#covid 19 and immunosuppressive medications

[wheelie-sick]

What is immunocompromisation?

Being immunocompromised means you have a weaker immune system than most people. There are two main ways people become immunocompromised

1. Medical Conditions

Certain medical conditions cause your immune system to be weaker. Some examples include:

Immunodeficiencies- A category of conditions causing a lower number of or lower efficacy of immune cells. This category is divided into two subcategories: primary immunodeficiency and secondary immunodeficiency. Primary immunodeficiency is a subcategory consisting of hundreds of different conditions all causing a lower number of immune cells. Secondary immunodeficiency is a smaller category consisting of conditions where a person lacks immune cells due to other causes such as malnutrition.

HIV/AIDS

Some cancers

2. Medications

There are two main types of medications that result in being immunocompromised: Immunosuppressants and chemotherapy

Immunosuppressive medications- Immunosuppressive medications are medications designed to suppress your immune response. These can work in many different ways with some targeting a broad range of immune cells and others being highly specific. These medications are often used for organ transplant recipients and people with moderate-severe autoimmune diseases. Some medications in this category include: organ transplant medications, biologics, and high dose corticosteroids

Chemotherapy- Chemotherapy often comes with the effect of preventing new fast-dividing cells from being produced. This is why hair loss is such a common side effect of chemotherapy. Immune cells are fast dividing and therefore frequently are unable to be produced while on chemotherapy

The effects of immunocompromisation

Immunocompromisation has a large range of effects depending on the reason someone is immunocompromised. The most common effects are an increased susceptibility to illness and cancers. Increased susceptibility to illness can look like:

Frequent illnesses

Illnesses that are more severe than they would be for other people

Recurrent infections

Infections that don't respond to medication

Delayed response to infection

Infections that last longer than usual

Some people are more susceptible to certain types of infections. For example anifrolumab, a biologic used for lupus, makes people more susceptible to herpes zoster and respiratory tract infections while prednisone, a corticosteroid, increases risk of infection across the board. This occurs due to different causes of immunocompromisation affecting different immune cells with different roles in preventing and responding to infection.

Grades of severity

Recently the term "moderately and severely immunocompromised" has been used in covid-19 resources. Certain factors are considered to make someone moderately or severely immunocompromised, these include:

Advanced or untreated HIV infection

Moderate or severe primary immunodeficiencies

Hematologic malignancies

Active treatment for solid tumors or hematologic malignancies

Immunosuppressant medications used for solid organ or islet transplants

CAR-T cell therapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Treatment with alkylating agents, antimetabolites, high-dose corticosteroids, chemotherapeutic agents, TNF blockers, and other biologic agents that are immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory

What immunocompromisation is not

It's worth noting that getting sick frequently or getting seriously sick from illnesses that are usually mild is a warning sign for being immunocompromised but does not inherently make you immunocompromised. Some people are just more susceptible to illness without being immunocompromised.

Having minimal response to an infection that is usually more serious is a sign of a strong immune system, not a weak one.

Being immunocompromised is also not the same as being high risk for serious infection. All immunocompromised people are high risk but not all high risk people are immunocompromised. Immunocompromisation is specifically when someone is high risk because their immune system is weak. Particularly in regards to covid, there are many conditions that make you higher risk that do not involve a weak immune system.

Autoimmune diseases do not automatically make you immunocompromised. Something being a disorder of the immune system does not mean that you are immunocompromised because immunocompromised means a weaker immune system not a malfunctioning immune system.

[covid-safer-hotties]

Also preserved in our archive

By Gavin Giovannoni

Long COVID is defined as a clinical syndrome of persistent symptoms after acute COVID-19 that last longer than 12 weeks. The symptoms associated with long COVID are numerous and include (see NHS website for more information on long COVID):

extreme tiredness (fatigue)

feeling short of breath

problems with your memory and concentration ("brain fog")

heart palpitations

dizziness

joint pain and muscle aches

loss of smell

chest pain or tightness

difficulty sleeping (insomnia)

pins and needles

depression and anxiety

tinnitus, earaches

feeling sick, diarrhoea, stomach aches, loss of appetite

cough, headaches, sore throat, changes to sense of smell or taste

rashes

Many of these symptoms overlap with multiple sclerosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and post-viral fatigue syndromes, which are common to numerous viruses, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). While the exact mechanisms driving long COVID are still unclear, several sources suggest that EBV reactivation could contribute. This is when I became very interested. Could long COVID be the gateway to developing effective antiviral treatments for EBV and MS?

Like long COVID, EBV-associated infectious mononucleosis (IM) is also a post-acute infection syndrome. It features similar symptoms, including fatigue and muscle pain (myalgia), low mood, cog-fog, insomnia and other mental health problems (depression and anxiety). EBV typically enters a latent phase after the initial infection, be it symptomatic (IM) or asymptomatic, but can reactivate under certain conditions, including acute infections, severe illnesses, or immunosuppression. Several studies have shown evidence of EBV reactivation in COVID-19 patients, which includes:

The presence of detectable EBV viraemia during the acute phase of COVID-19 is predictive of persistent symptoms.

An association between increased seroreactivity to EBV early antigen (EA) and viral capsid antigen (VCA) and the development of long COVID.

It is important to stress that the link between EBV and long COVID is currently an association and not necessarily causal. To prove causation, more research will be done, including trials targeting EBV with antivirals as a potential treatment for long COVID. It is important to note that EBV reactivation can occur in various immune dysregulation contexts, not just long COVID, which some would argue that these findings are non-specific. Intermittent reactivation occurs in MS, and it is this intermittent cycling between latent and lytic infection that may be driving MS disease activity.

As a young general medical registrar or trainee, I was always struck by how tired and ill people were with chronic or persistent infections, be it tuberculosis, hepatitis or HIV in the pre-antiretroviral era. I later learnt about sickness behaviour, a complex behavioural syndrome in response to inflammation, be it from infection or another inflammatory stimulus such as that which occurs with autoimmune diseases. What long COVID is, and probably MS, is a form of sickness behaviour, which is why the symptoms of these two diseases overlap so much. If intermittent EBV reactivation drives long COVID and MS, it should respond to EBV antiviral strategies. I am aware that many pwMS have started taking antivirals off-label to manage their MS. It is remarkable how many pwMS have contacted me to tell me how well they are doing on antivirals. This is reassuring and supports our efforts to develop antiviral therapies for MS. Are you taking antivirals? Which ones? Have any of you noted any response?

Please note that I can not sanction the use of off-label antiviral medications to treat MS. Antivirals need to be tested in well-designed, randomised controlled trials. Without class 1 evidence, we will not be able to get antivirals licensed to treat MS, nor will payers pay for these treatments. Prescribing medications off-label comes with many risks to pwMS, the prescriber and the healthcare system the prescriber works in.

For more information on sickness behaviour, I would recommend an earlier MS-Selfie newsletter on this subject: ‘ Do you suffer from cog-fog, fatigue or sickness behaviour?’ (19-Oct-2021).

The review article that triggered me to write this newsletter below discusses the current understanding of long COVID and the persistent symptoms experienced by some individuals following a SARS-CoV-2 infection. You may find this article of interest; it is accessible to download. The authors discuss the various challenges in defining and researching long COVID, including its wide range of symptoms, variability in symptom severity, and potential mechanisms. The review explores multiple possible causes, such as persistent viral reservoirs, dysregulated immune responses, direct viral damage, and vascular endothelium activation. The article also examines the progress of animal models and clinical trials aimed at understanding and treating long COVID, highlighting the need for more extensive human studies to confirm the effectiveness of various therapeutic approaches.

Paper Antar & Cox. Translating insights into therapies for Long Covid. Sci Transl Med. 2024 Nov 13;16(773):eado2106. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.ado2106?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed

Long Covid is defined by a wide range of symptoms that persist after the acute phase of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Commonly reported symptoms include fatigue, weakness, postexertional malaise, and cognitive dysfunction, with many other symptoms reported. Symptom range, duration, and severity are highly variable and partially overlap with symptoms of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and other post-acute infectious syndromes, highlighting opportunities to define shared mechanisms of pathogenesis. Potential mechanisms of Long Covid are diverse, including persistence of viral reservoirs, dysregulated immune responses, direct viral damage of tissues targeted by SARS-CoV-2, inflammation driven by reactivation of latent viral infections, vascular endothelium activation or dysfunction, and subsequent thromboinflammation, autoimmunity, metabolic derangements, microglial activation, and microbiota dysbiosis. The heterogeneity of symptoms and baseline characteristics of people with Long Covid, as well as the varying states of immunity and therapies given at the time of acute infection, have made etiologies of Long Covid difficult to determine. Here, we examine progress on preclinical models for Long Covid and review progress being made in clinical trials, highlighting the need for large human studies and further development of models to better understand Long Covid. Such studies will inform clinical trials that will define treatments to benefit those living with this condition.

[tomorrowusa]

« [I]f you’re willing to support the election of a president who cannot conceive of any distinction between what he wants and what the law permits, you are placing the survival of the Republic at risk. »

— Jonathan Chait at New York Magazine (archived).

The burden is on us to go the extra mile in this election to preserve democracy. Part of that is to highlight Trump's most disastrous failure.

If you know anybody afflicted by Trumpnesia, the burden is on you to address that condition. It's necessary to speak up now and do so assertively.

Some people have forgotten how Trump's mishandling of the COVID-19 emergency tanked the economy. There was the Trump COVID recession, the HŪGE spike in unemployment, and the supply chain issues and need to heavily stimulate spending to prevent another Great Depression which drove inflation for a couple of years.

COVID-19 was an international crisis. But some countries handled it much better than others. Under Trump, the US had the worst per capita death rate of all the G-7 countries.

The Trump White House was actually giving out quack medical advice such as recommending that people take Hydroxychloroquine – an anti-malaria drug which also acts as an immunosuppressant. The last thing you need when fighting an infection is an immunosuppressant. Trump also recommended that Americans drink bleach.

Reminding people in the next week or two of how catastrophic the last year of the Trump administration was may be the best way to preserve American democracy.

Millions Have Amnesia About the Worst of Trump’s Presidency. Memory Experts Explain Why. How Trump is benefiting from the limits of our memory.

[industrynewsupdates]

A Deep Dive into the Antifungal Drugs Market: Insights and Analysis

The global antifungal drugs market size is expected to reach USD 20.52 billion by 2030, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc. The market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 3.8% from 2024 to 2030. The increasing incidence of fungal infections worldwide is the key factor stoking the growth of the market. In addition, the rise in the adoption of immunosuppressive and antineoplastic agents, prosthetic devices and grafts, and broad-spectrum antibiotics has resulted in an increased incidence of fungal infections in recent years.

According to statistics published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2017, it has been estimated that every year, nearly 220,000 new individuals are affected by cryptococcal meningitis, which is a brain infection and has resulted in 181,000 deaths per year around the world. Most of the deaths were reported in sub-Saharan Africa, due to the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS. This indicates the potential demand for antifungal drugs due to the high prevalence of mycological infections around the globe.

The government authorities in many countries had ordered nationwide lockdowns in order to contain the spread of COVID-19. Similarly, health systems in a number of countries around the world were having trouble maintaining their supply chains. The slowness of the supply chain has also impacted the demand for antifungal medications. As aged people are more prone to infectious diseases and chronic conditions, including HIV and cancer, the rise in the geriatric population worldwide is likely to stir up the demand for antifungals to treat opportunistic fungal infections. The demand for fungistatic agents is estimated to remain strong through 2030 due to mounting cases of fungal infections that are difficult to diagnose, yielding high mortality and morbidity rates.

Gather more insights about the market drivers, restrains and growth of the Antifungal Drugs Market

Antifungal Drugs Market Report Highlights

• The Azoles drug class segment dominated the market and accounted for a revenue share of 47.6% in 2023. This dominance is attributed to the influence of key therapeutic agents, including noxafil, vfend, diflucan, and cresemba.

• The Candidiasis segment held the largest market share in 2023 due to rising incidence of the disease in immunocompromised patients and high rate of recurrent infections.

• Aspergillosis is expected to register significant CAGR during the forecast period. Aspergillosis is an infection caused by mold called aspergillosis, which usually affects the respiratory system.

• Oral drugs dosage form led the market in 2023. This is attributed to the fact that certain antifungal medications are designed for oral administration to ensure proper ingestion.

• Hospital pharmacies led the market in 2023. Hospital pharmacies play a key role in ensuring immediate access to crucial medications. They serve both out-patient and in-patient services, facilitating the seamless treatment of fungal infections.

• North America dominated the market and accounted for 40.9% share in 2023. This region dominance is attributed to the highly developed healthcare infrastructure, better affordability, and increasing awareness.

• Asia Pacific is anticipated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. This is owing to the presence of large target population, developing healthcare facilities, and increase in investments by leading market players.

Antifungal Drugs Market Segmentation

Grand View Research has segmented the global antifungal drugs market report based on drug class, indication, dosage form, distribution channel, and region:

Antifungal Drug Class Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2018 - 2030)

• Azoles

• Echinocandins

• Polyenes

• Allylamines

• Others

Antifungal Drugs Indication Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2018 - 2030)

• Dermatophytosis

• Aspergillosis

• Candidiasis

• Others

Antifungal Drugs Dosage Form Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2018 - 2030)

• Oral Drugs

• Ointments

• Powders

• Others

Antifungal Drugs Distribution Channel Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2018 - 2030)

• Hospital Pharmacies

• Retails Pharmacies

• Others

Antifungal Drugs Regional Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2018 - 2030)

• North America

o U.S.

o Canada

• Europe

o Germany

o UK

o France

o Italy

o Spain

o Denmark

o Norway

o Sweden

• Asia Pacific

o China

o Japan

o India

o South Korea

o Australia

• Latin America

o Brazil

o Mexico

o Argentina

• Middle East and Africa (MEA)

o Saudi Arabia

o UAE

o South Africa

o Kuwait

Order a free sample PDF of the Antifungal Drugs Market Intelligence Study, published by Grand View Research.

[kineretprice]

All About Kineret Injection

Kineret 100 mg Injection 0.67 ml is an immunosuppressive agent. It is widely used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), deficiency of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (DIRA), and neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID). Kineret 100 mg/0.67 ml price in India can vary depending on certain factors. Its active ingredient, Anakinra, is an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. This medicine is designed to work by blocking interleukin, which is a protein responsible for inflammation in the body. This unique mechanism helps alleviate symptoms of inflammatory disorders, improving the quality of life for many patients.

How does Kineret work? The active component in Kineret, Anakinra, plays a critical role in suppressing inflammation. It does this by inhibiting interleukin-1, a protein linked to inflammatory responses and immune system activation. By shielding the body from harmful cytokines, this medicine effectively reduces swelling, redness, pain, and other symptoms associated with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.

Uses and Benefits:

Kineret 100 mg Injection 0.67 ml is a preferred treatment option for:

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): A chronic autoimmune condition affecting joints.

Deficiency of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (DIRA): An ultra-rare autoinflammatory disease.

NOMID: A rare genetic inflammatory disease.

COVID-19: It is used (off-label) as part of treatment for severe inflammatory responses.

To ensure the authenticity and affordability of this life-changing medication, many patients seek reliable options for the Kineret price in India.

Common Side Effects: Although this therapeutic drug is highly effective, it may cause some side effects such as:

headache

redness or swelling at the injection site

increased cholesterol levels These side effects are typically mild and resolve on their own. However, consult your doctor if they persist or worsen.

Important Precautions:

Before using Kineret, inform your doctor about any allergies, especially to its components or E. coli, as the medication is produced using this bacteria. Patients with HIV, asthma, liver or kidney problems, epilepsy, or ongoing cancer treatments must exercise caution. A thorough medical and vaccination history is essential before starting treatment.

Kineret is not recommended for use alongside tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) inhibitors like etanercept or with blood thinners such as warfarin without medical advice. Women of childbearing potential should use effective contraception during treatment, as its safety in pregnancy is not fully established.

Kineret Price in India:

For patients, hospitals, or healthcare professionals looking to know about the Kineret price in India. The price varies depending on so many factors. Indian Pharma Network (IPN) is a trusted facilitator and can ensure the legal and reliable supply of Kineret 100 mg Injection 0.67 ml. With strong ties to reputable manufacturers from all over the world, TIP makes it easier for patients to access this medicine at a very competitive price.

Conclusion:

Kineret 100 mg Injection 0.67 ml is an important treatment for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. By effectively targeting inflammation, it provides significant relief to patients struggling with chronic conditions. If you are looking to buy Kineret, connect with The Indian Pharma (TIP) for authentic supply. For more details about pricing and availability, consult us today.

What is Kineret 100 mg/0.67 ml Injection used for? Kineret 100 mg/0.67 ml Injection is an immunosuppressive medicine used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, deficiency of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (DIRA), and neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID), and COVID-19.

How does Kineret 100 mg/0.67 ml Injection work? Kineret blocks the action of a protein called interleukin, which causes inflammation. By doing so, it protects the body from the harmful effects of inflammatory proteins called cytokines.

Does Kineret 100 mg/0.67 ml Injection cause neutropenia? Yes, Kineret may cause neutropenia, which is a low level of white blood cells. This condition can increase the risk of infections. It is important to monitor your white blood cell count before starting treatment, every three months during treatment, and every four months for up to a year after treatment. If you notice any signs of infection, consult your doctor immediately.

Can Kineret 100 mg/0.67 ml affect my ability to get pregnant? There isn’t enough information to confirm how Kineret affects fertility. However, it should be avoided during pregnancy unless absolutely necessary. Women who can become pregnant should use effective contraception while taking Kineret. Always consult your doctor if you have concerns.

Where can I find Kineret 100 mg/0.67 ml injections in India? If you are looking for reliable suppliers or need information about the Kineret 100 mg/0.67 ml price in India, consult a trusted provider like Indian Pharma Network (IPN) to ensure access to genuine medicine. Always prioritize legal and safe channels for purchasing medications.

Is it safe to take Kineret 100 mg/0.67 ml with etanercept? No, Kineret should not be taken with etanercept, a TNF inhibitor used for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Combining these medicines can increase the risk of infections.

Can I take Kineret 100 mg/0.67 ml with warfarin or phenytoin? You should talk to your doctor before using Kineret with medicines like warfarin or phenytoin. Your doctor may need to adjust the dosage or monitor you closely.

Can I buy Kineret if it is not available or approved in my country? Yes, you can buy Kineret 100 mg/0.67 ml injection if it is not available in your country. Simply contact Indian Pharma Network (IPN) via Call/WhatsApp at +91 9310090915 or TOLL-FREE: 1800-889-1064 to facilitate access to Kineret 100 mg/0.67 ml injection through legal channels.

[ragha6789]

Comprehensive Guide to Medical Diseases and Conditions

Medical Diseases and Conditions: A Comprehensive Overview

Medical diseases and conditions are a broad spectrum of health issues that affect individuals worldwide, ranging from acute illnesses to chronic and life-threatening disorders. These conditions can significantly impact physical, mental, and emotional well-being, underscoring the importance of understanding their causes, symptoms, treatments, and prevention strategies.

Types of Medical Diseases and Conditions

1. Infectious Diseases

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Examples include tuberculosis, influenza, malaria, and COVID-19. These diseases can spread through various means, including direct contact, airborne particles, or contaminated surfaces. Vaccines, antibiotics, and public health measures like hygiene and sanitation play a vital role in controlling these diseases.

2. Chronic Diseases

Chronic diseases persist over an extended period and often require ongoing medical attention. Conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases fall into this category. These illnesses are frequently linked to lifestyle factors, such as poor diet, physical inactivity, and smoking, making lifestyle changes crucial for management and prevention.

3. Genetic and Congenital Disorders

Genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, and hemophilia are caused by inherited mutations. Congenital disorders, such as spina bifida, occur due to developmental anomalies during pregnancy. Advances in genetic testing have facilitated early diagnosis and personalized treatments for these conditions.

4. Mental Health Disorders

Mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia, affect emotional and cognitive functioning. Awareness and treatment of mental health disorders have grown significantly, highlighting the importance of therapy, medications, and community support in addressing these issues.

5. Cancers

Cancer is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. Common types include breast, lung, and prostate cancer. Early detection through screenings and advancements in treatment, such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, have improved survival rates and outcomes.

6. Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases

Autoimmune diseases like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues. These conditions often require immunosuppressive medications to manage inflammation and prevent complications.

Causes and Risk Factors

Medical conditions arise due to a combination of factors:

Pathogens: Infections by microorganisms.

Genetics: Inherited traits or mutations.

Lifestyle: Unhealthy habits like smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and poor diet.

Environmental Factors: Exposure to toxins, pollution, and occupational hazards.

Aging: Age-related degeneration of bodily functions.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

The symptoms of medical conditions vary widely, ranging from mild to severe. Common indicators include:

Pain or discomfort.

Fever, chills, or fatigue.

Swelling, rashes, or skin changes.

Unexplained weight changes.

Breathing difficulties or abnormal heart rhythms.

Diagnosis involves a thorough process:

Medical History: Gathering information about symptoms, family history, and lifestyle.

Physical Examination: Identifying physical signs of disease.

Diagnostic Tests: Blood tests, imaging (e.g., X-rays, MRIs), and biopsies confirm specific conditions.

Treatment Approaches

Treatment varies depending on the disease and its severity:

Medications: Antibiotics, antivirals, insulin, and chemotherapy are examples of treatments tailored to specific conditions.

Therapies: Physical, occupational, and mental health therapies improve functionality and quality of life.

Surgical Interventions: Required for conditions like appendicitis, cancers, or congenital abnormalities.

Lifestyle Changes: Adopting a balanced diet, regular exercise, and stress management is vital for chronic disease management.

Prevention Strategies

Preventing diseases is better than treating them. Strategies include:

Vaccination: Protecting against infectious diseases like measles and polio.

Healthy Lifestyle: Regular exercise, a nutritious diet, and adequate sleep.

Hygiene Practices: Handwashing and safe food handling reduce infection risks.

Regular Screenings: Detecting diseases like cancer or hypertension early.

Avoiding Risk Factors: Reducing exposure to smoking, alcohol, and toxins.

Technological Advancements in Healthcare

Modern technology has transformed disease management:

Telemedicine: Enables remote consultations and monitoring.

Wearable Devices: Track vital signs like heart rate and blood sugar.

AI and Machine Learning: Assist in early diagnosis, personalized treatment, and predicting disease trends.

Challenges in Disease Management

Despite advancements, challenges persist:

Healthcare Disparities: Access to care is unequal across populations.

Antimicrobial Resistance: Overuse of antibiotics has created resistant strains.

Emerging Diseases: Novel infections, like COVID-19, strain healthcare systems.

[truestrengthhub]

Navigating the Complex World of Muscle Illness: Understanding Myopathy

In recent years, the spotlight has shone brightly on various health conditions, with one of the most concerning being muscle illnesses, particularly myopathy. As our understanding of these disorders evolves, it becomes essential to delve into what they are, their causes, and their implications on health and well-being.

Myopathy refers to a group of diseases that primarily affect muscle fibers, leading to muscle weakness, pain, and dysfunction. Unlike conditions that affect the central nervous system, myopathies originate in the muscles themselves, which can severely impact mobility and daily activities.

There are several types of myopathy, each with unique causes and characteristics:

1. Inflammatory Myopathies: These include dermatomyositis and polymyositis, which are autoimmune diseases causing muscle inflammation and weakness. Symptoms often include muscle pain, fatigue, and skin rashes.

2. Inherited Myopathies: Conditions like muscular dystrophy are genetic disorders that progressively weaken muscle tissue. These disorders can emerge at any age and often require lifelong care.

3. Metabolic Myopathies: These occur due to deficiencies in the enzymes responsible for breaking down carbohydrates and fats for energy. Symptoms often manifest during physical activity and include muscle cramps and fatigue.

4. Myopathy Associated with Other Conditions: Myopathy can also arise from other health issues, such as thyroid disease, diabetes, or viral infections like COVID-19, which have been linked to muscle weakness in severe cases.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought to light the connection between viral infections and muscle illnesses. Many individuals recovering from severe COVID-19 have reported muscle weakness and fatigue, a condition often referred to as "post-viral myopathy." This phenomenon highlights the need for ongoing research into the long-term effects of the virus on muscle health.

For those diagnosed with myopathy, the journey can be challenging. Treatment options vary depending on the specific type of myopathy but may include physical therapy, medication, and lifestyle modifications. Tailored exercises can help maintain muscle strength and function, while anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants may be prescribed for inflammatory myopathies. Adopting a healthy diet and engaging in low-impact exercise can support overall health and muscle function.

Understanding muscle illness, particularly myopathy, is crucial in today's health landscape. Awareness and education can lead to earlier diagnosis and better management of these conditions. As research continues to unfold, we can hope for more effective treatments and improved quality of life for those affected.

If you or someone you know is struggling with muscle illness, reaching out to healthcare professionals for guidance and support is essential. Together, we can navigate the complexities of these conditions and foster a community of understanding and resilience. Feel free to share your experiences or thoughts in the comments below! Let’s support one another in this journey.

You can easily copy and paste this text now!

[medicalbiochem]

Exploring the Fascinating World of Microbiology

The Core Concepts of Microbiology

Microbiology focuses on microorganisms that remain invisible to the naked eye. These include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae. Understanding these organisms and their interactions proves vital for several reasons, ranging from health to environmental sustainability.

Bacteria: The Ubiquitous Microbes

Bacteria are single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments, from extreme heat to intense cold. They can inhabit soil, oceans, and even the human body. These microbes play essential roles in processes such as nitrogen fixation, decomposition, and fermentation. Some bacteria benefit us by aiding in digestion and producing vitamins, while others can cause diseases.

Nitrogen Fixation

Nitrogen fixation is a process where certain bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, making it available for plants. This process occurs in the root nodules of leguminous plants, where symbiotic bacteria, such as Rhizobium, reside. By facilitating nitrogen fixation, these bacteria contribute significantly to soil fertility and agricultural productivity.

Decomposition and Recycling

Bacteria also play a critical role in decomposing organic matter. They break down dead plants and animals, returning nutrients to the soil. This decomposition process not only recycles nutrients but also promotes soil health, making it essential for sustainable ecosystems.

Viruses: The Intricate Invaders

Viruses act as unique entities that require a host cell to replicate. They can infect all forms of life, from bacteria to plants and animals. These microscopic agents cause a range of diseases, from the common cold to more severe illnesses like influenza and COVID-19. Despite their negative impact, scientists use viruses in gene therapy and vaccine development.

Viral Structure and Function

A virus consists of genetic material (DNA or RNA) encased in a protein coat. Some viruses have an outer lipid envelope. To infect a host, a virus attaches to a specific receptor on the host cell’s surface. Once inside, it hijacks the host’s cellular machinery to replicate its genetic material and produce new virus particles.

Applications in Medicine

Researchers leverage viruses in various medical applications. For example, oncolytic viruses selectively target and destroy cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue. Additionally, viral vectors are employed in gene therapy to deliver therapeutic genes into patients’ cells, offering potential cures for genetic disorders.

Fungi: The Decomposers

Fungi, including molds and yeasts, break down organic matter. They are vital for nutrient cycling in ecosystems. Fungi contribute to soil health and plant growth through their interactions with plant roots. We use them in food production, such as baking and brewing, and they have medicinal applications, including the production of antibiotics like penicillin.

Role in Ecosystems

Fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants through mycorrhizae, enhancing nutrient uptake. This relationship benefits both the fungi and the plants, as fungi gain carbohydrates while plants receive essential nutrients, such as phosphorus.

Medicinal Uses of Fungi

The discovery of penicillin marked a groundbreaking moment in medicine, showcasing fungi’s potential in antibiotic production. Today, researchers continue to explore fungi for new medicinal compounds, including antifungal agents and immunosuppressants.

Protozoa and Algae: The Diverse Eukaryotes

Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes that often live in water or act as parasites. They can cause diseases such as malaria, amoebic dysentery, and sleeping sickness. Algae, on the other hand, photosynthesis and contribute to oxygen production while serving as a food source for aquatic life.

Protozoan Diversity

Protozoa exhibit a wide range of forms and behaviors. Some, like amoebas, move using pseudopodia, while others, like paramecia, use cilia. This diversity allows protozoa to inhabit various environments and ecological niches.

Algal Blooms and Environmental Impact

Algae play a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems as primary producers. However, certain conditions can lead to harmful algal blooms, which produce toxins that threaten aquatic life and human health. Understanding these phenomena helps researchers develop strategies to manage and mitigate their impact.

The Impact of Microbiology on Health

Disease Diagnosis and Treatment

Microbiologists work diligently to identify pathogens responsible for infections and develop methods to combat them. Techniques such as culture methods, PCR, and serological tests allow for accurate diagnosis of infections.

Culture Techniques

Culturing microorganisms involves isolating them from clinical samples to identify the causative agent of an infection. This method enables healthcare professionals to determine the appropriate treatment based on the specific pathogen.

Molecular Diagnostics

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has revolutionized disease diagnosis by allowing for rapid and sensitive detection of pathogens. PCR amplifies specific DNA sequences, making it easier to identify infections even when pathogen levels are low.

Vaccine Development

Vaccines utilize weakened or inactive parts of the microbe to stimulate the immune system. Microbiology plays a pivotal role in designing vaccines that protect against diseases like measles, polio, and more recently, COVID-19.

Types of Vaccines

Vaccines can be classified into various types, including live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit, and mRNA vaccines. Each type has its unique mechanism of action and benefits, allowing scientists to tailor vaccines for specific diseases.

The Role of Microbiology in Vaccine Safety

Microbiologists conduct extensive testing to ensure vaccine safety and efficacy. They analyze potential side effects and monitor vaccine responses in clinical trials, ensuring that vaccines provide protection without causing harm.

Antibiotic Resistance

Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have led to the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria. Researchers study these strains to develop new antibiotics and strategies to combat resistance.

Mechanisms of Resistance

Bacteria can develop resistance through various mechanisms, including altering drug targets, producing enzymes that deactivate antibiotics, or pumping drugs out of their cells. Understanding these mechanisms helps scientists design more effective antibiotics.

Global Health Threat

Antibiotic resistance poses a significant threat to global health, making previously treatable infections harder to manage. Public health campaigns focus on promoting responsible antibiotic use and encouraging research into new treatment options.

Microbiology and the Environment

Microorganisms significantly impact the environment. They participate in nutrient cycling, biodegradation, and bioremediation, helping to clean up pollutants and waste.

Nutrient Cycling

Microorganisms play a key role in nutrient cycles, such as the carbon and nitrogen cycles. They break down organic matter and release essential nutrients back into the ecosystem.

Carbon Cycle

In the carbon cycle, microorganisms decompose organic matter, releasing carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. This process ensures the continuous availability of carbon for photosynthesis, supporting plant life and maintaining ecosystem balance.

Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can absorb. This process supports plant growth and sustains agricultural productivity by enriching the soil with essential nutrients.

Biodegradation and Bioremediation

Certain microbes degrade pollutants, making them invaluable for cleaning up oil spills, heavy metals, and other environmental contaminants. This process, known as bioremediation, offers a sustainable and cost-effective solution for environmental management.

Oil Spill Cleanup

Microorganisms, particularly certain bacteria and fungi, can metabolize hydrocarbons found in oil. By applying these microbes to oil spills, environmental scientists can enhance the degradation of pollutants, restoring affected ecosystems.

Heavy Metal Removal

Some bacteria can absorb and detoxify heavy metals from contaminated water and soil. Researchers explore these properties to develop bioremediation strategies that mitigate the impact of industrial pollution on the environment.

Industrial Applications of Microbiology

We harness microbes for various industrial applications, including food production, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology.

Food and Beverage Industry

Microorganisms contribute to producing fermented foods and beverages, such as yogurt, cheese, and beer. The fermentation process enhances flavor, preserves food, and improves digestibility.

Fermentation Process

Fermentation occurs when microorganisms convert sugars into acids, gases, or alcohol. In yogurt production, lactic acid bacteria ferment lactose, creating a tangy flavor while preserving the product.

Health Benefits of Fermented Foods

Fermented foods often contain probiotics, which promote gut health. These beneficial bacteria can improve digestion, enhance nutrient absorption, and support the immune system.

Pharmaceutical Industry

Microorganisms serve as sources for antibiotics, enzymes, and vitamins. We use them in producing insulin, growth hormones, and other therapeutic agents, showcasing their versatility in medicine.

Antibiotic Production

Fungi, particularly Penicillium species, produce penicillin, the first antibiotic discovered. Today, researchers continue to explore fungi and bacteria for new antibiotic compounds, addressing the growing issue of antibiotic resistance.

Biopharmaceuticals

Recombinant DNA technology allows scientists to produce therapeutic proteins using genetically modified microorganisms. This approach enables the mass production of insulin and other vital medications.

Biotechnology

In biotechnology, scientists engineer microbes to produce biofuels, biodegradable plastics, and other sustainable products. Genetic engineering and synthetic biology advance these applications, offering solutions to global challenges.

Biofuels

Researchers use specific strains of bacteria and algae to produce biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel. These microbes convert biomass—like agricultural waste—into energy-rich compounds. This process not only provides an alternative to fossil fuels but also contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Biodegradable Plastics

Microorganisms play a crucial role in developing biodegradable plastics. Scientists engineer bacteria to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), which serve as eco-friendly alternatives to traditional plastics. These bioplastics can degrade naturally, minimizing environmental pollution.

Synthetic Biology

Synthetic biology combines biology and engineering, enabling scientists to design and construct new biological parts or systems. This field allows for the creation of microorganisms that can produce valuable compounds, such as pharmaceuticals or biofuels, efficiently and sustainably.

Recent Advancements in Microbiology

The field of microbiology continually evolves, with new discoveries and technologies enhancing our understanding of the microbial world.

Metagenomics

Metagenomics involves the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. This approach allows scientists to study microbial communities without the need for culturing, offering insights into biodiversity and ecosystem functions.

Applications of Metagenomics

Metagenomics has revolutionized our understanding of microbial diversity in various environments, including oceans, soils, and even the human gut. Researchers can identify novel species and understand their roles in ecosystems, contributing to fields such as ecology, agriculture, and medicine.

Human Microbiome Projects

Projects focused on the human microbiome utilize metagenomic techniques to analyze the complex communities of microbes living in and on our bodies. Understanding these communities can lead to insights into health, disease, and personalized medicine.

CRISPR and Gene Editing

CRISPR technology, derived from bacterial immune systems, revolutionizes genetics by allowing precise edits to DNA. This technology has vast implications for treating genetic disorders and developing new therapies.

CRISPR Mechanism

CRISPR-Cas9 works as a molecular scissors that can cut DNA at specific locations, allowing scientists to add, remove, or alter genetic material. This precision opens up possibilities for targeted therapies in genetic diseases, cancers, and more.

Ethical Considerations

As with any powerful technology, CRISPR raises ethical questions, particularly regarding its use in human embryos and potential long-term effects. Ongoing discussions among scientists, ethicists, and policymakers aim to establish guidelines for responsible use.

Microbiome Research

The human microbiome, consisting of trillions of microbes living in and on our bodies, remains a hot topic in research. Studies reveal its influence on health, disease, and even behavior, opening new avenues for personalized medicine.

Health Implications of the Microbiome

Research suggests that the composition of the microbiome can affect various health outcomes, including obesity, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases. Understanding these relationships can lead to innovative treatment approaches, such as probiotics or microbiome-based therapies.

Microbiome and Mental Health

Emerging studies explore the gut-brain axis, investigating how gut microbiota can influence mood and mental health. Preliminary findings suggest that certain gut bacteria may play a role in conditions like anxiety and depression, highlighting the interconnectedness of our biological systems.

The Future of Microbiology

As we look to the future, the field of microbiology promises to deliver exciting advancements that can address some of today’s most pressing challenges.

Global Health Initiatives

Microbiology plays a vital role in global health initiatives, particularly in combating infectious diseases. Vaccination programs, antibiotic stewardship, and research on emerging pathogens will remain crucial in improving public health outcomes worldwide.

Surveillance and Response

Enhanced surveillance systems for detecting and responding to outbreaks will become increasingly important. Advances in molecular diagnostics and bioinformatics will allow for rapid identification of pathogens and effective containment measures.

Environmental Sustainability

Microbiology’s contributions to environmental sustainability will continue to grow. Bioremediation, biofuels, and sustainable agriculture practices will become essential components of efforts to combat climate change and reduce pollution.

Innovations in Agriculture

Research into beneficial microbes for agriculture, such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), will enhance crop yields while minimizing chemical inputs. This approach can lead to more sustainable farming practices that protect the environment.

Education and Public Awareness

Increasing public awareness and understanding of microbiology will be essential in promoting informed decision-making. Education on the importance of microbes in health, environment, and industry can foster appreciation for the microscopic world.

Engaging the Next Generation

Encouraging interest in microbiology among students will help cultivate the next generation of scientists and innovators. Educational initiatives, outreach programs, and hands-on experiences can inspire young minds to explore the fascinating field of microbiology.

Conclusion

Microbiology stands as a dynamic and essential field that impacts every aspect of life, from health and industry to the environment. As research progresses, our understanding of microorganisms and their capabilities continues to grow, offering solutions to some of the world’s most pressing challenges. By embracing the potential of microbiology, we can pave the way for innovations that enhance our quality of life and protect our planet.

Whether you’re a student, a professional, or simply curious about the microscopic world, the study of microbiology offers endless opportunities for discovery and advancement. As we continue to explore and harness the power of microbes, the future of microbiology promises to be as exciting as it is vital.

[covid-safer-hotties]

Also preserved on our archive

By Pandora Dewan

The virus that causes COVID-19 might be becoming resistant to antiviral treatments, new research has warned. But should we be concerned?

The antiviral drugs nirmatrelvir and remdesivir are recommended for use against mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infections to reduce the risk of progression to more severe symptoms and hospitalization in high-risk individuals. However, long-term exposure to these treatments can push the virus to evolve new mutations that allow it to evade these medications.

Antiviral resistance is a particular concern in immunocompromised patients, who take longer to clear the infection and therefore require antiviral treatment over a longer period of time. As a result, viruses in immunocompromised, or other high risk patients, have more time to evolve these drug-resistant mutations.

This week, two studies were published on the evolution of drug-resistant strains of SARS-CoV-2, with both research groups finding drug resistant mutations in immunosuppressed patients being treated with either nirmatrelvir or remdesivir. The first group also found that these resistant mutants may also be able to spread between patients, posing a major challenge to disease management and control in the future.

This study, conducted by researchers at Cornell University and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and published in the journal Nature Communications on September 18, investigated the impact of antiviral treatment on the emergence of resistant SARS-CoV-2 mutations in 15 immunocompromised patients. All patients received remdesivir while three also received nirmatrelvir and four also received monoclonal antibodies.

By sequencing the virus's DNA, the researches found that the majority of patients carried viruses with some sort of protective mutation against these antivirals. By studying these viruses in the lab, the team were able to confirm their reduced sensitivity to both remdesivir and nirmatrelvir treatment. They also demonstrated that these resistant mutants were able to be effectively transmitted between individuals, at least in hamsters. However, this resistance was overcome by combined antiviral treatment.

In the second study, conducted by researchers from Harvard University, Brigham and Women's Hospital, the University of Pittsburgh and Stanford University and published in the journal JAMA Network Open, scientists assessed a cohort of 165 patients with COVID-19 infections between 2021 and 2023. Participants were divided into those who received antiviral treatment and those who did not.

The team found that antiviral-resistant mutations were more likely to appear in patients who had received antivirals compared to those who did not. This was particularly pronounced among those who were immunocompromised and those who received nirmatrelvir compared to remdesivir.

However, most of these mutations were detected at low levels and reverted back to their original form.

"In this cohort study of 156 participants, treatment-emergent nirmatrelvir resistance mutations were commonly detected, especially in individuals who were immunosuppressed," the researchers wrote. "However, these mutations were generally present at low frequencies and were transient in nature."

Thus, they concluded that, at present, these resistant variants were unlikely to spread through the general population. However, they added that we should continue to monitor these mutations and drug usage patterns.

References Nooruzzaman, M., Johnson, K.E.E., Rani, R. et al. Emergence of transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants with decreased sensitivity to antivirals in immunocompromised patients with persistent infections. Nat Commun 15, 7999 (2024). doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51924-3 www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-51924-3

Tamura TJ, Choudhary MC, Deo R, et al. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Resistance After Antiviral Treatment. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(9):e2435431. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.35431 jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2824050

[colinwilson11]

Digitalization Will Propel The Bullous Pemphigoid Market Growth Owing To Increased Diagnosis Accuracy

The Bullous Pemphigoid Market involves treating a rare autoimmune disease wherein the immune system attacks the skin and mucous membranes resulting in large fluid-filled blisters and vesicles on the skin and mucosal membrane. Bullous Pemphigoid primarily affects the elderly population above the age of 60 and leads to extensive itching and pain. The main treatment modalities involve immunomodulatory medications such as corticosteroids, anti-inflammatory drugs, and immunosuppressive medications to ease symptoms.

The Bullous Pemphigoid Market is estimated to be valued at US$ 1.4 Bn in 2024 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 10% over the forecast period 2024-2031.

Key players operating in the Bullous Pemphigoid market are GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, and Roche. These companies offer a range of treatment options from oral and topical corticosteroids to immunosuppressive therapies. The increasing geriatric population prone to developing bullous pemphigoid coupled with rising awareness regarding the condition is expected to drive the growth of the market. Additionally, advancements in diagnosis facilitated by digital imaging technologies assist in prompt diagnosis and treatment of the condition, thereby improving treatment outcomes.

Key Takeaways

Key players analysis: Key players operating in the Bullous Pemphigoid market are GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, and Roche. GlaxoSmithKline leads the market with drugs including Rituximab and Benlysta.

Growing demand: The growing geriatric population accounted for a major share of the bullous pemphigoid patient pool. According to the WHO, the number of people aged 60 years and older is expected to double by 2050. This significantly drives the demand for bullous pemphigoid treatment.

Technological advancement: Advancements in digital imaging and teledermatology allow accurate diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid through visualization of skin lesions via smartphones and teleconsultation. This enables early intervention and superior management of the condition.

Market Trends

Combination therapies: There is a growing trend of using drug combinations as opposed to monotherapies to effectively manage bullous pemphigoid. Popular combinations involve corticosteroids with immunosuppressants.

Targeted biologic agents: Novel targeted biologic agents aimed at specific antibodies and immune pathways involved in bullous pemphigoid show promise. Drugs like Rituximab, Inebilizumab, and Eculizumab are being evaluated for efficacy and safety.

Market Opportunities

Emerging economies: Countries in Asia Pacific and Latin America present lucrative opportunities for bullous pemphigoid treatment providers owing to growing medical needs of their aging population and economic expansion.

Online consultations: Telehealth and e-pharmacy platforms allow people to remotely access bullous pemphigoid specialists and medication, thereby overcoming distance barriers. This increases access to care.

Impact Of COVID-19 On Bullous Pemphigoid Market Growth

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the growth of the bullous pemphigoid market. During the initial phases of the pandemic between 2020-21, the market witnessed a decline in growth rate owing to lockdowns imposed across various countries. This led to postponement of non-essential dermatological procedures and treatments. Patients also avoided visiting healthcare facilities fearing exposure to the virus. As a result, diagnosis and treatment rates for bullous pemphigoid reduced considerably during this period.

However, with lifting of lockdowns and rollout of vaccination drives globally, the market has started recovering post 2021. Increased awareness about the autoimmune disorder and availability of effective treatment options are supporting the growth trajectory. Various initiatives undertaken by key market players to ensure uninterrupted supply of drugs and therapies have also boosted market revenues. For instance, companies streamlined their production and distribution channels to meet the rising demand. Teleconsultations further aided continued care for patients during lockdowns.

Going forward, the bullous pemphigoid market is expected to witness robust expansion supported by ageing population prone to developing the condition. Moreover, rapid advancements in biologics and targeted therapies will expand treatment options. Players are investing heavily in R&D to develop novel pipeline drugs. Favorable regulatory environment and reimbursement policies will augment market access. Widespread vaccination drives and resumption of normal healthcare activities will further accelerate market growth in the coming years.

Europe holds the largest share of bullous pemphigoid market in terms of value owing to sizeable patient pool and high treatment uptake. North America follows Europe in terms of revenue generation led by rising disease prevalence and advanced healthcare infrastructure. Asia Pacific is recognized as the fastest growing regional market and will continue exhibiting strong growth momentum through 2031. This can be attributed to improving access to diagnosis and treatment options due to expanding healthcare expenditure in countries like China and India.

Geographical Regions With Highest Bullous Pemphigoid Market Value

North America accounts for the largest share of the Bullous Pemphigoid Market value-wise. The region is estimated to hold over 35% revenue share of the overall market in 2024 led by strong presence of leading pharmaceutical companies in US and Canada. Increased focus on research into novel treatment options along with supportive reimbursement policies are driving the growth of the North America bullous pemphigoid market.

Europe holds the second largest value share globally on account of rising burden of the autoimmune disorder due to aging population. Countries like Germany, UK, France, Italy are major revenue generators for Europe bullous pemphigoid market. High healthcare expenditure and availability of affordable treatments make Europe an attractive regional market.

Geographical Region Witnessing Fastest Growth In Bullous Pemphigoid Market

Asia Pacific region has emerged as the fastest growing geographical market for bullous pemphigoid globally. The Asia Pacific bullous pemphigoid market is projected to expand at a CAGR of over 12% during 2024-2031. Factors such as growing geriatric demographic, increasing medical awareness regarding bullous pemphigoid diagnosis and management, rising healthcare spending, and improving access to advanced drugs are fueling the market growth. Countries like India, China, Japan, and South Korea are expected to drive substantial revenues for bullous pemphigoid treatment manufacturers within Asia Pacific market.

Get more insights on this topic:  https://www.ukwebwire.com/bullous-pemphigoid-market-growth-to-be-fueled-by-advancements-in-targeted-therapies/

Author Bio:

Money Singh is a seasoned content writer with over four years of experience in the market research sector. Her expertise spans various industries, including food and beverages, biotechnology, chemical and materials, defense and aerospace, consumer goods, etc. (https://www.linkedin.com/in/money-singh-590844163 )

What Are The Key Data Covered In This Bullous Pemphigoid Market Report?

:- Market CAGR throughout the predicted period

:- Comprehensive information on the aspects that will drive the Bullous Pemphigoid Market's growth between 2024 and 2031.

:- Accurate calculation of the size of the Bullous Pemphigoid Market and its contribution to the market, with emphasis on the parent market

:- Realistic forecasts of future trends and changes in consumer behaviour

:- Bullous Pemphigoid Market Industry Growth in North America, APAC, Europe, South America, the Middle East, and Africa

:- A complete examination of the market's competitive landscape, as well as extensive information on vendors

:- Detailed examination of the factors that will impede the expansion of Bullous Pemphigoid Market vendors

FAQ’s

Q.1 What are the main factors influencing the Bullous Pemphigoid Market?

Q.2 Which companies are the major sources in this industry?

Q.3 What are the market’s opportunities, risks, and general structure?

Q.4 Which of the top Bullous Pemphigoid Market companies compare in terms of sales, revenue, and prices?

Q.5 Which businesses serve as the Bullous Pemphigoid Market’s distributors, traders, and dealers?

Q.6 How are market types and applications and deals, revenue, and value explored?

Q.7 What does a business area’s assessment of agreements, income, and value implicate?

*Note: 1. Source: Coherent Market Insights, Public sources, Desk research 2. We have leveraged AI tools to mine information and compile it

[trendingreportz]

Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Market - Forecast(2024 - 2030)

Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Market Overview

The Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Market size is estimated to reach $31.3 billion by 2028, growing at a CAGR of 3.7% during the forecast period 2023-2028. Treatment of multiple sclerosis may involve immunosuppressants, immunomodulators and monoclonal antibodies. Interferons are disease-modifying drugs that assist in decreasing relapses in people enduring multiple sclerosis. Intramuscular injections are utilized when additional kinds of delivery techniques like oral, intravenous and subcutaneous are not suggested. As per a novel clinical trial in August 2022, an experimental antibody therapy for multiple sclerosis can reduce symptom flare-ups by half, as compared to standard treatment. Interferon beta-1a has been certified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis and it has been assessed in clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19. According to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, more than 2.8 million people are living with Multiple Sclerosis worldwide. The burgeoning focus of firms on pipeline products for multiple sclerosis is set to drive the Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Market. The recommended continuous medicines for multiple sclerosis-like interferons to decrease the requirement for hospitalization due to COVID-19 are set to propel the growth of the Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Industry during the forecast period 2023-2028. This represents the Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Industry Outlook.

Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Market Report Coverage

The “Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Market Report - Forecast (2023-2028)” by IndustryARC, covers an in-depth analysis of the following segments in the Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Market.

By Drug Class: Immunomodulators, Immunosuppressants, Interferons and Others.

By Route Of Administration:Oral, Injection (Intramuscular, Subcutaneous and Intravenous).

By Geography: North America (the US, Canada and Mexico), Europe (Germany, France, the UK, Italy, Spain, Russia and the Rest of Europe), Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia & New Zealand and the Rest of Asia-Pacific), South America (Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia and the Rest of South America) and the Rest of the World (the Middle East and Africa).

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Key Takeaways

Geographically, North America (Multiple Sclerosis Drugs market share) accounted for the highest revenue share in 2022. It is poised to dominate the market over the period 2023-2028 owing to the increasing predominance of multiple sclerosis involving immunomodulators in the North American region.

The growth of the Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Market is being driven by considerable financing of large pharmaceutical firms in the drug development procedure and surging interferon treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. However, the soaring cost of medications is one of the major factors hampering the growth of the Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Market.

The Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Market Detailed Analysis of the Strengths, Weaknesses and Opportunities of the prominent players operating in the market would be provided in the Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Market report.

Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Market Segment Analysis - by Drug Class

The Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Market based on drug class can be further segmented into Immunomodulators, Immunosuppressants, Interferons and Others. The Immunomodulators Segment held the largest share of the Multiple Sclerosis Drugs market in 2022. This growth is fueled by the surging application of immunomodulators for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and its connected symptoms. Interferon beta and glatiramer acetate (GA) were the earliest immunomodulators certified for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) and clinically isolated syndromes. The greater prescription rates are further propelling the growth of the Immunomodulators segment.

Furthermore, the Immunosuppressants segment is estimated to grow at the fastest CAGR of 4.3% during the forecast period 2023-2028 owing to the typical application of immunosuppressants like azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and mitoxantrone for the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis as well as application of immunosuppressants as combination therapy or monotherapy.

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Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Market Segment Analysis - by Route Of Administration

The Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Market based on the route of administration can be further segmented into Oral, Subcutaneous and Injection. The Injection Segment held the largest share of the multiple Sclerosis Drugs market in 2022. This growth is fueled by the surging count of approvals for multiple sclerosis medications as injections for subcutaneous application in the treatment of ailment. The injection segment is sub-segmented into intramuscular, subcutaneous and intravenous. The increasing application of intravenous (IV) infusions like OCREVUS to treat relapsing or primary progressive forms of Multiple Sclerosis is further propelling the growth of this segment.

Furthermore, the Oral segment is estimated to grow at the fastest CAGR of 5.5% during the forecast period 2023-2028 due to the growing introduction of novel products, assistance in patient satisfaction, boosting therapeutic compliance and the soaring inclination toward oral medications.

Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Market Segment Analysis - by Geography

North America (Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Market) dominated the Multiple Sclerosis Drugs market with a 40% share of the overall market in 2022. The growth is driven by the existence of key players in the North American region. The approval by regulatory authorities is further propelling the growth of the Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Industry, thereby contributing to the Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Industry Outlook, in the North American region. Furthermore, the Asia-Pacific region is estimated to be the region with the fastest CAGR over the forecast period 2023-2028. This growth is fuelled by the factors like enhanced distribution networks of pharmaceutical firms in emerging economies in the Asia-Pacific region. The surging government initiatives are further fueling the progress of the Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Market in the Asia-Pacific region.

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Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Market Drivers

Surging Approvals for Intramuscular Injections:

As per Healthline, current findings from the National MS Society estimate that almost 1 million people in the U.S. are living with Multiple Sclerosis. In February 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) certified an intramuscular injection formulation of Plegridy (peginterferon beta-1a) to treat patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). This formulation, for injection directly into the muscle, is what is usually utilized to convey the flu shot. As per Biogen, Plegridy’s developer, treatment provided through intramuscular injection is as efficient as the subcutaneous injection formulation. This novel formulation was also currently certified by the European Commission. The surging approvals for intramuscular injections are therefore fueling the growth of the Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Market during the forecast period 2023-2028.

Soaring Treatment Involving Immunomodulators and Immunosuppressants:

As per Healthline, a supposed 2.5 million people live with Multiple Sclerosis globally. Medications certified for application in multiple sclerosis that decrease the frequency of intensifications or gradual infirmity advancement are termed disease-modifying drugs (DMDs). These DMDs can be further categorized as immunomodulators or immunosuppressants. Teriflunomide is an oral immunomodulator that causes anti-inflammatory impacts by restricting dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, a mitochondrial enzyme included in pyrimidine synthesis. It is designated for relapsing forms of MS. The most typically utilized immunosuppressants in Multiple Sclerosis are azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and mitoxantrone. The soaring treatment involving immunomodulators and immunosuppressants is fueling the growth of the Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Industry, thereby contributing to the Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Industry Outlook during the forecast period 2023-2028.

Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Market Challenges

Side Effects of Interferons:

As per MS Discovery Forum, an approximated 200 novel cases are diagnosed every week in the U.S. Interferon beta (IFNbeta) decreases the relapse rate and activity as assessed by serial MRI scanning and ailment advancement of Multiple Sclerosis. Therapy with IFNbeta may be connected with numerous unfavorable reactions. Comparatively repeated side effects involve flu-like symptoms, transient laboratory abnormalities, menstrual ailments and raised spasticity. Dermal injection site reactions happen subsequent to subcutaneous application of IFNbeta-1b and IFNbeta-1a. Likely side effects of IFNbeta involve different autoimmune reactions, capillary leak syndrome, anaphylactic shock, thrombotic-thrombocytopenic purpura, insomnia, headache, alopecia and depression. These issues are thus hampering the growth of the Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Market.

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Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Industry Outlook

More focus on pipeline drugs for multiple sclerosis and emerging R&D financing in the pharmaceutical industry are key strategies adopted by players in the Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Market. The top 10 companies in the Multiple Sclerosis Drugs market are:

Bayer AG

Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.

Novartis AG

Sanofi Inc.

F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.

Celgene Corporation

Acorda Therapeutics, Inc.

Biogen, Inc.

Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (Johnson & Johnson)

Merck Serono (Merger between EMD Serono and Merck KGaA)

Recent Developments

In October 2021, Novartis declared that it would introduce 41 abstracts at the upcoming 37th Congress of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS). The data being introduced covered an all-inclusive MS portfolio. This stressed the firm’s dedication in enhancing the quality of life for people residing with MS at all phases of the ailment.

In June 2021, Novartis marked a collaboration agreement and alternative to acquiring Cellerys. Cellerys is a Zurich-based startup, conducting research on a therapy to combat Multiple Sclerosis (MS). 

In January 2020, Novartis favorably finished the acquisition of The Medicines Company. This included a possibly first-in-class, investigational cholesterol-lowering therapy - inclisiran. The Medicines Company proposed the New Drug Application (NDA) for inclisiran to FDA in December 2019. 

[cmr-insights]

Transplant Drug Monitoring Assay Market Statistics and Global Analysis Report 2030

The Global Transplant Drug Monitoring Assay Market was valued at US$ 203.6 Million in 2022 and is anticipated to reach US$ 574.5 Million by the end of 2030 with a CAGR of 13.9% from 2023 to 2030

Make The Smart Decision. Download A Free Sample Of Our Report @ https://cognizancemarketresearch.com/request/transplant-drug-monitoring-assay-market/

Transplant diagnostics play a pivotal role in ensuring compatibility between organ donors and recipients, both before and after transplantation. With the expanding prevalence of conditions that can lead to organ failure, the use of transplant diagnostics is expected to grow significantly. Healthcare professionals are increasingly recognizing the advantages of these tests in assessing the suitability of organ transplant procedures.

The market for transplant medication monitoring assays is projected to reach a value of USD 529.1 million by 2030. The necessity for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in transplant medicine, regulating immunosuppressant drug concentrations within the therapeutic range, remains a driving factor. TDM ensures that drug levels are neither excessively high nor too low, reducing the risk of adverse effects such as toxicity or rejection. These factors are expected to drive the demand for transplant medication monitoring assays in the coming years.

Throughout the forecasted period, substantial growth is anticipated in the global transplant medication monitoring assay market. Key drivers include the increasing demand for organ transplants, higher research and development investments, and the rising incidence of chronic liver and kidney diseases.

Global Transplant Drug Monitoring Assay Market Amid COVID-19 Pandemic

The therapeutic drug monitoring market has experienced negative impacts due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Several factors have contributed to these challenges. Firstly, delays in the supply of reagents and testing kits, caused by disruptions in the wake of the pandemic, have resulted in reduced accuracy and capacity for therapeutic medication monitoring. Additionally, the pandemic has redirected healthcare resources away from addressing chronic conditions, including those requiring therapeutic drug monitoring, towards the treatment of COVID-19 patients.

Furthermore, the availability of therapeutic drug monitoring services has been affected by the global decrease in organ transplantation activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Reports, such as the one from the National Center for Biotechnology Information in 2022, indicate a significant decline in transplant procedures globally, estimated at 16%. This reduction in transplant surgeries has, in turn, impacted the demand for therapeutic medications, affecting market expansion during the pandemic.

However, the post-pandemic outlook suggests a potential resurgence in the therapeutic drug monitoring market. As more people will likely require organ transplants in the aftermath of the pandemic, the demand for therapeutic medications is expected to increase. This will be particularly important to monitor the body’s acceptance of new organs, as the risk of rejection becomes more significant. Consequently, while COVID-19 has posed challenges to the therapeutic drug monitoring market, the future holds potential for substantial growth as healthcare services adapt to evolving patient needs.

Increasing Prevalence of chronic diseases, geriatric population, and drug monitoring technologies to boost Transplant drug monitoring assay Market

The therapeutic drug monitoring market is seeing significant expansion, driven by several factors. One major contributor is the rise in chronic conditions such as cancer, neurological disorders, and heart problems. These ailments necessitate extended drug treatment within specific therapeutic parameters. In 2020, the World Health Organization recorded over 18 million new cancer cases, emphasizing the need for therapeutic drug monitoring services.

The market’s growth can also be attributed to increasing awareness of therapeutic drug monitoring’s significance, particularly in developing nations where autoimmune diseases are on the rise. Precision medicine, technological advances in drug monitoring, and government initiatives to enhance healthcare also contribute to the market’s expansion. With rising personal incomes and healthcare expenses in developing countries, the future presents numerous opportunities for therapeutic drug monitoring.

Additionally, the global aging population is a significant driver of market growth. The WHO predicts that the number of elderly individuals worldwide will reach 1.5 billion by 2050. Older adults are more prone to heart and kidney issues, leading to greater demand for organ transplants. Healthcare systems are adapting to this aging demographic, making considerable strides in the healthcare sector.

The equipment and consumables market for the global transplant medication monitoring assay industry is also experiencing substantial growth. The equipment sector held a significant share of the global market in 2022, and this trend is expected to continue. The importance of advanced equipment and technology in therapeutic drug monitoring underlines its potential in the market.

North America to spearhead the Transplant Drug Monitoring Assay Market

Increase in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases, growing awareness of therapeutic medication monitoring, rising demand for precision medicine, technological advancements in drug monitoring technologies, and government initiatives to enhance healthcare. Additionally, the market is expected to experience significant growth due to increased personal disposable income and healthcare expenditures in emerging nations. Well-funded organizations are contributing to financial awareness and investments in healthcare. In North America, investments in healthcare infrastructure and research and development, driven by the increasing occurrence of chronic diseases, are fostering innovation in treatments like transplant drug monitoring assays. Moreover, a favorable regulatory environment simplifies the development and marketing of these assays, while good infrastructure remains crucial for effective treatment.

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Companies operating in the transplant drug monitoring assay market have employed various growth strategies to enhance market share and revenue. Prominent companies in this sector include Immucor Transplant Diagnostics Inc., Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., GenDx, CareDx, Affymetrix Inc., Linkage Biosciences, Becton Dickinson and Company, Bio-Rad Inc., Illumina Inc., Abbott Laboratories Inc., bioMérieux S.A., QIAGEN NV, and Omixon Ltd.

[lupine-publishers-ctgh]

Lupine Publishers | The Risk of Hospitalization due to COVID-19 in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Abstract

Objectives: The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2 became a worldwide pandemic in 2020. It is known that patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at an increased risk of infection, particularly when on immunosuppressive therapy. The outcomes of COVID-19 in IBD patients remain somewhat unclear.

Methods: This Finnish retrospective observational cohort study enrolled 74 patients with an established IBD diagnosis and a confirmed COVID-19 infection. Patient data (age, sex, body mass index, IBD type, biochemical and clinical activity, comorbidities [Charlson comorbidity index [CCI]) and symptoms of COVID-19 were compared with hospitalization due to the COVID-19 infection.

Results: We found that older age (p < 0.01) and comorbidities (CCI score higher than one [p < 0.01]) were associated with hospitalization due to COVID-19 infection. In contrast, none of the studied pharmacological treatments for IBD, IBD type or disease activity were associated with a higher risk of hospitalization.

Conclusion: Our study shows that comorbidities and older age are associated with hospitalization due to COVID-19. On the other hand, different pharmacological treatments for IBD were not linked to a higher risk of hospitalization.

Keywords:Inflammatory bowel diseases; Crohn’s disease; Ulcerative Colitis; COVID-19; Immunosuppressive Treatment

Introduction

The coronavirus pandemic is a worldwide health crisis brought on by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2), which causes a COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) infection [1]. The disease has continued to spread globally and was classified as a pandemic on 11 March 2020, by the World Health Organization [2]. Clinical symptoms in COVID-19 vary between patients, but most individuals have a mild form of the disease with no or flu-like symptoms, including a dry cough, fever, runny nose and fatigue. Additional symptoms may comprise shivering, throat pain, anosmia, headache, joint pain, nausea and diarrhoea [3,4]. In more severe forms of the disease, marked inflammation and progressive pneumonia occur, leading to difficulties in breathing. A COVID-19 infection has often proved to be more severe in patients over 60 years of age. Furthermore, most patients with COVID-19 requiring hospitalization or intensive care unit (ICU) admission have been shown to have at least one comorbidity, such as chronic lung or heart disease, diabetes or conditions that affect their immune system [5]. In addition, smokers have been suggested to develop more severe symptoms of COVID-19 and are more likely to be admitted to intensive care, to need mechanical ventilation or to die than to non-smokers [6].

The treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), frequently includes immunosuppressant medications [7-10]. The immunomodulators commonly used in IBD are corticosteroids, thiopurines, methotrexate, calcineurin inhibitors, anti-tumour necrosis factor agents or other biologicals. Their modes of action differ from each other, but they all compromise, to some extent, the patient’s immune response [11]. This may increase the patient’s risk of viral and bacterial infections and adverse outcomes of COVID-19 [12,13]. However, published data on possible associations of immunosuppressive therapy with severe COVID-19 remain inconsistent. Data extracted from the international registry Surveillance Epidemiology of Coronavirus Under Research Exclusion for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (SECURE-IBD; 1,439 cases, 112 with severe COVID-19) suggest an increased risk with thiopurines either combined with biologicals or as a monotherapy [14], whereas data from the French national health system (268,185 IBD patients, 600 hospitalizations) indicate no such association [15]. So far, there is no clear evidence for an increased risk of more severe outcomes in patients with IBD in the context of COVID-19. This study aimed to describe how COVID-19 presents and evolves in patients with IBD and to identify potential risk factors that may predict the severity and outcomes of a COVID-19 infection in IBD patients.

Methods

This was a retrospective, observational cohort study. All eligible patients were adults (18 years and older) with an established diagnosis of CD or UC and a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, which was defined as the PCR-confirmed presence of the SARS-CoV-2 genome in a nasopharyngeal swab. The Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa is the largest hospital district in Finland, covering a population of more than 1.7 million. The IBD registry is an integrated platform of the hospital patient data system and comprises 5,194 secondary or tertiary care patients with an IBD diagnosis, treated mostly with immunosuppressants and biologicals. We identified IBD patients with a COVID-19 diagnosis by performing a search combining the hospital district’s COVID-19 registry and the IBD registry. The more detailed patient and disease data were collected retrospectively from the patient electronic charts in April 2021. For all eligible patients, we collected the following data: age, sex, ethnicity, pregnancy, body mass index, IBD type, IBD duration, surgical IBD treatment, pharmacological IBD treatment, other comorbidities (expressed with the Charlson Comorbidity Index [CCI] [16] signs and symptoms of COVID-19 (fever, cough, dyspnoea, dysosmia/dysgeusia, pharyngitis, diarrhoea, arthralgia-myalgia/ asthenia, rhinitis, dysphonia, headache, abdominal pain, nausea/ vomiting, thrombosis), antibiotic and anticoagulant therapies for COVID-19, COVID-19 outcomes (hospitalization on a regular ward and in an ICU as well as death), and smoking status.

Data on faecal calprotectin (FC) as a surrogate marker of inflammation were recorded 0–6 months before the COVID-19 infection, during the COVID-19 infection and after the COVID-19 infection. Values considered to be normal for FC were < 200 μg/g [17,18]. The last registration on clinical activity of IBD was assessed based on patient charts. Clinical disease activity was determined according to the presence or absence of symptoms due to IBD (number of bowel movements, presence or absence of abdominal pain and presence of blood on defecation). The Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) is a validated and easily applicable method of estimating the disease severity and the risk of death from a comorbid disease. It has also been shown that a higher mean CCI score is significantly associated with mortality and disease severity in COVID-19 patients [19].

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using the R software environment (version R-3.6.2). Differences in the hospitalization status and the studied variables were tested for significance using logistic regression, where the age and BMI of the patients served as confounding factors. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The values are presented as numeric with percentage or as mean with SD.

Ethical considerations

Permission to conduct the study was received from the institutional review board of Helsinki University Hospital. As this was a retrospective, non-interventional patient records review study, no ethics committee approval was required.

Results

Study population

Between 29 January 2020 and 15 April 2021, 74 patients with IBD (CD n = 32 [43%], UC n = 42 [57%]) had been diagnosed with a COVID-19 infection. The patients’ baseline characteristics are shown in (Table 1). Within the six months prior to the COVID-19 infection, 18% (n = 13) of the CD patients and 18% (n = 13) of UC patients had an active IBD. Based on the available data, 22% (n = 7) of the CD and 24% (n = 10) of the UC patients had a biochemically active disease, whereas 28% (n = 9) of the CD and 19% (n = 8) of the UC patients had a clinically active disease. Six percent (n = 2) of the CD patients and 19% (n = 8) of the UC patients were not on any pharmacological treatment for IBD at the time of COVID-19 diagnosis. At the time of COVID-19 diagnosis, three patients (4%) were on systemic corticosteroid and thiopurine combination therapy; of these, only one UC patient was hospitalized on a regular ward and did not require ICU admission. We identified only one patient who was on concomitant medication with systemic corticosteroids, thiopurine and biologicals, and this patient was not hospitalized. Seven CD patients (22%) and eight UC patients (19%) were treated with thiopurine and biologicals, of these, one patient with CD and one with UC were hospitalized on a regular ward. Overall, two patients were pregnant, and neither of them was hospitalized. Nearly threequarters (72%, n = 23) of the CD patients and two-thirds (60%, n = 25) of the UC patients had no significant comorbidities (CCI 0). One comorbidity was present in 22% (n = 7) of the CD patients and in 19% (n = 8) of the UC patients. Hence, only 15% of all patients had two or more comorbidities. Seven patients (9%) had asthma, while none had been diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. For 36 patients, an FC value determined 0–6 months prior to the COVID-19 infection was available: the average value for CD patients was 279 μg/g and for UC patients 421 μg/g (FC range in all patients 5–1,600 μg/g, SD 482 μg/g). During the study period, 13 (18%) patients were hospitalized, four (5%) were admitted to an intensive care unit, and one patient died (Table 2). Except for the patient who eventually died, no-one needed mechanical ventilation. Among all hospitalized patients, the average number of days spent on a regular ward due to COVID-19 was 3.7 for CD, 6.3 for UC and 5.7 for all patients. Most patients (n = 62, 84%) were not on antibiotic therapy at the time of the COVID-19 infection. After the COVID-19 diagnosis had been established, 43% (n = 32) of all patients and 100% of those hospitalized received thrombosis prophylaxis.

COVID-19 symptoms

The most common COVID-19 symptoms, presented in Table 2, were cough (56%), rhino-pharyngitis (51%), fever (46%), headache (34%), dyspnoea (26%), diarrhoea (24%), arthralgia/myalgia (16%), dysosmia/dysgeusia (15%), flu-like symptoms (13%), abdominal pain (12%) and nausea/vomiting (9%). Five percent did not develop any symptoms due to the COVID-19 infection. No thromboembolic complications were diagnosed.

Factors predicting hospitalization

In all statistical analyses age, body mass index (BMI) and sex were examined simultaneously with the variable, and each variable was also examined alone. Increasing age was associated with a higher risk of hospitalization (p < 0.01), presented in (Figure 1A). With a CCI of two or more, the risk of hospitalization was significantly increased (p < 0.01 vs CCI 0–1), as seen in (Figure 1B). When the points for age were omitted from the CCI score, patients who had points due to an underlying medical condition were still more likely to be hospitalized (p < 0.01 vs no underlying medical condition).

Factors not predicting hospitalization

We could not demonstrate any significant association between BMI and risk of hospitalization, although there was a trend towards such a risk (p = 0.09). Interestingly, there was a significant association between BMI and hospitalization when one patient with a BMI of 54 was removed as an outlier (p = 0.02) (Figure 1C). Neither sex nor IBD type (UC or CD) had a significant impact on COVID-19 outcomes. There was no significant difference in hospitalizations among patients on biological medication, thiopurines or systemic corticosteroids, nor among patients who were taking any of the said medications as a combined therapy.

Discussion

Our study, which aimed at identifying risk factors for COVID-19 in IBD patients confirms previous findings indicating an association between hospitalization and both comorbidities and older age. Importantly, the use of any medication as maintenance therapy for IBD was not associated with an increased risk of a more severe COVID-19 infection or an undesirable outcome. The data of SECURE-IBD are likely to drive treatment recommendations for IBD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Immunosuppressive medications, especially thiopurines, used to treat IBD may result in a degree of immunosuppression, which has been hypothesized to lead to a more severe COVID-19 infection. Most of the patients in the IBD registry were on immunosuppressive treatment and were therefore thought to be at a higher risk of a severe COVID-19 infection. A recently published review article by Al-Ani and colleagues encourages the continuing of usual maintenance medications and highlights the importance of avoiding corticosteroids [20]. The finding of our study are in line with previous studies. In the case of an IBD flare-up, the risks and benefits of the treatments should be carefully discussed with the patient. More severe COVID-19 has been associated with older age and obesity [21-24]. Moreover, earlier studies have shown male sex to be a risk factor for more severe COVID-19 [25,26]. In the present study no significant association between sex and a higher risk of hospitalization was found. In the context of obesity, it is believed that the excess amount of adipose tissue causes inflammation and an impairment in the immune response. However, no significant correlation between BMI and the risk of hospitalization was found in our study. On the other hand, we found a significant association between age and hospitalization. It has been previously reported in studies of the general population that patients with comorbidities have a higher risk of more severe COVID-19 symptoms [27,28]. This was also seen in our population of IBD patients. Brenner and colleagues have found that increased age, comorbidities and, contrary to our study, also systemic corticosteroids are associated with severe COVID-19 in IBD patients [29].

Between 29 January 2020, when the first COVID-19 case in Finland was confirmed, and 15 April 2021, a total of 48,438 cases had been reported in the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, which constitutes 2.8% of the population of 1.7 million [30]. In the present study, we identified 74 (1.4%) out of 5,194 patients in the IBD registry with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis since the beginning of the pandemic. The proportion of IBD patients with confirmed COVID-19 is less than half of the corresponding proportion of the general population of the same geographical area. Earlier studies have indicated that patients with IBD are at risk of serious opportunistic infections, particularly when they are treated with immunosuppressive medication. However, the findings of our study suggest that patients with IBD are not at a higher risk of contracting the SARS-COV-2 than the general population. This could be partly explained by a more rigorous hygiene routine. The patients in the Uusimaa Region have received detailed hygiene and health instructions from the specialized IBD nurses since the beginning of the pandemic. In the future, more data are needed on the social impact that the pandemic may have had on these immunocompromised patients. This study has some limitations. Firstly, the number of patients was limited as the incidence of COVID-19 in Finland has remained relatively low. Secondly, the lack of data in the patient records made it challenging to find variables associated with an unfavorable outcome and a higher risk of hospitalization. Additionally, during the pandemic, patients have tended not to attend scheduled laboratory follow-up tests, resulting in missing data. Despite these limitations, we believe that this study reflects well the real-life situation in clinical practice and provides important data on the COVID-19 infection in the IBD population.

The present study also has several strengths. Firstly, as the COVID-19 registry of the hospital district covers all reported cases in the region, it is extremely unlikely that a COVID-19-positive patient included in the IBD registry would have been missed in our search. Secondly, this study was performed in a country with a high IBD prevalence of one percent of the population [31] and with, consistent IBD treatment patterns and active patient organization counselling in place. All patients have equal access to treatment, and most hospital districts have specialized nurses who are trained to treat patients with IBD and advise them on travelling, vaccinations and hygiene. The observation period of this study mainly took place before the national vaccinations against COVID-19 started. Although no vaccine data is available for this study population, the number of COVID-19-vaccinated patients can be neglected, as IBD patients on immunosuppressive therapy were among the groups to receive the vaccine, starting from mid-April 2021. Some of the newest COVID-19 strains that have emerged after the data collection for this study have been found to be more infectious and linked to a higher mortality rate. Future studies will show whether the outcome of COVID-19 will differ from today’s studies.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with IBD in Finland, a country with a high prevalence of IBD and low prevalence of COVID-19. We found that comorbidities and older age were associated with a negative COVID-19 outcome such as hospitalization. On the other hand, immunosuppressive treatment for IBD was not associated with the risk of hospitalization or death. The lower incidence of COVID-19 infections among IBD patients in comparison to the general population may be explained by the rigorous hygiene measures undertaken particularly by patients on immunosuppressive therapy.

Author Contributions

Statement of authorship: study design (MK, PM, Ca B, PA), statistical analysis (JJ, JA), initial manuscript drafting (MK), critical revision and final approval (all authors).

Funding

The authors received no specific grant for this research. Patient involvement and patient consent for publication. Patients were not involved in the design, conduct reporting or dissemination plans of this research. Patient consent was not required.

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    When to get admitted in the hospital if you are Covid-positive?

The virus is deadly and is spreading too soon! With precautions being taken, there are still people who are falling sick. The Covid-19 Virus starts of mildly and within no time, amplifies!

Once tested positive, doctors suggest home-isolation. However, the question that prevails is when to get admitted in the hospital? The answer to this depends on the symptoms. To begin with, you must know what the early warning signs of this deadly virus are and how they must be dealt with. Staying at home is indeed imperative. Social distancing is unavoidable. Remember to cover your cough or sneeze with a tissue or carefully cough into your elbow. Also, sanitize and wash your hands regularly.

But, what is important is that how can you tell if that cough or sneeze is something to worry about?

The symptoms of corona virus are many-a-time similar to that of a normal cold or a viral. However, you must be aware of the warning signs and when you must call your doctor.

The most common symptoms of Covid:

The most common symptoms include cold and cough and a shortness of breath. Some might face difficulty in breathing. In many people, the cold and cough begins dry and then evolves into a series of sneezes and coughs that hampers breathing. Some people might also face more symptoms which include:

·        Fever

·        Chills

·        Repeated shaking with chills

·        Muscle pain

·        Headache

·        Sore throat

·        New loss of taste or smell

People facing any of these or a combination of these symptoms must seek medical assistance. The doctors are most likely to suggest a treatment at home.

Those with underlying health conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, immunosuppression, cancer, lung disease or kidney disease are more at risk for complications from the virus. Adults over the age of 60 are also at higher risk.

When to get admitted?

People with pre-Covid health issues are at a greater risk. Also, even when in isolation at home and under treatment, the symptoms might advance at getting admitted into the hospital is then a must.

Look out for the following to know when to get admitted into the hospital:

·        Difficulty breathing

·        A persistent pain or pressure in your chest

·        Bluish lips or face

·        High fever

·        Unconsciousness

However, it is best advised to seek medical care even if you feel ill or unusual. The virus is affecting different people in a different way. If you have any health issues prior to being Corona-positive, it is best advised to be under constant medical supervision. People above the age of 45 must take extra precautions and must not think twice before getting admitted in the hospital. If symptoms worsen and the condition deteriorates before getting admitted into the hospital, it would be very challenging for medical experts to regain your good health.

Seek immediate medical assistance if you feel your condition is deteriorating. Our doctors at CIMS are fully equipped and trained to provide expert health care to Covid patients. We have in-house CT-Scan and Path Lab to ensure our patients get all facilities under one roof. CIMS is the best Covid-centre in Bhopal, providing expert health care 24/7. 

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