#chen xinye | Explore Tumblr Posts and Blogs

fuyonggu · 5 years

Text

SGZ Biography of Zhuge Liang (Until Liu Bei’s Death)

I had a draft of this I was working on earlier. Daolun might appreciate it for his articles.

諸葛亮字孔明，琅邪陽都人也。漢司隸校尉諸葛豐後也。父圭，字君貢，漢末為太山郡丞。亮早孤，從父玄為袁術所署豫章太守，玄將亮及亮弟均之官。會漢朝更選朱皓代玄。玄素與荊州牧劉表有舊，往依之。玄卒，亮躬畊隴畝，好為《梁父吟》。身長八尺，每自比於管仲、樂毅，時人莫之許也。惟博陵崔州平、潁川徐庶元直與亮友善，謂為信然。

Zhuge Liang, styled Kongming, was a native of Yangdu county in Langye commandary. He was a descendant of the Han dynasty's Colonel-Director of Retainers, Zhuge Feng.

Zhuge Liang’s father was Zhuge Gui, styled Jungong, who served as a Minister of Taishan commandary during the final years of the Han dynasty. But Zhuge Gui passed away while Zhuge Liang was still young. Zhuge Liang thus went to live with his uncle, Zhuge Xuan, when Zhuge Xuan was appointed by Yuan Shu as Administrator of Yuzhang. Not long afterwards, the Han court appointed Zhu Hao to replace Zhuge Xuan as Administrator. So since Zhuge Xuan had an existing relationship with the Governor of Jingzhou, Liu Biao, he and his nephews went to stay with Liu Biao instead.

By the time Zhuge Xuan passed away, Zhuge Liang had taken up farming, and he was fond of the Song of Liangfu. He grew to be eight chi tall. He was always comparing himself to the ancients Guan Zhong and Yue Yi. Hardly anyone agreed with such an assessment; only Cui Zhouping of Boling commandary and Xu Shu of Yingchuan commandary (styled Yuanzhi), who were his good friends, said he was right to think so.

〈《獻帝春秋》曰：初，豫章太守周術病卒，劉表上諸葛玄為豫章太守，治南昌。漢朝聞周術死，遣朱皓代玄。皓從揚州刺史劉繇求兵擊玄，玄退屯西城，皓入南昌。建安二年正月，西城民反，殺玄，送首詣繇。此書所云，與本傳不同。〉〈《漢晉春秋》曰：亮家于南陽之鄧縣，在襄陽城西二十里，號曰隆中。〉〈按《崔氏譜》：州平，太尉烈子，均之弟也。《魏略》曰：亮在荊州，以建安初與潁川石廣元、徐元直、汝南孟公威等俱游學，三人務於精熟，而亮獨觀其大略。每晨夜從容，常抱膝長嘯，而謂三人曰：「卿三人仕進可至刺史郡守也。」三人問其所至，亮但笑而不言。後公威思鄉里，欲北歸，亮謂之曰：「中國饒士大夫，遨遊何必故鄉邪！」臣松之以為《魏略》此言，謂諸葛亮為公威計者可也，若謂兼為己言，可謂未達其心矣。老氏稱知人者智，自知者明，凡在賢達之流，固必兼而有焉。以諸葛亮之鑒識，豈不能自審其分乎？夫其高吟俟時，情見乎言，志氣所存，既已定於其始矣。若使游步中華，騁其龍光，豈夫多士所能沈翳哉！委質魏氏，展其器能，誠非陳長文、司馬仲達所能頡頏，而況於餘哉！苟不患功業不就，道之不行，雖志恢宇宙而終不北向者，蓋以權御已移，漢祚將傾，方將翊贊宗傑，以興微繼絕克復為己任故也。豈其區區利在邊鄙而已乎！此相如所謂「鵾鵬已翔於遼廓，而羅者猶視於藪澤」者矣。公威名建，在魏亦貴達。〉

(The Annals of Emperor Xian states, "When the Administrator of Yuzhang, Zhou Shu, passed away of illness, Liu Biao originally sent up a petition stating that he had appointed Zhuge Xuan as the new Administrator, with his headquarters at Nanchang. But when the Han court heard that Zhou Shu had died, they sent Zhu Hao to take over the post from Zhuge Xuan. Zhu Hao asked the Inspector of Yangzhou, Liu Yao, for troops and then attacked Zhuge Xuan. Zhuge Xuan withdrew to camp at Xicheng, while Zhu Hao entered Nanchang. In the second year of Jian'an (197), the first month, the people of Xicheng rebelled; they killed Zhuge Xuan and brought his head to Liu Yao." This account naturally conflicts with the base biography.

Xi Zuochi's Annals of Han and Jin states, "Zhuge Liang's family lived in Deng county in Nanyang commandary, twenty li west from the city of Xiangyang, at a place called Longzhong."

According to the Registry of the Cui Clan, this Cui Zhouping was "the son of the Grand Commandant, Cui Lie, and the younger brother of Cui Jun".

The Weilue states, "During the days that Zhuge Liang lived in Jingzhou at the beginning of the Jian'an reign era (after 196), he spent his time wandering and learning in the company of such people as Shi Guangyuan and Xu Yuanzhi (Xu Shu) of Yingchuan commandary and Meng Gongwei of Runan commandary. Now these three fellows each had their talents, but Zhuge Liang still saw himself as greater than them. Whenever they were enjoying a moment of respite during the mornings or evenings, Zhuge Liang would often rub his knees and make a long sigh. He would say to the other three, 'Perhaps you gentlemen will rise high enough to become Inspectors or Administrators.' When they asked him what fate he saw for himself, he would only laugh without answering. Later, when Shi Guangyuan grew homesick and wished to return north, Zhuge Liang said to him, 'The Middle Kingdom is full of great leaders and gentlemen. Wander if you like, but can you really be sure of getting home again?'"

This Meng Gongwei was named Meng Jian; he also enjoyed honor and success in Wei.

In my (Pei Songzhi's) view, both Zhuge Liang's comments to Shi Guangyuan and his earlier words were indications that Zhuge Liang felt that he was not yet able to fulfill his desires. Laozi commended those who could recognize the value of others as knowledgeable and those who could appreciate their own worth as wise, and truly worthy and successful were those who displayed both these talents. Could a man of Zhuge Liang's perception and intellect have failed to recognize his own worth? He may have been indulging in songs and playing for time, but judging by his words and his feelings, his great ambitions and passions were already formed by this time.

Suppose Zhuge Liang had decided to wander through the heartlands of the dynasty and display his magnificence. Even a deluge of talents would not have been enough to obscure him! He might have given himself over to Wei, and there developed his potential and his abilities. Had he done so, he truly would have outshone even Chen Changwen (Chen Qun) and Sima Zhongda (Sima Yi), much less anyone else! No deed or endeavor would have been impossible for him; no path would have been closed to him. Yet despite being a man of such boundless ambition, in the end, he did not go north. He must have done so because he perceived that the dynasty's authority was already gone and it was on the brink of collapse, and so he wished to serve and assist some worthy relative of the dynasty to restore what had fallen, continue what had been broken, and revive what had been ended. Would he have ever limited himself to merely eking out a meager living in some border region? The proverb sums it up: "the great birds soar across the wide world, but even a bound one will still glance longingly towards the lakes and ponds."

時先主屯新野。徐庶見先主，先主器之，謂先主曰：「諸葛孔明者，臥龍也，將軍豈願見之乎？」先主曰：「君與俱來。」庶曰：「此人可就見，不可屈致也。將軍宜枉駕顧之。」由是先主遂詣亮，凡三往，乃見。因屏人曰：「漢室傾頹，姦臣竊命，主上蒙塵。孤不度德量力，欲信大義於天下，而智術淺短，遂用猖（獗）〔蹶〕，至于今日。然志猶未已，君謂計將安出？」亮答曰：自董卓已來，豪傑并起，跨州連郡者不可勝數。曹操比於袁紹，則名微而眾寡，然操遂能克紹，以弱為強者，非惟天時，抑亦人謀也。今操已擁百萬之眾，挾天子而令諸侯，此誠不可與爭鋒。孫權據有江東，已歷三世，國險而民附，賢能為之用，此可以為援而不可圖也。荊州北據漢、沔，利盡南海，東連吳會，西通巴、蜀，此用武之國，而其主不能守，此殆天所以資將軍，將軍豈有意乎？益州險塞，沃野千里，天府之土，高祖因之以成帝業。劉璋闇弱，張魯在北，民殷國富而不知存恤，智能之士思得明君。將軍既帝室之冑，信義著於四海，總攬英雄，思賢如渴，若跨有荊、益，保其巖阻，西和諸戎，南撫夷越，外結好孫權，內修政理﹔天下有變，則命一上將將荊州之軍以向宛、洛，將軍身率益州之眾出於秦川，百姓孰敢不簞食壺漿以迎將軍者乎？誠如是，則霸業可成，漢室可興矣。先主曰：「善！」於是與亮情好日密。關羽、張飛等不悅，先主解之曰：「孤之有孔明，猶魚之有水也。願諸君勿復言。」羽、飛乃止。

At this time, Liu Bei was camped at Xinye. Xu Shu came to see him, and Liu Bei appreciated him. Xu Shu told Liu Bei, "Zhuge Kongming (Zhuge Liang) is known as Sleeping Dragon. General, would you be willing to meet him?"

Liu Bei said, "Sir, let him come with you to see me."

Xu Shu replied, "He is the sort of man whom you may visit, but he will not deign to come to you. I hope you will condescend to visit him."

So Liu Bei went to meet Zhuge Liang, finally seeing him on his third visit. Liu Bei privately said to him, "The house of Han is in dire straights; a wicked (or perverse) minister is eyeing the Mandate for himself, while our sovereign suffers in exile. Though I am not possessed of virtue or blessed with strength, still I wish to restore what is right to the realm. My cunning and my skills are shallow and lacking, which has caused me to suffer several terrible stumbles. But even so, I have not given up on my ambition. Sir, what do you propose that I should do?"

Zhuge Liang replied, "Ever since Dong Zhuo's day, countless heroes have risen up to stand astride the provinces and control the commandaries. Consider Cao Cao: if we compare him to Yuan Shao, his reputation was not as great, and his army was not as numerous. Yet in the end, he was able to overcome Yuan Shao. This was an instance of the weak defeating the strong. Even if you say that Heaven had willed it to be so, it still required the planning of mortals to see it through. By now, Cao Cao has already assembled an army of a million soldiers, and he keeps the Son of Heaven in his power so that he may 'command the feudal lords' to heed his will. He cannot be confronted directly. There is also Sun Quan to consider: he wields control over the Southland, where his family has enjoyed power for three generations. His domain enjoys good natural defenses, his people are bonded to him, and he employs the worthy and able. You would be able to gain support from him, but he too cannot be conquered.

"Now consider Jingzhou: it is flanked by the Han and Mian Rivers to the north while enjoying all the bounty of the southern sea, and it borders Wu and Kuaiji to the east and Ba and Shu to the west. It is well suited for supporting military endeavors. Yet the lord of Jingzhou is unable to defend it. General, it is almost as though Heaven has furnished Jingzhou in order to deliver it right into your own hands; can you have no desire for it? Not only that, there is Yizhou: blessed with both sturdy natural defenses and a thousand li of fertile fields for harvest, it is a storehouse of Heaven's produce. It was for that reason that Gaozu (Liu Bang), using this region as his base, was able to achieve his ambition of becoming Emperor. But the current lord of Yizhou, Liu Zhang, is blind and weak, and Zhang Lu is to his north. Yizhou is a rich land and filled with people, yet he cannot (or, does not know how to) bring them comfort, and people of ability and intellect long to be ruled by a wise sovereign.

"General, you yourself are a descendant of the royal lineage, and your trustworthy and righteous reputation has spread all throughout the Four Seas; you gather and command bold heroes, and you seek worthy people like one thirsts for water. So I propose that you take control of Jingzhou and Yizhou for yourself. Then guard their defensive points (or mountain ranges), while you achieve peace with the Rong tribes in the west, bring comfort to the Yi tribes of Yue in the south, form ties with Sun Quan without, and reform and perfect your government within. Eventually, once some great opportunity presents itself, you may appoint a supreme general to lead the armies of Jingzhou towards Wan and Luoyang, while you lead the armies of Yizhou out into Qinzhou. At that time, who will dare not to come to welcome you and present you with food and drink? By doing these things, you may achieve your design as a hegemon, and the Han royal family may flourish once more."

Liu Bei said, "Excellent!" And he became close to Zhuge Liang and spent days together with him. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, and others were not pleased, but Liu Bei explained to them, "Now that I have found Kongming, I am like a fish that has found water. Gentlemen, please say nothing further about this." So Guan Yu and Zhang Fei stopped.

〈《襄陽記》曰：劉備訪世事於司馬德操。德操曰：「儒生俗士，豈識時務？識時務者在乎俊傑。此間自有伏龍、鳳雛。」備問為誰，曰：「諸葛孔明、龐士元也。」〉〈《魏略》曰：劉備屯於樊城。是時曹公方定河北，亮知荊州次當受敵，而劉表性緩，不曉軍事。亮乃北行見備，備與亮非舊，又以其年少，以諸生意待之。坐集既畢，眾賓皆去，而亮獨留，備亦不問其所欲言。備性好結毦，時適有人以髦牛尾與備者，備因手自結之。亮乃進曰：「明將軍當復有遠志，但結毦而已邪！」備知亮非常人也，乃投毦而答曰：「是何言與！我聊以忘憂耳。」亮遂言曰：「將軍度劉鎮南孰與曹公邪？」備曰：「不及。」亮又曰：「將軍自度何如也？」備曰：「亦不如。」曰：「今皆不及，而將軍之眾不過數千人，以此待敵，得無非計乎！」備曰：「我亦愁之，當若之何？」亮曰：「今荊州非少人也，而著籍者寡，平居發調，則人心不悅；可語鎮南，令國中凡有游戶，皆使自實，因錄以益眾可也。」備從其計，故眾遂強。備由此知亮有英略，乃以上客禮之。九州春秋所言亦如之。臣松之以為亮表云「先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顧臣於草廬之中，諮臣以當世之事」，則非亮先詣備，明矣。雖聞見異辭，各生彼此，然乖背至是，亦良為可怪。〉

(Xi Zuochi's Records of Xiangyang states, "Liu Bei discussed the affairs of the day with Sima Decao (Sima Hui). Sima Decao told him, 'What could mere scholars or common fellows understand of modern circumstances? It is those who are knowledgeable of such things that are the real talents. And among this sort are Crouching Dragon and Fledging Phoenix.' Liu Bei asked him who these two were, and Sima Decao replied, 'Zhuge Kongming and Xu Shiyuan.'"

The Weilue states, "During the time that Cao Cao was pacifying the region north of the Yellow River, Liu Bei was camped at Fancheng. Zhuge Liang knew that Jingzhou would be Cao Cao's next target. Yet Liu Biao had a complacent nature and did not grasp military matters. So Zhuge Liang went north to see Liu Bei.

“Since Zhuge Liang was a young man and had no prior relationship with Liu Bei, Liu Bei received him in the company of several other people. After the meeting had ended and the other guests all left, Zhuge Liang remained behind. However, Liu Bei did not ask him what he wanted to say. Instead, since Liu Bei had a habit of braiding bits of hair together and someone had given him some tail-hairs from horses and oxen, he was braiding them together. Zhuge Liang stepped forward and declared, 'A wise general ought to be considering long-term plans, not merely braid together some hairs!'

“Liu Bei realized that Zhuge Liang was no ordinary fellow. He tossed the hairs aside and laughed, saying, 'Why say such a thing? I was merely amusing myself to forget my concerns.'

“Zhuge Liang then said, 'General, do you think General Liu (Liu Biao) is any match for Lord Cao (Cao Cao)?'

“Liu Bei replied, 'He is not.'

“Zhuge Liang said, 'And how do you yourself compare?'

“Liu Bei replied, 'I am not his equal either.'

“Zhuge Liang said, 'So you recognize that neither of you is a match for him. Yet General, your army is no more than a few thousand soldiers. You intend to meet the enemy with such an army? What sort of plan is that?'

“Liu Bei replied, 'That is just what concerns me. But what am I to do about it?'

“Zhuge Liang said, 'Jingzhou currently has a considerable population. Yet the official population registries are quite meager. If you attempted to draft soldiers from among those who are already registered and have settled lives here, they will not be happy to suffer such disturbances. But you might tell General Liu to command all refugee households in the province to register themselves, and once they do so, you can further your numbers by drafting from among them instead.'

“Liu Bei followed his advice, and his army was thus strengthened. So Liu Bei knew that Zhuge Liang had heroic cunning, and he treated him as a guest of honor."

The Annals of the Nine Provinces has the same account.

Now regarding these two accounts, your servant Pei Songzhi notes that Zhuge Liang later wrote in his first petition to Liu Shan that "The First Sovereign (Liu Bei) overlooked my obscurity and humbled himself to come three times to my thatched cottage seeking me, in order to discuss the affairs of the age with me". So it seems clear that it cannot have been the case that Zhuge Liang was the one who approached Liu Bei first. Yet it does seem remarkable that two other texts would have an account of their meeting both so similar to one another and so different from Chen Shou's version.)

劉表長子琦，亦深器亮。表受後妻之言，愛少子琮，不悅於琦。琦每欲與亮謀自安之術，亮輒拒塞，未與處畫。琦乃將亮游觀後園，共上高樓，飲宴之間，令人去梯，因謂亮曰：「今日上不至天，下不至地，言出子口，入於吾耳，可以言不？」亮答曰：「君不見申生在內而危，重耳在外而安乎？」琦意感悟，陰規出計。會黃祖死，得出，遂為江夏太守。俄而表卒，琮聞曹公來征，遣使請降。先主在樊聞之，率其眾南行，亮與徐庶并從，為曹公所追破，獲庶母。庶辭先主而指其心曰：「本欲與將軍共圖王霸之業者，以此方寸之地也。今已失老母，方寸亂矣，無益於事，請從此別。」遂詣曹公。

Liu Biao's eldest son Liu Qi also highly esteemed Zhuge Liang. Now Liu Biao had heeded the words of his second wife and began to favor his younger son Liu Cong, and was no longer pleased with Liu Qi. Liu Qi thus kept asking Zhuge Liang for a plan to help secure his position. However, Zhuge Liang kept putting him off, not wanting to be compelled to make a plan for him.

Thus, during an occasion when Liu Qi had brought Zhuge Liang to walk through and observe the rear gardens and they went up into a tall tower together, Liu Qi ordered someone to take the ladder away. He then said to Zhuge Liang, "Today we are cut off from both Heaven above and the earth below, so the words you speak shall be heard by my ears alone. Will you not say something?"

Zhuge Liang replied, "Sir, you are perhaps familiar with the ancient Duke Xian of Jin, whose wife Li Ji turned him against his sons Shensheng and Chong'er. Do you recall that Shensheng remained with his family and thus met his doom, while Chong'er fled the state and thus saved his life and became Duke Wen of Jin in the end?"

Liu Qi realized what Zhuge Liang was suggesting, so he secretly developed a plan to make his own escape. Not long afterwards, the border general Huang Zu was killed, and thus offered an opportunity to leave Xiangyang, Liu Qi had himself appointed as Administrator of Jiangxia to succeed Huang Zu.

Soon afterwards, Liu Biao passed away. When Liu Cong heard that Cao Cao was coming to campaign against Jingzhou, he sent envoys to him asking to surrender. Liu Bei was still at Fan, but when he learned that Liu Cong was surrendering, he led his forces south. Zhuge Liang and Xu Shu both accompanied him. But Liu Bei's forces were pursued and routed by Cao Cao, and Xu Shu's mother was captured. Xu Shu then took his leave of Liu Bei; pointing to his heart, he said, "This little heart of mine dearly wished to help you achieve your conquest, General. But now my old mother is lost, and my heart is in such turmoil that I would be of no use to you. Please allow us to part ways." And he went to visit Cao Cao.

〈《魏略》曰：庶先名福，本單家子，少好任俠擊劍。中平末，嘗為人報讎，白堊突面，被髪而走，為吏所得，問其姓字，閉口不言。吏乃於車上立柱維磔之，擊鼓以令於市鄽，莫敢識者，而其黨伍共篡解之，得脫。於是感激，棄其刀戟，更疏巾單衣，折節學問。始詣精舍，諸生聞其前作賊，不肯與共止。福乃卑躬早起，常獨掃除，動靜先意，聽習經業，義理精熟。遂與同郡石韜相親愛。初平中，中州兵起，乃與韜南客荊州，到，又與諸葛亮特相善。及荊州內附，孔明與劉備相隨去，福與韜俱來北。至黃初中，韜仕歷郡守、典農校尉，福至右中郎將、御史中丞。逮大和中，諸葛亮出隴右，聞元直、廣元仕財如此，嘆曰：「魏殊多士邪！何彼二人不見用乎？」庶後數年病卒，有碑在彭城，今猶存焉。〉

(The Weilue states, "Xu Shu was originally named Shan Fu. As a young man, he enjoyed being a wandering tough and fighting people with his sword.

“On one occasion during the Zhongping reign era (184-189), he took revenge on behalf of someone else. Then, marking his face with chalk and letting down his hair, he tried to flee, but was caught by the officials. They asked him to identify himself, but he refused to say anything. The officials then tied him to a post atop a cart and beat the drums as they paraded him through the marketplace, but no one dared to recognize him. However, his fellows were able to break his bonds and let him escape.

“Shan Fu was so moved by this experience that he gave up the life of the blade, and putting on a thin scarf and plain clothes, he began applying himself to his studies. When he first came to the house of refinement, the other students ostracized him because they had heard about his past misdeeds. But Shan Fu remained humble, rose early, often swept the place alone, thought before he acted, remained diligent in his studies, and perfected his morals and his reasoning. He became good friends with a man from the same commandary as him, Shi Tao.

“At the beginning of the Chuping reign era (~190), when civil strife in the Central Provinces began, Shan Fu and Shi Tao went south to live as refugees in Jingzhou, and upon arriving there Shan Fu became especially close to Zhuge Liang. After Jingzhou fell under the control of Cao Cao, Kongming left along with Liu Bei, while Shan Fu and Shi Tao returned home to the north.

“By the time of the Huangchu reign era (220-226), Shi Tao had served as an Administrator and as Colonel of Agriculture, while Shan Fu had served as General of the Household Gentlemen of the Right and Middle Assistant to the Imperial Secretary. During the Dahe [Taihe] reign era (226-233), when Zhuge Liang came to Longyou on his northern campaign, when he heard that Yuanzhi and Guangyuan had been given such meager ranks and salaries, he lamented, 'How many talents Wei must have! Why did they not make greater use of those two gentlemen?'

“Shan Fu passed away of illness several years later. A stele was erected for him at Pengcheng, and even today (~265) it is still there.")

[Due to the uncertainties of the end of quotes, it’s possible that Pei Songzhi was saying that this stele still existed in his own time, ie ~429.]

先主至於夏口，亮曰：「事急矣，請奉命求救於孫將軍。」時權擁軍在柴桑，觀望成敗，亮說權曰：「海內大亂，將軍起兵據有江東，劉豫州亦收眾漢南，與曹操并爭天下。今操芟夷大難，略已平矣，遂破荊州，威震四海。英雄無所用武，故豫州遁逃至此。將軍量力而處之：若能以吳、越之眾與中國抗衡，不如早與之絕﹔若不能當，何不案兵束甲，北面而事之！今將軍外託服從之名，而內懷猶豫之計，事急而不斷，禍至無日矣！」權曰：「苟如君言，劉豫州何不遂事之乎？」亮曰：「田橫，齊之壯士耳，猶守義不辱，況劉豫州王室之冑，英才蓋世，眾士仰慕，若水之歸海，若事之不濟，此乃天也，安能復為之下乎！」權勃然曰：「吾不能舉全吳之地，十萬之眾，受制於人。吾計決矣！非劉豫州莫可以當曹操者，然豫州新敗之後，安能抗此難乎？」亮曰：「豫州軍雖敗於長阪，今戰士還者及關羽水軍精甲萬人，劉琦合江夏戰士亦不下萬人。曹操之眾，遠來疲弊，聞追豫州，輕騎一日一夜行三百餘里，此所謂『彊弩之末，勢不能穿魯縞』者也。故兵法忌之，曰『必蹶上將軍』。且北方之人，不習水戰﹔又荊州之民附操者，逼兵勢耳，非心服也。今將軍誠能命猛將統兵數萬，與豫州協規同力，破操軍必矣。操軍破，必北還，如此則荊、吳之勢彊，鼎足之形成矣。成敗之機，在於今日。」權大悅，即遣周瑜、程普、魯肅等水軍三萬，隨亮詣先主，并力拒曹公。曹公敗於赤壁，引軍歸鄴。先主遂收江南，以亮為軍師中郎將，使督零陵、桂陽、長沙三郡，調其賦稅，以充軍實。

When Liu Bei arrived at Xiakou, Zhuge Liang said to him, "The situation is serious. Please grant me your authority to ask for aid from General Sun Quan."

At that time, Sun Quan was keeping his army held back at Chaisang, watching and waiting to see who was going to triumph. Zhuge Liang advised him, "General, you see for yourself how all the land within the seas is in great turmoil. You have risen up with troops and occupied the Southland as your own, while the Inspector of Yuzhou (Liu Bei) has gathered an army from those people living south of the Han River. Currently, both of you are contending with Cao Cao for control of the realm. However, Cao Cao has nearly already rooted out and vanquished the major internal threats to his rule, and now that he has routed General Liu, his authority shakes the Four Seas. Even heroes have not been able to stand against him, and thus General Liu has been compelled to flee here.

“As for you, General, you have considerable strength of your own at your command. Yet you remain waiting here. If you truly believe that the armies of the Wu and Yue regions are strong enough to oppose those of the Middle Kingdom, then you ought to break off relations with Cao Cao at once. And if you do not believe that you are a match for Cao Cao, then why haven't you disbanded your army, laid aside your armor, and faced north in submission to him? General, you give off an appearance of one who is about to submit, yet you continue to harbor uncertain plans as well. The situation is critical, yet you have made no decision. Disaster is at hand!"

Sun Quan said, "Sir, if my own situation is as serious as you say, then why hasn't General Liu submitted already?"

Zhuge Liang replied, "In ancient times, when the state of Qi was nearly conquered, Tian Heng still held fast to righteousness and refused to disgrace himself by surrendering to the enemy, and in the end he was able to restore Qi to its former glory. Now Tian Heng had no more personal attachment to Qi than that he was one of its generals. Could General Liu, who is a descendant of the royal family of the Han dynasty, fail to match Tian Heng's example and serve the dynasty to the end? He is a hero whose talents surpass the age, and both the great men and the people bow to and respect him like various rivers all flowing into the great sea. If he is defeated in the end, that will be one thing; it would have been the will of Heaven. But how could he possibly submit to another?"

Sun Quan then became agitated and declared, "I shall not give up my full possession of the Wu region or my army of a hundred thousand and submit to someone else. My plan is decided! None but General Liu can oppose Cao Cao. However, wasn't General Liu recently defeated? How then can he face such a threat?"

Zhuge Liang replied, "It's true that General Liu's army was defeated at Chang Slope. However, he still has personal command of an army of ten thousand elite soldiers counting those warriors who have returned to him and the reinforcements from Guan Yu's naval forces. And Liu Qi at Jiangxia also commands no less than another ten thousand warriors.

“As for Cao Cao, his army is far from home and suffering from exhaustion and illness. I heard that when he was pursuing General Liu, he made his light cavalry ride more than three hundred li in a single day and night. As the saying goes, 'when it's at the end of its flight, even a crossbow bolt cannot pierce the silk of Lu'. Even the Art of War argues against such a headlong march, warning that the army that does so 'will surely lose its vanguard commanders'. You should also consider that of the soldiers of Cao Cao's army, the northerners are unfamiliar with naval warfare, while the people of Jingzhou who are now serving Cao Cao have only been compelled by force to do so, and their hearts have not truly submitted to him.

“General, if you will only give the command for your fierce generals to lead a few tens of thousands of your soldiers to join forces with General Liu, you will surely rout Cao Cao's army. Having been defeated, Cao Cao will then return north. Power will split between the regions of Wu and Jing, and the realm will thus settle into a tripartite division. This is the very moment which will determine your triumph or your doom."

Sun Quan was greatly pleased with this advice. He thus sent Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, Lu Su, and others with a naval force of thirty thousand to go with Zhuge Liang and join Liu Bei, so that with their combined strength they could oppose Cao Cao. Cao Cao was then defeated at Chibi, and he led his army back to Ye.

Liu Bei then occupied the region south of the Yangzi. He appointed Zhuge Liang as his Directing Instructor and General of the Household Gentlemen and had him administer the commandaries of Lingling, Guiyang, and Changsha, where Zhuge Liang collected taxes and rent in order to supply the army.

〈袁子曰：張子布薦亮於孫權，亮不肯留。人問其故，曰：「孫將軍可謂人主，然觀其度，能賢亮而不能盡亮，吾是以不留。」臣松之以為袁孝尼著文立論，甚重諸葛之為人，至如此言則失之殊遠。觀亮君臣相遇，可謂希世一時，終始以分，誰能間之？寧有中違斷金，甫懷擇主，設使權盡其量，便當翻然去就乎？葛生行己，豈其然哉！關羽為曹公所獲，遇之甚厚，可謂能盡其用矣，猶義不背本，曾謂孔明之不若雲長乎！〉〈《零陵先賢傳》云：亮時住臨烝。〉

(Yuan Zhun's Yuanzi states, "Zhang Zibu (Zhang Zhao) recommended to Sun Quan that he should employ Zhuge Liang as one of his own officers. However, Zhuge Liang declined to remain in his service. When people asked him why he left, Zhuge Liang told them, 'One could indeed call General Sun a leader of men. But when I judge his character, I recognize that although he would respect me, he would not make full use of me. That is why I could not stay with him.'"

Your servant Pei Songzhi notes that Yuan Xiaoni (Yuan Zhun) was very fond of Zhuge Liang as a person in all his collections of writings and recordings of discussions. But in this account he really goes too far. We have already seen that following their meeting with one another, Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei developed such a rare relationship. Who could have possibly come between them? In what situation would Zhuge Liang have gone so far as break off his relationship with Liu Bei to serve Sun Quan? And would it have made a difference whether Sun Quan really would have used Zhuge Liang to his full potential? Could Zhuge Liang possibly have been that kind of person, to then abandon his lord? Remember that when Guan Yu was captured by Cao Cao, Cao Cao treated him with great favor, and surely it could be said that he made full use of Guan Yu. Yet Guan Yu still remained righteous and would not abandon his former lord. How then could one claim that Kongming would have proved himself inferior to Yunchang?

The Records of the Past Worthies of Lingling states, "During the time of this appointment, Zhuge Liang had his base at Linzheng county (probably in Changsha commandary).")

建安十六年，益州牧劉璋遣法正迎先主，使擊張魯。亮與關羽鎮荊州。先主自葭萌還攻璋，亮與張飛、趙雲等率眾泝江，分定郡縣，與先主共圍成都。成都平，以亮為軍師將軍，署左將軍府事。先主外出，亮常鎮守成都，足食足兵。二十六年，群下勸先主稱尊號，先主未許，亮說曰：「昔吳漢、耿弇等初勸世祖即帝位，世祖辭讓，前後數四，耿純進言曰：『天下英雄喁喁，��有所望。如不從議者，士大夫各歸求主，無為從公也。』世祖感純言深至，遂然諾之。今曹氏篡漢，天下無主，大王劉氏苗族，紹世而起，今即帝位，乃其宜也。士大夫隨大王久勤苦者，亦欲望尺寸之功如純言耳。」先主於是即帝位，策亮為丞相曰：「朕遭家不造，奉承大統，兢兢業業，不敢康寧，思靖百姓，懼未能綏。於戲！丞相亮其悉朕意，無怠輔朕之闕，助宣重光，以照明天下，君其勖哉！」亮以丞相錄尚書事，假節。張飛卒後，領司隸校尉。

In the sixteenth year of Jian'an (211), the Governor of Yizhou, Liu Zhang, sent Fa Zheng to bring Liu Bei to Yizhou and ordered him to attack Zhang Lu. Zhuge Liang and Guan Yu remained behind to defend Jingzhou. When Liu Bei marched back from Jiameng to attack Liu Zhang, Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun, and others led an army up the Yangzi to assist him. They split up to settle various commandaries and counties, then joined Liu Bei's army to besiege Chengdu together. After Chengdu was taken, Liu Bei appointed Zhuge Liang as Directing Instructor and Chief of Staff of the General of the Left (Liu Bei's title). Whenever Liu Bei went away on campaign, Zhuge Liang often remained behind to guard Chengdu and ensure a steady supply of troops and provisions.

In the twenty-sixth year of Jian'an (221), Liu Bei's subordinates urged him to declare himself Emperor, but Liu Bei would not agree to do so. Then Zhuge Liang advised him, "In former times, Wu Han, Geng Yan, and others urged Shizu (Emperor Guangwu of Han) to do the same as we now urge you to do. Shizu, too, tried to decline, four times in all. But then Geng Yan stepped forward and told him, 'The heroes of the realm are flailing, seeking someone they can place their hopes in. If you do not follow our counsel, then every man will turn towards his own master, and no one will follow you.' Shizu appreciated the truth of this advice, and he did as Geng Yan proposed. Now the Cao family has usurped the throne from the Han dynasty, and the realm is without a ruler. Great Prince, you are of the lineage of the Liu clan and you have risen to this height already, so you must follow Shizu's example and take up the title of Emperor. Those people who have followed you and worked hard on your behalf also wish to have a chance to gain merits for themselves, just as Geng Yan once said."

Liu Bei thus declared himself Emperor. He wrote an edict appointing Zhuge Liang as Prime Minister, stating, "Due to the tragedy that has befallen my family, I am compelled to inherit the grand role. 'I am full of terror and feel the peril', and I dare not be complacent; I ponder how to bring peace to the people, yet fear that I shall not be able to achieve tranquility. Alas! May Prime Minister Zhuge Liang realize my intentions, never fail to help make up for my shortcomings, help to expand and magnify my glory and make it bright and clear to all the realm. Sir, be thus encouraged!" Zhuge Liang was appointed as Prime Minister, Chief of Affairs of the Masters of Writing, and Credential Holder.

After Zhang Fei passed away, Zhuge Liang was appointed as acting Colonel-Director of Retainers.

〈《蜀記》曰：晉初扶風王駿鎮關中，司馬高平劉寶、長史滎陽桓隰諸官屬士大夫共論諸葛亮，于時譚者多譏亮託身非所，勞困蜀民，力小謀大，不能度德量力。金城郭沖以為亮權智英略，有踰管、晏，功業未濟，論者惑焉，條亮五事隱沒不聞於世者，寶等亦不能復難。扶風王慨然善沖之言。臣松之以為亮之異美，誠所願聞，然沖之所說，實皆可疑，謹隨事難之如左：其《一事》曰：亮刑法峻急，刻剝百姓，自君子小人咸懷怨歎，法正諫曰：「昔高祖入關，約法三章，秦民知德，今君假借威力，跨據一州，初有其國，未垂惠撫；且客主之義，宜相降下，願緩刑弛禁，以慰其望。」亮答曰；「君知其一，未知其二。秦以無道，政苛民怨，匹夫大呼，天下土崩，高祖因之，可以弘濟。劉璋暗弱，自焉已來有累世之恩，文法羈縻，互相承奉，德政不舉，威刑不肅。蜀土人士，專權自恣，君臣之道，漸以陵替；寵之以位，位極則賤，順之以恩，恩竭則慢。所以致弊，實由於此。吾今威之以法，法行則知恩，限之以爵，爵加則知榮；榮恩並濟，上下有節。為治之要，於斯而著。」◇難曰：案法正在劉主前死，今稱法正諫，則劉主在也。諸葛職為股肱，事歸元首，劉主之世，亮又未領益州，慶賞刑政，不出於己。尋沖所述亮答，專自有其能，有違人臣自處之宜。以亮謙順之體，殆必不然。又云亮刑法峻急，刻剝百姓，未聞善政以刻剝為稱。

(The Records of Shu states, "At the beginning of the Jin dynasty (~265), the Prince of Fufeng, Sima Jun, was stationed in Guanzhong. He was discussing the affairs of Zhuge Liang together with his Marshal, Liu Bao of Gaoping commandary, his Chief Clerk, Huan Xi of Xingyang commandary, and his other ministers and officials. During the discussion, most of the people present felt that Zhuge Liang had both pushed himself past his limit and exhausted the people of the Shu region. They felt that his meager power had been insufficient to carry out his grand plans, and that he had not taken proper measure either of his virtue or of his strength. But there was present a certain Guo Chong of Jincheng commandary, who put forth the view that Zhuge Liang had been a man of authority and intellect, heroic and cunning, and that he had surpassed even the ancient chancellors Guan Zhong and Yan Ying. It was only because he had been unsuccessful in the end that people did not properly appreciate him. Guo Chong then related five untold stories about Zhuge Liang, previously unknown. Having heard these stories, Liu Bao and the others could no longer offer any objections, and the Prince of Fufeng was deeply moved by Guo Chong's words."

Your servant Pei Songzhi interjects here to note that, naturally, I am most inclined to hear tales of Zhuge Liang's excellence. However, we have good reason to be suspicious of these five stories that Guo Chong reported. I will continue to relate his accounts one at a time, but with my own objections following each tale.

This was Guo Chong's first tale: "Zhuge Liang administered the laws and punishments severely, laying a heavy hand upon the people, such that everyone from gentlemen to commoners were moved to anger and indignation against him. Fa Zheng remonstrated with him, saying, 'In former times, when Gaozu (Liu Bang) occupied the Qin dynasty's stronghold at Guanzhong, he charged the people only to keep his Three Precepts. Even so, the people of Qin knew virtue. Now you, Sir, have been granted power and authority and you stand astride this province. Having just come into control of the state, you rather ought to show leniency and demonstrate kindness and comfort. Besides, by the principles of host and guests, both should demonstrate humility to one another. Therefore, I ask you to slacken your restrictions and loosen your regulations, in order to reassure the people.'

"Zhuge Liang replied, 'Sir, you understand part of the situation, but you do not grasp the whole. The Qin dynasty ruled without principle, and their oppression roused the anger of the people against them. At that time, all it took was the great shout of some mere common fellow (Chen Sheng), and the whole realm came crashing down. Those were the circumstances under which Gaozu found success by demonstrating magnanimity and mercy.

“‘But it has been different with our recent past. Liu Zhang was a blind and weak ruler, and the people of the Shu region had enjoyed generous treatment even since the time of his predecessors. The law codes were such that everyone did whatever they saw best; the virtues of the administration were not upheld, nor was the authority of its punishments respected. All the people of the Shu region, from the gentry down to the commoners, claimed power for themselves and became arrogant, and the proper relationship between sovereign and subjects slowly decayed. If they were favored with offices, they looked upon even the highest of offices as cheap; if they were shown grace, they were slow to be grateful for even the most bountiful mercies. It was for those reasons that Liu Zhang's domain came to ruin.

“‘That is why I now overawe these people through laws. When the laws can be carried out, that is when the people will appreciate grace. And for the same reason, I am stingy with granting offices. For when such is the case, then when people are promoted, they will understand the honor in it. Once grace and honor are properly understood, then everyone will uphold their duty. That is the reason I govern them so."

Objections: According to the Biography of Fa Zheng, Fa Zheng passed away before Liu Bei did. So since Fa Zheng appears in this story, Liu Bei must have still been alive at the time. Yet Zhuge Liang always acted like one of the limbs of the state, which is to say, he referred all such matters to the head, that being Liu Bei. Furthermore, Zhuge Liang was never directly in charge of Yizhou itself while Liu Bei was still alive, and he did not make decisions on such matters as honors, rewards, punishments, or administration. I also note that Guo Chong's main point in his account of Zhuge Liang's response was to play up his talents and abilities. But at the same time, such a response would have demonstrated a violation of a subject's proper place. And considering how modest and submissive Zhuge Liang was, it is almost impossible that he would have done such a thing. Lastly, the tale states that "Zhuge Liang administered the laws and punishments severely, laying a heavy hand upon the people". I have never heard of good government coming about as a result of oppression.

其《二事》曰：曹公遣刺客見劉備，方得交接，開論伐魏形勢，甚合備計。稍欲親近，刺者尚未得便會，既而亮入，魏客神色失措。亮因而察之，亦知非常人。須臾，客如廁，備謂亮曰；「向得奇士，足以助君補益。」亮問所在，備曰：「起者其人也。」亮徐歎曰：「觀客色動而神懼，視低而忤數，姦形外漏，邪心內藏，必曹氏刺客也。」追之，已越牆而走。◇難曰：凡為刺客，皆暴虎馮河，死而無悔者也。劉主有知人之鑒，而惑於此客，則此客必一時之奇士也。又語諸葛云「足以助君補益」，則亦諸葛之流亞也。凡如諸葛之儔，鮮有為人作刺客者矣，時主亦當惜其器用，必不投之死地也。且此人不死，要應顯達為魏，竟是誰乎？何其寂蔑而無聞！〉

The second tale: "Cao Cao sent an assassin to visit Liu Bei. Having met, the two of them began discussing strategies for how best to campaign against Wei, and the man's proposals neatly accorded with Liu Bei's own ideas. During this time, the assassin slowly moved closer, and was about to have an opportunity to carry out his mission. But just then, Zhuge Liang entered the room, causing the assassin to lose his previously calm composure. Zhuge Liang thus scrutinized him, and discerned that he was no ordinary man.

“A short time later, the man left to go to the lavatory. Liu Bei mentioned to Zhuge Liang, ‘I have just obtained an exceptional fellow. He'll be well-suited to assist you, Sir, and cover your weak points.' When Zhuge Liang asked to whom he was referring, Liu Bei replied, 'I mean that man who just got up.'

“Zhuge Liang slowly sighed and replied, 'Did you not witness his strange movements and fearful trembling, how he looked down and mumbled so? A perverse exterior hides a wicked heart within. He is surely some assassin sent by the Cao clan.'

“Liu Bei sent someone after the man, but he had already climbed over the wall and fled."

Objections: The kind of person who would be an assassin is someone who would cast themselves into the tiger's maw or fling themselves into the roaring river, and die without any regrets. And Liu Bei was the kind of man who could appreciate someone's character. Yet he was enticed by this guest? If that were the case, the man must have been an exceptional talent of that era. Especially considering that Liu Bei comments that he could "cover Zhuge Liang's weak points"; in that case, he would have been nearly on par with Zhuge Liang himself. Would someone who was a match for Zhuge Liang ever play the part of an assassin? And even if so, any ruler of that time would have greatly lamented the loss of such a man, obviously of great use and potential, and would never have sent him on a suicide mission. And if the man really did not die, then he must have gone on to have an illustrious career in Wei. But who, indeed, was he? How could he have ever remained obscure, a mere nobody?)

章武三年春，先主於永安病篤，召亮於成都，屬以後事，謂亮曰：「君才十倍曹丕，必能安國，終定大事。若嗣子可輔，輔之；如其不才，君可自取。」亮涕泣曰：「臣敢竭股肱之力，效忠貞之節，繼之以死！」先主又為詔敕後主曰：「汝與丞相從事，事之如父。」

In the third year of Zhangwu (223), Liu Bei was bedridden with illness at Yong'an. He summoned Zhuge Liang from Chengdu and instructed him on what to do after his death. He told Zhuge Liang, "Sir, your talents are ten times greater than those of Cao Pi, so you will surely be able to restore peace to the state and bring our grand endeavor to its conclusion. If my heir can be supported, then support him. But if he lacks talents, take his place for yourself."

Zhuge Liang wept as he replied, "I have always done my utmost to support you as one of your own limbs and fully uphold my loyalty and faithfulness to you, and I shall continue to do so until the death!"

Liu Bei also arranged an edict instructing Liu Shan, "You must follow the Prime Minister's commands, and treat him as a father."

〈孫盛曰：夫杖道扶義，體存信順，然後能匡主濟功，終定大業。語曰弈者舉釭不定猶不勝其偶，況量君之才否而二三其節，可以摧服強鄰囊括四海者乎？備之命亮，亂孰甚焉！世或有謂備欲以固委付之誠，且以一蜀人之志。君子曰，不然；苟所寄忠賢，則不須若斯之誨，如非其人，不宜啟篡逆之塗。是以古之顧命，必貽話言；詭偽之辭，非託孤之謂。幸值劉禪闇弱，無猜險之性，諸葛威略，足以檢衛異端，故使異同之心無由自起耳。不然，殆生疑隙不逞之釁。謂之為權，不亦惑哉！〉

(Sun Sheng remarked, "It is when one wields propriety and holds fast to righteousness, and in their own person encourage trust and submission, that they may indeed assist their ruler to achieve success and bring about the fulfillment of the grand design. Even a weiqi player cannot expect to overcome their opponent if their formation is unorganized. How much less can a ruler expect to compel the submission of powerful neighbors and embrace all the realm within the Four Seas by first attempting to split power into two or three camps? Liu Bei's instructions to Zhuge Liang posed the potential for immense instability!

“There are some who claim that Liu Bei's instructions on his deathbed were only a ploy to stiffen the loyalty of the one he intended to entrust his heir to and ensure that the wishes of the people of Shu were all of one accord. But the superior fellow can dismiss this idea. It is quite useless to instruct anyone in such a manner, for if the minister is loyal and worthy they will never heed it, while if they are not, it is only further indulging their traitorous desires. And ever since ancient times, it has been critical that a ruler speaks the truth when they are on their deathbed; when it is time to entrust one's heir to another, deceit and falsehood have no place.

“It was fortunate indeed that Liu Shan was so blind and unassuming that he had no paranoia or suspicion, while Zhuge Liang's power and authority were just sufficient to guard against the divergent plans of anyone else. It was merely for those reasons that no cause ever arose for divisions between them. If it had not been so, then surely suspicions and grudges between them would have given way to an open confrontation.

“Thus, to say that Liu Bei's instructions were to support Zhuge Liang's authority is nonsense!")

#Zhuge Liang

23 notes · View notes

foodhealthsolutions · 3 years

Text

Association between serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and obesity in one‐year‐old Chinese infants

Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were significantly lower in obese infants than their counterparts. Vitamin D levels < 50 nmol/L may be a risk factor for infantile obesity.

Abstract

Recent studies suggested that vitamin D is linked with obesity, but evidence in infants is scarce. Therefore, we aimed to make an exploration in infants. A total of 414 infants at one year old who visited Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Wuxi in China were recruited. Finger‐stick blood sampling was conducted in all the subjects, and serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations were measured. Maternal characteristics during pregnancy and infantile information were collected by questionnaires or extracting from medical records. Multivariable linear models were performed to assess the relationship between 25(OH)D and body mass index (BMI), while multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between 25(OH)D and obesity. Among the 414 infants, 69 (16.67%) and 81 (19.57%) infants were defined as obesity and vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L], respectively. The mean (SD) of 25(OH)D concentration was 68.05 (19.05) in infants without obesity, which was significantly higher than that of obese infants [60.36(18.49), p = .002]. Inverse linear relationships were observed between 25(OH)D level and BMI (β = −0.017, p = .004) as well as BMI Z‐score (β = −0.010, p = .004). Furthermore, vitamin D deficiency was associated with an increased risk of obesity of infants (adjusted odds ratio = 2.74, 95% confidence interval = 1.20–6.25, with 25(OH)D ≥ 75 nmol/L as a reference). The results showed that serum 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly lower in infants with obesity, suggesting vitamin D deficiency may be an independent risk factor for obesity among one‐year‐old Chinese infants.

By: Bingbing Guo, Yue Zhang, Jianan Lu, Shuang Guo, Yingtong Jiang, Jingjing Pei, Ran Wang, Chen Zhang, Haoyue Teng, Qiuyu Chen, Xinye Jiang, Jieyun Yin Title: Association between serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and obesity in one‐year‐old Chinese infants Sourced From: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fsn3.2279?af=R Published Date: Mon, 03 May 2021 05:54:28 -0700

0 notes

bookofjin · 2 years

Text

Administrative geography of Western Han (30,107)

According to Ban Gu's Book of Han.

Sili司隸

Hongnong弘農郡

Danshui丹水

Shang商

Xi析

Shangluo上雒

Yu 豫州

Yingchuan潁川郡

Kunyang昆陽

Yingyang潁陽

Dingling定陵

Xinji新汲

Xiangcheng襄城

Yan郾

Jia郟

Wuyang舞陽

Linying臨潁

Fucheng父城

Runan汝南郡

Pingyu平輿

Yang'an陽安

Yangcheng陽城

Yinqian㶏強

Ruyang女陽

Zhouyang鮦陽

Wufang吳房

Ancheng安成

Nandun南頓

Langling朗陵

Yichun宜春

Xincai新蔡

Xinxi新息

Quyang灈陽

Shenyang慎陽

Shaoling召陵

Yiyang弋陽

Xiping西平

Shangcai上蔡

Xihua西華

Changping長平

Anchang安昌

Anyang安陽

Boyang博陽

Chengyang成陽

Dingling定陵

Yan 兗州

Huaiyang淮陽國

Chen陳

Gushi固始

Xinping新平

Jing 荊州

Nanyang南陽郡

Wan宛

Chou犨

Duyan杜衍

Zan酇

Yuyang育陽

Boshan博山

Nieyang涅陽

Yin陰

Zheyang堵陽

Yi雉

Shandu山都

Caiyang蔡陽

Xinye新野

Zhuyang筑陽

Jiyang棘陽

Wudang武當

Wuyin舞陰

Xi'e西鄂

Rang穰

Zhi酈

Anzhong安眾

Guanjun冠軍

Biyang比陽

Pingshi平氏

Sui隨

She葉

Deng鄧

Zhaoyang朝陽

Luyang魯陽

Chongling舂陵

Xindu新都

Huyang湖陽

Hongyang紅陽

Lecheng樂成

Bowang博望

Fuyang復陽

Nan南郡

Jiangling江陵

Linju臨沮

Yiling夷陵

Huarong華容

Yicheng宜城

Ying郢

Ji邔

Dangyang當陽

Zhonglu中盧

Zhijiang枝江

Xiangyang襄陽

Bian編

Zigui秭歸

Yidao夷道

Zhouling州陵

Ruo若

Wu巫

Gaocheng高成

Jiangxia江夏郡

Xiling西陵

Jingling竟陵

Xiyang西陽.

Zhu邾

Dai軑

E鄂

Anlu安陸

Shayi沙羨

Meng鄳

Yundu雲杜

Zhongwu鍾武

Wuling武陵郡

Chanling孱陵

Hengshan佷山

Yi益州

Hanzhong漢中郡

Xicheng西城

Xunyang旬陽

Nancheng南鄭

Fangling房陵

Anyang安陽

Chenggu成固

Yang鍚

Wuling武陵

Shangyong上庸

Changli長利

Ba巴郡

Linjiang臨江

Quren朐忍

Danqu宕渠

Yufu魚復

Not located

Runan汝南郡

Guide歸德

Jiangxia江夏郡

Xiang襄

County locations and ancient rivers, lakes, and shorelines from The Historical Atlas of China.

I have intentionally stuck to the Hanshu where it differs from the Historical Atlas.

#western han

5 notes · View notes

idolsgeneration · 4 years

Photo

#Chen Xinye #produce camp 2020 #cpop

10 notes · View notes

midnighthue · 4 years

Photo

Whatever v. A Life of Fighting is But a Dream

#Produce Camp 2020 #Zhang Chunru #Yu Ziyu #Miao Jingou #Liu Shiqi #Shen Xiaoting #Li Yulu #Wang Yiqiao #Xie Anshi #zhong xin #chen xinye #hu yanan #Li Chengxi #Tan Sihui #创造营2020

1 note · View note

bookofjin · 3 years

Text

Rise of Sixteen States: 302

The war in Shu continues.

14 February 302 – 2 February 303

(Jin's 1st Year of Tai'an)

1st Year of Tai'an, 12thmonth, dingmao [26 January], the King of Hejian, Yong, petitioned that the King of Qi, Jiong, was spying and keeping an eye on the spirit-like receptacles and had no heart for his lord. He and the King of Chengdu, Ying; the King of Xinye, Xin; and the King of Fanyang, Xiao, assembled together at Luoyang, and requested to dismiss Jiong to return him to his residence.

The King of Changsha, Ai, received the Driving Carriage to station at the southern Zhiche gate. He attacked Jiong and killed him.

Used the King of Changsha, Ai, as Grand Commandant and Commander-in-Chief of the Various Army Affairs at Centre and Outside.

(Li Te)

1stYear of Tai'an, Spring, Luo Shang's Serrated Gates, Xia Kuang, attacked Li Te at Lishi, but lost the advantage.

The General who Conquers the West, the King of Hejian, Yong, dispatched the Controller-Protector Ya Bo to chastise Te. Bo stayed in Zitong. Jin also designated the former Grand Warden of Guanghan, Zhang Zheng as Grand Warden of Guanghan, he occupied Deyang. The Colonel of the Southern Yi, Li Yi, also dispatched 5 000 troops to help Shang. Shang dispatched Controller-Protector Zhang Gui of Baxi to supervise forty [“four thousand”?] from the Serrated Gates army [?] at Fancheng. They were to attack Te from three sides.

Bo just then dispatched Army Advisor Meng Shao to persuade Te to surrender. Shang passed on to Bo a letter which said:

In the past year [I] obtained a note from Li Liu, that surrender was in his heart, earnestly and sincere. Owing to at the time [my] dominating control, he got to return to be a bandit. [I] hear Te is trusting sincerely in lowly functionaries, but Liu and Xiang# with seven or eight thousand people come to rob daily. They have an attitude of perfidious malice, and their shifty deceits are unfathomable. It is impermissible to not put weigh in grasping them.

Bo did not follow, and for that reason was routed by Te at Yangmian.

Te instructed Dang and Xiong# to assault Bo. Te personally struck Zhang Gui, Gui's multitudes were greatly defeated. Dang again engaged Bo in battle over continuous days, and Bo likewise achieved defeat, the dead were the greater half. Dang pursued Bo to Hande, Bo fled to Jiameng. The Grand Warden of Zitong, Zhang Yan, threw away his granaries and stores, and ran to Baxi.

Dang advanced to rob Baxi. The Assistant of Baxi commandery, Mao Zhi, and the Five Officials Xiang Zhen used the commandery to surrender to Dang. Dang consoled and helped those began to adhere, the hundred families were calmed by it. Dang advanced to attack Jiameng. Bo again escaped far away, his multitudes thoroughly surrendered to Dang.

Ya Bo was talented both in civil and military matters, and the Great General who Conquers the West, the King of Hejian deeply esteemed him. Earlier, when he was Grand Warden of Yinping, he had been dismissed by the Assistant Officer of Ba commandery, Mao Fu, and so he resented the people of Liang# province.

Reaching the western campaign, the Conquers the West Xu Xiong, since at the service of Yangmian, while the bandits still had not yet arrived, heard the cry of a crane and readily withdrew. Bo wished to pile up the blame on Liang# province, relying on himself not being provided with provisions. The Within the Seat of Liang# province petitioned about it, and Bo hence got the blame. Jin therefore in turn employed Xu Xiong as Inspector of Liang# province.

8thMonth [9 September – 7 October], Te advanced to attack Zhang Zheng at Deyang. Zheng relied on the heights and occupied defiles, he and Te grasped each other for continuous days. At the time Te and Dang had divided to make to camps. Zheng waited for Te's camp to empty out, and dispatched infantry troops to follow the mountains and attack him. Te confronted them in battle but did not gain the advantage, the mountain defiles constrained and confined and the multitudes did not know what to do. Luo Zhun and Ren Dao both recommended pulling out and withdrawing, but Te calculated that Dang would surely come, and for that reason did not allow it.

Zheng's multitudes who had arrived bit by bit became many, and the mountain road was extremely narrow, it was only possible for one or two people to move, Dang's army did not manage to go forward. He spoke to his Marshal, Wang Xin, saying:

Father is deep among the bandits, this is my death day.

Then he wore heavy armour, grasped a long lance, and with a great shout went straight ahead. Pushing the spear-point certain to die, he killed more than ten people. Zheng's multitudes came to help each other. Dang's army all fought desperately to the death, Zheng's army thereupon scattered.

Te discussed his wish to let Zheng go to return to Fu. Dang and Wang Xin advanced to say:

Zheng's army has fought continuously, and his soldiers are wounded and injured, their wisdom and bravery all exhausted. [We] ought to take the opportunity of their ruin and then seize him. If we set aside and let go of him, Zheng will rear the ill and gather the absconded. When his remaining multitudes once more join together, planning against them will not be easy.

Te followed them, and again advanced to attack Zheng. Zheng broke through the encirclement and ran. Te dispatched generals to pursue him by water and land, and then murdered Zheng. They seized alive Zheng's son Cun, and so Zheng's corpse returned with him.

Te used Jian Shi as Grand Warden of Deyang, he imposed on and annexed territory as far as Dianjiang in Ba commandery.

During Te's attack on Zhang Zheng, he sent Li Xiang# together with Li Pan, Ren Hui, and Li Gong to station the army at Piqiao, to prepare against Luo Shang. Shang dispatched the army to incite them to battle. Xiang# and others routed him. Shang again dispatched several thousand people to set out and fight, Xiang# again destroyed and routed them, greatly captured their armaments and armour, and attacked and burnt their gates.

Li Liu advanced the army to stay north of Chengdu. Shang dispatched his detached general Zhang Xing to pretend to surrender to Xiang#, to observe what was false or true. At the time Xiang#'s army did not exceed 2 000 people. Xing return at night to report to Shang, and Shang dispatched 10 000 spirited and brave men (HYGZ: “Sou troops”) biting branches to accompany Xing and assault Xiang#'s camp at night. Li Pan confronted them in battle and died. Xiang# and his generals and soldiers ran to Liu's palisades, combined his strength with Liu, and turned around to attack Shang's army. Shang's army was thrown into chaos, and lost their arms and armour. Those who returned from the defeat were one or two out of ten.

Jin's Inspector of Liang# province, Xu Xiong, dispatched an army to attack Te. Te destroyed and routed them. Te made ready the strategic points and did not get to advance. [The General who] Conquers the West therefore dispatched the Army Overseer Liu Chen to command the western campaign. Since the Central States had affairs, it did not bear fruit. Yet the Colonel of the Southern Yi, Li Yi, dispatched Sou troops to help Shang. Shang's army's was crushed several times, and Te's strength flourished daily.

(JS088, Biography of Liu Chen: When the King of Qi, Jiong assisted the Government, he pulled [Chen] in to be Senior Clerk of the Left, then moved him to Palace Attendant. At the time Li Liu was making chaos in Shu. A decree used Chen as Palace Attendant, Acting with the Tally, to command the Inspector of Yi province, Luo Shang, the Inspector of Liang# province, Xu Xiong, and others to chastise Liu. He travelled to stay at Chang'an. The King of Hejian, Yong, requested Liu Chen to be Minister of the Army, and dispatched Xi Wei to replace him.)

(There is a chronological problem here, since Li Liu only became the overall leader next year when the Central States no longer had “affairs”. On the other hand, as seen above it was Liu, and not Te, who threatened Chengdu at this point of the conflict. It is possible contemporaries judged the relative importance of the two different than later historians.)

(Li Liu)

Li Liu, courtesy name Xuantong, was Te's fourth brother. As young he was fond of studying and at ease with bow and horse. The Colonel of the Eastern Qiang, He Pan claimed Liu had the bravery of Meng Ben and Xia Yu, and lifted him up to be Controller of the Eastern Qian. When they escaped the conditions for Yi province, the Inspector, Zhao Xin, esteemed and was amazed by him. At Xiang being sent by Xin to combine the section multitudes, Liu likewise recruited sons and brothers of their home village, several thousand men. When Xiang was killed by Xin, Liu accompanied Te to calm and comfort the drifting people, rout Chang Jun at Mianzhu, and pacify Zhao Xin at Chengdu. The imperial court discussed his merits, designated him General who Arouses Domination, with ennoblement as Marquis of Wuyang.

At the carry on of authority by Te, he used Liu as General who Garrisons the East. He dwelt in the eastern camp, and was titled as the Controller-Protector of the East. Te often sent Liu to supervise sharp multitudes, he and Luo Shang grasped each other.

(Li Xiong)

Li Xiong, courtesy name Zhongjun, was Te's third son. Dang, courtesy name Zhongping, was Te's oldest son. Their mother, Ms. Luo, dreamt a pair of rainbows and climbing to Heaven from their gate. One of the rainbows broke in the middle. Then she gave birth to Dang. Later Ms. Luo was drawing water, suddenly it was like she slept. She again dreamt of a great snake entwining her body, and thereupon became pregnant. After fourteen months she gave birth to Xiong. She often said:

If one of my two sons perish first, the one who lives will certainly be of great worth.

Dang passed on in the era of Li Liu.

Xiong was 8 chi, 3 cun tall, and had a pleasing appearance and countenance. Someone skilled at assessment assessed him, saying:

This Lord will become valued, for his assessment there are four things: His eyes are like layered clouds, his nose is like a turtle or dragon, his mouth is like a square vessel, his ears are like they look at each other. He is the model for becoming a valued person, that his rank exceeding the Three Excellencies is not in doubt.

(HYGZ: At the time when Xiong was young, Xin Ran assessed he would become valued.)

As young he gained a reputation for his ardent spirit. Always when he made a circuit of his home district, the gentlemen of understanding and intelligence all esteemed and put weight in him. There was one Liu Hua, he was a skilled scholar of the Way. Middle of the Taikang era [280 – 289], he always advised the district, saying:

The gentlemen of Guan and Long all will relocate south. Among the sons of the Li clan only Zhongjun has a Heavenly bearing and is unusually conspicuous. In the end he will become a ruler of men.

Many people of his home district were on good terms with him. He and his uncle Xiang both gained a reputation for their ardent spirits, [When Xiang died,] many of the people reverted to him. When Te raised troops in Shu, and carried on authority, he used Xiong to garrison Zitong, and also designated him General of the Van.

#r16s

9 notes · View notes

bookofjin · 4 years

Text

Annals of Taihe 21 (497)

[From WS007. The Emperor installs a new heir, visits Pingcheng and Chang’an, installs a new empress, and goes on another southern campaign.]

[Taihe 21, 18 February 497 – 6 February 498]

21st Year, Spring, 1st Month, bingshen [25 February], installed august son Ke as August Heir-Apparent. Bestowed on those Under Heaven who where their father's successor feudal rank, one grade.

On jihai [28 February], dispatched the Combined Palace Attendants Zhang Yi and Cui Guang, and trhe Combined Cavalier in Regular Attendance, Liu Zao, to tour the regions, scrutinize and investigate, ask the people about their ills and hardships, demote and promote the wardens and stewards, and circulate and spread transformation in manners.

On yisi [6 March], the Chariot Drove on a northern tour.

2nd Month, renxu [23 March], stayed at Taiyuan. Personally saw those of exalted years, and asked about their inconveniences. Decreed that the gentlemen of Bing province aged sixty and above, be provisionally considered commandery Wardens.

Before this, a commoner of Ding province, Wang Jingou told lies and mislead the multitudes, he declared himself the Fulfilling King.

On bingyin [27 March], the province and commandery arrested and beheaded him

On guiyou [3 April], the Chariot Drove to arrive at Pingcheng.

On jiaxu [4 April], paid respects at Yongguling.

On guiwei[13 April], travelled to favour Yunzhong.

3rd Month, gengyin [20 April], the Chariot Drove to arrive from Yunzhong.

On xinmao [21 April], paid respects at Jinling.

On yiwei [25 April], the Chariot Drove on a southern tour.

On jiyou [9 May], stayed at Lishi. The rebellious Hu returned [from] crime. Pardoned them.

On jiayin [14 May], decreed that the people of Fen province hundred years old and above be be provisional county Prefects, those ninety years and older be bestowed three grades of feudal rank, those eighty and older be bestowed two grades of feudal rank, those seventy and older be bestowed one grade of feudal rank.

On bingcheng [16 May], the Chariot Drove to stay at Pingyang. Dispatched envoys to use the grand sacrificial animals to worship Yao of Tang.

Summer, 4th Month, gengshen [20 May], favoured Longmen. Dispatched envoys to use the grand sacrificial animals to worship Yu of Xia.

On guihai [23 May], travelled to favour Puban. Dispatched envoys to use the grand sacrificial animals to worship Shun of Yu.

On wuchen [28 May], decreed to repair the temples of Yao, Shun, and Yu of Xia.

On xinwei [31 May], travelled to favour Chang'an.

On renshen [1 June], the King of Wuxing, Yang Jishi came to court.

On yihai [4 June], personally saw those of exalted years, and asked about their ills and sufferings.

On bingzi [5 June], dispatched attendant subjects allotted to scrutinize the counties and towns, and relieve and bestow grain and silk.

On wuyin [7 June], favoured the Weiyang [“Not at End”] Hall, and the Efang Palace. Thereupon favoured the Kunming Pool.

On guiwei [12 June], the Great General, the King of Song, Liu Chang, passed away.

On bingxu [15 June], dispatched envoys to use the grand sacrificial animals to sacrifice at the various mound s of the Han emperors.

5th Month, dinghai, New Moon [16 June], the state of Weida dispatched envoys to court with tribute.

On jichou [18 June], the Chariot Drove to turn back east, floating on the Wei to enter the He.

On gengyin [19 June], decreed the gentlemen of Yong province, hundred years old and above be provisional Grand Wardens of illustrious commanderies, ninety and above provisional wilderness commanderies, eighty and above provisional Prefects of illustrious counties, seventy and above provisional wilderness counties. For the elderly of the myriads, use the age and for each reduce with one grade, for seventy and above bestow feudal rank, three grades. For the men of its encampments and ships, bestow feudal rank, one grade. For the orphaned and solitary, the widowed and impoverished, and the poor and unfortunate, the disabled from illness, on each bestowed two bolts of silk, and five hu of grain. For its filial and brotherly, virtuous and right-principled, and the studied in literature, the talented and capable, to thoroughly look up to them, and commend and raise them up.

On renchen [21 June], dispatched envoys to use the grand sacrificial animals to worship King Wen of Zhou at Feng, and to worship King Wu at Hao.

On guimao [2 July], dispatched envoys to worship Hua Peak.

6th Month, gengshen [19 July], the Chario Drove to arrive from Chang'an.

On renxu [21 July], decreed that Ji, Ding, Ying#, Xiang, and Ji# provinces issue out 200 000 soldiers, wanting to use them for a southern chastisement.

On guihai [22 July], the Minister of Works, Mu Liang, retired from his position.

On dingmao [26 July], apportioned and allotted six hosts, so as to settle [who would] travel or stay behind.

Autumn, 7th Month, jiawu [22 August], installed Bright Companion Ms. Feng as August Empress.

On wuchen [25 September], used the former Minister of Works, Mu Liang, as Great General who Conquers the North, Opening Office with Ceremony Similar to the Three Ministers, Yi became King of Qinghe, Huai became King of Guangping.

On renshen [29 September], travelled to favour Henan City.

On jiaxu [1 October], military exercises at Hualin Park.

On gengchen [7 October], the Chariot Drove on a southern chastisement.

9th Month, bingshen [23 October], a decree said:

To feel compassion for the poor and aid the elderly is what is first for a King. Widowers and widows with the six illnesses especially ought to be pitied and sympathized with. Can direct for the people of Si province and Luoyang, those aged seventy and above without sons or grandsons, abd those sixty and above without close relatives, who are poor and do not survive by themselves, furnish them with clothes and food. And those who are not fully sixty but yet are disabled with chronic illness, who are without relatives of great achievement, who are destitute and bereft without the means to cure themselves, for all in the different wards, dispatch doctors to save and preserve them, prove doctors. Furnish the four expert doctors, and beforehand request the medicine by which to cure them.

On dingyou [24 October], decreed the Governor of Henan, Li Chong, to chastise the rebellious Qiang of Liang# province, and accept the authority and measures of [the General who] Conquers the West, Yuan Huai.

On xinchou [28 October], the Emperor kept behind the various generals to attack Zheyang, and guided the host and went south.

On guimao [30 October], he arrived at Wan City. He at night assaulted its outer walls and overcame them.

On dingwei [3 November], the Chariot Drove to issue out from Nanyang. Kept behind the Grand Commandant, the King of Xianyang, Xi, and the General of the Van, Yuan Ying, to attack it.

On jiyou [5 November], the Chariot Drove to arrive at Xinye.

Winter, 10th Month, dingsi [13 November], advanced on for sides to attack, but did not overcome it. Decreed the left and right armies to build a long encirclement so as to ward against it.

On yihai [1 December], retroactively deposed August Empress Zhen, Ms. Lin, to be a commoner.

11th Month, jiawu [20 December], Xiao Luan's General of the Van Army, Han Xiufang, Grand Warden of Yiyang, Wang Fuzhi, and General of the Rear Army, Zhao Zuyue, and others, 15 generals, came to surrender.

On dingyou [23 December], greatly routed the thieves' army to the north of the Mian, and captured their General Wang Fubao and others. Hence the people were all restored to [their] patrimony. Ninety and above to provisionally be considered commandery Wardens, sixty-five and above to provisionally be considered county Prefects.

The people of Xinye who spread out to view the palisade was more than 10 000 families, they resisted and defended, and did not submit.

12th Month, gengshen [15 January], routed them, the prisoners and beheaded were more than 10 000.

On dngmao [22 January], decreed that for the criminals sentenced to banishment, for all cases must not carry out the dispatching. They were to have the chance of climbing the walls, and cause their first spears to bring forth themselves.

On gengwu [25 January], the Chariot Drove to overlook the Mian, and thereupon toured to the east of the Mian and back.

On wuyin [2 February], the Chariot Drove to return to Xinye.

On jimao [3 February], personally moved along the encampment ramparts, and grieved and cared for the Six Armies.

Xiao Luan's general Tan Fen and others, more than 10 000 people, robbed Nanqing province's Huangguo Defence Post. The Defence Master, Cui Sengyuan, struck and routed them, and thoroughly captured their multitudes.

Used the King of Qi commandery's son Chen to carry on as the King of Hejian, Ruo's descendant.

The state of Gaochang dispatched envoys to court with tribute.

#ws007

3 notes · View notes

bookofjin · 4 years

Note

The only source i could find was on baidu, which didn't have any records attached to the claims: 苻苌见桓温退兵，领兵追击，至潼关时已屡败晋军，伤亡数以万计。邓遐独自殿后，射伤苻苌。and 当时薛珍因桓温退兵，当众将面称许自己之勇而指责桓温太慎重，于是被桓温指使邓遐所杀。The page also claims that he was a descendent of Deng Yu, which is weird since Former Qin's Deng Qiang was one too

Think I have it mostly sorted out.

JS' biography of Deng Yue (Deng Xia's father) says he came from Chen commandery, no ancestors named. Deng Yu came from Xinye in Nanyang.

Fu Chang苻萇 was the son and heir of Fu Jian苻健, the founding ruler of Former Qin, in 354 he was put in charge of stopping Huan Wen's invasion. On 30 May, in the 4th lunar month he fought with Huan Wen at Lantian, but was defeated. During the battle he was wounded by an arrow, and this wound is said to have caused his death in the 10th month of the same year. I could not find any source claiming that Deng Xia took part in this battle. I assume it was a random arrow and nobody could possibly know who shot it. The date of the battle is in JS008, and the parallel text in JS112 and ZZTJ099 mention Chang's wounding and death (only ZZTJ records the month of his death.)

On closer look it does in fact look like Xue Zhen I mentioned in the previous post, the Grand Warden of Shunyang, was executed by Huan Wen. According to ZZTJ099 (I could not find a JS parallel), when Huan Wen had paused at Bashang, Xue Zhen urged him to press on towards Chang'an, but Huan Wen disagreed. After they were forced to withdraw, Xue Zhen told the troops that he respected their bravery and that the fault lay with Huan Wen. So Wen killed him. Again no mention of Deng Xia that I could find.

1 note · View note

bookofjin · 6 years

Text

Annals of Emperor An, Part 1

[The Long’an era. JS010]

The Calm [an] August Emperor, taboo Dezong, courtesy name Dezong, was Emperor Xiaowu's eldest son.

12th Year of Taiyuan, 8th Month, xinsi [16 September 387], he was established as August Heir-Apparent.

21st Year, 9th Month, gengshen [6 November 396], Emperor Xiaowu expired.

On xinyou [7 November], the Heir-Apparent was enthroned as August Emperor, a great amnesty.

On guihai [9 November], used the Minister over the Masses, the King of Kuaiji, Daozi, as Grand Tutor, to administer the government.

Winter, 10th Month, jiashen [30 November], buried the Filial and Martial August Emperor at the Prosperous Peace [longping] Mound.

Great snow.

[Long'an 1, 13 February 397 – 2 February 398]

1st Year of Long'an [“Prosperous Calm”], Spring, 1st Month, jihai [13 February], New Moon, the Emperor put on the inaugural clothes. Changed inaugural. Conferred on the civil and military officials rank, 1 grade. The Grand Tutor, the King of Kuaji, Daozi, touched head to ground and returned government affairs. Used the Supervisor of the Right of the Masters of Writing, Wang Xun, as Prefect of the Masters of Writing; the General who Leads the Army, Wang Guobao, as Supervisor of the Left of the Masters of Writing.

2nd Month [15 March – 13 April], Lü Guang's general Tufa Wugu declared himself Great Commander-in-Chief and Great Shanyu, the state titled Southern Liang. He struck Guang's general Dou Ji at Jinchang, and greatly routed him.

On jiayin [28 February?], venerated August Empress Dowager Ms. Li as August Empress Dowager.

On wuwu [4 March?], established the August Empress Ms. Wang.

3rd Month [14 April – 12 May], Lü Guang's son Zuan was defeated by Qifu Qiangui. Guang's Grand Warden of Jiankang, Duan Ye, titled himself Shepherd of Liang province.

Murong Bao defeated the Wei host at Ji.

Summer, 4th Month, jiaxu [19 May], the Inspector of Yan province, Wang Gong, and the Inspector of Yu province, Yu Kai, raised troops, using punishing the Supervisor of the Left of the Masters of Writing, Wang Guobao, and the General who Establishes Power, Wang Xu, as their fame [?].

On jiashen [29 May], killed Guobao and Xu thereby please Gong. Gong therefore dismissed the troops.

On wuzi [2 June], a great amnesty.

5th Month [12 June – 10 July], the former Senior Clerk to the Minister over the Masses, Wang Xin, used Wu commandery to rebel. Wang Gong punished and pacified him.

Murong Bao's general Murong Xiang usurped the throne as August Emperor in Zhongshan. Bao ran to Huanglong.

Autumn, 8th Month [8 September – 7 October], Lü Guang was attacked by his Supervisor, Yang Gui, and Cavalier in Regular Attendance, Guo Nen. Guang's son Zuan struck and ran them off.

9th Month [8 October – 5 November], Murong Bao's general Murong Lin beheaded Murong Xiang in Zhongshan, and following that usurped the throne as August Emperor.

Winter, 11th Month [6 December – 3 January], Murong Lin was defeated by the Wei host.

[Long'an 2, 3 February 398 – 21 February 399]

2nd Year, Spring, 3rd Month [3 April – 1 May], two dragon boat calamities.

Summer, 5th Month [1 June – 29 June], Lan Han regicided Murong Bao and declared himself Great General and King of Changli.

Autumn, 7th Month [30 July – 28 August], Murong Bao's son Sheng beheaded Lan Han. He usurpingly declared [himself] King of Changle, administering with the rank of the Son of Heaven.

The Inspector of Yan province, Wang Gong, the Inspector of Yu province, Yu Kai, the Inspector of Jing province, Yin Zhongkan, the Inspector of Guang province, Huan Xuan, the Colonel of the Southern Man, Yang Quanqi, and others raised troops in rebellion.

8th Month [29 August – 26 September], the Inspector of Jiang province, Wang Yu, ran to Linchuan

On bingzi [13 September], the General who Soothes the Boreal, Deng Qifang, and Murong De's general Murong Fa fought at Guancheng. The kingly host achieved defeat.

On bingxu [23 September], Murong Sheng usurped the throne of August Emperor at Huanglong.

Huan Xuan greatly defeated the kingly host at Baishi.

9th Month, xinmao [28 September], added to the Grand Tutor, the King of Kuaiji, Daozi, yellow battle axe. Dispatched the General who Conquers the Caitiffs, the Heir to the King of Kuaiji, Yuanxian, the General of the Van, Wang Xun, and the General of the Right, Xie Yan, to punish Huan Xuan and others.

On jihai [6 October], routed Yu Kai at Niuzhu.

On bingwu [13 October], the King of Kuaiji, Daozi, garrisoned the Central Hall. Yuanxian defended Shitou.

On jiyou [16 October], the General of the Van, Wang Xun, defended the northern suburbs. The General of the Right, Xie Yan, prepared at the Xuanyang gate. The General who Assists the State, Liu Laozhi stayed at Xinting. He sent his son Jingxuan to strike and defeat Gong. Gong ran to Qu'e's Changtang Lake. The lake commandant seized and sent him off to the Imperial City. Beheaded him. Hence dispatched the Grand Ordinary, Yin Mao, to notify Zhongkan and Xuan. Xuan and others fled to Xunyang.

Winter, 10th Month [27 October – 24 November], Xinye said a zouyu was seen.

On bingzi [12 November], a great amnesty.

On renwu [18 November], Zhongkan and others swore at Xunyang, pushing forward Huan Xuan as Master of the Covenant.

11th Month [25 November – 24 December], used the King of Langye, Dewen, as General of Guards, Opening Office with the Same Ceremonies as the Three Ministers; the General who Leads the Army, Wang Ya, as Supervisor of the Left of the Masters of Writing.

12th Month, jichou [24 January], the King of Wei, Gui, was enthroned with the venerated rank, the year titled Tianxing.

Wei Li, a native of Jingzhao, led drifting people from Xiangyang in rebellion, and surrendered to Yao Xing.

On jiyou [13 February], the former Grand Warden of Xin'an, Du Jiong, rebelled at Jingkou. The Heir to the King of Kuaiji, Yuanxian, punished and beheaded him.

Tufa Wugu declared himself King of Wuwei.

[Long'an 3, 22 February 399 – 10 February 400]

3rd Year, Spring, 1st Month, xinyou [25 February], enfeoffed imperial clansman Yun as King of Huailing.

2nd Month, jiachen [9 April], the King of Hejian, Guozhen, passed away.

Fan Huda of Linyi captured Rinan and Jiuzhen, and thereupon robbed Jiaozhi. The Grand Warden Du Yuan punished and routed him.

Duan Ye declared himself King of Liang.

The Duke of Chouchi, Yang Sheng, dispatched envoys to declare allegiance, and present the things of the region.

3rd Month, jimao [14 May], posthumously venerated the birth mother, Lady Chen, as the Virtuous [de] August Empress Dowager.

Summer, 4th Month, yiwei [30 May], added to the Prefect of the Masters of Writing, Wang Xun, General of Guards. Used the Heir to the King of Kuaiji, Yuanxian, as Inspector of Yang province.

6th Month, wuzi [22 July], used the King of Langye, Dewen, as Minister over the Masses.

Murong De captured Qing province, and murdered the Dragon Galloping General, Pilü Hun. Thereupon he usurped the throne of August Emperor at Guanggu.

Autumn, 8th Month [16 September – 15 October], Tufa Wugu died. His younger brother Lilugu inherited the bogus rank.

Winter, 10th Month [15 November – 13 December], Yao Xing captured Luoyang, and seized the Grand Warden of Henan, Xin Gongjing.

11th Month, jiayin [15 December], the bewitching traitor Sun En captured Kuaiji. The Interior Clerk, Wang Ningzhi, died there. The Interior Clerk of Wu state, Huan Qian, the Grand Warden of Linhai, the King of Xincai, Chong, and the Grand Warden of Yixing, Wei Yin, all appointed officials and escaped. Dispatched the General of Guards, Xie Yan, and the General who Assists the State, Liu Laozhi, to confront and strike. They ran him off.

12th Month [13 January – 10 February], Huan Xuan assaulted Jiangling. The Inspector of Jing province, Yin Zhongkan, and the Colonel of the Southern Man, Yang Quanqi were both murdered.

Lü Guang established his son Shao as Heavenly King, and titled himself Grand High August.

This Month, Guang died. Lü Zuan killed Shao and established himself.

This Year, in Jing province great floods, covering the land 3 zhang high.

[Long'an 4, 11 February 400 – 29 January 401]

4th Year, Spring, 1st Month, yihai [5 March], a great amnesty.

2nd Month, jichou [19 March], there was a star comet in the Strider and Harvester lodgings, advancing to arrive at the Purple Tenuity.

3rd Month [10 April – 9 May], a broom star in the Grand Tenuity.

Summer, 4th Month [10 May – 7 June], the earth shook.

Sun En robbed Jiakou.

5th Month, bingyin [24 June], the Cavalier in Regular Attendance and General of Guards, the Marquis of Dongting, Wang Xun, passed on.

On jimao [7 July], the Interior Clerk of Kuaiji, Xie Yan, was defeated by Sun En, and died there. En moved to rob Linhai.

6th Month, gengchen [8 July], New Moon. The Sun was eclipsed [OK]. Drought.

The Marshal who Assists the State, Liu Yu, routed En at Nanshan.

En's general Lu Xun captured Guangling. The dead were more than 3 000 people.

Used the King of Langye's Teacher He Cheng as Supervisor of the Left of the Masters Writing.

Autumn, 7th Month, renzi [9 August], the August Empress Dowager, Ms. Li, expired.

On dingmao [24 August], a great amnesty.

This Month [6 August – 4 September], Yao Xing attacked Qifu Qiangui. He surrendered to him.

8th Month, dinghai [13 September], the Supervisor of the Right of the Masters of Writing, Wang Ya, passed on.

On renyin [28 September], buried the Civil Empress Dowager at the Refined Peace [xiuping] Mound.

9th Month, guichou [9 October], the earth shook.

Winter, 11th Month [2 December – 31 December], the General who Soothes the Boreal, Gao Yazhi, and Sun En fought at Yuyao. The kingly host achieved defeat.

Used the Inspector of Yang province, Yuanxian, as General of the Rear, Opening Office with the Same Ceremonies as the Three Ministers, Commander-in-Chief of All Army Affairs of Yang, Yu, Xu, Yan, Qing, You, Ji, Bing, Jing, Jiang, Si, Yong, Liang#, Yi, Jiao and Guang Provinces; the General of the Van, Liu Laozhi as General who Quells the North. Enfeoffed Yuanxian's son Yanzhang as King of Donghai.

12th Year, wuyin [2 January], there was a comet star in the Heavenly Market.

This Year, the various commanderies Right of the He received King Wuzhao of Liang, Li Xuanshe, as Shepherd of Qin and Liang provinces, and Duke of Liang, the year titled Gengzi.

[Long'an 5, 30 January 401 – 17 February 402]

5th Year, Spring, 2nd Month, bingzi [1 March], Sun En again robbed Jiakou.

Lü Chao killed Lü Zuan. Used his elder brother Long to usurp the bogus rank.

3rd Month, jiayin [8 April], multitude stars flew west, passing through Grand Tenuity.

Summer, 5th Month [29 May – 26 June], Sun En robbed Wu state. The Interior Clerk, Yuan Shansong, died there.

Juqu Mengxun killed Duan Ye, and titled himself Great Commander-in-Chief and Shepherd of Beiliang province.

6th Month, jiaxu [27 June], Sun En arrived at Dantu.

On yihai [28 June], inside and outside stern precautions. The hundred officials entered to stay at the precincts [?]. The General of the Best of the Army, Gao Su, and the General of Guards of the Right, Zhang Chongzhi defended Shitou. The General who Assists the State, Liu Xi palisaded to cut off Huaikou. The Intendant of Danyang, Sima Huizhi guarded the southern bank. The General of the Best of the Army, Huan Qian, the General who Assists the State, Sima Yunzhi, and the General who Roams and Strikes, Mao Sui prepared Baishi. The General of Guards of the Left, Wang Gu, and the General who Leads the Army, Kong Anguo, garrisoned the Central August Hall. Summoned the Inspector of Yu province, the King of Qiao, Shangzhi to guard the Imperial City.

The General who Soothes the Boreal, Gao Yazhi, struck Sun En at Guangling's Yu Island. He was seized by the traitors.

Autumn, 7th Month [27 July – 28 August], Duan Ji killed Murong Sheng. Sheng's uncle Xi completely executed the Duan clan. Following that he usurpingly declared the venerated title.

9th Month [23 October – 21 November], Lü Long submitted to Yao Xing.

Winter, 10th Month [22 November – 20 December], Yao Xing's host invaded Wei, was greatly defeated and turned around.

This Year, a famine. Banned alcohol.

#js010

3 notes · View notes

fuyonggu · 7 years

Text

Biography of Zhang Chang (Book of Jin 100)

(Zhang Chang was a rebel in Jingzhou who seized considerable but brief power in the southern provinces during the War of the Eight Princes. Chapter 100 of the Book of Jin contains biographies of such rebels against the state. Almost all of this biography was adapted into ZZTJ. Despite the mention of his changed name to Li Chen, I continue with Zhang Chang throughout for convenience.)

張昌，本義陽蠻也。少為平氏縣吏，武力過人，每自占卜，言應當富貴。好論攻戰，儕類咸共笑之。及李流寇蜀，昌潛遁半年，聚黨數千人，盜得幢麾，詐言台遣其募人討流。會《壬午詔書》發武勇以赴益土，號曰「壬午兵」。自天下多難，數術者雲當有帝王興于江左，及此調發，人咸不樂西征，昌黨因之誑惑，百姓各不肯去。而詔書催遣嚴速，所經之界停留五日者，二千石免。由是郡縣官長皆躬出驅逐，輾轉不遠，屯聚而為劫掠。是歲江夏大稔，流人就食者數千口。

Zhang Chang was a fellow of the Man people of Yiyang commandary. As a young man, he was employed as an official in Pingshi County. His martial strength was more than human, and whenever he performed divinations on himself, his predictions stated that he would become wealthy and honored. He was fond of discussing offensive warfare, but all of his peers laughed at him.

When Li Liu and the other northwestern refugees invaded the Shu region (~303 AD), Zhang Chang hid himself away for half a year, gathering several thousand people as a host for himself. They stole pennants and banners, and Zhang Chang falsely claimed that his host was a group of recruits for a campaign against Li Liu. This was during the time that an edict, issued on the day Renwu, was drafting strong fighting fellows for an army to fight Li Liu in Yizhou, and this came to be known as the Renwu Draft. Because of the many difficulties then facing the realm, many skilled fellows with imperial aspirations appeared in the regions south of the Yangzi. And when this draft went out, none of the people were pleased at the prospect of going west on such a campaign. Zhang Chang and his partisans were thus able to deceive and mislead them, and the common people were all swept up in the matter. The enforcers of the draft edict were especially strict and swift, and in the territories that they passed through and stayed in for five days, even those of Two Thousand 石 salary rank were stripped of office. Because of that, the commandary and county ministers and officials all personally came out to see them when they visited, but before the enforcers had gone very far, the officials all began to band together and engage in plunder. And during that year, there was an abundant harvest in Jiangxia commandary, and thousands of people came there seeking food.

太安二年，昌于安陸縣石岩山屯聚，去郡八十里，諸流人及避戍役者多往從之。昌乃易姓名為李辰。太守弓欽遣軍就討，輒為所破。昌徒眾日多，遂來攻郡。欽出戰，大敗，乃��家南奔沔口。鎮南大將軍、新野王歆遣騎督靳滿討昌於隨郡西，大戰，滿敗走，昌得其器杖，據有江夏，即其府庫。造妖言云：「當有聖人出。」山都縣吏丘沈遇于江夏，昌名之為聖人，盛車服出迎之，立為天子，置百官。沈易姓名為劉尼，稱漢後，以昌為相國，昌兄味為車騎將軍，弟放廣武將軍，各領兵。于石岩中作宮殿，又於岩上織竹為鳥形，衣以五彩，聚肉於其傍，眾鳥群集，詐云鳳皇降，又言珠袍、玉璽、鐵券、金鼓自然而至。乃下赦書，建元神鳳，郊祀、服色依漢故事。其有不應其募者，族誅。又流訛言云：「江淮已南當圖反逆，官軍大起，悉誅討之。」群小互相扇動，人情惶懼，江沔間一時猋起，豎牙旗，鳴鼓角，以應昌，旬月之間，眾至三萬，皆以絳科頭，撍之以毛。江夏、義陽士庶莫不從之，惟江夏舊姓江安令王傴、秀才呂蕤不從。昌以三公位征之，傴、蕤密將宗室並奔汝南，投豫州刺史劉喬。鄉人期思令李權、常安令吳鳳、孝廉吳暢糾合善士，得五百餘家，追隨傴等，不豫妖逆。

In the second year of Tai'an (303), Zhang Chang gathered his host at Mount Shiyan in Anling County, eighty li from the commandary capital. Many of the refugees and those avoiding the draft call flocked to his side. Zhang Chang changed his name to Li Chen.

The Administrator of Jiangxia, Gong Qin, sent soldiers to campaign against Zhang Chang, but they were all routed. Zhang Chang's numbers grew by the day, until at last he came to attack the commandary capital. Gong Qin marched out to face him in battle, but was greatly defeated, and he fled with his family south to Miankou.

The Grand General Who Guards The South and Prince of Xinye, Sima Xin, sent his Cavalry Commander Jin Man to attack the rebels in the west of Sui commandary. They fought a great battle, where Jin Man was also defeated and fled. Zhang Chang looted the enemy army's weapons and equipment, and used them to capture Jiangxia, where he took over the government storehouses there.

Zhang Chang spread a false prophecy stating, "A sage shall appear." There was a certain official from Shandu County, Qiu Chen, present at Jiangxia; Zhang Chang named him as this sage, and prepared abundant chariots and clothing to come out and welcome him, raising him up as the Son of Heaven and creating the imperial offices under him. Zhang Chang changed Qiu Chen's name to Liu Ni, as a descendant of the royal line of the Han dynasty. Zhang Chang himself became the Chancellor of State, his elder brother Zhang Wei became the General of Chariots and Cavalry, and his younger brother Zhang Fang became General of 廣武; each of them commanded armies. They built a royal palace at Shiyan. They weaved bamboo above the ridges there in the shape of birds, dressed them in the Five Hues, and placed all kinds of meats at their sides. When many birds gathered there, they falsely claimed these were the imperial phoenixes descending, and they also said red robes, jades seals, iron sheets, and gold drums had naturally appeared there. So Zhang Chang issued a letter of amnesty, and declared a new reign era title of Shenfeng. The conducting of sacrifices and the clothing worn were thus all done in imitation of the old Han style. Whoever refused to serve in Zhang Chang's army was executed along with their clans.

Another rumor spread: "Everywhere south of the Yangzi and the Huai River is already in rebellion, so the government will raise a great army and kill everyone." This rumor spread rapidly, and so people became very afraid. Everyone living between the Yangzi and the Mian River sprang up like a whirlwind: they lifted serrated banners, sounded the drums and horns, and came to join Zhang Chang. In the space of a month, his army swelled to thirty thousand. They all wore crimson materials on their heads and plucked them to use as beards.

In all of Jiangxia and Yiyang, there was no one among the gentry or common people who did not follow them. Only a fellow of an old family of Jiangxia, the Prefect of Jiang'an, Wang Yu, and a Flourishing Talent nomiee, Lü Rui, would not go along with them. Zhang Chang sent his Three Excellencies ministers to campaign against these holdouts. Wang Yu and Lü Rui secretly fled with their clans to Runan commandary, where they took refuge with the Inspector of Yuzhou, Liu Qiao. There were some of their fellow natives who assembled many good men: the Prefect of Qisi, Li Quan, the Prefect of Chang'an, Wu Feng, and the Filial and Incorrupt nominee, Wu Chang. They got together more than five hundred families and then followed after Wang Yu and the others, not wishing to serve under evil traitors.

新野王歆上言：「妖賊張昌、劉尼妄稱神聖，犬羊萬計，絳頭毛面，挑刀走戟，其鋒不可當。請台敕諸軍，三道救助。」於是劉喬率諸軍據汝南以禦賊，前將軍趙驤領精卒八千據宛，助平南將軍羊伊距守。昌遣其將軍黃林為大都督，率二萬人向豫州，前驅李宮欲掠取汝水居人，喬遣將軍李楊逆擊，大破之。林等東攻弋陽，太守梁桓嬰城固守。又遣其將馬武破武昌，害太守，昌自領其眾。西攻宛，破趙驤，害羊伊。進攻襄陽，害新野王歆。昌別率石冰東破江、揚二州，偽置守長。當時五州之境皆畏逼從逆。又遣其將陳貞、陳蘭、張甫等攻長沙、湘東、零陵諸郡。昌雖跨帶五州，樹立牧守，皆桀盜小人而無禁制，但以劫掠為務，人情漸離。

Sima Xin sent up a petition stating, "The evil traitors Zhang Chang and Liu Ni have presumptuously proclaimed themselves divine, and their dogs and sheep number in the tens of thousands. They have crimson heads and hairy faces. They dance with their blades and shift stances with their halberds, and their spirit is too keen to be overcome. I ask that the court dispatch armies along three roads to reinforce us against them."

So Liu Qiao sent several armies to occupy Runan in order to ward off the bandits. The General of the Front, Zhao Xiang, led eight thousand elite soldiers to occupy Wan, in order to aid the General Who Pacifies The South, Yang Yi, in his defenses.

Zhang Chang appointed his general Huang Chen as Grand Commander and sent him with twenty thousand soldiers towards Yuzhou. Huang Chen's vanguard commander Li Gong wanted to pillage and take prisoner the people living around the Ru River, but Liu Qiao dispatched his general Li Yang to counter-attack, and the bandit army was greatly routed. Huang Chen and the others then went east to attack Yiyang commandary, where the Administrator Liang Huan withdrew into the commandary capital to defend himself.

Zhang Chang also sent his general Ma Wu to break into Wuchang; they killed the Administrator there, and so Zhang Chang led his host to that place. They marched west and attacked Wan, where they routed Zhao Xiang and killed Yang Yi. They continued their advance and attacked Xiangyang, where they killed Sima Xin.

Meanwhile, Zhang Chang's subordinate commander Shi Bing marched east and took over Jiangzhou and Yangzhou, where he appointed his own false Administrators and Chiefs.

At that time, the whole of five provinces were compelled through fear and oppression into going along with the rebels.

Zhang Chang also sent his generals Chen Zhen, Chen Lan, Zhang Fu, and others to attack the commandaries of Changsha, Xiangdong, and Lingling.

But although Zhang Chang now stood astride five provinces and appointed his own Governors and Administrators, such people were all cruel brigands and miscreants without a shred of discipline or restraint, and their only duties were how they could plunder their territories. So the people became alienated from them.

是歲，詔以甯朔將軍、領南蠻校尉劉弘鎮宛，弘遣司馬陶侃、參軍蒯桓、皮初等率眾討昌於竟陵，劉喬又遣將軍李楊、督護尹奉總兵向江夏。侃等與昌苦戰累日，大破之，納降萬計，昌乃沈竄於下俊山。明年秋，乃擒之，傳首京師，同黨並夷三族。

That same year, an edict was issued ordering the General of 寧朔 and acting Colonel of Southern Man Tribes, Liu Hong, to guard Wan. Liu Hong sent his Marshal, Tao Kan, his Army Advisor, Kuai Huan, Pi Chu, and others with an army to attack Zhang Chang at Jingling. Liu Qiao also sent his general Li Yang and his Protector Yin Feng to lead another army towards Jiangxia. Tao Kan and the others fought a bitter battle against Zhang Chang for several days. In the end, they greatly routed the rebels, and accepted the surrender of tens of thousands of them. Zhang Chang then scurried away to Mount Xiajun.

In the autumn of the following year (304), he was finally captured. His head was sent to the capital, while his fellow partisans were all exterminated with their families to the third degree.

#Book of Jin #Jin Dynasty #Western Jin #Chinese History #China

6 notes · View notes