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moteltrogir · 3 years ago

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Kamalapur Railway Station in Dhaka

Architectural Optimism of Bangladesh

Saša Šimpraga, 2021.

Adnan Zillur Morshed is an architect and architectural historian with focus on history and theory of modern architecture and urbanism; global history; urban poverty and spatiality; water and architectural historiography; and ecological urbanism in developing countries. He received his Ph.D. and Master’s in architecture from MIT and completed his pre-doctoral studies at the Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts at the National Gallery of Art and postdoctoral under Verville Fellowship at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC.

Morshed is the author of several books among other: Impossible Heights: Skyscrapers, Flight, and the Master Builder which examines the American fascination with the skyscraper and the airplane as part of a widely shared cultural phenomenon--the aesthetics of ascension--that characterized the interwar period. His books also include DAC, Dhaka through Twenty-Five Buildings.

He is a professor at the School of Architecture and Planning of the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C.

Adnan Morshed is also involved with local and international intiatives on preservation of modernist architectural heritage of Bangladesh. We talk to him on the occasion of current international appeal to save the Kamalapur Railway Station in Dhaka from demolition.

SŠ: A gem of the Modern Movement in South Asia, The Kamalapur Railway Station in Dhaka, designed by Daniel Dunham and Robert Boughey in the 1960s is threatened due to the an urban expansion plan of the Dhaka Metro Rail's Line that includes its demolition and replacement by a new infrastructure, rather than its adaptation. What is the significance of the building and its current status?

Adnan Morshed: Kamalapur Railway Station is a rare modern train station in South Asia. It adopts an aesthetic vocabulary of tropical modernism for a public building in ways that have not been seen before in the region. The station’s modernist architecture breaks with colonial precedents both in the imperial center and on the subcontinent. In London, St. Pancras Station (1863–76) encapsulated modern values of mobility and exchange, while the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus; built in 1888 and now a UNESCO World Heritage) in Mumbai and Howrah Station (1906) in Kolkata functioned as symbols of imperial hegemony.

The histories of colonialism and train infrastructure are deeply intertwined in South Asia. In 1862, the Eastern Bengal Railway Company opened the first railway line in the region from which it took its name. Connecting Kolkata with the western Bangladeshi town of Kushtia, this expansion of train services signaled a new phase in the growth of East Bengal’s colonial economy. Due to geographical challenges posed by Bengal's deltaic terrain, the railway did not arrive in Dhaka until the following century, after the city’s economic profile had risen and it was subsequently made, in 1947, the provincial capital of then-East Pakistan. In 1958, the government approved the creation of a new railway depot, which was inaugurated a decade later as Kamalapur Railway Station. Not only was it one of the largest modern railway stations in South Asia, but it also embodied changing conceptions of modernity, from the bracing mobility of 19th-century railways to the soaring modernism that defined the 1960s.

Kamalapur Railway Station, Photo by Anik Sarker/ Wikipedia

SŠ: Also in danger of demolition is the Dhaka University Teacher-Student Center Building by Greek architect Constantinos Doxiadis (the mastermind behind planning the city of Islamabad) from early 1960s. The structure exemplifies a modernist architectural sensitivity toward spatial needs for tropical climatic conditions. TSC's dome-shaped structure with empty spaces around is considered an iconic landmark not only inside Dhaka Uiversity campus, but in the broader cityscape of Dhaka. How optimistic are you about its future? And what is the general status of modernist architectural heritage of Bangladesh?

Adnan Morshed: I am concerned about the mid-20th-century buildings in Bangladesh because of the ways the notion of development is taking precedence over environment, history, and, generally, human wellbeing. Many buildings are about to face the wrecking ball. These buildings include the Teacher-Student Center or TSC. Located at the historic heart of the University of Dhaka, TSC exemplifies a type of tropical modernism that blends local architectural traditions of space-making—particularly the indoor-outdoor continuum and generation of space around courtyards—with the abstract idiom of the International Style. The complex of buildings was designed by the Greek architect, planner, and theoretician Constantinos Apostolos Doxiadis (1913–1975) in the early 1960s. This was a turbulent time marked by conflicting currents of political tension and architectural optimism in what was then East Pakistan, now Bangladesh. On the one hand, the two wings of postcolonial Pakistan were at loggerheads because of the political domination of East Pakistan by the military junta based in West Pakistan. On the other hand, many architectural opportunities arose in East Pakistan, which benefitted from American technical assistance. The United States allied with Pakistan as part of its Cold War-era foreign policy to create a geostrategic buffer against the socialist milieu of the Soviet Union–India axis in South Asia. Under the purview of a technical assistance program, the United States Agency for International Development and the Ford Foundation provided support for building educational and civic institutions in East Pakistan. Since there was a dearth of experienced architects in East Pakistan, the government sought the services of American and European architects for a host of buildings that were constructed during the 1960s. Doxiadis was among them.

TSC, Photo by Fasiha Binte Zaman/ Wikipedia

TSC is also a demonstration of Doxiadis’s idea of ekistics, by which he meant an objective, comprehensive, and integrative approach to all principles and theories of human settlements. Criticizing the top-down planning model which he viewed as a central problem associated with modernism, Doxiadis employed the notion of ekistics to promote a multidisciplinary, inclusive, and bottom-up approach. He hoped that such a method would create a synergy of local and global influences, by which one could successfully meld a data-driven theorization of planning, universal values of harmonious living, and place-based cultural inflections.

In this vein, Doxiadis aligned the TSC’s ensemble of buildings on an east-west axis, to take advantage of the prevailing breeze from the south or north. The three-story Student Union Building features a “double roof” that minimizes heat gain by allowing cool breezes to pass in between the two canopies. The ingenious solution proved to be a trendsetting feature, but it was just one of the complex’s many innovations. Doxiadis covered the auditorium with a reinforced concrete parabolic vault, a pioneering construction technique that had yet to be tested in the country. Covered walkways, supported on steel columns, weave together the major buildings and green spaces, serving as the social spine of the entire complex. In the post-Independence period, TSC became the epicenter of political agitation within Bangladesh, serving as a backdrop to political demonstrations.

SŠ: Pioneer od modernist architecture in Bangladesh, Muzharul Islam, began hes career in the 1950s. Born in 1923, he went to study architecture in the United States, and then returned to Bangladesh. Along with his teacher Louis Kahn, he also brought Paul Rudolph and Stanley Tigerman to work in Bangladesh, and three of them came to be known as the American Trio. Apart from the Trio, it was Islam's style that dominated Bangladesh architecture from 1950s onwards. What is his legacy in architectural history of Dhaka?

Adnan Morshed: Not only was architect Muzharul Islam Bangladesh's pioneering modernist architect, he was also an activist designer who viewed architecture as an effective medium for social transformation. His early work shows how architecture was deeply embedded in post-Partition politics.

Consider his “master piece,” the Faculty of Fine Arts (1953-56) at Shahbagh in Dhaka. At first encounter, the building presents the image of an international-style building, with a quiet and dignified attention to the architectural demands of tropical Bengal. Closer inspection, however, hinders the Eurocentric tendency to measure the building's “modernity” exclusively through a “Western” lens. A host of nuanced architectural modulations and environmental adaptations reveals how Muzharul Islam's work cross-pollinates a humanising, modernist architectural language with conscious considerations of climatic needs and local building materials.

Faculty of Fine Arts, Photo by Rossi101/ Wikipedia

The literature on South Asian modern architecture usually identifies the Faculty of Fine Arts as the harbinger of a Bengali modernism, synthesising a modern architectural vocabulary with climate-responsive and site-conscious design programmes. What has not been examined in this iconic building is how Islam's work also provides a window into the ways his architectural experiments with modernist aesthetics were part of his inquiries into the ongoing politics of Bengali nationalist activism.

Muzharul Islam interpreted the prevailing political conditions in his homeland as a fateful conflict between the secular humanist ethos of Bengal and an alien Islamist identity imposed by the Urdu-speaking ruling class in West Pakistan. The turbulent politics in which he found himself influenced his worldview as well as his fledgling professional career. The young architect began his design career in a context of bitterly divided notions of national origin and destiny, and his architectural work would reflect this political debate. He felt the need to articulate his homeland's identity on ethno-cultural grounds, rather than on a supra-religious foundation, championed by West Pakistani power-wielders. Muzharul Islam's Faculty of Fine Arts embodied these beliefs.

With his iconoclastic building, Islam sought to achieve two distinctive goals. First, the building introduced the aesthetic tenets of modern architecture to East Pakistan. For many, its design signalled a radical break from the country's prevailing architectural language for civic buildings. These buildings were designed either in an architectural hybrid of Mughal and British colonial traditions, popularly known as Indo-Saracenic, or as utilitarian corridor-and-room building boxes, delivered by the provincial government's Department of Communications, Buildings, and Irrigation (CBI). The Faculty of Fine Arts was an unambiguous departure from the colonial-era Curzon Hall (1904–1908) at the Dhaka University, within walking distance of Islam's building, and the Holy Family Hospital (1953; now Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College Hospital).

Faculty of Fine Arts, Photo: Wikipedia

Second, the Faculty of Fine Arts' modernist minimalism—rejecting all ornamental references to Mughal and Indo-Saracenic architecture—was a conscious critique of the politicised version of Islam that had become a state apparatus for fashioning a particular religion-based image of postcolonial Pakistan. By abstracting his design through a modernist visual expression, Muzharul Islam sought to purge architecture of what he viewed as the political associations of instrumental religion.

SŠ: Internationally, perhaps the most known modernist structure in Bangladesh is the National Parliament Complex, designed by Louis Kahn and associates. Its construction began in 1964, in what is now known as the Decade of Development for Bangladesh and time when Dhaka was the second capital of Pakistan. When talking about architecture in general, Muzharul Islam stated that „practical aspects of architecture are measurable – such as, the practical requirements, climatic judgments, the advantages and limitations of the site etc. – but the humanistic aspects are not measurable.“ Those aspects come when the architect leaves and building starts its life. How did that highly acclaimed complex came to be a part of the national identity and how its architecture influences culture in a broader sence?

National Parliament Complex in Dhaka, Photo: Yes, Louis Kahn

Adnan Morshed: The American architect Louis Isadore Kahn's Parliament building in Dhaka is considered one of the architectural icons of the twentieth century. Intriguingly, Kahn was not the first choice for the project. After two masters, Le Corbusier and Alvar Aalto, had turned down the invitation from the government of Pakistan, the megaproject went to the architect from Philadelphia. After multiple design iterations and many bureaucratic entanglements, the construction of the Parliament building began in October 1964, at Sher-e-Bangla Nagar.

Kahn first visited Dhaka in early March of 1963, after he had received the commission to plan the Parliament complex of East Pakistan. Five years earlier, the commander-in-chief of the Pakistani army, Mohammad Ayub Khan, took control of the government through a military coup and imposed martial law in October 1958. In 1960, the military man was “elected” to a five-year presidency. Pakistan's new constitution of 1962 called for a “democratic” election to be held in 1965. The decade of the 1960s was a politically tumultuous period in East Pakistan. Bengalis felt exploited and ignored by West Pakistan's military regime and, consequently, dreamed of independence from the doomed political geography of a nation with two units separated by over 1,000 miles. Aware of the political and economic disparity between the two halves of Pakistan and concerned about his own re-election bid, Ayub Khan's administration came up with a political strategy to mitigate the grievance of the Bengalis.

National Parliament Complex in Dhaka, Photo: Yes, Louis Kahn

The idea of a “second capital” for East Pakistan was born in this context. This showcase capital would, it was hoped, “bind East Pakistan more firmly to the nation by conducting the nation's business for half of each year.” The political drama that ensued from then on explains how the Parliament building, first conceived as a “bribe” for the Bengalis, gradually took on a whole new identity as a symbol of the people's struggle for self-rule. With rudimentary construction tools and bamboo scaffolding tied with crude jute ropes, approximately 2,000 lungi-clad construction workers erected a monumental government building. Slowly but steadily, they unwittingly portrayed the broader resilience of a nation revolting against economic and social injustice. If the Shahid Minar symbolised the language movement during the 1950s, the Parliament building portrayed the rise of the independence-minded Bengalis during the 1960s.

Kahn searched for inspirations from the Bengal delta, its rivers, green pastoral, expansive landscape, raised homesteads, and land-water geography. Soon after he had first arrived in Dhaka, he went on a boat ride on the Buriganga River and sketched scenes to understand life in this tropical land. He didn't have any problems in blending Bengali vernacular impressions with those of classical Greco-Roman and Egyptian architecture he had studied during the 1950s. As the war broke out in 1971, Kahn's field office in East Pakistan quickly closed and construction work discontinued. During the liberation war, an ironic story persisted that Pakistani pilots didn't bomb the building assuming that it was a ruin! That “ruin” eventually became an emblem of the country, adorning national currency, stamps, rickshaw decorations, advertisements, official brochures, and so on. When it was more or less completed in 1983—more than a decade after East Pakistan (later Bangladesh) emerged as a new nation-state and 9 years after Kahn's unexpected death in New York City—the Parliament complex emblematised the political odyssey of a people to statehood.

National Parliament Complex in Dhaka, Photo: Yes, Louis Kahn

SŠ: Transformation of Dhaka today is intensive. What would be some of the significant architectural achievements in contemporary Dhaka and Bangladesh?

Adnan Morshed: The architectural scene in Bangladesh has been thriving with a “new” energy over the past two decades or so. Bangladeshi architects have been experimenting with form, material, aesthetics, and, most importantly, the idea of how architecture relates to history, society, and the land. Their various experiments bring to the fore a collective feeling that something has been going on in this crowded South Asian country. One is not quite sure about what drives this restless energy! Is it the growing economy? The rise of a new middle class with deeper pockets? Is it an aesthetic expression of a society in transition? Is it aesthetics meeting the politics of development?

Whatever it is, an engaged observer may call this an open-ended search for some kind of “local” modernity. Bangladeshi architects have been winning architectural accolades from around the world for a variety of architectural projects. High-profile national architectural competitions have created a new type of design entrepreneurship, yielding intriguing edifices. Architects have also been expanding the notion of architectural practice by engaging with low-income communities and producing cost-effective shelters for the disenfranchised. Traditionally trained to design stand-alone buildings, architects seem increasingly concerned with the challenges of creating liveable cities.

No doubt it is an exciting time in Bangladesh, architecturally speaking, even if the roads in the country's big cities are paralysed by traffic congestion and a pervasive atmosphere of urban chaos. In the midst of infernal urbanisation across the country, an architectural culture has been taking roots with both promises and perils, introducing contentious debates about its origin, nature, and future.

Architecturally, the 1980s was an interesting time, as divergent ideas began to permeate architectural thinking in the country. Three stories should be mentioned. An “avant-garde” architectural study group named Chetona (meaning awareness) sought to introduce critical thinking as an essential part of architectural practice. Many architects, senior and junior— disillusioned with the prevalent role of architecture as primarily a professional practice without broader social visions and engagement with history and culture—gravitated toward Chetona, meeting at Muzharul Islam's architectural office, Bastukalabid, at Poribagh. The iconoclasm of the study group revolved around reading critical writings in architecture, criticism of current methods of architectural pedagogy, and reasoned questioning of architecture as a technical discipline. The group's reading list ranged from Rabindranath Tagore to the Franco-Swiss architect Le Corbusier to the Norwegian architectural theorist Christian Norberg-Schulz.

The influence of the Aga Khan Award for Architecture (AKAA), an architectural prize established by Aga Khan IV in 1977, was also felt strongly during the 1980s. The award sought to champion regional, place-based and culture-sensitive architectural impetuses in Islamic societies. Awardees included projects in contemporary design, social housing, community development, restoration, adaptive reuse, and landscape design. Architects were inspired to look for a “spirit of place.” Regionalism was in vogue.

The Aga Khan Award for Architecture's flagship magazine, Mimar: Architecture in Development, first published in 1981, influenced many Bangladeshi architects and architecture students in thinking beyond western modernism and the aesthetic conventions it allegedly created. At its inception, Mimar was the sole international architecture magazine focusing on architecture in the developing world. In many ways, the magazine's celebration of “local” expanded the scope of architectural practice in the country and gave rise to new aspirations among architects, who were willing to search for organic roots in architecture.

Bait Ur Rouf Mosque in Dhaka by Marina Tabassum, 2016 Aga Khan Award Recipient

The new architectural aspirations coincided with the rapid urbanisation of Bangladesh and the rise of an urban middle class that spawned a flourishing culture of architectural patronage. A historically agrarian country, Bangladesh began to urbanise rapidly from the late 1980s. The country's total urban population rose from a modest 7.7 percent in 1970 to 31.1 percent in 2010. Impoverished rural migrants began to flock to major cities, particularly the capital, Dhaka, in search of employment and better lives. Its population skyrocketed from 1.8 million in 1974 to more than 6 million in 1991 and to nearly 18 million today. The capital city's massive population boom created an unsustainable demand on urban land, and in return, land values increased.

During this transitional period, real estate developers emerged as powerful economic actors in Dhaka and beyond, playing a key role in replacing traditional single-family houses with multi-story apartment complexes. Meanwhile, public-sector housing failed to meet the demand, and in this vacuum, private real estate companies flourished rapidly. As private developers became key actors in the city's housing market, a trade association was needed to regulate the real estate sector and to ensure fair competition among its members. The stratospheric rise of private real-estate developers suggested that there was a robust market for high-density, multifamily apartments, even though affordability remained a major hurdle. Many architects experimented with material, form, spatial organisation, construction, aesthetic expression, and the individual plot's urban relationship to the neighbourhood.

A burgeoning class of urban entrepreneurs—who made their fortunes in the country's export-oriented ready-made garments industry, manufacturing and transportation sectors, construction industry, and consumer market—emerged as a new generation of architectural patrons, investing hefty amounts of money to build their signature single-family houses and other projects, including apartment complexes, hospitals, shopping malls, private schools and universities, factories, spaces of worship, etc.

And, happily, architects began to find work abundantly from the mid-1990s. Design consultancy until the early 1990s was limited to a handful of architectural firms. But soon thereafter new, smaller firms, run by younger architects, began to reshape the traditional methods of architectural design practice in the country.

The liberalisation of the market, the emergence of a strong private sector, and rapid urbanisation resulted in the need for a range of building typologies and related architectural design services. In the public sector, government organisations began to evaluate the social and commercial value of aesthetic expression and hired architectural firms to compete in the building market. All of these developments ushered in a vibrant and dynamic opportunity for architectural experiments. The last two decades in Bangladesh witnessed an intense battle of architectural ideas. The earlier attitudes to orthodox modernism or regionalism in architecture dispersed into a more nuanced landscape of aesthetic abstraction.

SŠ: „For most of modern history, cities grew out of wealth. Even in more recently developed countries, such as China and Korea, the flight towards cities has largely been in line with income growth. But recent decades have brought a global trend for “poor-country urbanisation”, in the words of Harvard University economist Edward Glaeser, with the proliferation of low-income megacities.“ Dhaka is an example of such a city that has outpaced develepoment and has grown tremendously. Can planned urbanisation even tackle such a huge task in given circumstaces?

Adnan Morshed: While architecture rose and prospered as individual plot-based or stand-alone practices, cities—Dhaka as a glaring example—as a whole descended into unbearable chaos. In extreme cases, Taj Mahals coexisted with overflowing dumpsters. Private oases and sumptuous cafes overlooked the ghettoised world of slums. While architects searched for Bengali roots and global gravitas in their work, they mostly failed to promote an “ethical” view of how city should function and treat all its citizens.

While globalisation went on with a cutthroat consumerist and neoliberal agenda, and architecture patronage benefitting from it, social inequality grew manifold. Architects seemed confused as to how architecture could or should also play mitigating roles in addressing the issues of social justice. Slums burned and architects rushed to the site with naïve, superficial aesthetic solutions without trying to understand the exploitative economic and political systems that blight society in the first place. The feeling that “architecture is great but the city rots” sometimes seems overwhelming.

Walking in some of Dhaka's walkable streets fronted with exclusive-looking buildings, an observer might wonder how architecture could showcase the rising stature of a developing country, while failing to play a role in making it socially just.

In Croatian: https://vizkultura.hr/intervju-adnan-morshed/

Projekt Motel Trogir u 2021. godini podržan je od Ministarstva kulture i medija Republike Hrvatske i Zaklade Kultura nova.

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technuter · 2 years ago

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Equinix expands to Indonesia with $74M Data Center investment

To support increasing demand for the digital services essential to powering today's businesses, Equinix, the world's digital infrastructure company, announced its expansion to Indonesia with plans for an approximately $74 million (₹6 billion) International Business Exchange (IBX) data center in the heart of Jakarta. Through this expansion, Equinix will enable Indonesian businesses, as well as multinationals with a presence in Indonesia, to leverage its trusted platform to bring together and interconnect the foundational infrastructure to power their businesses. Driven by rapid business digitalization and a substantial digital-savvy population, Indonesia has emerged as Southeast Asia's largest digital economy in value, and is expected to be a key hub of interconnection in the region. With major cloud service providers, such as Google Cloud, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure and Alibaba Cloud, launching cloud regions in Indonesia, the country is forecast to become the second largest public cloud market in Southeast Asia. These trends collectively raise the need for increased digital services and data center services capacity in Indonesia. Jeremy Deutsch, President, Asia-Pacific, Equinix said, "Our IBX data center in Jakarta will add a strategically important, high-growth market to Equinix's extensive network of interconnected data centers across the world. Having a presence in Indonesia allows Equinix to provide digital infrastructure that enables local businesses to tap growth opportunities abroad and support global organizations looking to access the expanding Indonesian digital economy. We look forward to working closely with local authorities, network providers and the broader industry ecosystem players to help unleash Indonesia's digital potential." Highlights / Key Facts The eight-story facility is scheduled to open by the second half of 2024, expected to provide more than 1,600 cabinets and more than 5,300 square meters of colocation space when fully built. Located in Jakarta's Central Business District and in close proximity to major internet exchanges, the new IBX data center will provide Indonesian businesses and foreign businesses operating in Indonesia with the digital infrastructure and vibrant ecosystems for optimal performance. The facility will incorporate sustainability into its design, leveraging innovative technologies such as cool array to support economic and environmental goals for organizations in Indonesia. This is part of Equinix's Future First strategy that underscores the company's commitment to green the digital economy. Equinix's expansion to Jakarta is aligned with the Indonesian government's digital transformation initiatives, boosting the country's digital infrastructure objectives according to goals set out in the Indonesia Digital Roadmap 2021-2024. Platform Equinix currently spans 32 countries around the world, and this new data center in Jakarta will serve as a business conduit for local and global enterprises, cloud & IT service providers and network service providers. Inclusive of this recent announcement, Equinix has 50 major projects that are currently underway across 35 metros in 22 countries, including new data center builds in Dublin, Montréal, New York, Paris and Warsaw. Most recently, Equinix entered Chile and Peru with a total of five IBX data centers, with an enterprise value estimated at approximately $735 million. The company has also completed its acquisition of West African data center and connectivity solutions provider MainOne for an enterprise value of $320 million. In Asia-Pacific, Equinix announced an initial investment of over $86 million to build Equinix's third IBX data center in Mumbai and an investment of over $64 million for its first IBX data center in Chennai. Today, the global footprint of Platform Equinix spans 248 data centers across 71 metros and 32 countries, providing digital infrastructure for more than 10,000 of the world's leading businesses, including more than 50% of Fortune 500 companies. In Asia-Pacific, Equinix currently has 51 data centers in key metros across Australia, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea and Singapore. Read the full article

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holytheoristtastemaker · 4 years ago

Link

AWS is THE cool kid in the town. Every other cloud provider comparison is incomplete unless you compare it with AWS at least once. S3, the most popular solution for storing on the cloud - the most loved by all, should not be the "always" choice. In this article, I'll explain why.

CloudFront + S3

CloudFront is another service often used (and recommended) with S3 when you're trying to distribute files digitally all over the globe. CloudFront is a CDN from Amazon with the edge servers all over the world. This is how it works:

Your user, say from India, tries to load your website whose server is located in the USA. Let's say you're using a SPA like React or Angular. The first index.html page would load from your origin server (it is usually a good practice to never cache HTML pages, especially if you're using SSR applications to prevent cache mishaps). After that, if you've hosted your JS/CSS files on CloudFront (S3), those calls would be made to a domain name from CloudFront which would resolve to an IP address of a machine closest to your location, in this case, probably some server from AWS sitting in some data center in Mumbai, India.

From this point, that server has the responsibility of delivering that file. Two things can happen - either your file is already available with that Mumbai server (cached), and that server returns you that file immediately (cache hit), or it does not has that file and has to perform a trip to your origin server (S3 bucket in this case) to get that file.

But even if there's a cache miss, chances are high that it would be still faster for a user compared to no CloudFront in front. Why? Because when there is a cache miss and the edge server is trying to reach the main server - it is using a Tier 1 internet connection line operated by Amazon - a trillion-dollar US company. They likely have much better internet connectivity and latency than what your ISP can offer. Also, because they're on the same global Amazon network, they can do some neat optimizations to save more time.

Alright! Sounds great to me so far, so what's the problem? Hold your horses, we'll get to it.

Asset compression

CloudFront allows you to deliver compressed assets using GZIP. But there's even a cooler kid in the market - brotli compression - and it is supported by almost every major browser. Broli compresses your transmission data even more so it's not only good on your wallet, but it's also good for the end-user because they'll spend less time seeing that loading/white screen.

Amazon CloudFront does not support brotli compression delivery, yet. And I won't blame them for this either. This is because brotli compression is slow to do on the fly (CloudFront does gzip on the fly), hence they have not implemented it yet.

Sure, then let's do it ourselves and store it on S3 and deliver the compressed version, right? Unfortunately, it is not as simple, and we'll soon spin down into more of an architecture problem.

A typical asset URL would look like this: http://mysite/assets/javascript/file.js

When your browser makes a request, it sends a header: Accept-Encoding. This header can contain compression algorithms your browser can support, like gzip, deflate, brotli, etc. The server now has to act smart to have maximum efficiency.

If the client supports brotli, then always deliver the brotli compressed asset.

If the client supports gzip, then always deliver gzip.

Otherwise, deliver the original file.

Also, make sure that in the response type, the correct Content-Encoding is set so that browser can recognize the compression algorithm.

Now, firstly, you have to create 3 variants of every single asset file:

file.js

file.js.br - brotli

file.js.gz - gzip

And you have to conditionally deliver them depending on if the browser supports it or not. CloudFront is a "dumb" CDN - it would just map your request URL to the file on your server. It cannot perform any transformations unless.... you opt-in for another AWS service - Lambda@edge functions

We all know what Lambda is on AWS - run functions on the cloud without worrying about underlying infrastructure upscaling or downscaling. Per API request pricing, time-bounded, sweet. Lambda@edge is a similar service but made for edge servers (CloudFront CDN datacenters)

You can technically configure a Lambda server to act as a "middle man" between the request made by your client and the CloudFront CDN. Lambda can open the request, see the supported content headers, modify the URL accordingly and forward it to the "dumb" CloudFront which is going to retrieve the modified URL file then. For example, if Lambda sees that browser sent an Accept-Encoding: br then lambda can be used to modify the request URL from /javascript/file.js to /javascript/file.js.br without actually telling the user side. Cloudfront would now retrieve a smaller payload and return a response for a brotli encoding. WIN!

But that is good, isn't it? WHERE is the problem? The problem is... pricing.

AWS is ridiculously expensive (for this task)

Whatever you did so far would sound and look very good. But when you look at what's happening when you start to hit significant numbers, you'll realize that AWS sucks big time when it comes to data transfer. Plus, with the asset compression, now you also have to pay for Lambda@edge calls. I figured out that implementing Lambda@edge would actually reduce your costs, otherwise you'll pay much more for AWS for traffic!

CloudFront works on data transfer pricing. It does not charge you when it retrieves data from the S3 bucket, it charges you when a user retrieves data from the edge servers.

The most expensive country - India - CloudFront charges you $0.170 per GB of data transferred. This is huge! Let's say you have a popular (mainly) Indian website with about 50,000 users visiting your site daily. Also, let's say you make some design changes every week on your site (pretty common for fast iterating products) so you have to invalidate browser and CloudFront cache.

Also, let's assume on average, a single user downloads about 10MB of the static asset from your site (includes CSS/JS/images/fonts) hosted on S3 proxied through CloudFront.

Let's calculate the cost:

50K Indian users

0.17 USD per GB

10MB per user

Every user retrieves this 4 times a month (you flush your cache 4 times - once every week)

Cost = 50000 * 0.17 * (10/1024) * 4 = 332 USD. That is your COST of just data transfer! I did not calculate the S3 storage cost and the hosting site cost. (I also did not include lambda pricing because it's not much => $(0.20 * (50,000 * 4))/1 million = 4 cents.)

Let's say now you host all these static assets on your main server only - reverse proxied by NGiNX and say, running on a 60$ DigitalOcean instance.

Your data transfer per month = 50000 * (10/1024) = 488 GB - DigitalOcean covers your 1TB of transfer per droplet for free. So no extra charge here.

Sure, you'll get some latency now - because you're hosting it yourself (we'll even fix this later). NGiNX is a high performing web server and you can rely upon that it would not be a bottleneck in your static asset delivery. So you just dropped the cost of "only asset transfer" from $332 to a cost of $60 for running the whole server! Bonus tip? - We were focusing on running this only in India, use a DigitalOcean server from India! This would mean less latency!

Not only this, but you can also opt for CloudFront CDN too - which is FREE. CloudFront won't respect your files to keep in CDN if they're too big or too infrequently accessed, but we're assuming a hell of a popular site here, so we should be fine. If not, opt for any other CDN service, and I guarantee you it would be less than 332$ a month.

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mikemortgage · 6 years ago

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NTT Communications Subsidiary Netmagic Launches Two New Datacenters in India

MUMBAI, India — NTT Communications Corporation (NTT Com), the ICT solutions and international communications business within the NTT Group (TOKYO:9432), announced today that the Company launches two new high-density and hyperscale datacenters in Mumbai and Bangalore, through Netmagic, a subsidiary of NTT Com and one of the leading Managed Hosting and Multi-Cloud Hybrid IT solution providers. Mumbai’s datacenter (Mumbai DC 6) will offer 7,900 m2 of server room area (equivalent to 2,750 racks), and Bangalore Datacenter (Bangalore DC 3) will offer 5,700 m2 of server room area (equivalent to 1,500 racks). These two facilities will expand NTT Com’s datacenter capacity (server room) in India by 70 percent.

Extending the promise of world-class datacenter facilities to Indian customers, these are yet another “Nexcenter” branded datacenters in the country. The datacenters will deliver Netmagic’s entire suite of services including Managed Colocation, Dedicated Hosting, Multi-Cloud, IT Infrastructure Monitoring & Management, Managed Security, Disaster Recovery and Managed App Hosting. These new datacenters in Mumbai and Bangalore are operational with some marquee anchored customers on-board already.

“This occasion is of great pride for us, as these new datacenters in Mumbai and Bangalore reflect the added advantage of Netmagic’s operational excellence in Managed Services. This gives these datacenters the capability of becoming the new benchmark for the industry in India,” said Takanobu Maeda, Senior Vice President Global Business, Member of the Board, NTT Communications Corporation. “These facilities are a part of our Nexcenter brand of Global datacenter services providing end-to-end ICT solutions combining datacenter/cloud, network and managed services, thereby, capitalizing on the trend of enterprises’ migrating their on-premise systems to the cloud.”

“On the 20th anniversary of Netmagic, it gives me great pleasure to announce our two new datacenters in Mumbai and Bangalore, which will facilitate Indian and multi-national enterprises in experiencing our state-of-the-art facilities,” said Sharad Sanghi, MD & CEO, Netmagic (An NTT Communications Company). “Given Mumbai’s and Bangalore’s business importance, Netmagic’s Mumbai DC 6 and Bangalore DC 3 are poised to become the very heart of India’s IT Infrastructure needs, offering the right platform for enterprises and start-ups alike, to grow, scale and innovate in order to take business to the next level.”

Enterprises are demanding increasingly complex and diversified ICT environments to digitally transform their businesses. In particular, companies require hybrid ICT environments that combine security and reliability for core tasks and flexibility and agility for artificial intelligence (AI), internet of things (IoT) and fintech technologies.

India is Asia’s third-largest market for datacenter services, following only Japan and China, and market growth is averaging high annual rates of 25% to 30%. Datacenters are using increasingly more data as large IT providers launch new cloud services for mobile internet, e-commerce, IoT and big data. NTT Com, which offers Netmagic datacenters in Mumbai, Bangalore, Delhi (Noida) and Chennai, opened its India Bangalore 2 Data Center in 2014 and India Mumbai 5 Data Center (Mumbai DC5) in 2015.

Going forward, NTT Com will continue to strengthen its hybrid ICT solutions to support the digital transformations of customers in India.

Features of Mumbai DC6 and Bangalore DC3

Mumbai DC6 is conveniently located just 15 minutes by car from Mumbai International Airport and is adjacent to NTT Com’s India Mumbai DC5. It will deliver services mainly for multiple Indian and foreign firms engaged in Internet, media and financial services. Bangalore DC3, which is located in a datacenter-dedicated building in Whitefield in east Bangalore, will support companies engaged mainly in IT services and business process outsourcing (BPO) services for system development and operational management, both domestic and international.

Top-level stability for electric power and connectivity Both facilities meet the rigorous equipment and operations standards of NexcenterTM, NTT Com’s datacenter service brand. Also, redundant electric power, cooling and telecommunication equipment and robust security equipment will enable top-level reliability and SLAs for customers operating in the Indian market. Although India’s electric power supply is unstable and blackouts occur often, both datacenters will supply stable electric power 24/7, including UPS.

Network and cloud-service solutions for business development High-speed, large-capacity Network services will be offered under a National Long Distance license and a Virtual Network Operator – International Long Distance license that have been acquired by NTT Communications India Network Services. Solutions combining NTT Com’s network and cloud services will enable customers to optimize their hybrid ICT environments.

Secure, flexible operational services backed by international certifications Services based on Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) guidelines for IT system operational management will ensure secure, flexible management. Remote-hand services will be provided by on-site technicians skilled in advanced operational system that has acquired international certifications such as ISO27001, ISO9001 and ISO20000-1, and also SAP and Cisco certifications. In addition, the datacenters will acquire certification under the PCI DSS information security standard for branded credit cards.

About NTT Communications Corporation

NTT Communications solves the world’s technology challenges by helping enterprises overcome complexity and risk in their ICT environments with managed IT infrastructure solutions. These solutions are backed by our worldwide infrastructure, including industry leading, global tier-1 public and private networks reaching over 190 countries/regions, and more than 400,000m2 of the world’s most advanced datacenter facilities. Our global professional services teams provide consultation and architecture for the resiliency and security required for your business success, and our scale and global capabilities are unsurpassed. Combined with NTT Data, NTT Security, NTT DOCOMO and Dimension Data, we are NTT Group. www.ntt.com | Twitter@NTT Com | Facebook@NTT Com | LinkedIn@NTT Com

About Netmagic (An NTT Communications Company)

Netmagic, a wholly-owned subsidiary of NTT Communications, is India’s leading Managed Hosting and Multi-Cloud Hybrid IT solution provider with 9 carrier-neutral, state-of-the-art hyperscale and high-density datacenters, and serving more than 2000 enterprises globally. Headquartered in Mumbai, Netmagic also delivers Remote Infrastructure Management (RIM) services to various Enterprise customers globally including NTT Communication’s customers across Americas, Europe and Asia-Pacific region. The Company was the first in India to launch services – Cloud Computing, Managed Security, Disaster Recovery-as-a-Service (DRaaS) and Software-Defined Storage. NTT Communications and Netmagic have been ranked 3rd and 5th respectively in Asia among the top global datacenter operators by Cloudscene in their Q1 & Q2 Leaderboard reports. This effectively makes Netmagic #1 datacenter service provider in India. Netmagic has been recognized with 3 awards at the CIO Choice Award 2018 and Frost & Sullivan India ICT Awards 2018. To learn more, visit us at: www.netmagicsolutions.com.

Contacts

For further information, please contact – Netmagic (An NTT Communications Company) Ms. Sikta Samantaray [email protected] or NTT Communications Mr. Hiroshi Seo Cloud Services [email protected]

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refroidtechnology · 4 months ago

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Elevate Cooling Solutions with Refroid

Finding effective and efficient cooling solutions is more important than ever. Here is a Refroid Technologies, a pioneering company dedicated to providing innovative and sustainable cooling solutions. Whether for residential, commercial, or industrial use, Refroid is making waves with its cutting-edge technology and commitment to environmental sustainability.

About Refroid

Refroid is a leading company in the cooling industry, specializing in the design, development, and manufacturing of advanced cooling systems. Their products are engineered to deliver maximum efficiency while minimizing environmental impact. Refroid’s mission is to create sustainable cooling solutions that improve the quality of life while addressing the challenges posed by global warming and energy consumption. As one of the prominent data center cooling system manufacturers in India, Refroid is at the forefront of innovative cooling technologies.

Innovative Cooling Technology

At the heart of Refroid’s success is its innovative technology. The company has invested heavily in research and development to create cooling systems that are not only effective but also energy-efficient. Some of the key technologies used by Refroid include:

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Refroid’s heat exchangers are designed to maximize heat transfer while using minimal energy. These advanced devices are crucial in ensuring that cooling systems operate efficiently, reducing the overall energy consumption and carbon footprint.

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For industrial applications, Refroid offers robust and high-capacity cooling systems. These systems are engineered to handle the intense cooling requirements of factories, warehouses, and other industrial facilities.

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Refroid excels in providing specialized cooling solutions for data centers. Their data center cooling solutions in Hyderabad are designed to ensure optimal performance and reliability. Additionally, their isopod immersion cooling solutions in Delhi and immersion cooling solutions in Bangalore are cutting-edge technologies that enhance efficiency and reduce energy consumption in data centers.

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Refroid is more than just a cooling solutions provider; it is a company dedicated to making a positive impact on the world. Through their innovative technology, commitment to sustainability, and wide range of products, Refroid is setting new standards in the cooling industry. Whether you are a homeowner, business owner, or industrial operator, Refroid has the right cooling solution for you. Visit Refroid’s website to learn more about their products and how they can help you stay cool while being kind to the planet.

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sifytechnologiessify · 5 months ago

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Sify's Colocation Services: The Backbone of Digital Transformation

In today’s fast-paced digital landscape, businesses are continually seeking ways to enhance their IT infrastructure, ensuring scalability, security, and reliability. Sify Technologies, a leader in providing comprehensive ICT solutions, stands at the forefront of this digital revolution with its top-tier colocation services. These services are designed to empower businesses with the infrastructure they need to thrive in an increasingly digital world.

The Essence of Colocation

What is Colocation?

Colocation involves housing a company’s servers and other computing hardware in a third-party data center. This allows businesses to leverage state-of-the-art facilities without the significant capital expenditure associated with building and maintaining their own data centers. Sify’s colocation services offer a robust solution, providing businesses with the infrastructure they need to support their IT operations seamlessly.

Why Choose Sify for Colocation?

Strategic Locations

Sify’s colocation facilities are strategically located across India’s major cities, including Mumbai, Noida, Chennai, Bangalore, and Kolkata. These locations are chosen for their robust connectivity and infrastructure, ensuring low latency and high-speed data access. By leveraging these strategic locations, businesses can ensure optimal performance and reliability for their critical applications and services.

Advanced Infrastructure

Sify’s colocation data centers are equipped with cutting-edge technology designed to deliver maximum performance and reliability. Key features of Sify’s infrastructure include:

Redundant Power Supplies: Ensuring uninterrupted power with multiple backup systems.

Advanced Cooling Systems: Maintaining optimal temperature and humidity levels for equipment.

High-Speed Connectivity: Providing robust network connectivity with multiple carriers.

Security Protocols: Implementing comprehensive security measures, including biometric access controls and 24/7 surveillance.

Scalability and Flexibility

One of the primary advantages of Sify’s colocation services is the scalability and flexibility they offer. Businesses can start with a small footprint and expand as their needs grow, without worrying about the physical limitations of their infrastructure. This flexibility allows businesses to scale their operations efficiently, responding quickly to market demands and technological advancements.

Comprehensive Service Portfolio

Customizable Solutions

Sify understands that every business has unique needs, which is why they offer customizable colocation solutions. Whether a business needs a single server rack or a dedicated private suite, Sify can tailor its offerings to meet specific requirements. This customization ensures that businesses can optimize their IT infrastructure to align with their strategic goals.

Managed Services

In addition to colocation, Sify provides a comprehensive suite of managed services. This includes monitoring, maintenance, and management of IT infrastructure, allowing businesses to focus on their core activities. Sify’s managed services include:

Network Management: Ensuring optimal performance and availability of network resources.

Security Management: Implementing robust security measures to protect against cyber threats.

Data Backup and Recovery: Providing reliable backup solutions to ensure data integrity and availability.

Cloud Integration

Sify’s colocation services are designed to seamlessly integrate with cloud solutions, providing businesses with a hybrid IT environment. This integration allows businesses to leverage the benefits of both on-premises and cloud-based infrastructure, ensuring flexibility, scalability, and cost-efficiency.

Commitment to Security

Physical Security

Sify places a paramount emphasis on security, ensuring that its colocation facilities are equipped with multiple layers of physical security. This includes biometric access controls, 24/7 surveillance, and on-site security personnel. These measures ensure that only authorized personnel can access the facilities, protecting sensitive data and equipment from physical threats.

Cybersecurity

In addition to physical security, Sify implements comprehensive cybersecurity measures to protect against digital threats. Advanced firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and continuous monitoring ensure that client data remains secure from unauthorized access and cyberattacks. Sify’s cybersecurity protocols are designed to provide businesses with peace of mind, knowing that their critical data is protected.

Supporting Business Continuity

Disaster Recovery Solutions

Sify’s colocation services include robust disaster recovery solutions designed to ensure business continuity in the event of a disruption. With advanced backup systems and failover protocols, Sify ensures that businesses can quickly recover and continue operations, minimizing downtime and protecting against data loss.

High Availability

Sify’s infrastructure is designed to deliver high availability, ensuring that businesses can access their data and applications without interruption. Redundant systems for power, cooling, and network connectivity ensure that the data centers operate continuously, providing businesses with the reliability they need to support their critical operations.

Enabling Digital Transformation

Empowering Innovation

Sify’s colocation services empower businesses to innovate and stay competitive in an ever-evolving digital landscape. By providing reliable, scalable, and secure infrastructure, Sify enables businesses to focus on developing innovative solutions and driving growth.

Industry Expertise

Sify’s extensive experience and expertise in the ICT domain make it a trusted partner for businesses across various industries. From finance and healthcare to retail and manufacturing, Sify’s colocation services cater to the unique needs of each industry, providing tailored solutions that drive success.

Sify’s colocation services are more than just a solution; they are a strategic enabler of digital transformation. With advanced infrastructure, comprehensive service offerings, and a steadfast commitment to security and reliability, Sify is redefining the standards of colocation services. As businesses navigate the complexities of the digital age, Sify stands ready to support their journey, providing the robust, scalable, and secure infrastructure they need to thrive.

#data center colocation #colocation services

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veera1 · 6 months ago

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Immersion cooling solutions for data centers in mumbai

Introduction:

In the heart of India's bustling financial capital, Mumbai, lies a growing demand for innovative solutions to power the city's digital infrastructure. As businesses and industries digitize at an unprecedented pace, the need for efficient and sustainable data center solutions becomes paramount. Amidst this technological evolution, immersion cooling solutions company in mumbai, offering a transformative approach to cooling data centers while maximizing performance and sustainability.

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trendingtechnology-blog1 · 6 years ago

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Data Center Liquid Immersion Cooling Market, 2018-2026 – Market Outlook, Competitive Analysis, Industry Trends: Coherent Market Insights

Global data center liquid immersion cooling market is expected to exhibit CAGR of 37% in the forecast period, according to a new market research report Global Data Center Liquid Immersion Cooling Market Report, By Liquid Cooling Solutions Type (Single Phase Immersion Cooling and Two Phase Immersion Cooling), By Data Center Size (Small and Mid-Size Data Centers, and Large Size Data Centers), By Industries (Banking, Financial Services and Insurance, IT and Telecom, Healthcare, Research and Academic, Energy, Manufacturing, and Others) and by Geography.

Request For Sample Report @ https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/insight/request-sample/1767

Increasing demand for data centers to store large volume of data is one of the key driving factors for growth of the market. Increasing number of companies are investing in data centers to store their data. For instance, in 2017, NTT Communications Corporation, a Japan-based telecommunication company, announced to launch international data network services in India. For this, the company is expected to invest US$ 160 million to setup two data centers in India (Mumbai and Bangalore). Similarly, in January 2018, Apple Inc.—a U.S.-based company— announced investment of over US$ 10 billion on data centers over the next five years in the U.S. Hence, this increasing investment on data centers have become a major driving factor for growth of the data center liquid immersion cooling market, globally.

Browse Complete Report @ https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/market-insight/data-center-liquid-immersion-cooling-market-1767

Key Takeaways of the Market:

North America held the dominant position in the data center liquid immersion cooling market and is projected to retain its dominance throughout the forecast period. The U.S. and Canada are growth engines in North America market. High presence of hyper scale data centers in this region is one of the major factors for growth of this market. According to Coherent Market Insights analysis, out of total 259 hyper scale data centers, North America held 51% share in 2015. In addition to this, high generation of cloud data traffic have also accelerated demand for data centers in this region. According to Coherent Market Insights analysis, in 2017, North America generated 3,838 Exabyte of cloud data traffic up from 2,771 Exabyte of cloud data traffic in 2016. By 2020, it is estimated that North America will generate 6,844 Exabyte of cloud data traffic per year. Hence, this high cloud data traffic in this region have increased the processing heat in data centers, which is expected to accelerate demand for data centers liquid immersion cooling solutions in this region.

Asia Pacific data center liquid immersion cooling market is projected to exhibit the highest CAGR in the forecast period. Increasing demand for data centers due to increasing e-commerce industry, rising adoption of advance technologies such as internet of things, cloud, and big data by various industries have accelerate the market growth in this region. According to Coherent Market Insights, it is estimated that in Asia Pacific, the data center workload is expected to increase with a CAGR of 24% in the period of 2016-2021. Similarly, cloud data centers workload in Asia Pacific region is projected to exhibit a CAGR of 27% in the forecast period of 2016-2021.

Major players operating in the global data center liquid immersion cooling market include Alfalava, Asetek, CoolIT Systems, Green Data Center LLP, Green Revolution Cooling Inc., Horizon Computing Solutions, IBM Corporation, Midas Green Technologies, LLC, Rittal GmbH & Co. Kg., and Schneider Electric SE.

#Data Center Liquid Immersion Cooling Market #Data Center Liquid Immersion Cooling Market Trend #Data Center Liquid Immersion Cooling Market Forecast

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corneliuskarr-blog · 7 years ago

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makeupartistinmumbai-blog · 7 years ago

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