#claude auchinleck

[bookloversofbath]

Operation Crusader: Tank Warfare in the Desert Tobruk 1941 :: Hermann Buschleb

[whencyclopedia]

Battle of Bir Hakeim

The defence by Free French forces of the remote desert watering hole of Bir Hakeim (Hacheim) in Libya, North Africa in May-June 1942 during the Second World War (1939-45) is one of the most heroic episodes in French military history. Although ultimately unsuccessful, the defenders, which included units of the famed French Foreign Legion, held out for 15 days against four German and Italian divisions commanded by no less a figure than General Erwin Rommel (1891-1944).

The Axis forces attacked Bir Hakeim because it was part of the Allied Gazala Line defences, which protected the approach to the vital port of Tobruk. When finally overwhelmed, 2,700 Free French troops from an original garrison of 3,700 still managed to escape Bir Hakeim to fight another day. Meanwhile, Rommel defeated the rest of the Allied forces at the Battle of Gazala and captured Tobruk in June 1942, his greatest victory in North Africa.

French Foreign Legion, Bir Hakeim

Leonard Chetwyn - Imperial War Museums (CC BY-NC-SA)

The Western Desert Campaigns

In the first years of the second year of WWII, the Allies, then principally British and Commonwealth forces, were especially keen to protect the Suez Canal from falling into enemy hands, that is into the control of the Axis powers Germany and Italy. North Africa was also strategically important if either side wished to control and protect vital Mediterranean shipping routes. The island of Malta was crucial in this role, and holding the island fortress (then in British hands) was another reason to control potential airfields in the North African desert. Finally, North Africa was, at this stage of the conflict, the only place where British and French troops could fight a land war against Germany and Italy. After the embarrassing debacle of the Dunkirk Evacuation and the humiliating Fall of France in 1940, any military victories at all would be a vital morale boost to the Allies.

For all of the above reasons, a series of desert battles ensued, which are collectively known as the Western Desert Campaigns (Jun 1940 to Jan 1943). At first, the British Eighth Army faced poorly equipped Italian forces, but these were soon considerably boosted by German troops with superior armour, weapons, and training. From January 1941, the Axis forces in Africa benefitted from the considerable command abilities of General Erwin Rommel, a man who had already gained a reputation as a master of fast armour tactics during the Fall of France in 1940. Rommel first commanded the specialised Deutsche Afrika Korps (DAK) and proved his worth by capturing El Agheila in March 1941 and then Mersa Brega on 1 April. By July, Rommel was in overall practical command of all German and Italian forces in North Africa, although he was still technically under the ultimate authority of the Italian high command. Two victories against Allied offensives in May and June (code-named Brevity and Battleaxe, respectively) were followed by defeat in a third offensive in November, code-named Crusader. Rommel's two persistent problems were insufficient manpower and lack of supplies (especially food, fuel, and ammunition), but by January 1942, this situation improved significantly, and the German general, ignoring his orders to emphasise defence, went on the attack.

The British Eighth Army, which was composed of a range of British, British Empire, and Free French troops, was commanded by Lieutenant-General Neil Ritchie (1897-1985). The overall commander of Allied troops in the Middle East was General Claude Auchinleck (1884-1981). Unfortunately, at this stage of the Western Desert Campaigns, the British Army was poorly equipped, poorly trained, and poorly led. In contrast, "Rommel's force was numerically inferior, but his troops were more professional, better led, and thoroughly steeped in the cooperation of all arms" (Dear, 992).

General Rommel on Campaign

Imperial War Museums (CC BY-NC-SA)

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[pakistanmilitarypower]

The Pakistan Military Academy at Kakul (PMA)

The Pakistan Military Academy at Kakul (PMA), also known as PMA Kakul, is a two-year accredited[1]federal service military academy.[2] It is located at Kakul in Abbottabad. The Pakistan Military Academy is similar in function to Sandhurst, Saint-Cyr, and West Point, and provides training to the officers of Pakistan Army and Allied countries. The academy has three training battalions, and 12 companies. Another 2,000 guests each year, from over 34 countries, receive some training at PMA.

History

Before Partition in 1947, the location had initially been used as the premises of a PT and Mountaineering School of the British Indian Army, on the site of an old POW Camp for prisoners from the Boer War,[3] and later it became the premises of the Royal Indian Army Service Corps. After the division of the old Indian Army between India and Pakistan in 1947, Brigadier Francis Ingall, an officer of the British Indian Army, was selected by the C-in-C India, Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck, as first commandant of the Pakistan Military Academy, established at Kakul. He determined to model the Pakistan Academy on Sandhurst and requested a regimental sergeant major from the Brigade of Guards to help with training. He was lucky, too, to have the support of a number of old Indian Army officers who were transferred to the Pakistan Army, among them Lieutenant-Colonel Attiqur Rahman. In spite of facilities which were nowhere near the level of those enjoyed by the Indian Military Academy at Dehra Dun, Ingall won the confidence of his cadets and instructors. When, late in 1947, the dispute over the accession of Jammu and Kashmir led to armed conflict between India and Pakistan, he was able to structure the Academy’s training to enable newly commissioned officers to be immediately effective when they joined units on active service. Ingall was appointed OBE after completing his term as commandant in 1950. What probably gave him more satisfaction was the decision to name Kakul’s central lecture theatre Ingall Hall - though this was not built until many years after he had left.[4] He kept in touch with the academy for the rest of his life, making his last visit in November, 1997 where he said:

“I have given many addresses from this position here and from 1948 to 1951 I was very keen on the question of Pakistan and believed in it. I believed what the Quaid-e-Azam preached. I believe in Islam.[5]”

  Cadets from IMA (66) arrived in October 1947 and new cadets for Ist PMA Long Course (78) and Ist Graduates Course (63) were selected in Pakistan and training started officially in January 1948. Two hundred and seven cadets started their training in January 1948. On January 25, 1948, "The First Pakistan Battalion” was instituted. This battalion has four companies which were "named after the luminaries of Muslim military history" (e.g., Khalid, Tariq, Qasim, and Salahuddin). In March 1948, the First Battalion "was bestowed with Quaid-e-Azam’s patronage as Colonel-in-Chief, and the most coveted claim “The Quaid-e-Azam’s Own".

Khawaja Nazimuddin gave the Quaid-e-Azam banner to the Pakistan Military Academy on behalf of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah. The Quaid-e-Azam banner is held aloft by the champion company at every passing out parade. "Regimental colours presented in 1950 by Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan and the National Standard in 1961 by General Muhammad Musa, the then-Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army, have been some of the honours showered on the Academy, which it has always jealously guarded and kept high in letter and spirit."[2]The 1965 war led to expansion of the academy, and the second battalion of the academy was created in December 1965. This battalion consisted of four companies, called Ghaznavi, Babur, Aurangzeb, and Tipu. In early 1989, the third battalion of the academy was founded. The third battalion's four companies are Haider, Ubaida, Saad, and Hamza.

Location 

The academy is located in Abbottabad, at an elevation of 1,220 meters (4,000 feet). Abbottabad, named after the British administrator James Abbott in the year 1853, is a city located in the Hazara region of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, in Pakistan. The city is situated in the Orash Valley, 50 kilometres (31 miles) northeast of the capital Islamabad and 150 kilometres (93 miles) east of Peshawar at an altitude of 1,260 metres (4,134 ft) and is the capital of the Abbottabad District. It borders Azad Kashmir to the east. The city is well known throughout Pakistan for its pleasant weather, high-standard educational institutions and military establishments as it has a robust presence of soldiers engaged in various activities.[6] The cantonment area of Abbottabad is a beautiful place that is full of greenery, magnificent bungalows and trees. Pine trees are especially common in the area, whereas the climate is moderate both in winters and summers. The city is equipped with markets and all sorts of transport facilities. The city is only at a short distance from the academy. The academy provides an excellent environment for the grooming of young cadets.

Educational philosophy

The educational philosophy of the academy is to impart more than just combat training. The academy provides such an environment that every cadet develops attributes of Courage, Discipline, Integrity, Dignity, Honour and Patriotism. The academy provides all sorts of knowledge and wisdom that will be necessary for the cadets of today to implement when they become officers and are entrusted with an authority. In army all young officers have great respect for their seniors and this character is imparted during their stay at the academy. Every cadet must be clear of his/her aim of joining the army. With a clear mindset every cadet is required to work hard and with zeal. He should be willing to take risks and lead his team from the front. Team work is an essential part of the extra-curricular activities and field exercises.

Academic courses

The academy offers a 4 years undergraduate program which is Bachelors of Military Arts And Sciences[BMAS] including some common subjects as English, Military Geography, National and International Affairs, Islamic Studies, Military and General Science or Social Science.The long course cadets study two years for the degree before commissioning and complete their degree in their units.Every Gentleman Cadet passing out of the academy has a minimum graduation(from MCE,CEME,MCS,AM College or civil institutes) except for Long Course cadets who complete their degree after their passing out.

  The academy also has a Central Library that has a large collection of books on nearly every subject. The library also has journals and research materials. Along with the library the academy also has three massive computer laboratories and four latest computer-controlled Language laboratories. It is important that the cadets be aware of the current national and international news, for which PMA has set up its own broadcast channel.

Apart from the above courses and facilities, Pakistan Military Academy also has a range of clubs and societies which are:

Science Club

Fine Arts Club

Crafts Club

Drama Club

Debating Club

Music Club

Camera Club

Literary Club

Graphics Club

[blackswaneuroparedux]

Μνάσεσθαί τινά φαμι καὶ ὔστερον ἀμμέων.**

- Sappho

**I think men will remember us even hereafter.

Men of the British Indian Army were heroes, some recognised but mostly unsung. Their stories and their heroism have long been omitted from popular histories of the first world war (and the second world war).

Approximately 1.3 million Indian soldiers served in World War One, and over 74,000 of them lost their lives. But history has mostly forgotten these sacrifices, which were rewarded with broken promises of Indian independence from the British government as well as inadequate post-war mental health care for those struggling with PTSD.

Khudadad Khan became the first Indian to be awarded a Victoria Cross, the highest honour a soldier can receive on the battlefield. He was a machine gunner with the 129th Baluchi Regiment. A total of 11 Victorian Crosses were won by Indian soldiers. Others are Mir Dast, Shahamad Khan, Lala, Darwan Negi, Gabbar Negi, Karanbahadur Rana, Badlu Singh, Chatta Singh, Gobind Singh and Kulbir Thapa. This is an incredible feat unknown to those unversed in military history. Next to the fearsome Gurkhas, the Indians, especially from the Punjab, have always been recognised as some of the fiercest, brave, and most loyal of fighting soldiers.

The Indian army played a vital role in the victory of 'allies' while India was under the British colonial rule. It provided in large numbers and distinctly to the European, Mediterranean and the Middle East halls of war, obviously from the British side. Whilst its soldiers were fighting in the muddy fields of the Somme and other bloody battlefields of northern France, India itself was struggling for self-rule and dominion status under British, if not for complete freedom.

Sir Claude Auchinleck, Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army once said "Britain couldn't have come through both wars if they hadn't had the Indian Army." This is painfully true. The myth we tell ourselves is ‘Britain alone’. Yes, that’s true but she wasn’t alone against the dark forces of evil. She had the nations within the empire (and later the commonwealth) standing next to her - the brave servicemen and women drawn from such countries as Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and of course British India. 

Having been raised in both India and Pakistan as a child I had always been aware of the sacrifices the past generations of brave Indians and Pakistanis had made for the British Empire through the deep friendships made with Indian and Pakistani childhood friends and their families, but also through the written words of diaries and private papers of my family that lived and served in India in the 19th and 20th Centuries.

The lack of recognition of the brave and sacrificial contribution of the British Indian soldier in both wars has been something that has always upset me as a travesty of justice and the truth of the historical record. Until recently no acknowledgement in the public consciousness has been widely shared of their bravery and courage in history. Happily things have changed, albeit slowly, with more books and films being produced. But more has to be done.

Lest we forget.

Photo: A French boy introduces himself to Indian soldiers who had just arrived in France to fight alongside French and British forces, Marseilles, 30th September 1914.

[nebris]

The First Battle of El Alamein (1–27 July 1942) was a battle of the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War, fought in Egypt between Axis forces (Germany and Italy) of the Panzer Army Africa (Panzerarmee Afrika) (which included the Afrika Korps under Field Marshal (Generalfeldmarschall) Erwin Rommel) and Allied (British Imperial and Commonwealth) forces (United Kingdom, British India, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand) of the Eighth Army (under General Claude Auchinleck).

The British prevented a second advance by the Axis forces into Egypt. Axis positions near El Alamein, only 66 mi (106 km) from Alexandria, were dangerously close to the ports and cities of Egypt, the base facilities of the Commonwealth forces and the Suez Canal. However, the Axis forces were too far from their base at Tripoli in Libya to remain at El Alamein indefinitely, which led both sides to accumulate supplies for more offensives, against the constraints of time and distance.

The battle and the Second Battle of El Alamein three months later remain important to some of the countries that took part.[6] In New Zealand, this is due to the country's significant contribution to the defence of El Alamein, especially the heavy role the Māori Battalion played.[7] Members of this battalion have been labelled war heroes since, such as commander Frederick Baker, James Henare and Eruera Te Whiti o Rongomai Love, the last of whom was killed in action.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein

[trion-revolutionary]

Is Conrad named after Claude Auchinleck? Because I’m pretty sure Achenleck is a made up name but Auchinleck isn’t. I assumed Conrad’s name was supposed to be German but I guess Auchinleck is Scottish Gaelic. Maybe everybody but me knows this but this is a thing for me.

[pratikrebari]

N.D.A

Men Apart Every Man An Emperor.

The National Defence Academy (NDA) is the Joint Services academy of the Indian Armed Forces, where cadets of the three services, the Army, the Navy and the Air Force train together before they go on to pre-commissioning training in their respective service academies. The NDA is located at Khadakwasla near Pune, Maharashtra. It is the first tri-service academy in the world.

NDA alumni have led and fought in every major conflict in which the Indian Armed Forces has been called to action since the academy was established. The alumni include 3 Param Vir Chakra recipients and 9 Ashoka Chakra recipients. National Defence Academy has produced 27 service Chiefs Of Staff till date. Current Chiefs Of Staff of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force are all NDA alumni.

History

Sudan Block of the National Defence Academy

In 1941, Lord Linlithgow, then Viceroy of India received a gift of £100,000 from a grateful Sudanese Government towards building a war memorial in recognition of the sacrifices of Indian troops in the liberation of Sudan in the East African Campaign during World War II. At the end of the war, Field Marshal Claude Auchinleck, then Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army, drawing on experiences of the army during the war, led a committee to study various military academies around the world and submitted a report to the Government of India in Dec. 1946. The committee recommended the establishment of a Joint Services Military Academy, with training modelled on the United States Military Academy at West Point.[3]

After the independence of India in Aug. 1947, the Chiefs of Staff Committee immediately implemented the recommendations of the Auchinleck report. The committee initiated an action plan in late 1947 to commission a permanent defence academy and began the search for a suitable site. It also decided to set up an interim training academy, known as the Joint Services Wing (JSW), which was commissioned on 1 Jan. 1949 at the Armed Forces Academy (now known as the Indian Military Academy) in Dehradun. Initially, after two years of training at the JSW, Army cadets went on to the Military wing of the AFA for two years of further pre-commission training, while the Navy and Air Force cadets were sent to Dartmouth and Cranwell in the United Kingdom for further training.

Following partition, India's share of the monetary gift received from Sudan, amounted to £70,000 (the remaining £30,000 went to Pakistan). The Indian Army decided to use these funds to partly cover the cost of construction of the NDA. The foundation stone for the academy was laid by then Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru on 6 Oct. 1949. The National Defence Academy was formally commissioned on 7 Dec. 1954, with an inauguration ceremony held on 16 Jan. 1955.[4] The JSW program was transferred from the IMA to the NDA.

Campus

The Sudan Block and the Ashok Stambha at the National Defence Academy

Shivaji memorial at the National Defence Academy[5] The 17th century Maratha warrior king is considered as the Father of Indian Navy.[6] [7]

The NDA campus is located about 17 km south-west of Pune city, north-west of Khadakwasla Lake. It spans 7,015 acres (28.39 km2) of the 8,022 acres (32.46 km2) donated by the Government of the former Bombay State. The site was chosen for being on a lake shore, the suitability of the neighboring hilly terrain, proximity to the Arabian Sea and other military establishments, an operational air base nearby at Lohegaon as well as the salubrious climate. The existence of an old combined-forces training centre and a disused mock landing ship, HMS Angostura, on the north bank of the Khadakwasla lake which had been used to train troops for amphibious landings, lent additional leverage for the selection of the site.[3] Aptly, NDA is also located in the hunting grounds of the legendary Shivaji, with the Sinhagad Fort as a panoramic backdrop.

The administrative headquarters of the NDA was named the Sudan Block, in honour of the sacrifices of Indian soldiers in the Sudan theatre during the East African Campaign. It was inaugurated by then Ambassador of Sudan to India, Rahmatullah Abdulla, on 30 May 1959. The building is a 3-storey basalt and granite structure constructed with Jodhpur red sandstone. Its architecture features an exterior design comprising a blend of arches, pillars and verandahs, topped by a dome. The foyer has white Italian marble flooring and panelling on the interior walls. On the walls of the foyer hang the portraits of NDA graduates who have been honored with the highest gallantry awards, the Param Vir Chakra or the Ashoka Chakra.

A number of war relics adorn the NDA campus, including legendary captured tanks and aircraft.[8] The Vyas Library offers an extensive collection of over 100,000 printed volumes, in addition to numerous electronic subscriptions and a number of periodicals and journals from around the world in at least 10 languages.

Admission

The "H" squadron (aka hunter sqdrn) dormitory at the National Defence Academy

Applicants to the NDA are selected via a written exam conducted by the UPSC, followed by extensive interviews by the SSB covering general aptitude, psychological testing, team skills as well as physical and social skills, along with medical tests. Incoming classes are accepted twice a year for semesters starting in July and January. About 4,50,000 applicants sit for each written exam. Typically, about 6,300 of these are invited to interview. Only unmarried male candidates are eligible for NDA & NA Examination. The minimum age should be 16 and half years and maximum age should be 19 and half years. Applicants to join the Air Force also go through a Pilot Aptitude Battery Test. About 320 cadets are accepted to the academy each semester. About 70 cadets are accepted for the Air Force, 42 for the Navy and 208 for the Army.

Cadets who are accepted and successfully complete the program are sent to their respective training academies for one year of training before granting of commission: army cadets go to IMA at Dehradun, Air Force cadets to AFA at Dundigal, Hyderabad, and naval cadets to INA, Ezhimala, Kerala. A cadet can only decline a commission in case of a serious permanent medical condition caused during the program.

[onlineantiques]

Harry Sheldon F.R.S.A 1923-2002 Sheldon was the official Indian Army war artist whom the legendary Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck “discovered” waiting to be invalided from a Karachi hospital back to Britain in 1943. Auchinleck, whose distinguished family had played a leading role in Scottish history for more than 200 years, had the rank of General at the time and C-in-C India. He was impressed by an unofficial exhibition of war art that Lt Harry Sheldon, 8th Gurkha Rifles, Indian Army, had mounted there and persuaded him to remain behind and become his official war artist. Sheldon, graphically captured the horrors of war from the frontline, during the last years of the Raj. And he left behind a formidable legacy which included portraits of legendary Indian Army commanders, along with pictures and sketches showing the brutality of warfare. Auchinleck presented Mountbatten with a Sheldon picture and Lord Mountbatton pleaded for his services as an artist for his own South East Asia Command. But Auchinleck did not want to lose Sheldon and turned down Lord Mountbatten’s request without even consulting the painter who studied at Manchester School of Art, and under L. S. Lowry at Salford Technical School. Writer and art critic Sydney Reynolds, a close friend of Sheldon, said: “He was promptly dispatched in the opposite direction to paint the Gurkhas in Italy, but he treasured the letter from Mountbatten all his life.” And the allied supremo for his part, always held that a Harry Sheldon was one of his favourite possessions. Mr Sheldon had joined the Coldstream Guards on the outbreak of war and was later commissioned into the Gurkha Rifles where he was quickly engaged in making lightning sketches of frontline fighting. A highlight of his career came in the summer of 1945 when he was flown back to London to arrange an exhibition of his war paintings. After the war he regularly staged one-man shows as a water colourist. His war works are now scattered through the subcontinent in Indian Army museums. Paintings have also been preserved for War Office records, and n British military museums. https://www.instagram.com/p/Ci7j53mozEC/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[brigadierdefenceacademy311]

Best Defence Academy In Dehradun

About Defence Academy

The National Defence Academy (NDA) is the Indian Armed Forces' joint defence service training institute, where cadets from the Indian Army, Indian Navy, and Indian Air Force train together before proceeding to their respective service academy for further pre-commission training.

History

At the end of World War II, Field Marshal Claude Auchinleck, then Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army, led a committee around the world and submitted a report to the Government of India in December 1946, drawing on the army's experiences during the war. The committee recommended that a Joint Services Military Academy be established, with training modelled after the United States Military Academy at West Point.  

Following India's independence in August 1947, the Chiefs of Staff Committee immediately implemented the Auchinleck report's recommendations. In late 1947, the committee launched an action plan to establish a permanent defence academy and began looking for a suitable location. The National Defence Academy was formally established on December 7, 1954, with an inauguration ceremony on January 16, 1955. The 10th JSW programme was relocated from Dehradun's Clement Town to NDA Khadakwasla. It is the world's first tri-service academy.

Exams

Applicants to the NDA are chosen through a written exam, followed by extensive interviews.

Interviews cover general aptitude, psychological testing, team skills, leadership qualities, physical and social skills, and medical tests.

Incoming classes are accepted twice a year, in July and January, for semesters beginning in July and January.

Air force exams also go through a test Computerized Pilot Selection System.

Criteria

The minimum and maximum ages should be 16 and a half years and 19 and a half years.

Joining NDA after 10+2 examination will be trained in the Academy for three years.

With Graduation in BA or BSC or BCs.

Academic training are also trained in outdoor skills

One foreign language will be trained according to the International Standards.

Training

Air force

The Air Force Training Team aims to teach Air Force cadets the fundamentals of military aviation through ground and flight training. Modern training aids, aircraft models, and cross-sectional models of aero-engines and ng are used for ground training. Skeet shooting exposes cadets to deflection firing as well.

Army

Basic Military skills of weapon handling, tactics and map reading, firing and field engineering are imparted for cadets. This learning process acts as a foundation and further training at IMA.

This training includes both practical and theoretical classes, lectures, demonstration and exercise.

Navy

The oldest training teams at NDA is the Naval Training Team. Naval Training Team has the task to train V and VI term naval cadets, both theoretical and practical. The primary focus is on navigation, seamanship, and communication. For VI term naval cadets, a total of 328 theoretical classes are held.

Joining Defence Academy

If you are looking to join the best defence academy in dehradun! There are many defence coaching in dehradun but the best defence academy in dehradun is Brigadier Defence Academy.

They provide the best defence coaching academy in dehradun to their students.  Experienced and dedicated teachers will help you reach your goals with full potential.

Brigadier Defence Academy is the best defence academy in dehradun provides an excellent learning environment with smart classrooms. The academy provides updated syllabus and study material. They also offer individual counseling and attention to each student. To help students clear there doubts the best defence academy conduct a mock test, regular doubts classes and competitive test series. The best Defence Academy in dehradun primary focus is on current trends. Their  systematic approach is to paper patterns, and their examination of previous year's exam questions. To track each candidates progress they help Q & A sessions on regular basis. Brigadier Defence Academy is the best defence academy in dehradun.

Brigadier Defence Academy’s Course

NDA Foundation Course

Brigadier Defence Academy is the best defence coaching academy in dehradun. They provide NDA foundation course after 10th. If you want to join the Indian Armed Forces as officers, the NDA foundation course is the best option.

NDA Course

Brigadier Defence Academy is the best defence academy in dehradun. The chances of passing NDA course will increase 100% when you work with experienced mentor. This is because experienced mentors are more familiar with the test structure.

Air Force X and Y Group

The toughest exam you will encounter in your life is Air Force Exams. To be successful prepare with dedication, discipline and proper plan. Brigadier Defence Academy is the Top Air Force Academy in Dehradun.

Army Cadet College

To become an officer in the Indian Armed Forces, one needs to be in the Army, Navy, Air Force as a sailor or soldier. The Best Coaching for Army Cadet College in Dehradun is Brigadier Defence Academy.

CDS

Brigadier Defence Academy has highly experienced and qualified instructor who help you prepare for the CDS written exam, and CDS coaching. The best defence academy in dehradun is Brigadier Defence Academy.

AFCAT

Obtaining high score in the exam is the only way to pass AFCAT exam. For the best AFCAT coaching in Dehradun Brigadier Defence Academy is the only best defence coaching academy in dehradun.

SSB Interview

Officers for the Army, Navy, and Air Force were selected through an interview, held by an organization  Service Selection Board. To access candidates’ suitability the service selection board used a standardized Protocol of Evaluation System.  Brigadier Defence Academy is the best SSB interview coaching in dehradun.  

[bantarleton]

General Sir Claude Auchinleck, British Commander in Chief of the Middle East Forces, visiting New Zealand troops at Maadi Camp in Egypt 19th Feb 1942. In this photo he is decorating Major Eric Roy Harford of the NZ Divisional Cavalry with the Distinguished Service Order (DSO). Major Harford commanded C Squadron of the NZ Divisional Cavalry in Greece, when the regiment was the first to engage enemy forces, and lead the squadron down through the retreat from the Aliakmon River, through Elasson, to the Athens beaches, including an heroic action at the Corinth Canal. He made sure his men were able to evacuate from Greece in an assortment of commandeered boats and left himself in a rowboat with 12 men, finally arriving at Crete, a trip of over 150 miles.

[victoriansword]

Jade Hilted Shamshir with Scabbard, 1944

Manufactured by N C Daw and Company, Calcutta, India.

This sword was presented to the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army, Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck, by HH the Maharaja General Sir Joodha Shum Shere Jung Bahadur Rana, the hereditary Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Nepalese Army. The highly polished blade is similar to the British Pattern 1831 General Officer's sword, but the jade hilt is of the same form as that of Indian khanjars or daggers. It is probable that the hilt is much earlier in date and was mated to a modern blade.

NAM Accession Number

NAM. 1959-05-24-1

Acknowledgement

On loan from Sir Claude Auchinleck

Copyright/Ownership

National Army Museum, London

Location

National Army Museum, Study collection

Object URL

https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=1959-05-24-1

[italianiinguerra]

Il generale Alexander prende il posto del generale Auchinleck Il Primo Ministro britannico Winston Churchill sostituisce il generale Claude Auchinleck  (a ninistra nella foto principale) caduto in disgrazia dopo la…

[blackswaneuroparedux]

Μνάσεσθαί τινά φαμι καὶ ὔστερον ἀμμέων.**

- Sappho

**I think men will remember us even hereafter.

Men of the British Indian Army were heroes, some recognised but mostly unsung. Their stories and their heroism have long been omitted from popular histories of the first world war (and the second world war).

Approximately 1.3 million Indian soldiers served in World War One, and over 74,000 of them lost their lives. But history has mostly forgotten these sacrifices, which were rewarded with broken promises of Indian independence from the British government as well as inadequate post-war mental health care for those struggling with PTSD.

Khudadad Khan became the first Indian to be awarded a Victoria Cross, the highest honour a soldier can receive on the battlefield. He was a machine gunner with the 129th Baluchi Regiment. A total of 11 Victorian Crosses were won by Indian soldiers. Others are Mir Dast, Shahamad Khan, Lala, Darwan Negi, Gabbar Negi, Karanbahadur Rana, Badlu Singh, Chatta Singh, Gobind Singh and Kulbir Thapa. This is an incredible feat unknown to those unversed in military history. Next to the fearsome Gurkhas, the Indians, especially from the Punjab, have always been recognised as some of the fiercest, brave, and most loyal of fighting soldiers.

The Indian army played a vital role in the victory of 'allies' while India was under the British colonial rule. It provided in large numbers and distinctly to the European, Mediterranean and the Middle East halls of war, obviously from the British side. Whilst its soldiers were fighting in the muddy fields of the Somme and other bloody battlefields of northern France, India itself was struggling for self-rule and dominion status under British if not for complete freedom.

Sir Claude Auchinleck, Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army once said "Britain couldn't have come through both wars if they hadn't had the Indian Army." This is painfully true.

Having been raised in both India and Pakistan as a child I had always known of the sacrifices the past generations of brave Indians had made for the British Empire through the deep friendships made with Indian childhood friends and their families but also through the written words of diaries and private papers of my family that lived and served in India in the 19th and 20th centuries.

The recognition of the brave and sacrificial contribution of the indian soldier in both wars has been something that made me angry (as a child and more so when I served in the British army) because no acknowledgement in the public consciousness has been widely shared of their bravery and courage in history. Happily things have changed, albeit slowly, with more books and films being produced. But more has to be done.

Lest we forget....

**A French woman pins a flower on the uniform of Ganga Dat Singh, a Hindu risaldar-major, during the 1916 Bastille Day parade in Paris. Photograph: Toor Collection.

[pakistanarchives]

Mr Jinnah with Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck. The Supreme commander of both Pakistan and India forces. Auchinleck followed Mountbatten’s policy and openly defy orders of Pakistan Governor General. . . . #Pakistan #PakistanArchives #india #quaidiazam #faisalabad, #gilgitbaltistan, #jinnah #HistoryPakistan #pakistanhistory #hellopakistan, #instapakistan, #islamabad, #karachi, #karachiites, #lahore, #lahorefashion, #lollywood, #multan, #pakistan, #pakistan_pics, #pakistani, #pakistanicelebrities, #pakistanifashion, #pakistanzindabad, #pindi, #foundingfather #fatimajinnah #PakArmy #PakistanArmy #pakistanmovement https://www.instagram.com/p/CC1sLszpsNo/?igshid=1u35g3m85g8e4

[osmarjun]

British SAS "L" Detachment - North Áfrika - 1942

BREVE HISTÓRICO

Serviço Aéreo Especial (SAS) A História do Serviço Aéreo Especial do Exército Britânico ou regimento SAS começa com sua formação durante a Campanha do Deserto Ocidental na Segunda Guerra Mundial e continua até os dias atuais. Inclui suas primeiras operações no norte da África, nas ilhas gregas e na invasão da Itália. Eles retornaram ao Reino Unido e formaram uma brigada com dois regimentos britânicos, dois franceses e um belga. A Brigada SAS conduziu operações na França, Itália novamente, nos Países Baixos e finalmente na Alemanha. Após a guerra, o SAS foi dissolvido apenas para ser reformado como um regimento do Exército Territorial, o que levou à formação do 22 Regimento SAS do exército regular. O novo regimento participou da maior parte das pequenas guerras do Reino Unido desde então. No entanto, o Ministério da Defesa não comenta assuntos de forças especiais; portanto, existem poucas informações verificáveis ​​em domínio público sobre as atividades recentes do regimento. Inicialmente, o serviço no SAS era considerado o fim da progressão na carreira de um oficial, no entanto, nos últimos anos, os oficiais do SAS subiram para os escalões mais altos do Exército Britânico. O general Peter de la Billière foi o comandante em chefe das forças britânicas na Guerra do Golfo de 1990. O general Michael Rose tornou-se comandante da Força de Proteção das Nações Unidas na Bósnia em 1994. Em 1997, o general Charles Guthrie tornou-se chefe do Estado-Maior da Defesa o chefe das Forças Armadas Britânicas. O tenente-general Cedric Delves foi comandante do Exército de Campo e vice-comandante das Forças Aliadas da Sede Regional da OTAN do Norte da Europa. Segunda Guerra Mundial O Serviço Aéreo Especial começou a vida em julho de 1941, durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, a partir de uma idéia e plano pouco ortodoxos do tenente David Stirling (dos guardas escoceses) que estava servindo com o comando nº 8 (guardas). Sua idéia era que pequenas equipes de soldados treinados em paraquedas operassem atrás das linhas inimigas para obter inteligência, destruir aeronaves inimigas e atacar suas rotas de suprimento e reforço. Após uma reunião com o major-general Neil Ritchie, chefe do Estado-Maior Adjunto, ele recebeu uma entrevista com o novo comandante em chefe do Oriente Médio, general Claude Auchinleck. Auchinleck gostou do plano e foi endossado pelo Alto Comando do Exército. Naquela época, já havia uma organização fraudulenta na região do Oriente Médio, que desejava criar uma brigada aérea fantasma para atuar como uma ameaça ao planejamento inimigo. Essa unidade de fraude foi nomeada Brigada de Serviço Aéreo Especial Destacamento K e, portanto, a unidade de Stirling foi designada Brigada de Serviço Aéreo Especial Destacamento L. A força consistia inicialmente em cinco oficiais e 60 outras fileiras. Após um extenso treinamento no Campo de Kabrit, junto ao rio Nilo, o Detacamento L realizou sua primeira operação: Operação Squatter. Esta queda de paraquedas atrás das linhas do Eixo foi lançada em apoio à Operação Crusader. Durante a noite de 16 e 17 de novembro de 1941, o Destacamento L atacou os aeroportos de Gazala e Timimi. Devido à resistência do Eixo e às condições climáticas adversas, a missão foi um desastre com 22 homens mortos ou capturados (um terço dos homens). Dada uma segunda oportunidade, o Destacamento L recrutou homens do Comando Layforce, que estava em processo de dissolução. Sua segunda missão foi mais bem-sucedida; transportados pelo Long Range Desert Group (LRDG), eles atacaram três Campos de Pouso na Líbia, destruindo 60 aeronaves sem perdas. Em outubro de 1941, David Stirling pediu aos homens que apresentassem idéias para projetos de insígnias para a nova unidade. Bob Tait, que acompanhara Stirling no primeiro ataque, produziu o símbolo vencedor: a espada flamejante de Excalibur, a arma lendária do rei Arthur. Mais tarde, esse motivo seria mal interpretado como uma adaga alada. Em relação aos lemas, "Atacar e Destruir" foi rejeitado por ser muito franco. "Desça para subir" parecia inadequado, pois o paraquedismo não era mais o principal método de transporte. Por fim, Stirling decidiu "Quem Ousa Ganhar", que parecia atingir o equilíbrio certo de bravura e confiança. Asas de pára-quedas com padrão SAS, projetadas pelo tenente Jock Lewes representavam as asas de um besouro-escaravelho com um para-quedas. As asas deveriam ser usadas no ombro direito após a conclusão do treinamento de paraquedas. Depois de três missões, eles foram usados ​​no peito esquerdo acima das fitas das medalhas. Stirling observou que as asas "eram tratadas como medalhas por direito próprio". 

"Quem Ousa Ganhar"

1942 Sua primeira missão em 1942, foi um ataque a Bouerat. Transportados pelo LRDG, eles causaram graves danos ao Porto, tanques de gasolina e instalações de armazenamento. Isso foi seguido em março por uma incursão no Porto de Benghazi com sucesso limitado, mas eles danificaram 15 aeronaves em Al-Berka. Os ataques aéreos de junho de 1942 em Creta, em Heraklion, Kasteli, Tympaki e Maleme, causaram danos significativos, mas da força de ataque em Heraklion somente o Major George Jellicoe retornou. Em julho de 1942, Stirling comandou uma patrulha conjunta SAS/LRDG que realizou ataques aos aeródromos de Fuka e Mersa Matruh, destruindo 30 aeronaves. Setembro foi um mês movimentado para o SAS. Eles foram renomeados como 1º Regimento SAS e consistiam em quatro esquadrões britânicos, um Esquadrão Francês Livre, um Esquadrão Grego e a Seção Especial de Barcos (SBS). As operações das quais eles participaram foram: Contrato de Operação e Operação diversa da Operação Bigamia. A Bigamia liderada por Stirling e apoiada pelo LRDG deveria tentar um ataque em larga escala a Benghazi para destruir o Porto, as instalações de armazenamento e atacar os aeroportos de Benina e Barce. No entanto, eles foram descobertos após um choque em um obstáculo. Com o elemento surpresa perdido, Stirling decidiu não prosseguir com o ataque e ordenou uma retirada. O acordo foi uma operação conjunta da SAS e do LRDG que precisou tomar uma entrada em Mersa Sciausc para que a força principal chegasse ao mar. O SAS evitou com sucesso as defesas inimigas assistidas por membros de língua alemã do Grupo Especial de Interrogatório e capturou Mersa Sciausc. A aterrissagem principal falhou, sendo atingida por pesados ​​tiros de metralhadoras, forçando a força de aterrissagem e a força SAS/LRDG a se render.  Operação Anglo, um ataque a dois Campos de Pousos na Ilha de Rodes, de onde apenas dois homens retornaram. Destruindo três aeronaves, um depósito de combustível e vários prédios, os homens sobreviventes da SBS tiveram que se esconder no campo por quatro dias antes que pudessem chegar ao submarino em espera.

Uma Patrulha junto a um de seus comandantes no Norte da África 

Membros do esquadrão franceses e britânicos juntos 

O Jeep americano era o preferido por aguentar melhor o deserto que os veículos britânicos

Após atuarem pelos anos seguintes da Guerra, a Brigada foi sendo desativada aos poucos em 1945... A Segunda Guerra Mundial na Europa terminou em 8 de maio, quando a brigada da SAS sofreu 330 baixas, mas matou ou feriu 7.733 e capturou 23.000 de seus inimigos. Mais tarde, no mesmo mês, o 1º e o 2º SAS foram enviados à Noruega para desarmar as 300.000 guarnições alemãs fortes e o 5º SAS estava na Dinamarca e na Alemanha em operações de contra-inteligência. A Brigada foi desmontada logo depois, em setembro o 5º SAS belga foi entregue ao exército belga reformado. Em 01 de outubro, o 3º e o 4º SAS francês foram entregues ao exército francês e em 8 de outubro os regimentos britânicos do 1º e 2º SAS foram dissolvidos. Fonte: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Special_Air_Service?fbclid=IwAR3DFJXkQoDIBO41d6l0xjjMuSOdU94vbAN8EPgxnnqtOQp9xyKSh0zUcFk -.-.-.-.-.-.-

Até o próximo post.

Forte Abraço

Osmarjun

[suevincent]

A bridge he never crossed back… ~ Ashwini Nawathe #writephoto

A bridge he never crossed back… ~ Ashwini Nawathe #writephoto

Did you know that, a staggering number of over one million of Indian troops served overseas during World War I, of whom 62,000 died and another 67,000 were wounded. In total at least 74,187 Indian soldiers died during the war. The India Gate at New Delhi was built to commemorate the Indian soldiers who lost their lives fighting in World War I. Field-Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck,…