

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[gurmeetbabaramrahim]

Swine Flu Deaths - Baba Ram Rahim's Cleanliness Drives missing

Swine flu deaths on the rise - with almost 100 deaths in Rajasthan alone, Here are some ways to curb this deadly menace

The number of people who have died due to swine flu is increasing day by day. What is shocking is that more than 100 cases of swine flu have been reported in Rajasthan alone, till now in this year itself. Despite all the efforts, this disease is not being controlled. In order to deal with this disease, the government has set up investigating panels in the entire state, along with going to house-to-house inspection. It is also reported that 70 deaths were due to other diseases along with swine flu. If you talk about the whole country, this disease has already killed 250 people this year. According to the report of the Union Health Ministry, in Rajasthan, 2706 cases have been linked to this disease till Thursday, whereas 1187 cases have been reported in Gujarat and 84 have also been victims of this disease. If you talk about Punjab, then 301 cases have been reported in Punjab and 30 have died there too. In Maharashtra, 197 cases have been reported and 13 people have been killed. The Health Ministry has given special instructions to control the disease.

You will be surprised to know, this disease and specifically dengue, was well under control, by Baba Ram Rahim Ji and his followers due to their regular cleaning drives in all these states like Rajasthan, Haryana, UP, Punjab etc. And with these missing, And with lacs participating in these cleanliness drives, it was almost like giving a new avatar to the cities, where the residents also filled pledge forms to keep their areas clean. According to Baba Ram Rahim Ji, such drives raise the bar in the residents, to keep their neighborhoods clean, and they are even motivated to take this further, with a spiritual cleanse as well. And the importance of clean surroundings on health and curbing diseases like Dengue, swine flu, malaria etc is well known. What is swine flu and how can it be prevented? Know some important things- Swine symptoms are similar to the usual seasonal flu, so that is the reason; this fever is not quickly identified. Only after testing of blood can this be confirmed. So there is a need to be careful a lot. Swine flu is a type of virus that also spreads from one body to another.

Some precautions to avoid this deadly disease called swine flue

Whenever you go out of the house, keep a Hand Sanitiser with you. Before touching anything to eat, use Sanitiser only then proceed with eating.

Keep your hand, nose or mouth covered while coughing or sneezing.

Wash and eat all kinds of fruits and vegetables.

Wear a flu mask, if going to crowded places.

Once you feel ill, and then consult a doctor once.

Also, keep the surroundings clean that will always pave the way to keep most diseases at bay. Baba Ram Rahim’s number 1 advice, to his followers, “Ho Prithvi saaf, mite rog abhishaap”. “Clean earth, say goodbye to diseases”, only if this could be heeded a little more.

Original Posted: https://www.babaramrahim.guru/2019/02/swine-flu-deaths-baba-ram-rahims-Cleanliness-Drives-missing.html

[rupalic]

Insect Repellent Active Ingredients Market: Global Outlook, Trends, and Forecast

According to a research report "Insect Repellent Active Ingredients Market by Type (DEET, Picaridin, IR 3535, P-Methane3,8 DIOL, DEPA), Concentration (Less than 10%, 10% to 50%, More Than 50%), Insect Type (Mosquitoes, Bugs), End Application and Region - Global Forecast to 2028" published by MarketsandMarkets, the insect repellent active ingredients market is estimated at USD 1.0 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 1.5 billion by 2028, at a CAGR of 7.6% from 2023 to 2028. The rise in insect-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, Zika virus, and Lyme disease, has heightened the need for effective insect repellents. According to WHO 2020, More than 17% of all infectious diseases are vector-borne diseases, which result in more than 700 000 deaths per year. They may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. As people become more aware of the health risks associated with insect bites, the demand for insect repellent products, and consequently, their active ingredients, has increased.

Asia Pacific is expected to account for the largest market share in 2023.

The insect repellent active ingredients market industry has been studied in North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America and Rest of the World. The Asia Pacific region is known for having a high prevalence of insect-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, and Zika virus. According to article by National Library of Medicine 2022, India reported a ZIKV outbreak in Kerala in July 2021, the first activity in the region of South-East Asia since the outbreak in Rajasthan, India, in 2018. At least 70 ZIKV disease cases were found after extensive testing and confirmed by PCR by August 2021. These diseases pose significant health risks to the population, leading to a greater demand for insect repellent products and active ingredients to protect against insect bites.

Download PDF Brochure: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/pdfdownloadNew.asp?id=111358884

DEET segment, by type is expected to account for the largest share in 2023.

DEET has been proven to be highly effective in repelling a wide range of biting insects, including mosquitoes, ticks, flies, and fleas. It is known to provide long-lasting protection, making it a preferred choice for individuals seeking reliable insect repellent solutions. DEET can be used in various formulations, such as sprays, lotions, creams, and wipes, making it suitable for different user preferences and needs. It can be applied directly to the skin or on clothing, making it versatile for both personal and outdoor use.

Major players operating in the insect repellent active ingredients market includes Spectrum Brands Inc. (US), Reckitt Beneckiser Group Plc (UK), Henkel AG & Co KGaA (Germany), MERCK KGaA (Germany), S.C. Johnson & Son Inc. (US), Dabur (India), Godrej (India), Sawyer (US), BUGG Products, LLC (US), Coghlan’s (Canada), Vertellus (US), Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd (Japan), Clariant (Switzerland), Citrefine (UK), NK Chemiosys Pvt. Ltd. (India), and Shorgun Organics (India).

Make an Inquiry: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Enquiry_Before_BuyingNew.asp?id=111358884

[itsfinancethings]

NEW DELHI — As if the coronavirus wasn’t enough, India grappled with scorching temperatures and the worst locust invasion in decades as authorities prepared for the end of a monthslong lockdown despite recording thousands of new infections every day.

This triple disaster drew biblical comparisons and forced officials to try to balance the competing demands of simultaneous public health crises: encourage people to protect themselves from eviscerating heat but also practice social distancing in newly reopened parks and markets.

The heat wave threatens to compound the challenges of containing the virus, which has started spreading more quickly and broadly since the government began easing restrictions of one of the world’s most stringent lockdowns earlier this month.

“The world will not get a chance to breathe anymore. The ferocity of crises is increasing, and they’re not going to be spaced out,” said Sunita Narain of New Delhi’s Center for Science and Environment.

When her 6-year-old son woke up with a parched throat and a fever, housekeeper Kalista Ekka wanted to bring him to the hospital. But facing a deluge of COVID-19 patients, the doctor advised Ekka to keep him at home despite boiling temperatures in the family’s two room-apartment in a low-income neighborhood in South Delhi.

“The fan only makes it hotter but we can’t open the window because it has no screen,” and thus no defense against malaria and dengue-carrying mosquitoes, Ekka said.

In a nearby upmarket enclave crowded with walkers and joggers every morning and at dusk — some with face coverings, some without — neighbors debated the merits of masks in an online forum.

In the heat, “it is very dangerous to work out with a mask. So a Catch-22 situation,” said Asmita Singh.

Temperatures soared to 118 degrees Fahrenheit (47.6 degrees Celsius) in the capital New Delhi this week, marking the warmest May day in 18 years, and 122 F (50 C) in the desert state of Rajasthan, after the world’s hottest April on record.

India suffers from severe water shortages and tens of millions lack running water and air conditioning, leaving many to seek relief under shady trees in public parks and stepwells, the ancient structures used to harvest rainwater.

Though many people continued wearing masks properly, others pushed them onto chins, or had foregone them altogether.

Cyclone Amphan, a massive super storm that crossed the unusually warm Bay of Bengal last week, sucked up huge amounts of moisture, leaving dry, hot winds to form a heat wave over parts of central and northern India.

At the same time, swarms of desert locusts have devastated crops in India’s heartland, threatening an already vulnerable region that is struggling with the economic cost of the lockdown.

Exasperated farmers have been banging plates, whistling or throwing stones to try to drive the locusts away, and sometimes even lighting fires to smoke them out. The swarms appeared poised to head from Rajasthan north to Delhi, but on Wednesday a change in wind direction sent them southward toward the state of Madhya Pradesh instead.

K.L. Gurjar, a top official of India’s Locust Warning Organization, said his 50-person team was scrambling to stop the swarms before breeding can take place during India’s monsoons, which begin in July. Otherwise, he said, the locusts could destroy India’s summer crops.

Meanwhile, India reported another record single-day jump of more than 6,500 coronavirus cases on Thursday, pushing up the total to 158,333 confirmed cases and 4,531 deaths.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government is preparing a new set of guidelines to be issued this weekend, possibly extending the lockdown in worst-hit areas while promoting economic activity elsewhere, with unemployment surging to 25%.

The sudden halt to the Indian economy when the lockdown began March 25 has been devastating for daily laborers and migrant workers, who fled cities on foot for their family homes in the countryside.

The government started running special trains for the migrants, but deaths because of starvation or dehydration have been reported. Others immediately put into quarantine centers upon their arrival in home districts have tested positive for COVID-19, adding to the burden of severely strained rural health systems.

During the lockdown, Modi’s environment ministry has moved to lower liabilities for industrial polluters and given private players the right to explore for coal and mine it. Cheap oil will fuel recovery efforts worldwide.

Indian environmental journalist Joydeep Gupta said that the perfect storm of pandemic, heat and locusts show India must go green. He said the government should implement policies to safeguard biodiversity and offer incentives for green energy to reduce greenhouse gases that cause climate change.

Instead, “the government is promoting the same sectors of the industry that have caused the multiple crises in the first place,” he said.

But Narain said other government initiatives that expand federal agriculture employment programs, cash transfer and food ration programs help India deal more effectively with its threats.

“It’s building coping abilities of the very poor to be able to deal with stress after stress after stress,” she said.

[iasshikshalove]

C.A Dated On 25-06-2019

C.A Dated On 25-06-2019 GS-2 Cancer in India: The projected cancer cases were computed using projected incidence rates and population (personyears), said a note to the table annexed by the government to its reply. What does data says?  Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra, the country’s most and second-most populous states, also recorded the highest incidence of cancer by absolute numbers in the three years between 2016 and 2018,l  The estimated incidence of cancer cases (for both men and women) in Uttar Pradesh were 2,45,231; 2,57,353; and 2,70,053 for the years 2016, 2017, and 2018 respectively.  The corresponding numbers for Maharashtra were 1,32,726; 1,38,271; and 1,44,032. Among the lowest estimated incidence was seen in Haryana and Assam, the smaller among the major states.  The projected cancer cases were computed using projected incidence rates and population (person-years), said a note to the table annexed by the government to its reply.  The absolute numbers suggested the fastest year-on-year increase in the incidence of cancer was estimated for Bihar (5.38% from 2016 to 2017, and 5.37% from 2017 to 2018), the country’s third most populous state as per the 2011 Census. Steps taken by govt  The Health Ministry’s reply said the central government was “implementing Strengthening of Tertiary Care Cancer facilities scheme to support setting up of State Cancer Institutes (SCI) and Tertiary Care Cancer Centres (TCCC) in different parts of the country”. Dengue and Rainfall: Mumbai registered its first dengue death this year with 32-year-old Mulund resident on July 20. Health officials are seeing a surge in the viral infection, transmitted by Aedes Aegypti mosquito. The mosquitoborne infection has successively risen in the last few years in Mumbai. C.A Dated On 25-06-2019 What is dengue? Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection that peaks from Monsoons every year. In Mumbai, the cases have risen from 919 in 2015 to 1003 in 2018. In the same period, the suspected dengue cases significantly rose from 12,447 to 14,110. This year already 71 dengue cases have been confirmed by the BMC till July 14. Role of weather  Unlike malaria mosquito (Anopheles) that breeds in water accumulating in open areas, Aedes aegypti mosquito breeds in freshwater in the peri-domestic atmosphere, meaning petri  The dishes, under refrigerator plates, water containers, on sagged tarpaulin sheets, in households. The mosquito’s reach to human beings becomes closer.  During heavy rainfall, water continuously accumulates and gets washed away, thus sweeping away any mosquito larvae.  In Mumbai, however, the last fortnight has seen a dry spell, forcing rainwater to remain stagnant.  This kind of weather is best suited for mosquitoes to breed and multiply. “The mosquito’s life cycle is 7-8 days, to grow from larvae to adult stage.  With the dry spell, the water is not washed away and remains stagnant allowing the larvae to develop into an adult mosquito,). Situation in India  Dengue is prevalent in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan towards west, Delhi, Harayana, Punjab in north, West Bengal towards east and most of southern India. Till May 26, 2019, 5,504 dengue cases have been recorded by the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP).  In 2018, provisional records show 172 people died due to dengue and 1.01 lakh people were infected. Punjab (14,980), Maharashtra (11,011) and Gujarat (7,579) accounted for maximum cases. C.A Dated On 25-06-2019  “The reason for these states to have higher cases is not only weather but also infrastructure to confirm dengue diagnosis. Maharashtra has 42 laboratories that help in more case detection,” Jagtap said.  This year, 23,000 samples have already been screened for dengue virus. Inter-State River Water Disputes (Amendment) Bill, 2019 Why in news? The Inter-State River Water Disputes (Amendment) Bill, 2019 seeks to amend the Inter State River Water Disputes Act, 1956 to streamline the adjudication of inter-State river water disputes. Salient features  A key feature of the Bill is the constitution of a single tribunal with different benches, and the setting of strict timelines for adjudication.  Benches will be set up under the single tribunal. A retired Supreme Court judge will head the tribunal.  There will be benches formed as and when required. The benches though will be wound up once a dispute is resolve, sources said. The 2017 Bill could not get parliamentary nod.  The tribunal will be mandated to deliver final award in two years and it is proposed that whenever it gives order, the verdict gets notified automatically, the sources said.  As per the current provisions of the 1956 Act, a tribunal can be formed after a State government approaches the Union government with such a request and the Centre is convinced of the need to form the tribunal.  At present, there are nine Tribunals including those on Cauvery, Mahadayi, Ravi and Beas, Vansadhara and Krishna rivers. C.A Dated On 25-06-2019 GS-3 Global Innovation Index 2019 Why in news? India has jumped five places to rank 52 in the Global Innovation Index 2019, up from the 57 it had in last year’s rankings. Earlier Performance  India’s rise in the rankings has been a consistent trend over the last few years. It had ranked 81 in 2015, which rose to 66 in 2016, 60 in 2017 and 57 in 2018.  “The performance improvement of India is particularly noteworthy,” the report, brought out by the UN World Intellectual Property Organisation, INSEAD and CII, said. Most innovative  “India continues to be the most innovative economy in central and southern Asia — a distinction held since 2011 — improving its global rank to 52 in 2019.  “India is consistently among the top in the world in innovation drivers such as ICT services exports, graduates in science and engineering, the quality of universities, gross capital formation — a measure of economy-wide investments — and creative goods exports,” the report added.  The report also highlighted that India stands out in the world’s top science and technology clusters, with Bengaluru, Mumbai, and New Delhi featuring among the top 100 global clusters. C.A Dated On 25-06-2019  “Given its size — and if progress is upheld — India will make a true impact on global innovation in the years to come.  Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal, who released the report, said that India’s hope of increasing the size of the economy to $5 trillion cannot happen without significant innovation. Sovereign bonds Why in news? In her maiden Budget speech earlier in this month, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced something that no previous FM had done. She said that the Indian “government would start raising a part of its gross borrowing programme in external markets in external currencies”. According to most reports, this type of borrowing is likely to start by October with the initial amount of $10 billion. What exactly are sovereign bonds? o A bond is like an IOU. The issuer of a bond promises to pay back a fixed amount of money every year until the expiry of the term, at which point the issuer returns the principal amount to the buyer. o When a government issues such a bond it is called a sovereign bond. o Typically, the more financially strong a country, the more well respected is its sovereign bond. o Some of the best known sovereign bonds are the Treasuries (of the United States), the Gilts (of Britain), the OATS (of France), the Bundesanleihen or Bunds (of Germany) and the JGBs (of Japan). And what is the controversial part? C.A Dated On 25-06-2019  The current controversy relates to India’s sovereign bonds that will be floated in foreign countries and will be denominated in foreign currencies.  In other words, both the initial loan amount and the final payment will be in either US dollars or some other comparable currency.  This would differentiate these proposed bonds from either government securities (or G-secs, wherein the Indian government raises loans within India and in Indian rupee) or Masala bonds (wherein Indian entities — not the government — raise money overseas in rupee terms). . . So, why is India borrowing in external markets in external currency? o Possibly the biggest of these is that the Indian government’s domestic borrowing is crowding out private investment and preventing the interest rates from falling even when inflation has cooled off and the RBI is cutting policy rates. o If the government was to borrow some of its loans from outside India, there will be investable money left for private companies to borrow; not to mention that interest rates could start coming down. o Moreover, at less than 5%, India’s sovereign external debt to GDP is among the lowest globally. In other words, there is scope for the Indian government to raise funds this way without worrying too much about the possible negative effects. o Thirdly, a sovereign bond issue will provide a yield curve — a benchmark — for Indian corporates who wish to raise loans in foreign markets. o This will help Indian businesses that have increasingly looked towards foreign economies to borrow money. o Lastly, the timing is great. Globally, and especially in the advanced economies where the government is likely to go to borrow, the interest rates are low and, thanks to the easy C.A Dated On 25-06-2019 monetary policies of foreign central banks, there are a lot of surplus funds waiting for a product that pays more. o In an ideal scenario, it could be win-win for all: Indian government raises loans at interest rates much cheaper than domestic interest rates, while foreign investors get a much higher return than is available in their own markets. Then why are so many cautioning against this move? o The biggest potential fly in the ointment is the element of risk that comes into the picture when a government borrows in foreign markets and in foreign currency. o As N R Bhanumurthy and Kanika Gupta ( both of NIPFP) have shown recently, the volatility in India’s exchange rate is far more than the volatility in the yields of India’s Gsecs (the yields are the interest rate that the government pays when it borrows domestically). o This means that although the government would be borrowing at “cheaper” rates than domestically, the eventual rates (after incorporating the possible weakening of rupee against the dollar) might make the deal costlier. o Rajan has also questioned the assumption that borrowing outside would necessarily reduce the number of government bonds the domestic market will have to absorb. o That’s because if fresh foreign currency comes into the economy, the RBI would have to “neutralise” it by sucking the exact amount out of the money supply. o This, in turn, will require selling more bonds. If the RBI doesn’t do it then the excess money supply will create inflation and push up the interest rates, thus disincentivising private investments. o Lastly, based on the unpleasant experience of other emerging economies, many argue that a small initial borrowing is the thin end of the wedge. C.A Dated On 25-06-2019 o It is quite likely that the government will be tempted to dip into the foreign markets for more loans every time it runs out of money. o At some point, especially if India does not take care of its fiscal health, the foreign investors will pull the plug on fresh investments, creating dire consequences for India. Formation of Milky way Why in news? The Milky Way, home to our sun and billions of other stars, merged with another smaller galaxy in a colossal cosmic collision roughly 10 billion years ago, scientists said on Monday based on data from the Gaia space observatory. How did it happen?  The union of the Milky Way and the so-called dwarf galaxy Gaia-Enceladus increased our galaxy’s mass by about a quarter and triggered a period of accelerated star formation lasting about 2 to 4 billion years, the scientists said.  Galaxies of all types, including the Milky Way, began to form relatively soon after the Big Bang explosion that marked the beginning of the universe some 13.8 billion years ago, but were generally smaller than those seen today and were forming stars at a rapid rate.  Subsequent galactic mergers were instrumental in configuring galaxies existing now.  Certain stars with higher content of elements other than hydrogen or helium arose in the Milky Way, they found, and others with lower such content originated in Gaia-Enceladus, owing to its smaller mass.  While the merger was dramatic and helped shape the Milky Way, it was not a star-destroying calamity. Distance between Galaxy C.A Dated On 25-06-2019  The distances between stars in a galaxy are so huge — a galaxy is basically empty space — that the two galaxies intermix, change their global shape, more star formation may happen in one, and maybe the small one stops forming stars. Dragon tree in India: Why in news? Researchers discover Dracaena cambodiana in Assam’s West Karbi Anglong dist. Assam has added to India’s botanical wealth a plant that yields dragon’s blood — a bright red resin used since ancient times as medicine, body oil, varnish, incense and dye. This is for the first time that a dragon tree species has been reported from India.  About the tree  In India, the Dracaena genus belonging to the family Asparagaceae is represented by nine species and two varieties in the Himalayan region, the northeast and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. But Dracaena cambodiana is the only true dragon tree species, the study said.  Dracaena cambodiana is an important medicinal plant as well as an ornamental tree. it is a major source of dragon’s blood, a precious traditional medicine in China.  Several antifungal and antibacterial compounds, antioxidants, flavonoids, etc., have been extracted from various parts of the plant. Threats to tree  “Recent overexploitation to meet the increasing demand for dragon’s blood has resulted in rapid depletion of the plant. For this reason, the species is already listed in the inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants of China.  The population size of the dragon tree species in Assam was estimated to be fewer than 50 mature individuals.  “The habitat of the plant is severely fragmented due to open excavation of a stone quarry and there is continuing decrease in its area of occupancy and number of mature individuals,” he said. C.A Dated On 25-06-2019  The Dracaena seeds are usually dispersed by birds.  But due to the large fruit size, only a few species of birds are able to swallow the fruits, thus limiting the scope of its natural conservation.  The study advocates conservation programme for Dracaena cambodiana in view of its medicinal, ornamental and ecological values.