#chromatographic fingerprinting

[anchromhptlc121]

HPTLC technique can be used for chromatographic fingerprinting of herbal products. Each plant has a different fingerprint pattern. When the plant extract is run in a suitable mobile phase the separation pattern observed is the herbal fingerprint of the said plant. HPTLC is a preliminary step to identify phytochemical compounds and secondary metabolites of a plant. Fingerprints play an important role in quality control of herbal medicine. It can be used for authentication of raw material or detection of confounded material/ substitutes.

[connectel]

Crime Scene Investigation Lab | Crime Scene Investigation Laboratory | Crime Scene Forensic Lab

Crime Scene Investigation Laboratory is a laboratory that is exclusively used for the examination of evidence from crime scenes. Crime Scene Investigation Lab also helps in the investigation process by providing accurate and reliable reports of the evidence collected. This lab is usually operated by police departments, but there are some private labs as well.

Crime Scene Forensic Lab is a laboratory that provides forensic services to law enforcement agencies, attorneys, and other criminal justice professionals. They provide services like DNA analysis, fingerprinting, and ballistics testing.

The Crime Scene Investigation Laboratory is one of the most important laboratories in the criminal justice system. The laboratory provides scientific support to law enforcement agencies and crime scene investigators by identifying, collecting, preserving, and analyzing evidence from crime scenes.

The laboratory is staffed with forensic scientists who are experts in various fields of science. They are responsible for examining evidence collected from a crime scene under the microscope to find fingerprints, DNA samples, blood stains, etc.

A Crime Scene Investigation Laboratory is a laboratory that is used to collect and analyze evidence from crime scenes.

The Crime Scene Investigation Lab has the following equipment:

- Evidence collection kits for blood, hair, fibers, fingerprints, and other physical evidence

- Camera equipment for photographing crime scenes and taking close-up photos of evidence

- Microscopes for examining biological samples such as blood samples and tissue samples

- Analytical instruments such as gas chromatographs, mass spectrometers, and spectrophotometers

[anchromhptlc]

Chromatographic Fingerprinting of Herbal Products

 HPTLC technique can be used for herbal fingerprinting. Each plant has different fingerprint pattern. When the plant extract is run in a suitable mobile phase the separation pattern observed is herbal fingerprint of the said plant. HPTLC Fingerprinting is the representation of the phytochemical composition of a plant extract or formulation, in the form of an image at 254nm, 366nm and white light. It is sequence of peaks or zones of a chromatogram specific for a sample

[imspexblog]

What is the Industrial Potential of GC-IMS Technology?

Imspex is working on GC-IMS to decode the hidden substances inside the complex matters. The technology has greater implications in various industries including detection of VOCs in waste water, VOCs in food production, VOCs in beer brewing and more.

What is GC-IMS testing and how does it work?

So you want gas chromatography's selectivity and ion-mobility spectrometry's sensitivity? Impsex's GC-IMS combines the best of both worlds, providing it a broad range of applications. A short multicapillary gas chromatographic separation column is connected to the ion mobility spectrometer (IMS). This implies that individual substances in complicated combinations can be separated and analysed.

Individual chemicals can be separated and analysed using GC-IMS. Dortmund, G.A.S. When the chemicals in a sample are separated by the GC-column, they are ionised and sequentially enter the IMS's 'drift area.' Ions drift in an electrical field in the opposite direction of a drift gas's flow (either nitrogen or clean, dry air).

Ions will wander at varied speeds according on their charge, mass, and shape, eventually reaching the detector one by one. As a result, a two-dimensional data matrix is created. The GC-IMS by Impsex presents the findings of the analysis in a colour contours image within minutes, allowing users to visually compare samples to a reference sample.

APPLICATIONS of GC-IMC

It has some really important applications for VOCs in food production as well. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in four Chinese freshwater fishes were analysed using two innovative methods: gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and ultrafast gas chromatography electronic-nose (uf-GC E-nose). The GC-IMS offers the advantages of rapid detection and excellent sensitivity. With GC-IMS, the qualitative analysis of the chemicals is more accurate (larger data volume, leading to a better in-depth statistical analysis).

IMSPEX's GC-IMS technology, Flavourspec, might provide a non-destructive, quick, low-cost, and reliable method for flavour analysis. The established fingerprints of VOCs in food production quality control have shown to be of considerable use, according to the approaches.

As a fundamental technique, fast GC (gas chromatography) - IMS (ion mobility spectrometry) is sufficiently adaptable in terms of chemical detection capabilities. The use of this dual technology can give unique solutions in a variety of operating situations. GC-IMS is the next step forward in the growth of IMS technology. This detector configuration may be tailored to detect and identify explosives, ICAO markers, and drugs using the benefits of IMS (compact, high sensitivity, robust, operates at atmospheric pressure, etc.) and the chemical selection capacity of GC. This presentation will provide a technical overview of GC-IMS and detail a number of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) systems that might be used in a variety of settings. The Orion detects explosives, the Ariel detects drugs, the Sirius detects both explosives and narcotics, and the NorthStar detects both explosives and narcotics.

What can we do to assist?

Imspex uses a G.A.S. Dortmund gas chromatograph-ion-mobility spectrometer, which is specialised in ion-mobility spectrometry. Our GC-IMS testing is dependably robust and accurate since it is carried out by PhD scientists that specialise in odour/aroma and sensory topics. We also have more than 30 years of expertise with odour concerns, providing us a unique viewpoint on your analytical needs.

Do you want to learn more?

Did you know, IMS trace analysis is utilised for airport security? Imspex conducts GC-IMS tests on computers and cameras at various airports to determine whether they have come into touch with explosive compounds. Apart from that, it may be used to evaluate VOCs in wastewater.

With the unlimited potential of greater industrial potential, technology will play a great role in food production quality control, beer brewing, water sanitation and more.

If you want to learn more about the commercial potential of GC-IMS, contact Imspex through their website and explore the future of VOCs testing & detection with gas chromatography powered ion mobility spectrometry.

[biotechtimes]

Graduate Aptitude Test - Biotechnology (GAT-B) 2020 Notification

New Post has been published on https://biotechtimes.org/2020/05/31/graduate-aptitude-test-biotechnology-gat-b-2020-notification/

Graduate Aptitude Test - Biotechnology (GAT-B) 2020 Notification

  REGIONAL CENTRE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY An Institution of National Importance Established by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, under the auspices of UNESCO Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad -121001

Regional Centre for Biotechnology is conducting the Graduate Aptitude Test-Biotechnology (GAT-B), an eligibility test for admission to the DBT-supported PG programmes in Biotechnology in participating institutions.

This test replaces Combined Entrance Examination in Biotechnology (CEEB), conducted previously by JNU Based on the examination score, an All-India category-wise merit list with GAT-B rank will be generated. Using the rank, the candidate may apply to various DBT-supported PG programmes in participating institutions. The participating institutions will advertise these programmes and admit students as per their admission & selection process.

Applicable test fee

General and OBC category �� Rs. 1000/-

SC, ST, EWS and Differentially abled – Rs. 500/-

Graduate Aptitude Test – Biotechnology (GAT-B) Syllabus

The examination will be conducted in a single shift for a duration of 180 minutes. The question paper will have two parts:

PART- A: Part A will have 60 compulsory multiple-choice questions of the level of 10+2 in the subjects: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Biology. Each correct answer will be of one mark each. There will be negative marking and for each wrong answer, ½ (half) mark will be deducted.

PART-B: Part B will have multiple choice questions of bachelor’s level requiring thinking and analysis. There will be questions from basic Biology, Life Sciences, Biotechnology and allied areas as per the syllabus given below. There will be 100 questions out of which the candidates will have to attempt 60 questions. Each correct answer will have a weightage of 3 marks. There will be negative marking and for each wrong answer, one mark will be deducted.

PART-B Syllabus

General Biotechnology:

Biochemistry: Biomolecules-structure and functions; Biological membranes, structure, action potential and transport processes; Enzymes- classification, kinetics and mechanism of action; Basic concepts and designs of metabolism (carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and nucleic acids) photosynthesis, respiration and electron transport chain; Bioenergetics

Microbiology: Viruses- structure and classification; Microbial classification and diversity (bacterial, algal and fungal); Methods in microbiology; microbial growth and nutrition; Aerobic and anaerobic respiration; Nitrogen fixation; Microbial diseases and host-pathogen interaction

Cell Biology: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure; Cell cycle and cell growth control; Cell-Cell communication, Cell signalling and signal transduction.

Molecular Biology and Genetics: Molecular structure of genes and chromosomes; Mutations and mutagenesis; Nucleic acid replication, transcription, translation and their regulatory mechanisms in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; Mendelian inheritance; Gene interaction; Complementation; Linkage, recombination and chromosome mapping; Extra chromosomal inheritance; Microbial genetics (plasmids, transformation, transduction, conjugation); Horizontal gene transfer and Transposable elements; RNA interference; DNA damage and repair; Chromosomal variation; Molecular basis of genetic diseases.

Analytical Techniques: Principles of microscopy-light, electron, fluorescent and confocal; Centrifugation- high speed and ultra; Principles of spectroscopy-UV, visible, CD, IR, FTIR, Raman, MS, NMR; Principles of chromatography- ion exchange, gel filtration, hydrophobic interaction, affinity, GC, HPLC, FPLC; Electrophoresis; Microarray.

Immunology: History of Immunology; Innate, humoral and cell-mediated immunity; Antigen; Antibody structure and function; Molecular basis of antibody diversity; Synthesis of antibody and secretion; Antigen-antibody reaction; Complement; Primary and secondary lymphoid organ; B and T cells and macrophages; Major histocompatibility complex (MHC); Antigen processing and presentation; Polyclonal and monoclonal antibody; Regulation of immune response; Immune tolerance; Hypersensitivity; Autoimmunity; Graft versus host reaction.

Bioinformatics

Major bioinformatics resources and search tools; Sequence and structure databases; Sequence analysis (biomolecular sequence file formats, scoring matrices, sequence alignment, phylogeny); Data mining and analytical tools for genomic and proteomic studies; Molecular dynamics and simulations (basic concepts including force fields, protein-protein, protein-nucleic acid, protein-ligand interaction)

Recombinant DNA Technology

Restriction and modification enzymes; Vectors; plasmid, bacteriophage and other viral vectors, cosmids, Ti plasmid, yeast artificial chromosome; mammalian and plant expression vectors; cDNA and genomic DNA library; Gene isolation, cloning and expression; Transposons and gene targeting; DNA labeling; DNA sequencing; Polymerase chain reactions; DNA fingerprinting; Southern and northern blotting; In- situ hybridization; RAPD, RFLP; Site-directed mutagenesis; Gene transfer technologies; Gene therapy

Plant and Animal Biotechnology

Totipotency; Regeneration of plants; Plant growth regulators and elicitors; Tissue culture and Cell suspension culture system: methodology, kinetics of growth and, nutrient optimization; Production of secondary metabolites by plant suspension cultures; Hairy root culture; transgenic plants; Plant products of industrial importance.

Animal cell culture; media composition and growth conditions; Animal cell and tissue preservation; Anchorage and non-anchorage dependent cell culture; Kinetics of cell growth; Micro & macro-carrier culture; Hybridoma technology; Stem cell technology; Animal cloning; Transgenic animals

Bioprocess Engineering and Process Biotechnology

Chemical engineering principles applied to biological system, Principle of reactor design, ideal and non- ideal multiphase bioreactors, mass and heat transfer; Rheology of fermentation fluids, Aeration and agitation; Media formulation and optimization; Kinetics of microbial growth, substrate utilization and product formation; Sterilization of air and media; Batch, fed-batch and continuous processes; Various types of microbial and enzyme reactors; Instrumentation control and optimization; Unit operations in solid-liquid separation and liquid-liquid extraction; Process scale-up, economics and feasibility analysis.

Engineering principle of bioprocessing – Upstream production and downstream; Bioprocess design and development from lab to industrial scale; Microbial, animal and plant cell culture platforms; Production of biomass and primary/secondary metabolites; Biofuels, Bioplastics, industrial enzymes, antibiotics; Large scale production and purification of recombinant proteins; Industrial application of chromatographic and membrane-based bioseparation methods; Immobilization of biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) for bioconversion processes; Bioremediation-Aerobic and anaerobic processes for stabilization of solid / liquid wastes

Instructions for Graduate Aptitude Test – Biotechnology (GAT-B)

Please submit only one application form with valid details. Do not submit dummy applications.

Keep a copy of submitted online application for future reference. Visit RCB website (www.rcb.res.in/GATB) from time to time for any further information.

A candidate who has either appeared or is due to appear in the final examination of their qualifying degree is eligible to apply, under the result awaited (RA) category. Such candidates will have to submit the attestation form duly certified by the Head of the Institute with stamp (with address and name) from where the candidate is appearing for the qualifying degree. In case the candidate cannot furnish the certificate due to the COVID-19 situation, such candidates may submit the undertaking given on the website

Candidates are advised to download and use the same format/s for relaxation certificates/ attestation format as provided on the homepage of the application portal.

To avoid the last-minute rush, candidates are advised to apply early. RCB will not be responsible for connectivity issues or any other problems at the last minute.

Please go through the detailed notification on the RCB website. The candidate must check the eligibility criteria before applying for the test.

Candidates should preview their application form before the final submission. NO request for a change in the application form/test centre will be entertained after the final submission of the online application.

In case of non-payment of the application fee, the candidate will not be allowed to appear for the test.

All necessary intimations will be sent via E-mail/SMS only to the registered email id and mobile number. So please provide a valid email id and working mobile no. Candidates are advised to visit the website for any new information/ announcement.

The candidates are advised to carefully read the above instructions.

Check eligibility criteria

How to apply for Graduate Aptitude Test – Biotechnology (GAT-B)

1. You can register for GAT-B from the official RCB website http://www.rcb.res.in/GATB 2. Steps for Registration are as follows:

Register to create a Profile

Log in with system generated User ID and Password

Submit Application, process payment.

Upon creating a profile, you will receive a User ID and Password on your registered email ID and mobile number. Using these credentials, you can log in as a Registered Applicant to fill the Application form. The application may be saved at any stage and can be re-visited to complete later. Please note once the form is submitted, you will not be allowed to edit any details in the application form and application fee paid will not be refunded.

Candidates must fill the application form carefully, once submitted after payment of requisite fee, no edits/ modifications will be permitted.

Important Dates

Online Registration Start Date 01st June 2020 Online Registration Close 18th June 2020 Issue of Admit Card 25th June 2020 GAT-B 2020 30th June 2020 Display of Question Paper and Answer Key on website 02nd July 2020 Last date of accepting representation of any discrepancy in Question Paper & Answer Key 06th July 2020 Declaration of GAT-B rank of Candidates 20th July 2020

[marymosley]

Forensic Identification of Forged Document on the basis of their Ink Profiling

Questioned Documents

The documents whose authenticity is questioned or suspected, called as “Questioned documents”. A “Questioned” document can be anything like signature, handwriting, typewriting or printed, or other mark or sometimes on crime scene written something on other surfaces e.g. wall, whose source or authenticity is in dispute or doubtful.

Document Forensics

In current world, document plays an import role in everybody’s life. Documents affects everyone’s life from birth to death, e.g. from birth certificate to death certificate, and from identity card to property documents are used through out of human life. Document Forensics is the part of forensic science pertaining to documents that are disputed in the court of law.  Document forensics is that the field that has emerged to help the interpretation of evidence in court of law, which deals with getting evidence from the questioned documents.

Ink can be a liquid, paste or powder which used to produce images, text, or to make designs. Ink used for drawing, writing, painting with a pen, pencil, brush, quill or printer. Ink has existed and used from the ancient world.

To improve the ink, modern ink is containing substances like dyes, pigments, surfactants, resins, lubricants, linseed oil, solubilizers, particulate matter, humectants, driers, vehicles, waxes, greases, soaps, detergents, etc. Each component serves as different purpose like dyes or pigment are used as a colouring material. That colouring material can be dye or pigment or might be combination of both. Dyes are soluble in the liquid body of ink i.e. vehicle. Pigment are isolable in vehicles as they are finely grounded multi-molecular granules. The composition of vehicle in ink affects the flowing and drying characteristics of the ink. The main aim of most analysis is to determine whether two pieces of written/printed material originated from the same ink.

The major classification of ink which may encountered in analysis are ballpoint pen ink, roller-ball pen ink, marker ink, fountain pen ink, fiber tip pen ink, plastic tip pen ink, gel pen ink, porous-pen ink, rubber stamp ink, offset printer ink, letterpress ink, dye pack, typewriter ink, copier/printer toner and inkjet inks. Mostly inks are in aqueous, liquid, paste or powder form.

Some information about these inks are as follows:

Fountain pen ink

There are two types of fountain pen ink available, iron gallotannate type and aqueous solution of synthetic dyes. In current era, modern inks of type two contain synthetic blue dyes to provide an immediate blue colour to which gradually turns black after oxidation on paper.

Ballpoint pen inks

Ballpen point inks consists of synthetic dyes (sometimes carbon or graphite is also added) in various glycol solvent or benzyl alcohol. The dyes in ballpoint pen inks can consist of 50% of the total formulation. The water based pen inks are obviously water soluble, where the xylene based inks are water resistance and can only be dissolved with strong organic solvents.

Dye Pack

Dye pack is red stain used to mark stolen money or currency. It is a radio-controlled incendiary device used by some banks. Dye pack contains 1-methylaminoanthraquinone (MAAQ), as other dyes.

Printing Ink

Printing inks are formulated to transfer and reproduce an image from a printing surface in order to convey a message. The printing film thickness is depend upon the process used which is usually 2 and 2 µm. Colour printing inks basically consist of linseed oil, soyabean oil, or a heavily petroleum distillate as the solvent (called as vehicle) combined with organic pigments made up of salts of nitrogen.

Analysis of ink

It does not mean that a document appears to have been written throughout in the same ink has not been altered or added to. In current era, with advance technologies criminals find various ways to alter the document, and those document become almost impossible to identify by the naked eyes. Knowledge about the composition and mechanism of inks is necessary to distinguish the different between inks used to produce a fake or disputed document and to compare various inks to identify the source of the printed document.

Ink analysis does not focus on new chemical or analytical methods or techniques. It is a step to extend the discriminating power of enforcement agencies which may use the advance techniques of ink analysis or testing during their chemical investigation.

Primary examination of a disputed document under microscope provides informative data. The ink can be analyzed or tested by destructive or non-destructive methods.

The destructive methods are usually adopted in the case when sample needs to be taken from the document. It is preferable to approach the non-destructive methods first so the content of document is left intent and as the destructive methods, alter the document under analysis.

Some of non-destructive ink analysis method as follows:

The main method of non-destructive ink analysis is examination of ink using Video Spectral Comparator. The VSC is an imaging device that permits an examiner to research inks, visualize hidden security measures, and reveal alterations on document. It involves recording of spectra, absorbance, transmittance, and reflectance mode based on the amount of light transmitted, absorbed and reflected respectively. The microscopic analysis of document of a document by Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrometry can also provide valuable and distinguishable data for all different types of inks.

The coupling of scanning microscope alongside Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM-EDX) is another non-destructive analytical technique used for basic analysis or chemical characterization of ink. SEM provides detailed high resolution images of the sample by rastering a focused beam across the surface and detecting secondary or backscattered electron signal whereas EDX provides elemental identification and quantitative compositional information about the sample. Where there’s impossible to collect the information about the ink from non-destructive analysis method, the destructive methods also can be employed.

The main method of destructive analysis of ink is Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Actually, it is not very destructive to the document if through with care. However, a photographic record of the original document is taken before the procedure is started. A small sample of the inked paper is punched out employing a thin, hollow needle; a hypodermic is right. The sample is placed during a test tube with a solvent that dissolve the ink. Next, a small spot of the sample solution is placed onto TLC plate, alongside spots from various reference ink samples. The TLC plate is placed in a beaker containing a little amount of another solvent. It’s positioned in order that the plate dips into solvent but the spots of sample remain dry. The solvent is involved the TLC plate through capillary action and therefore the sample spots move up with it. The top result with TLC may be a pattern of coloured spots, referred to as a chromatogram for every ink. Different inks will have different chromatograms. If the sample ink has an equivalent chromatogram together of the reference inks, it suggests they’re an equivalent, then identifications are often made.

Another technique available and called as High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), is an enhanced sort of TLC and may be used as an alternative. It involves the appliance of ink samples and standard on chromatographic plate and developing the plate in suitable solvents. After the chromatographic development it allows the detection and scanning of spots alongside the documentation of chromatic plate.

UV visible Spectrometry is another destructive technique to spot what is an ink. An UV visible spectrophotometer is an instrument used to measure the amount of ultraviolet (UV) and visible light, which causes electrons to move over from one energy state to a better one. The amount of light that reaches the instrument’s detector, then recorded as a spectrum. The element analysis of ink can provide excellent distinguishable features for ink. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry or ICP-MS is an analytical technique used for elemental determinations. The basic profiling of ink can prove as an efficient tool for the analysis of suspected ink and thus it’s comparison with the profiling of standard inks.

From all this techniques Fourier Transform-Infra Red Spectrometry is considered to be a powerful technique than others. It is used to obtain a spectrum of solid, liquid or gas based on functional groups of the compound present in sample. An FTIR spectrometer simultaneously collects spectral data in a wide spectral range. As a fingerprint, no two unique molecular structures produce the same infrared spectrum. This makes infrared Spectrometry useful for several types of analysis for different inks.

Author: 

Swetangkumar Patel, Intern Dept of Forensic Science & CI, Legal Desire Media & Insights.

The post Forensic Identification of Forged Document on the basis of their Ink Profiling appeared first on Legal Desire.

Forensic Identification of Forged Document on the basis of their Ink Profiling published first on https://immigrationlawyerto.tumblr.com/

[mega-whatknot-posts]

What is HPTLC Fingerprinting in Thin Layer Chromatography?

HPTLC or High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography is a sophisticated, flexible, reliable, and cost-efficient separation technique ideally suited for the analysis of botanicals and herbal drugs. The results produced by the HPTLC technique are reproducible, which is essential in routine identification of fingerprints of plant extracts and other pharmaceutical products.

What is Fingerprinting?

As the name suggests, fingerprinting in the field of chemical analysis means a pattern (very much like the patterns found on a human fingertip) which is unique enough to be used as a characteristic identifier for the sample entity.

What is HPTLC Fingerprinting?

When a sample, placed on the TLC plate, is separated using thin layer chromatography technique — a unique pattern is identified in the sample. This pattern is specific enough to become an authentic statement or a biochemical marker having its own characteristic identity.

Applications of HPTLC fingerprinting

● It allows us to obtain a whole spectrum of information about the sample. The fingerprint, within its limit, is a representative of its given plant species.

● Provides a deep insight into a plant’s compound profile and their chemistry.

● It provides a reliable and authentic biochemical integrity statement for all botanical samples.

● Analyzes the purity and efficacy of many pharmaceutical solvents and their dosage forms.

Why do we need HPTLC Fingerprinting?

As known, HPTLC is an ideal tool for screening adulterations in food samples, herbal drugs, natural slimming pills, etc. and is highly suitable for sample extraction processes and its testing of stability. It is also the only chromatographic method which presents the analysis results as an image.

In the market, herbal drugs and other healthcare products must be marked as safe whose performance should be consistent and predictable. Through HPTLC fingerprinting, the issue of quality control in herbal drugs and other natural products is resolved.

Anchrom Enterprises, HPTLC specialist since 1978, helps its customers overcome analytical issues (analysis of samples, applications data, etc.) by providing sophisticated analytical instruments. They are well-equipped to support their clients through engineering services and application lab support and are renowned for their technical expertise.

To know more about High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography, visit www.anchrom.in or send a mail at hptlc@anchrom.in today.

[anchromhptlc121]

HPTLC in herbal drug analysis

Herbal drugs are gaining popularity nowadays as it has a reputation of being clean, organic and safe for consumption due to their natural source and ingredients. Herbal drugs are used as supplements. They consist of health systems such as Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy and Naturopathy. Herbal medicines/drugs are plant-derived materials with therapeutic and different health benefits for humans, which are acquired or captured from the plants and their part.

Any drug before being brought into the market has to be tested and clinical trials have to be taken. Herbal drugs are more prone to adulteration. Many times, it is a polyherbal formulation meaning it is made up of different herbs/ plants.

HPTLC is an efficient tool for herbal drug analysis. The herbal matrix is complex in nature and since HPTLC has disposable layers there is no damage to the instrument. Hence, HPTLC is used in herbal drug standardisation. These medicines are prone to adulteration by notorious dealers and manufacturers who mix sub-standard material for profits. HPTLC has an application for the detection of adulteration of herbal drugs. For example,  CAMAG’s HPTLC systems (HPTLC & HPTLC Pro) in herbal drug analysis offers the tools and expertise required to withstand any scrutiny regarding botanical materials.

Chromatographic fingerprinting is crucial in the manufacturing of herbal products. Traditional chromatographic fingerprint analysis provides quantitative information. However, the biological activity of polyherbal solutions is not related to their quantity, rather the quality. Right from determining the chemical composition of herbal compounds to the quality control of finished medicines, HPTLC for drug analysis has drastically revolutionised the naturopathy field.

One example of herbal drug application is as follows:

Detection of Gallic Acid from Samangadi Churna. Samangadi Churna is a polyherbal formulation used for Piles treatment and made up of 8 plants. Anchrom Lab was asked for quantification of gallic acid from the multiherbal formulation. CAMAG HPTLC was used for the detection of gallic acid.

We developed a new HPTLC method for this purpose and successfully quantified gallic acid from the churna. Gallic acid was successfully quantified under UV at 254nm from this difficult sample matrix.

[healthtimetaylor]

Green teas are better scavengers of reactive oxygen species compared to oolong teas in vitro.

PMID:  Food Chem. 2017 Dec 15 ;237:645-653. Epub 2017 May 5. PMID: 28764047 Abstract Title:  An integrated antioxidant activity fingerprint for commercial teas based on their capacities to scavenge reactive oxygen species. Abstract:  An integrated antioxidant activity fingerprint, based on on-line screening methods for three reactive oxygen species (ROS: superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical) was developed to comprehensively evaluate the quality of 12 batches of commercial tea. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a chemiluminescent detector was used to determine the antioxidant characteristics of a selection of teas as bioactivity fingerprints. An HPLC-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analysis was used to determine the chemical profiles of the teas in the chromatographic fingerprints. All of the green teas (S01-S08) were better scavengers of the three ROS compared to the oolong teas (S09-S12). The main scavengers of the three ROS in green tea were 5-galloylquinic acid, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, and (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate, whereas in oolong tea, they were (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate and (-)-epigallocatechin. This study demonstrates that comprehensive fingerprinting is a potentially meaningful method for evaluating the quality of food products.

read more

[bookpiofficial]

Perceptions of the Traditional Medical Practitioners of North-Western Nigeria on Malaria Treatment and the Potential Antiplasmodial Properties of Plumeria rubra Stem-Bark | Chapter 02 | Modern Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 2

Aims: The apparent lack of scientific proof of efficacies claimed by the traditional medical practitioners (TMPs) (locally known as Magori/’Yan-ganye, in Hausa language) of North-Western Nigeria with respect to malaria and the many drawbacks of the current antimalarial drugs stimulated this study. The study was carried out to evaluate the perception of the TMPs on the causes, diagnosis and treatment of malaria and evaluate the potential antiplasmodial properties (in-vivo in Albino mice) of Plumeria rubra Linn. (Apocynaceae) commonly used in traditional treatment of malaria in North-Western Nigeria. The study was aimed at providing scientific basis for use of traditional health knowledge and use of medicinal plant resources in the treatment of malaria.

Study Design: Using an ethno-medical survey, information was obtained from the TMPs relating to identification of plants, their medicinal uses and the mode of preparations of remedies on traditional treatment of malaria.

Place and Duration of Study: The ethno-medicinal survey was carried out at the premises of TMPs from December, 2005 to May, 2008. The laboratory work was carried out at the Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria from July, 2008 to February, 2010.

Methodology: An ethno-medical survey was conducted in twenty Local Government Areas across four States (Kaduna, Kano, Katsina and Jigawa) in North-Western Nigeria. The communities covered in the survey were selected on the basis of their reputation for being homes to a number of TMPs. The plant used was selected on the basis of ethno-medical information obtained from the TMPs using an exclusion criterion based on claim for activity score. The preferable solvent used by the local people was found to be mostly water and/or alcohol, the plant material was therefore extracted by maceration technique using 70% v/v aqueous-ethanol. The metabolites profiles of the extracts were determined using thin layer chromatographic (TLC) technique on commercially prepared silica gel pre-coated flexible plates.

Results: The TMPs were able to define, diagnose and presumably treat malaria using the indigenous medicines. Median lethal dose (LD50) was established to be greater than 5 gkg-1 for the aqueous extract and 3.8 gkg-1 for the chloroform extract orally in mice respectively. Antiplasmodial evaluation of the two extracts revealed that the two extracts exhibited dose-dependent in-vivo suppressive, curative and prophylactive properties on the development of parasitaemia in Albino mice using a chloroquine sensitive strain of Plasmodium berghei (NK-65). TLC profile fingerprints of the aqueous extract revealed three distinct spots with Rf values of 0.23, 0.39 and 0.75 whereas that the chloroform extract revealed three distinct spots with Rf values of 0.33, 0.42 and 0.55 when it was developed in ethyl acetate: ethanol: water: ammonia (65:25:9:1).

Conclusion: These results represented the first conducted evaluation of the perception of TMPs of North-Western Nigeria on the causes, diagnosis and treatment of malaria, antiplasmodial and thin layer chromatographic profile fingerprinting studies on Plumeria rubra bark found in North-Western Nigeria. The findings are therefore expected to provide the necessary scientific basis for rational use of traditional health knowledge and use of medicinal plant resources of North-Western Nigeria in the treatment of malaria.

Author(s) Details

Umar Adam Katsayal Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

Mujitaba Suleiman Abubakar Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

Abubakar Ahmed Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

Ezzeddeen Mukhtar Abdurahman Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

Read full article: http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/view/85/1195/838-1

View Volume: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mapr/v2

[kathleenseiber]

Deep learning speeds chemical test for food, blood, and more

Deep learning can speed up the analysis of gas chromatography data, researchers report.

Because this type of analysis is used in a variety of ways, the new method will have a major impact on quality, efficiency, and cost when examining various data—blood tests, oil pollution testing, the fermentation of cheese, and much more, researchers say.

Gas chromatography is a method of analysis that most people have experienced at one time or another without necessarily knowing it. For example, it can reveal food fraud or find out where a particular batch of cocaine was produced. It can also measure flavor and aroma in gastronomy and examine blood samples taken in the hospital.

“The new interpretive method of gas chromatographic analysis can make this type of analysis accessible to many more, which means that better and cheaper decisions can be made in a number of areas in society,” says Rasmus Bro, a professor in the food science department at the University of Copenhagen.

Faster fingerprints

“Gas chromatography is one of the most widely used analytical methods and it provides a chemical profile that can reveal thousands of things. The analysis shows most of the chemical components in a sample of biological material in a particular pattern that can then be interpreted in terms of the specific things you want to examine. You could say that you take a chemical ‘fingerprint’ of the material,” says Bro.

Gas chromatography is generally important when talking about safety and improving the quality of global food production. Monitoring by means of measurements and artificial intelligence is one of the topics at a new major food conference, Food Day 2019, later this month.

Because it requires a highly specialized workforce, it is quite expensive to interpret the analyses.

“There is a great deal of manual work behind the interpretation of many gas chromatographic analyses and in some cases it takes several weeks to get the results from the measurements. With this research, we show that some of the most time consuming tasks can be done automatically by a computer,” says Anne Bech Risum, a PhD student.

The computer can make a number of decisions that usually require a chemist.

“The interpretation consumes a great deal of work because you work through the data bit by bit. A computer can do this much more efficiently and reproducibly,” explains Risum.

Gas chromatography for better food

The food industry widely employs gas chromatography using mass spectrometry. For example, all large companies that work with fermentation will use this method of analysis to measure how the microorganisms in a fermentation develop and affect the final product.

“If you, for example, produce a cheese, the taste and aroma develop differently depending on the microbiological culture you add and how you treat the cheese during production. Gas chromatography can be used to measure the chemical elements that together form the aroma profile of the cheese,” says Risum.

“So if you, for example, want a more fruity or nutty aroma, you could try to change the production and then measure whether you have formed more of the chemicals behind the desired flavor profile.”

The method of interpretation could also help give smaller food companies access to highly advanced analytical methods that can help companies with product optimization, quality assurance, and raw material identification.

Funding for the research came from FOSS and Arla.

Source: University of Copenhagen

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Deep learning speeds chemical test for food, blood, and more published first on https://triviaqaweb.weebly.com/

[leedsomics]

Applications of a Novel Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining Process Model for Metabolomics

This work demonstrates the execution of a novel process model for knowledge discovery and data mining for metabolomics (MeKDDaM). It aims to illustrate MeKDDaM process model applicability using four different real-world applications and to highlight its strengths and unique features. The demonstrated applications provide coverage for metabolite profiling, target analysis, and metabolic fingerprinting. The data analysed in these applications were captured by chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry technique (LC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and involve the analysis of plant, animal, and human samples. The process was executed using both data-driven and hypothesis-driven data mining approaches in order to perform various data mining goals and tasks by applying a number of data mining techniques. The applications were selected to achieve a range of analytical goals and research questions and to provide coverage for metabolite profiling, target analysis, and metabolic fingerprinting using datasets that were captured by NMR, LC-MS, and FT-IR using samples of a plant, animal, and human origin. The process was applied using an implementation environment which was created in order to provide a computer-aided realisation of the process model execution. http://dlvr.it/RB6FlS

[jculture-en]

Geographical origin traceability of Cabernet Sauvignon wines based on Infrared fingerprint technology combined with chemometrics

#Wine #JapaneseWine [Nature]Commercial wines (n = 540) were scanned in transmission mode using … Switzerland), LC-20A high performance liquid chromatograph (SHIMADZU, Japan), T70 full-automatic potentiometric titrometer (0.01 …

[usesforhemp-blog]

Accurate Detection of Residual Solvents in Cannabis Concentrates: Edibles and vape pens are rapidly becoming a sizable portion of the cannabis industry as various methods of consumption popularize beyond just smoking dried flower. These products are produced using cannabis concentrates, which come in the form of oils, waxes or shatter (figure 1). Once the cannabinoids and terpenes are removed from the plant material using solvents, the solvent is evaporated leaving behind the product. Extraction solvents are difficult to remove in the low percent range so the final product is tested to ensure leftover solvents are at safe levels. While carbon dioxide and butane are most commonly used, consumer concern over other more toxic residual solvents has led to regulation of acceptable limits. For instance, in Colorado the Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) updated the state's acceptable limits of residual solvents on January 1st, 2017. Headspace Analysis Figure 1: Shatter can be melted and dissolved in a high molecular weight solvent for headspace analysis (HS). Photo Courtesy of Cal-Green Solutions. Since the most suitable solvents are volatile, these compounds are not amenable to HPLC methods and are best suited to gas chromatography (GC) using a thick stationary phase capable of adequate retention and resolution of butanes from other target compounds. Headspace (HS) is the most common analytical technique for efficiently removing the residual solvents from the complex cannabis extract matrix. Concentrates are weighed out into a headspace vial and are dissolved in a high molecular weight solvent such as dimethylformamide (DMF) or 1,3-dimethyl-3-imidazolidinone (DMI). The sealed headspace vial is heated until a stable equilibrium between the gas phase and the liquid phase occurs inside the vial. One milliliter of gas is transferred from the vial to the gas chromatograph for analysis. Another approach is full evaporation technique (FET), which involves a small amount of sample sealed in a headspace vial creating a single-phase gas system. More work is required to validate this technique as a quantitative method. Gas Chromatographic Detectors The flame ionization detector (FID) is selective because it only responds to materials that ionize in an air/hydrogen flame, however, this condition covers a broad range of compounds. When an organic compound enters the flame; the large increase in ions produced is measured as a positive signal. Since the response is proportional to the number of carbon atoms introduced into the flame, an FID is considered a quantitative counter of carbon atoms burned. There are a variety of advantages to using this detector such as, ease of use, stability, and the largest linear dynamic range of the commonly available GC detectors. The FID covers a calibration of nearly 5 orders of magnitude. FIDs are inexpensive to purchase and to operate. Maintenance is generally no more complex than changing jets and ensuring proper gas flows to the detector. Because of the stability of this detector internal standards are not required and sensitivity is adequate for meeting the acceptable reporting limits. However, FID is unable to confirm compounds and identification is only based on retention time. Early eluting analytes have a higher probability of interferences from matrix (Figure 2). Figure 2: Resolution of early eluting compounds by headspace – flame ionization detection (HS-FID). Chromatogram Courtesy of Trace Analytics. Mass Spectrometry (MS) provides unique spectral information for accurately identifying components eluting from the capillary column. As a compound exits the column it collides with high-energy electrons destabilizing the valence shell electrons of the analyte and it is broken into structurally significant charged fragments. These fragments are separated by their mass-to-charge ratios in the analyzer to produce a spectral pattern unique to the compound. To confirm the identity of the compound the spectral fingerprint is matched to a library of known spectra. Using the spectral patterns the appropriate masses for quantification can be chosen. Compounds with higher molecular weight fragments are easier to detect and identify for instance benzene (m/z 78), toluene (m/z 91) and the xylenes (m/z 106), whereas low mass fragments such as propane (m/z 29), methanol (m/z 31) and butane (m/z 43) are more difficult and may elute with matrix that matches these ions. Several disadvantages of mass spectrometers are the cost of equipment, cost to operate and complexity. In addition, these detectors are less stable and require an internal standard and have a limited dynamic range, which can lead to compound saturation. Regardless of your method of detection, optimized HS and GC conditions are essential to properly resolve your target analytes and achieve the required detection limits. While MS may differentiate overlapping peaks the chances of interference of low molecular weight fragments necessitates resolution of target analytes chromatographically. FID requires excellent resolution for accurate identification and quantification. The post Accurate Detection of Residual Solvents in Cannabis Concentrates appeared first on Cannabis Industry Journal. http://bit.ly/2onKoHG @CannabisEditor #Cannabis

[anchromhptlc121]

HPTLC Fingerprinting

High Performance Thin Layer chromatography is a versatile technique with applications in herbals, food, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals.

 What is HPTLC Fingerprinting?

HPTLC Fingerprinting is the representation of the phytochemical composition of a plant extract or formulation, in the form of an image at 254nm, 366nm and white light. It is a sequence of peaks or zones of a chromatogram specific for a sample.

United States Pharmacopoeia definition of HPTLC Fingerprint is “It is the electronic image of the visual HPTLC chromatogram.” HPTLC fingerprint is evaluated based on Rf, colour and relative intensity of bands in the electronic image.

For comparison BRM (Botanical Reference Material) is used. If BRM is not available a sample can be collected from the field/market sample is sent to recognized botanical institute e.g., NBRI Lucknow, Agharkar Research Institute Pune, Botanical survey of India western circle Pune. etc. for authentication and that can be used as BRM.

Phytochemical reference standards (RS) are also applied along with samples. Respective plant samples/ raw materials collected from different geographical locations/ climatic conditions can be applied to check the variation in species.

While developing HPTLC fingerprint for certain plant material aim should be to develop fingerprint which shows maximum no. of phytoconstituents with good resolution.

 HPTLC for Herbal Chromatographic Fingerprinting

HPTLC technique can be used for herbal fingerprinting. Each plant has a different fingerprint pattern. When the plant extract is run in a suitable mobile phase the separation pattern observed is the herbal fingerprint of the said plant. HPTLC is a preliminary step to identify phytochemical compounds and secondary metabolites of a plant.

Fingerprints play an important role in quality control of herbal medicine. It can be used for authentication of raw material or detection of confounded material/ substitutes.

Herbal products and drugs are gaining momentum and so is the substandard material being added to gain profits by manufacturers. Consumers are growing towards organic products. HPTLC plays a major role in detection of such adulterated material.

Herbal Fingerprinting is the technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of herbal components in drugs. Chromatographic fingerprinting is used for both establishing the identity and quality of the herbs being added into formulation.

With a sample size of more than 100 samples in parallel, using Chromatographic Fingerprinting is not only fast and effective, but also economically flexible. Modern chromatographic fingerprinting is used at dual stages during the manufacture of an herbal formula. An initial fingerprinting is carried out for each of the herbs being added to the formulation.

Once the identity and purity of the herb is established all the herbs are incorporated in suitably processed to produce the final poly herbal formulation. A chromatographic fingerprint of the poly herbal formulation is developed after the development of the poly herbal formulation.

 An HPTLC analysis is useful to measure the purity, strength and consistency of the chemical profile. HPTLC adoption as compared to Gas Chromatography and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, produces faster results in the standardisation of a consistent biological activity.

If you want to perform HPTLC and Herbal fingerprinting for your business, we provide CAMAG HPTLC machines at an affordable price. Contact us for a quote today.

[anchromhptlc121]

 Chromatographic fingerprint is a technique used for standardisation of herbal plant extract. Each plant has a unique fingerprint which establishes its identity. HPTLC fingerprint can be standardized in multiple detection modes. It should be studied for Rf, color and intensity for separated individual bands as per USP for botanicals.

chromatographic fingerprinting definition