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Literature and Philosophy

MA IN LITERARY STUDIES

Literature and Philosophy (EN71021A): Course Outline Spring 2019

Tutor: Julia Ng

Teaching Mode: 2-hour seminar

Seminar Wednesday 9-11

St James Hatcham G02

NB: Please acquire a print copy of Walter Benjamin’s Origin of German Tragic Drama, trans. J. Osborne (Verso, 1998/2009), as we will be studying this text in its entirety. Other materials for this course will be posted to the course’s learn.gold page.

Week 1, Wednesday 16

January – Introduction; “intention” in Brentano and Husserl

Introductory discussion

Franz Brentano, “The Distinction between Mental and Physical Phenomena,” in Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint [1874], trans. A. C. Rancurello, D. B. Terrell and L. L. McAlister (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1995), Bk. 2, chap. 1, pp. 59-77.

Edmund Husserl, “Philosophy as a Rigorous Science," in Phenomenology and the Crisis of Philosophy, trans. Quentin Lauer (Harper & Row, 1965), section on “Naturalistic Philosophy,” pp. 79-122.

Week 2, Wednesday 23th January – Husserl

Edmund Husserl, “Philosophy as a Rigorous Science," in Phenomenology and the Crisis of Philosophy, trans. Quentin Lauer (Harper & Row, 1965), excerpt from “Historicism and Weltanschauung Philosophy,” pp. 122-129.

Edmund Husserl, Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy, I, trans. F. Kersten (Martinus Nijhoff, 1983), §§87-90, 93-95.

Week 3, Wednesday 30th January – Benjamin

Benjamin, OGT, “Epistemo-Critical Prologue”

References

Plato, Symposium

Scheler, “On the Tragic”

Wek 4, Wednesday 6th February – Benjamin

Benjamin, OGT, “Trauerspiel and Tragedy,“ I

References

Schmitt, Political Theology

Gryphius, Leo Armenius

Calderon, Life is a Dream

Week 5, Wednesday 13th February – Benjamin

Benjamin, OGT, “Trauerspiel and Tragedy,“ II

References

Nietzsche, The Birth of Tragedy

Lukács, Soul and Forms

Rosenzweig, The Star of Redemption

Scheler, “On the Tragic”

Benjamin, “Fate and Character”; “Toward the Critique of Violence”

Week 6, Wednesday 20th February

Tutorial Week – No seminar

Week 7, Wednesday 27th February – Benjamin

Benjamin, OGT, “Trauerspiel and Tragedy,“ III; „Allegory and Trauerspiel,“ I

References

Shakespeare, Hamlet

Panofsky and Saxl on Dürer’s Melancholia I

Giehlow on Melancholia I; The Humanist Interpretation of Hieroglyphs

Warburg

Freud, “Mourning and Melancholia”

Week 8, Wednesday 6th March – Benjamin

Benjamin, OGT, “Allegory and Trauerspiel,“ II and III

References

Benjamin, “On Language as Such and on the Language of Man”; “The Role of Language in Trauerspiel and Tragedy”; “Trauerspiel and Tragedy”

Gryphius, Leo Armenius

Week 9, Wednesday 13th March – Adorno

Adorno, “The Actuality of Philosophy” (May 2, 1931), in Telos 31 (1977), 120-133.

Adorno, “The Idea of Natural History” (1932), in Telos 60 (1984), 111-124.

Week 10, Wednesday 20th March – Adorno

Adorno, “III.2 World Spirit and Natural History,” in Negative Dialectics, trans. E.B. Ashton, Continuum, 1973, pp. 300-360.

Week 11, Wednesday 27th March – Conclusion

General discussion

Preparatory Reading

Gryphius, Leo Armenius

Calderon, Life Is A Dream

Shakespeare, Hamlet

Hofmannsthal, The Tower

Further Reading

Benjamin

On Language as Such and on the Language of Man (1916)

The Role of Language in Trauerspiel and Tragedy (1916)

Trauerspiel and Tragedy (1916)

Fate and Character (1919)

Toward the Critique of Violence (1921)

Calderon's El mayor monstrue, los celos and Hebbel's Herodus and Mariamne (1923)

General

Adorno, Theodor. "Portrait of Walter Benjamin," in: Prisms. Trans. Samuel and Shierry Weber. MIT Press, 1981.

Adorno, Theodor. Against Epistemology: A Metacritique. Trans. Willis Domingo. Oxford: Blackwell, 1982.

Adorno, Theodor, and Walter Benjamin. The Complete Correspondence, 1928-1940. Ed. Henri Lonitz. Trans. Nicholas Walker. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1999.

Agamben, Giorgio. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, Stanford UP, 1998.

Cascardi, Anthony J. "Comedia and Trauerspiel: On Benjamin and Calderón." Comparative Drama 16:1 (1982), 1-11.

Cobb-Stevens, Richard. “Husserl on Eidetic Intuition and Historical Interpretation,” American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly 66 (1992): 261–75.

Comay, Rebecca. "Mourning Work and Play," in Research in Phenomenology 23 (1993), pp. 105-130.

Drummond, John. “Husserl on the Ways to the Performance of the Reduction,” Man and World 8 (1975): 47–69.

Drummond, John. “The Structure of Intentionality,” in The New Husserl, ed. D. Welton (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003), 65–92.

Derrida, Jacques. "Force of Law."

Fenves, Peter. "Marx, Mourning, Messianity," in: Hent de Vries/Samuel Weber (Hg.): Violence, Identity and Self-Determination, Stanford, 1997, 253–270.

Fenves, Peter. "Tragedy and Prophecy in Benjamin’s 'Origin of the German Mourning Play,'" in: Arresting Language. From Leibniz to Benjamin, Stanford UP, 2001, 227–248.

Foster, Roger. Adorno: The Recovery of Experience. SUNY Press, 2007.

Freud, Sigmund. "Mourning and Melancholia," The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, XIV. The Hogarth Press, 1957, pp. 237-258.

Friedlander, Eli. "On the Musical Gathering of Echoes of the Voice: Walter Benjamin on Opera and the Trauerspiel." The Opera Quarterly, vol. 21 no. 4 (2005), pp. 631-646.

Geulen, Eva. The End of Art : Readings in a Rumor after Hegel. Stanford University Press, 2006.

Giehlow, Karl, and Robin Raybould. The Humanist Interpretation of Hieroglyphs in the Allegorical Studies of the Renaissance with a Focus on the Triumphal Arch of Maximilian I. Brill, 2015.

Hamacher, Werner. "Guilt History."

Hanssen, Beatrice. Walter Benjamin's Other History : of Stones, Animals, Human Beings, and Angels. University of California Press, 1998.

Hanssen, Beatrice. "Philosophy at Its Origin: Walter Benjamin’s Prologue to the 'Ursprung des deutschen Trauerspiels,'" in: Modern Language Notes 110 (1995), 809–833.

Haverkampf, Hans-Erhard. Benjamin in Frankfurt : Die Zentralen Jahre 1922-1932. Societäts-Verlag, 2016.

Helmling, Steven. "Constellation and Critique: Adorno's Constellation, Benjamin's Dialectical Image." Postmodern Culture 14:1 (2003).

Johnson, Barbara, The Wake of Deconstruction, Cambridge, Mass, 1994.

Johnson, Christopher D. “Configuring the Baroque: Warburg and Benjamin.” Culture, Theory and Critique, vol. 57, no. 2, 2016, pp. 142–165.

Kantorowicz, Ernst H. The King's Two Bodies : a Study in Mediaeval Political Theology. Princeton University Press, 1997.

Klibansky, Raymond; Panofsky, Erwin; Saxl, Fritz. Saturn and Melancholy : Studies in the History of Natural Philosophy, Religion, and Art. Basic Books, 1964.

Lacan, Jacques. "Desire and the Interpretation of Desire in Hamlet," in: Shoshana Felman (ed.): Literature and Psychoanalysis. The Question of Reading: Otherwise, Baltimore, 1982, 11–52.

Lindner, Burkhardt. "Habilitationsakte Benjamin. Über ein 'akademisches Trauerspiel' und über ein Vorkapitel der "Frankfurter Schule" (Horkheimer, Adorno)/"Walter Benjamins's attempt of a Habilitation. On an 'academic Trauerspiel' and on other preliminaries of the "Frankfurter Schule" (Horkheimer, Adorno)." In: Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik 14.53 (1984): 147-166.

Lukács, György. Soul and Form. MIT Press, 1978.

Lukács, György. Theory of the Novel.

Marin, Louis. Food for Thought. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.

McFarland, James. “Presentation.” Constellation: Friedrich Nietzsche and Walter Benjamin in the Now-Time of History. Fordham University Press, 2012, pp. 67-102 (Chapter 2).

McLaughlin, Kevin. "Benjamin's Barbarism." The Germanic Review: Literture, Culture, Theory, 81:1 (2006), 4-20.

Menke, Christoph, and James. Phillips. Tragic Play : Irony and Theater from Sophocles to Beckett. Columbia University Press, 2009.

Merback, Mitchell B. Perfection's Therapy : an Essay on Albrecht Dürer's Melencolia I. Zone Books, 2017.

Miller, J. Hillis. »The Two Allegories«, in: Morton Bloomfield (ed.): Allegory, Myth and Symbol, Cambridge, 1981, 355–370.

Mininger, J. D., and Jason Michael Peck. German Aesthetics : Fundamental Concepts from Baumgarten to Adorno. Bloomsbury, Bloomsbury Academic, 2016.

Nägele, Rainer. Theater, Theory, and Speculation: Walter Benjamin and the Scenes of Modernity, Baltimore, 1991.

Newman, Jane O. Benjamin's Library: modernity, nation, and the Baroque. Cornell UP, 2011.

Newman, Jane O. "Tragedy and 'Trauerspiel' for the (Post-)Westphalian Age." In: Renaissance Drama 40 (2012), pp. 197-208.

Newman, Jane. “Enchantment in Times of War: Aby Warburg, Walter Benjamin, and the Secularization Thesis.” Representations, vol. 105, no. 105, 2009, pp. 133-0_4.

Nietzsche, The Birth of Tragedy

Pensky, Max. Melancholy Dialectics: Walter Benjamin and the Play of Mourning. U Mass Press, 1993.

Plato, Symposium.

Rosenzweig, Franz, and Barbara Ellen Galli. The Star of Redemption. University of Wisconsin Press, 2005.

Scheler, Max. "On the Tragic." CrossCurrents 4.2 (1954), 178-191.

Schmitt, Carl, et al. Hamlet or Hecuba : the Intrusion of the Time into the Play. Telos Press, 2009.

Schmitt, Carl. Political Theology : Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty. University of Chicago Press, 2005.

Szondi, Peter. An Essay on the Tragic. Stanford University Press, 2002.

Weber, Samuel. Benjamin's -Abilities. Harvard University Press, 2008.

Willard, Dallas. “The Paradox of Logical Psychologism: Husserl’s Way Out,” American Philosophical Quarterly 9 (1972): 94–100.

Woodfield, Richard (ed.) Art history as cultural history: Warburg's projects. G+B Arts International, 2000.

Learning Outcomes

- You will have a grasp of the place of literature in the modern Continental philosophy tradition.

- You will have a good understanding of how this tradition challenges and transforms Classical philosophical conceptions of literature.

- You will be able to expound and analyse the textual and conceptual styles of the three key thinkers on the course.

- You will have a sound grasp of the literature of and on both the broad relationship between literature and philosophy, and the three specific thinkers addressed on the module.

- You will be able to use the ideas and texts explored in the module to inform your readings in literary and cultural texts.

Assessment Criteria

- Students should show a clear command of traditional conceptions of the literary in the history of philosophy, and of how the modern Continental tradition challenges these.

- Students should show a detailed critical knowledge of at least one of the module’s key thinkers’ ideas.

- Students should show a knowledge and capacity to use a good range of secondary literature on both general issues in the field and on the specific thinkers and texts they address.

- Students should be able to read the relevant texts from both literary critical and conceptual perspectives.

- Students should show an awareness of the relevance of the issues and texts studied on the course to contemporary debates in literary theory.

#goldsmiths #literature and philosophy

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armandj · 5 years ago

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Crypto on the Crossroads in 2020: Historical past within the Making

This 12 months has confirmed to be vital for a lot of causes. One in every of them being the COVID-19 pandemic that’s presupposed to have originated in a market in Wuhan, China. By March 11, the virus already unfold to greater than 100 nations and was declared a pandemic by the World Well being Group (WHO). On the time of penning this, Three months later, the outbreak is being managed however the illness remains to be at giant in lots of nations. In the USA, for instance, there are presently greater than one million folks contaminated. The every day case fee has spiked in a number of states presumably as a result of nationwide protests in opposition to police brutality and racial profiling. The preliminary stress-free of the quarantine measures also can result in an uptick in transmissions. Different nations haven’t absolutely recovered both, with greater than 100,000 new every day instances confirmed.

Financial system of the 12 months 2020

These occasions are affecting all economies on this planet, wealthy and poor nations alike. In February, in the beginning of the pandemic, oil costs collapsed and the inventory market crashed. Because of lockdowns and self-isolation measures, many companies and people are experiencing losses of earnings. Numerous folks within the nations significantly affected by the virus have been left unemployed or on unpaid go away. Corporations in industries comparable to hospitality and tourism have been pressured to file for chapter and shut their doorways. This financial recession is just not solely exhibiting us how well being crises have enormous results on the monetary properly being of a inhabitants but additionally reforming many industries as we all know them.

The blockchain trade can also be altering within the face of the worldwide well being disaster. Unable to go away their houses because of the self-isolation measures, folks have turned to expertise to proceed functioning in society. Now seeing a health care provider, buying and managing financial belongings is completed on-line. Nonetheless, the drop within the conventional inventory market brought about a correlational drop within the worth of crypto. When crypto rose to recognition, it was thought-about a secure haven for a lot of buyers. The occasions of this 12 months brought about that notion to be reevaluated when in lower than per week after the primary reviews of coronavirus instances in China, the cryptocurrency market collapsed by virtually 50%. Nevertheless, to grasp how present circumstances are shaping the crypto and blockchain trade, it’s essential to look again at the way it all started.

First Crypto Coin

The historical past of cryptocurrency formally started on January third, 2009 when the primary Bitcoin was mined. The expertise was beforehand explored with currencies comparable to B-Cash and Bit Gold, which had been proposed however by no means absolutely developed. For Bitcoin, step one was the publication of a paper by the pseudonymous Satoshi Nakomoto in 2008. Titled “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Digital Money System”, the paper explored the potential of making a fee system that might not depend on any centralized monetary establishment. The primary Bitcoin mined was named the Genesis Block and was supposedly created by mysterious Satoshi himself. He additionally positioned a secret message inside this block’s information: “The Occasions 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks,” which comes from a 2009 headline in The Occasions concerning the British authorities’s failure to stimulate the economic system following the 2007–08 monetary disaster. This message is in tune with Bitcoin’s mission as a decentralized fee system that operates independently of any authorities.

Provide and Demand

In 2010 Bitcoin was used as a way of fee for the primary time when Laszlo Hanyecz from Jacksonville paid 10,000 BTC for a pizza. The day it occurred, Might 22, is now celebrated as a Bitcoin Pizza Day. With the present change fee, that quantity of BTC is price greater than $90 million, seemingly making Laszlo’s pizza the costliest dinner in the complete historical past of humanity.

Within the following years, the trade grew quickly, attracting conventional institutional buyers and freshly transformed Bitcoin evangelists to the desk. The mining issue saved rising, requiring extra highly effective tools till ASICs, application-specific built-in circuits, began appearing. They had been designed particularly for Bitcoin mining and brought about the issue fee to surge quickly.

Trade Growth and Rival Initiatives

As the thought of decentralized encrypted currencies began gaining recognition, rival initiatives emerged. Options to Bitcoin, altcoins are normally supposed to enhance the unique Bitcoin protocol and supply their customers further options comparable to anonymity, enhanced safety or different issues missing in BTC.

The primary altcoins had been Namecoin and Litecoin created in 2011. By early 2020, information means that there are greater than 5,000 altcoins that account for over 34% of the market. Despite the fact that Bitcoin nonetheless holds a majority of the market capital, altcoins are used for a lot of functions in addition to easy fee transactions. There are lots of completely different sorts of altcoins now: mining-based cryptocurrencies which work equally to Bitcoin, stablecoins which are designed to cut back volatility and worth fluctuations, safety tokens which resemble conventional inventory and normally start with an Preliminary Coin Providing (ICO), and utility tokens that are linked to a selected service.

Pioneer Cryptocurrency Exchanges

Cryptocurrency exchanges emerged when Bitcoin was first used as a way of fee again in 2010. The primary change is taken into account to be BitcoinMarket.com, which was initially proposed on the Bitcointalk discussion board. On the time 1 BTC was buying and selling for $0.003. The change operated on a fiat-to-crypto foundation utilizing PayPal. The safety measures which are in place at this time had not been developed but and the early issues that the change had resulted in PayPal halting its operations with the change. Consequently, the primary ever crypto change was quickly defunct.

BitcoinMarket’s successor, Mt.Gox, was initially launched as a platform for buying and selling Magic: The Gathering playing cards. Seeing the rise in recognition of Bitcoin, the platform was redesigned to deal with crypto transactions, and, by 2014, it was dealing with 70% of all international Bitcoin trades. Nevertheless, after a sequence of alleged hacks and withdrawal points, the change was fully shut down. In a assertion, Mt.Gox’s proprietor, Mark Karpelès, promised to rectify the state of affairs and refund customers however that by no means occurred. It’s estimated that over 740,000 BTC had been stolen from customers earlier than the change filed for chapter.

The following wave of exchanges to pop up, included some exchanges which are nonetheless energetic at this time, comparable to Bitstamp (2011), Coinbase (2012) and HitBTC (2013). The latter was launched with simply four buying and selling pairs: BTC/USD, BTC/EUR, BTC/LTC USD/EUR. Now, in 2020, this change has an trade better of over 800 buying and selling pairs consisting of 500+ tokens and cash. It’s been a protracted means of bettering the platform’s safety, customer support and consumer interface. Nevertheless, in contrast to many different exchanges, HitBTC has managed to maintain its customers’ funds secure all through the complete journey and nonetheless ranks among the many hottest cryptocurrency exchanges within the trade.

A Decade of Growth

That is the fundamental historical past of crypto’s origins which is essential to look again upon to be able to perceive how we received to the place we’re at this time. Different essential milestones embrace the creation of Ethereum and emergence of ICOs in 2016 and BTC’s worth reaching the $10,000 degree for the primary time in 2017. Many jumped ship in the course of the nice crypto crash in 2018, when the BTC worth declined by about 65%. Nevertheless, BTC went on to rebound by 87% reaching, $12,000 by the tip of 2019.

A whole decade of historical past is tough to explain in a single article. Nevertheless, it took only a decade to get us the place we’re standing now with the crypto trade. In 2020, in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic and financial recession, it could appear that cryptocurrencies had been designed for the fully new world that we’re witnessing now. Cashless touch-free funds, decentralized entities which are in a position to proceed working remotely, and currencies that aren’t tied to conventional belongings like oil — all of them present a secure setting for monetary buyers in addition to common of us.

Despite the fact that the crypto market additionally skilled a drop together with the normal inventory market, it shortly recovered. In line with analysis by the deVere Group, Europe skilled a 72% surge in fintech software utilization because of the coronavirus lockdowns. Blockchain expertise additionally proved helpful for duties comparable to vaccination growth and medical provide supply. Some governments are already within the early levels of growing their very own digital currencies, comparable to China with their Digital Yuan. These measures also can assist economies in numerous methods comparable to decreasing the impression of the U.S.-imposed sanctions and strengthening nationwide currencies.

What to Anticipate within the Future

There are a number of developments that may be anticipated to achieve recognition and even change the way in which the world operates. The brand new section of web evolution, or net 3.0, can show helpful for crypto adoption with its new era of browsers like Opera, which implements assist for main crypto cash like Bitcoin and Ethereum. This will additionally make crypto wallets extra accessible to common customers who should not tech-savvy, thereby, increasing the crypto group.

Decentralized Finance (DeFi) can also be already altering the way in which crypto belongings perform. To start with of this 12 months, the DeFi market crossed the $1-billion mark, demonstrating that individuals have a necessity for simple entry to monetary providers and full management over their monetary belongings. Many of the code utilized by these Decentralized Purposes (DApps) are in Ethereum good contracts, that are accessible to nearly any individual with an web connection. The essential thought is to attach lenders and debtors so folks can earn curiosity on their funds with out all the additional steps which are typical for conventional banking techniques.

Even area exploration can profit from the usage of the blockchain system. Utilizing the expertise for provide chain administration, the complete course of of producing and rolling out rockets and distributing spacesuits may be accelerated. NASA researchers have already embraced Bitcoin-like expertise and began utilizing it to enhance the “cognitive networking and computing infrastructure” of area missions, which may sometime result in the creation of autonomous spacecrafts.

This reveals that at this stage even the sky is just not the restrict for crypto and blockchain industries. It looks like quickly the worldwide inhabitants can be in a position undertake and advance the usage of peer-to-peer fee techniques, self-executing smart-contracts, and digital belongings on a scale we haven’t seen earlier than. The long run is open and the progress we make has all the potential of altering the way in which we reside for the higher. Our job is to embrace these modifications and unfold consciousness of how this expertise and motion can enhance our lives.

Amy Day is an unbiased researcher

source https://www.financeary.com/cryptocurrency/crypto-on-the-crossroads-in-2020-historical-past-within-the-making.html

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aruneshgoyal · 5 years ago

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MANUSCRIPT INFORMATON REPORT

I. AUTHOR INFORMATION

Full Name of the author(s) [Surname first] GOYAL ARUNESH

Affiliation (as it should appear on the title pg.)

Topper, B.Sc. (H) Mathematics, Kirorimal College, North Campus, University of Delhi, DELHI – 110 007 (India)

MCA (1990), Dept of Computer Sc., Arts Faculty Bldg., University of Delhi, DELHI – 110 007

Formerly, Computer Analyst/Consultant, St. Stephens Hospital, Tis Hzari, DELHI – 110 054

Affiliated to the Third Eye Foundation of India (Regd.), C/o Shri Siddheshwar Ashram, V. & P.O. Bhigaan, Dist. Sonepat, HARYANA – 131 033 (INDIA)

Office Address

Y-7/6 [y-7 flat 6 ii floor), Naveen Shahdara, near “Durga” sweets, DELHI 110032 (INDIA) P: +918527703136

E: [email protected]

Residence Address

Y-7/6 [y-7 flat 6 TOP floor], Naveen Shahdara, near “Durga” sweets, DELHI 110032 (INDIA) P: +918527712504

Academic Qualifications & names of universities Degree {starting with highest}

MCA B.Sc. (H) Mathematics A.I.S.S.C.E. University

Univ. of DELHI Sardar Patel Vidyalaya Lodi Est., N D (under CBSE)

Year 1990 1987 1984

Teaching Exp.

Mathematics & Gen. Ethics

Prof. Exp. (e.g. Industry)

Programmer Analyst/Consultant for St. Stephens Hospital, Tis Hzari, DELHI

(11 yrs tenure 1992 – 2002)

Major Awards/recognitions:

Merit Certificate for outstanding performance in std. X Awarded by Shri Amitabh Bachchan for excellence during graduation (1986)

Securing 100% marks in one of the final year graduation papers viz. Mechanics Awarded Post Graduate Scholarship

Membership of Associations/Societies:

Vice-President of the Mathematics Society (KMC) during the calendar year 1986-87

Ex-membership (GOLD card) of the British Council Div. Lib., 17, K G marg, New Delhi 110001 for ten yrs from 2007 till march 2017

Greatly vouchsafe my spiritual Guru Shri Siddheshwar Baba founder member of Third Eye Foundation of India (Regd.), V. & P.O. Bhigaan, Sonepat, Haryana 131 033 (INDIA), formerly Sh. B.S. Goel, Ph.D., M.A. (Pol. Sc.) best known for his pioneering work – “Third Eye and Kundalini” translated into Hindi and many foreign languages as well inc. German, Spanish, French and Russian.

Books Published (in order of Title, Pub., year): _________________________________________________

Title Publisher Year _________________________________________________

1 Systems Analysis PHI Learning 2011

And Design Pvt. Ltd.

2 The C Programming Narosa Publishing 2008

Language House Pvt. Ltd. _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________

II. MANUSCRIPT DETAILS Title: HUMAN VALUES & ETHICS, any Takers!

Completion Date: 22-OCT-2012 No. Of Pages Text: 236 Preliminaries (inc. TOC): 20 No. Of Diagrams (Full or Half Page): Nil

No. of Photographs (Full or Half Page): Nil Software Used For:

1. Text: MS-Word

2. Eq./Math. Exp./Chemical Reactions: N.A.

3. Diagrams: N.A. .

Subject of the book

The subject matter of the book deals with ethics and

human values which are universal in nature. Indeed, in this era of degrading moral values and ethics, the book

attempts to highlight good and positive human values as

well as noble ethical & moral values of life.

The book tries to foster the five basic human values of Truth, Righteous Conduct, Peace, Love & Non-violence by means of short stories, famous quotations and the like. It keeps in mind the spiritual, intellectual, mental, psychic and physical aspects in this context. Each lesson begins with a teaching objective and ends with model questions including personality tests and a practical exercise.

Throughout, the accent is on quality rather than quantity. Also, there is a basic realization that change in values/character must begin somewhere. Moreover, rather than changing others, each individual should first reform himself/herself, as the case may be. Ideally though, human values are easier to inculcate at a young age.

Moreover, the book degrades the five basic negative emotions of lust, anger, greed, attachment and ego/pride which must be reoriented and maintained well in balance. In this context, it relies heavily on the Gita, which it considers to be a universal psychic book rather than a religious treatise associated with Hinduism.

III. COMPETITION Analysis of Chief Competing texts (latest ed. only): _________________________________________________

Title/Author Pub. Yr. Price ________________________________________________

1 RR Gaur, R Sangal, GP Bagaria

A Foundation Course in Human Excel 2009 Rs.175

Values and Professional Ethics Books N Delhi

2 RR Gaur, R Sangal, GP Bagaria

Teacher’s Manual for -do- -do- Rs.60

A Foundation Course in Human

Values and Professional Ethics

3 ML Dewan, AK Hosdurg, P Nayak

The Human Values Concept 2009 Rs.500 Pub. Co. N Delhi _________________________________ ____________________

How would your book have an Edge over other leading/established texts?

Books on Human Values and Ethics are hard to find. At the moment, there are not many established texts with books beginning to be written on the subject only recently. Indeed, the subject area is so vast and profound that it is well nigh difficult to cover it completely. Another pitfall of the current texts is that they are either written on Human Values or on Ethics but not on both. Even if one or two texts are available, they tend to neglect one area at the expense of other. The proposed book makes a sincere, honest and welcome effort towards this end by trying to cover the broad subject matter to the maximum extent possible.

It brings forth the fact that Human Values and Ethics are interrelated. In fact, Ethics are based on Human Values rather than anything else.

Another feature is its universality. Be it a youngster or an adult, an Indian or a foreigner, a Hindu or a non-Hindu, it has something in it for each one of them, call it universal appeal if you like!

Are Worked Out Examples/Problems with solutions included in each chapter? ………. NO Worked out Examples/Problems with solutions, it was felt, would obstruct the smooth and natural flow of the text and thus, hinder the learning process itself! Are Problems/Questions given at the end of each chapter (besides the above)? …………….. YES Model Questions, personality tests and practical exercises are given at the end of each subsection/lesson.

Which of the following supplementary material will be provided for use by students or teachers?

Students’ CD N.A.

Solution Manual for teachers N.A.

PowerPoint Slides N.A.

No need for any supplementary material was felt. Most of the questions are subjective in nature and need just common sense as well as demand an easy comprehension of the easy subject material included in each chapter.

IV. MARKET INFORMATION Indicate the level of the book: Undergraduate *

Postgraduate *

Polytechnic *

Others * Note: The book cannot be confined to one level because of its universal nature.

Is the book to be used as a text? If so, for which specific course/paper is it designed? (Don’t give a generalized statement like: this book can be used for courses in MCA, MBA, B. Tech., M. Tech., and so on …….)

The subject matter o the book is universal in nature. It can also be used as a text by any university following a course in Human Values and/or Ethics.

If the book has special appeal outside India, indicate the countries, and if possible, specific universities/individuals who may be receptive to the book. - AS ABOVE –

V. PLEASE ATTACH 1. Your latest Bio-data. Please find one attached.

2. Your Proposed book’s Table of Contents. Please find TOC attached.

3. Two sample chapters. Please find the complete script attached.

Signature of the Author: A. Goyal (ARUNESH GOYAL) Date: 27/06/2017 09:15 hrs I.S.T.

Place: DELHI (Shahdara), India Pin 110032

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awesomelegendaryllamabouque-blog · 7 years ago

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Solution Manual for Elementary Surveying An Introduction to Geomatics 13th Edition by Ghilani Wolf

This is Full Solution Manual for Elementary Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics, 13th Edition Charles D. Ghilani and Wolf

Click link bellow to view sample:

http://digitalcontentmarket.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Solution-Manual-for-Elementary-Surveying-An-Introduction-to-Geomatics-13th-Edition-Charles-D-Ghilani.pdf

Origin Book information:

ISBN-10: 0132554348

ISBN-13: 978-0132554343 9780132554343

Full download link: Solution Manual for Elementary Surveying An Introduction to Geomatics 13th Edition by Ghilani Wolf

http://digitalcontentmarket.org/download/solution-manual-for-elementary-surveying-an-introduction-to-geomatics-13th-edition-charles-d-ghilani

You will be guided to the product download page immediately once you complete the payment.If you have any questions, or would like a receive a sample chapter before your purchase, please contact us via email :

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Table of Contents

1 • INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Definition of Surveying 1 1.2 Geomatics 3 1.3 History of Surveying 4 1.4 Geodetic and Plane Surveys 9 1.5 Importance of Surveying 10 1.6 Specialized Types of Surveys 11 1.7 Surveying Safety 13 1.8 Land and Geographic Information Systems 14 1.9 Federal Surveying and Mapping Agencies 15 1.10 The Surveying Profession 16 1.11 Professional Surveying Organizations 17 1.12 Surveying on the Internet 18 1.13 Future Challenges in Surveying 19 Problems 20 Bibliography 21

2 • UNITS, SIGNIFICANT FIGURES, AND FIELD NOTES 23 PART I UNITS AND SIGNIFICANT FIGURES 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Units of Measurement 23 2.3 International System of Units (SI) 25 2.4 Significant Figures 27 2.5 Rounding Off Numbers 29 PART II FIELD NOTES 30 2.6 Field Notes 30 2.7 General Requirements of Handwritten Field Notes 31 2.8 Types of Field Books 32 2.9 Kinds of Notes 33 2.10 Arrangements of Notes 33 2.11 Suggestions for Recording Notes 35 2.12 Introduction to Data Collectors 36 2.13 Transfer of Files from Data Collectors 39 2.14 Digital Data File Management 41 2.15 Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Collectors 42 Problems 43 Bibliography 44

3 • THEORY OF ERRORS IN OBSERVATIONS 45 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Direct and Indirect Observations 45 3.3 Errors in Measurements 46 3.4 Mistakes 46 3.5 Sources of Errors in Making Observations 47 3.6 Types of Errors 47 3.7 Precision and Accuracy 48 3.8 Eliminating Mistakes and Systematic Errors 49 3.9 Probability 49 3.10 Most Probable Value 50 3.11 Residuals 51 3.12 Occurrence of Random Errors 51 3.13 General Laws of Probability 55 3.14 Measures of Precision 55 3.15 Interpretation of Standard Deviation 58 3.16 The 50, 90, and 95 Percent Errors 58 3.17 Error Propagation 60 3.18 Applications 65 3.19 Conditional Adjustment of Observations 65 3.20 Weights of Observations 66 3.21 Least-Squares Adjustment 67 3.22 Using Software 68 Problems 69 Bibliography 71

4 • LEVELING–THEORY, METHODS, AND EQUIPMENT 73 PART I LEVELING–THEORY AND METHODS 73 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Definitions 73 4.3 North American Vertical Datum 75 4.4 Curvature and Refraction 76 4.5 Methods for Determining Differences in Elevation 78 PART II EQUIPMENT FOR DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING 85 4.6 Categories of Levels 85 4.7 Telescopes 86 4.8 Level Vials 87 4.9 Tilting Levels 89 4.10 Automatic Levels 90 4.11 Digital Levels 91 4.12 Tripods 93 4.13 Hand Level 93 4.14 Level Rods 94 4.15 Testing and Adjusting Levels 96 Problems 100 Bibliography 102

5 • LEVELING–FIELD PROCEDURES AND COMPUTATIONS 103 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Carrying and Setting Up a Level 103 5.3 Duties of a Rodperson 105 5.4 Differential Leveling 106 5.5 Precision 112 5.6 Adjustments of Simple Level Circuits 113 5.7 Reciprocal Leveling 114 5.8 Three-Wire Leveling 115 5.9 Profile Leveling 117 5.10 Grid, Cross-Section, or Borrow-Pit Leveling 121 5.11 Use of the Hand Level 122 5.12 Sources of Error in Leveling 122 5.13 Mistakes 124 5.14 Reducing Errors and Eliminating Mistakes 125 5.15 Using Software 125 Problems 127 Bibliography 129

6 • DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 131 PART I METHODS FOR MEASURING DISTANCES 131 6.1 Introduction 131 6.2 Summary of Methods for Making Linear Measurements 131 6.3 Pacing 132 6.4 Odometer Readings 132 6.5 Optical Rangefinders 133 6.6 Tacheometry 133 6.7 Subtense Bar 133 PART II DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS BY TAPING 133 6.8 Introduction to Taping 133 6.9 Taping Equipment and Accessories 134 6.10 Care of Taping Equipment 135 6.11 Taping on Level Ground 136 6.12 Horizontal Measurements on Sloping Ground 138 6.13 Slope Measurements 140 6.14 Sources of Error in Taping 141 6.15 Tape Problems 145 6.16 Combined Corrections in a Taping Problem 147 PART III ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 148 6.17 Introduction 148 6.18 Propagation of Electromagnetic Energy 149 6.19 Principles of Electronic Distance Measurement 152 6.20 Electro-Optical Instruments 153 6.21 Total Station Instruments 156 6.22 EDM Instruments Without Reflectors 157 6.23 Computing Horizontal Lengths from Slope Distances 158 6.24 Errors in Electronic Distance Measurement 160 6.25 Using Software 165 Problems 165 Bibliography 168

7 • ANGLES, AZIMUTHS, AND BEARINGS 169 7.1 Introduction 169 7.2 Units of Angle Measurement 169 7.3 Kinds of Horizontal Angles 170 7.4 Direction of a Line 171 7.5 Azimuths 172 7.6 Bearings 173 7.7 Comparison of Azimuths and Bearings 174 7.8 Computing Azimuths 175 7.9 Computing Bearings 177 7.10 The Compass and the Earth’s Magnetic Field 179 7.11 Magnetic Declination 180 7.12 Variations in Magnetic Declination 181 7.13 Software for Determining Magnetic Declination 183 7.14 Local Attraction 184 7.15 Typical Magnetic Declination Problems 185 7.16 Mistakes 187 Problems 187 Bibliography 189

8 • TOTAL STATION INSTRUMENTS; ANGLE OBSERVATIONS 191 PART I TOTAL STATION INSTRUMENTS 191 8.1 Introduction 191 8.2 Characteristics of Total Station Instruments 191 8.3 Functions Performed by Total Station Instruments 194 8.4 Parts of a Total Station Instrument 195 8.5 Handling and Setting Up a Total Station Instrument 199 8.6 Servo-Driven and Remotely Operated Total Station Instruments 201 PART II ANGLE OBSERVATIONS 203 8.7 Relationship of Angles and Distances 203 8.8 Observing Horizontal Angles with Total Station Instruments 204 8.9 Observing Horizontal Angles by the Direction Method 206 8.10 Closing the Horizon 207 8.11 Observing Deflection Angles 209 8.12 Observing Azimuths 211 8.13 Observing Vertical Angles 211 8.14 Sights and Marks 213 8.15 Prolonging a Straight Line 214 8.16 Balancing-In 216 8.17 Random Traverse 217 8.18 Total Stations for Determining Elevation Differences 218 8.19 Adjustment of Total Station Instruments and Their Accessories 219 8.20 Sources of Error in Total Station Work 222 8.21 Propagation of Random Errors in Angle Observations 228 8.22 Mistakes 228 Problems 229 Bibliography 230

9 • TRAVERSING 231 9.1 Introduction 231 9.2 Observation of Traverse Angles or Directions 233 9.3 Observation of Traverse Lengths 234 9.4 Selection of Traverse Stations 235 9.5 Referencing Traverse Stations 235 9.6 Traverse Field Notes 237 9.7 Angle Misclosure 238 9.8 Traversing with Total Station Instruments 239 9.9 Radial Traversing 240 9.10 Sources of Error in Traversing 241 9.11 Mistakes in Traversing 242 Problems 242

10 • TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS 245 10.1 Introduction 245 10.2 Balancing Angles 246 10.3 Computation of Preliminary Azimuths or Bearings 248 10.4 Departures and Latitudes 249 10.5 Departure and Latitude Closure Conditions 251 10.6 Traverse Linear Misclosure and Relative Precision 251 10.7 Traverse Adjustment 252 10.8 Rectangular Coordinates 255 10.9 Alternative Methods for Making Traverse Computations 256 10.10 Inversing 260 10.11 Computing Final Adjusted Traverse Lengths and Directions 261 10.12 Coordinate Computations in Boundary Surveys 263 10.13 Use of Open Traverses 265 10.14 State Plane Coordinate Systems 268 10.15 Traverse Computations Using Computers 269 10.16 Locating Blunders in Traverse Observations 269 10.17 Mistakes in Traverse Computations 272 Problems 272 Bibliography 275

11 • COORDINATE GEOMETRY IN SURVEYING CALCULATIONS 277 11.1 Introduction 277 11.2 Coordinate Forms of Equations for Lines and Circles 278 11.3 Perpendicular Distance from a Point to a Line 280 11.4 Intersection of Two Lines, Both Having Known Directions 282 11.5 Intersection of a Line with a Circle 284 11.6 Intersection of Two Circles 287 11.7 Three-Point Resection 289 11.8 Two-Dimensional Conformal Coordinate Transformation 292 11.9 Inaccessible Point Problem 297 11.10 Three-Dimensional Two-Point Resection 299 11.11 Software 302 Problems 303 Bibliography 307

12 • AREA 309 12.1 Introduction 309 12.2 Methods of Measuring Area 309 12.3 Area by Division Into Simple Figures 310 12.4 Area by Offsets from Straight Lines 311 12.5 Area by Coordinates 313 12.6 Area by Double-Meridian Distance Method 317 12.7 Area of Parcels with Circular Boundaries 320 12.8 Partitioning of Lands 321 12.9 Area by Measurements from Maps 325 12.10 Software 327 12.11 Sources of Error in Determining Areas 328 12.12 Mistakes in Determining Areas 328 Problems 328 Bibliography 330

13 • GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS—INTRODUCTION AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 331 13.1 Introduction 331 13.2 Overview of GPS 332 13.3 The GPS Signal 335 13.4 Reference Coordinate Systems 337 13.5 Fundamentals of Satellite Positioning 345 13.6 Errors in Observations 348 13.7 Differential Positioning 356 13.8 Kinematic Methods 358 13.9 Relative Positioning 359 13.10 Other Satellite Navigation Systems 362 13.11 The Future 364 Problems 365 Bibliography 366

14 • GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS—STATIC SURVEYS 367 14.1 Introduction 367 14.2 Field Procedures in Satellite Surveys 369 14.3 Planning Satellite Surveys 372 14.4 Performing Static Surveys 384 14.5 Data Processing and Analysis 386 14.6 Sources of Errors in Satellite Surveys 393 14.7 Mistakes in Satellite Surveys 395 Problems 395 Bibliography 397

15 • GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS—KINEMATIC SURVEYS 399 15.1 Introduction 399 15.2 Planning of Kinematic Surveys 400 15.3 Initialization 402 15.4 Equipment Used in Kinematic Surveys 403 15.5 Methods Used in Kinematic Surveys 405 15.6 Performing Post-Processed Kinematic Surveys 408 15.7 Communication in Real-Time Kinematic Surveys 411 15.8 Real-Time Networks 412 15.9 Performing Real-Time Kinematic Surveys 413 15.10 Machine Control 414 15.11 Errors in Kinematic Surveys 418 15.12 Mistakes in Kinematic Surveys 418 Problems 418 Bibliography 419

16 • ADJUSTMENTS BY LEAST SQUARES 421 16.1 Introduction 421 16.2 Fundamental Condition of Least Squares 423 16.3 Least-Squares Adjustment by the Observation Equation Method 424 16.4 Matrix Methods in Least-Squares Adjustment 428 16.5 Matrix Equations for Precisions of Adjusted Quantities 430 16.6 Least-Squares Adjustment of Leveling Circuits 432 16.7 Propagation of Errors 436 16.8 Least-Squares Adjustment of GNSS Baseline Vectors 437 16.9 Least-Squares Adjustment of Conventional Horizontal Plane Surveys 443 16.10 The Error Ellipse 452 16.11 Adjustment Procedures 457 16.12 Other Measures of Precision for Horizontal Stations 458 16.13 Software 460 16.14 Conclusions 460 Problems 461 Bibliography 466

17 • MAPPING SURVEYS 467 17.1 Introduction 467 17.2 Basic Methods for Performing Mapping Surveys 468 17.3 Map Scale 468 17.4 Control for Mapping Surveys 470 17.5 Contours 471 17.6 Characteristics of Contours 474 17.7 Direct and Indirect Methods of Locating Contours 474 17.8 Digital Elevation Models and Automated Contouring Systems 477 17.9 Basic Field Methods for Locating Topographic Details 479 17.10 Three-Dimensional Conformal Coordinate Transformation 488 17.11 Selection of Field Method 489 17.12 Working with Data Collectors and Field-to-Finish Software 490 17.13 Hydrographic Surveys 493 17.14 Sources of Error in Mapping Surveys 497 17.15 Mistakes in Mapping Surveys 498 Problems 498 Bibliography 500

18 • MAPPING 503 18.1 Introduction 503 18.2 Availability of Maps and Related Information 504 18.3 National Mapping Program 505 18.4 Accuracy Standards for Mapping 505 18.5 Manual and Computer-Aided Drafting Procedures 507 18.6 Map Design 508 18.7 Map Layout 510 18.8 Basic Map Plotting Procedures 512 18.9 Contour Interval 514 18.10 Plotting Contours 514 18.11 Lettering 515 18.12 Cartographic Map Elements 516 18.13 Drafting Materials 519 18.14 Automated Mapping and Computer-Aided Drafting Systems 519 18.15 Impacts of Modern Land and Geographic Information Systems on Mapping 525 18.16 Sources of Error in Mapping 526 18.17 Mistakes in Mapping 526 Problems 526 Bibliography 528

19 • CONTROL SURVEYS AND GEODETIC REDUCTIONS 529 19.1 Introduction 529 19.2 The Ellipsoid and Geoid 530 19.3 The Conventional Terrestrial Pole 532 19.4 Geodetic Position and Ellipsoidal Radii of Curvature 534 19.5 Geoid Undulation and Deflection of the Vertical 536 19.6 U.S. Reference Frames 538 19.7 Accuracy Standards and Specifications for Control Surveys 547 19.8 The National Spatial Reference System 550 19.9 Hierarchy of the National Horizontal Control Network 550 19.10 Hierarchy of the National Vertical Control Network 551 19.11 Control Point Descriptions 551 19.12 Field Procedures for Traditional Horizontal Control Surveys 554 19.13 Field Procedures for Vertical Control Surveys 559 19.14 Reduction of Field Observations to Their Geodetic Values 564 19.15 Geodetic Position Computations 577 19.16 The Local Geodetic Coordinate System 580 19.17 Three-Dimensional Coordinate Computations 581 19.18 Software 584 Problems 584 Bibliography 587

20 • STATE PLANE COORDINATES AND OTHER MAP PROJECTIONS 589 20.1 Introduction 589 20.2 Projections Used in State Plane Coordinate Systems 590 20.3 Lambert Conformal Conic Projection 593 20.4 Transverse Mercator Projection 594 20.5 State Plane Coordinates in NAD27 and NAD83 595 20.6 Computing SPCS83 Coordinates in the Lambert Conformal Conic System 596 20.7 Computing SPCS83 Coordinates in the Transverse Mercator System 601 20.8 Reduction of Distances and Angles to State Plane Coordinate Grids 608 20.9 Computing State Plane Coordinates of Traverse Stations 617 20.10 Surveys Extending from One Zone to Another 620 20.11 Conversions Between SPCS27 and SPCS83 621 20.12 The Universal Transverse Mercator Projection 622 20.13 Other Map Projections 623 20.14 Map Projection Software 627 Problems 628 Bibliography 631

21 • BOUNDARY SURVEYS 633 21.1 Introduction 633 21.2 Categories of Land Surveys 634 21.3 Historical Perspectives 635 21.4 Property Description by Metes and Bounds 636 21.5 Property Description by Block-and-Lot System 639 21.6 Property Description by Coordinates 641 21.7 Retracement Surveys 641 21.8 Subdivision Surveys 644 21.9 Partitioning Land 646 21.10 Registration of Title 647 21.11 Adverse Possession and Easements 648 21.12 Condominium Surveys 648 21.13 Geographic and Land Information Systems 655 21.14 Sources of Error in Boundary Surveys 655 21.15 Mistakes 655 Problems 656 Bibliography 658

22 • SURVEYS OF THE PUBLIC LANDS 659 22.1 Introduction 659 22.2 Instructions for Surveys of the Public Lands 660 22.3 Initial Point 663 22.4 Principal Meridian 664 22.5 Baseline 665 22.6 Standard Parallels (Correction Lines) 666 22.7 Guide Meridians 666 22.8 Township Exteriors, Meridional (Range) Lines, and Latitudinal (Township) Lines 667 22.9 Designation of Townships 668 22.10 Subdivision of a Quadrangle into Townships 668 22.11 Subdivision of a Township into Sections 670 22.12 Subdivision of Sections 671 22.13 Fractional Sections 672 22.14 Notes 672 22.15 Outline of Subdivision Steps 672 22.16 Marking Corners 674 22.17 Witness Corners 674 22.18 Meander Corners 675 22.19 Lost and Obliterated Corners 675 22.20 Accuracy of Public Lands Surveys 678 22.21 Descriptions by Township Section and Smaller Subdivision 678 22.22 BLM Land Information System 679 22.23 Sources of Error 680 22.24 Mistakes 680 Problems 681 Bibliography 683

23 • CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS 685 23.1 Introduction 685 23.2 Specialized Equipment for Construction Surveys 686 23.3 Horizontal and Vertical Control 689 23.4 Staking Out a Pipeline 691 23.5 Staking Pipeline Grades 692 23.6 Staking Out a Building 694 23.7 Staking Out Highways 698 23.8 Other Construction Surveys 703 23.9 Construction Surveys Using Total Station Instruments 704 23.10 Construction Surveys Using GNSS Equipment 706 23.11 Machine Guidance and Control 709 23.12 As-Built Surveys with Laser Scanning 710 23.13 Sources of Error in Construction Surveys 711 23.14 Mistakes 712 Problems 712 Bibliography 714

24 • HORIZONTAL CURVES 715 24.1 Introduction 715 24.2 Degree of Circular Curve 716 24.3 Definitions and Derivation of Circular Curve Formulas 718 24.4 Circular Curve Stationing 720 24.5 General Procedure of Circular Curve Layout by Deflection Angles 721 24.6 Computing Deflection Angles and Chords 723 24.7 Notes for Circular Curve Layout by Deflection Angles and Incremental Chords 725 24.8 Detailed Procedures for Circular Curve Layout by Deflection Angles and Incremental Chords 726 24.9 Setups on Curve 727 24.10 Metric Circular Curves by Deflection Angles and Incremental Chords 728 24.11 Circular Curve Layout by Deflection Angles and Total Chords 730 24.12 Computation of Coordinates on a Circular Curve 731 24.13 Circular Curve Layout by Coordinates 733 24.14 Curve Stakeout Using GNSS Receivers and Robotic Total Stations 738 24.15 Circular Curve Layout by Offsets 739 24.16 Special Circular Curve Problems 742 24.17 Compound and Reverse Curves 743 24.18 Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves 743 24.19 Spirals 744 24.20 Computation of “As-Built” Circular Alignments 749 24.21 Sources of Error in Laying Out Circular Curves 752 24.22 Mistakes 752 Problems 753 Bibliography 755

25 • VERTICAL CURVES 757 25.1 Introduction 757 25.2 General Equation of a Vertical Parabolic Curve 758 25.3 Equation of an Equal Tangent Vertical Parabolic Curve 759 25.4 High or Low Point on a Vertical Curve 761 25.5 Vertical Curve Computations Using the Tangent Offset Equation 761 25.6 Equal Tangent Property of a Parabola 765 25.7 Curve Computations by Proportion 766 25.8 Staking a Vertical Parabolic Curve 766 25.9 Machine Control in Grading Operations 767 25.10 Computations for an Unequal Tangent Vertical Curve 767 25.11 Designing a Curve to Pass Through a Fixed Point 770 25.12 Sight Distance 771 25.13 Sources of Error in Laying Out Vertical Curves 773 25.14 Mistakes 774 Problems 774 Bibliography 776

26 • VOLUMES 777 26.1 Introduction 777 26.2 Methods of Volume Measurement 777 26.3 The Cross-Section Method 778 26.4 Types of Cross Sections 779 26.5 Average-End-Area Formula 780 26.6 Determining End Areas 781 26.7 Computing Slope Intercepts 784 26.8 Prismoidal Formula 786 26.9 Volume Computations 788 26.10 Unit-Area, or Borrow-Pit, Method 790 26.11 Contour-Area Method 791 26.12 Measuring Volumes of Water Discharge 793 26.13 Software 794 26.14 Sources of Error in Determining Volumes 795 26.15 Mistakes 795 Problems 795 Bibliography 798

27 • PHOTOGRAMMETRY 799 27.1 Introduction 799 27.2 Uses of Photogrammetry 800 27.3 Aerial Cameras 801 27.4 Types of Aerial Photographs 803 27.5 Vertical Aerial Photographs 804 27.6 Scale of a Vertical Photograph 806 27.7 Ground Coordinates from a Single Vertical Photograph 810 27.8 Relief Displacement on a Vertical Photograph 811 27.9 Flying Height of a Vertical Photograph 813 27.10 Stereoscopic Parallax 814 27.11 Stereoscopic Viewing 817 27.12 Stereoscopic Measurement of Parallax 819 27.13 Analytical Photogrammetry 820 27.14 Stereoscopic Plotting Instruments 821 27.15 Orthophotos 826 27.16 Ground Control for Photogrammetry 827 27.17 Flight Planning 828 27.18 Airborne Laser-Mapping Systems 830 27.19 Remote Sensing 831 27.20 Software 837 27.21 Sources of Error in Photogrammetry 838 27.22 Mistakes 838 Problems 839 Bibliography 842

28 • INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS 843 28.1 Introduction 843 28.2 Land Information Systems 846 28.3 GIS Data Sources and Classifications 846 28.4 Spatial Data 846 28.5 Nonspatial Data 852 28.6 Data Format Conversions 853 28.7 Creating GIS Databases 856 28.8 Metadata 862 28.9 GIS Analytical Functions 862 28.10 GIS Applications 867 28.11 Data Sources 867 Problems 869 Bibliography 871

APPENDIX A • DUMPY LEVELS, TRANSITS, AND THEODOLITES 873 APPENDIX B • EXAMPLE NOTEFORMS 888 APPENDIX C • ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS 895 APPENDIX D • USING THE WORKSHEETS FROM THE COMPANION WEBSITE 911 APPENDIX E • INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES 917 APPENDIX F • U.S. STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM DEFINING PARAMETERS 923 APPENDIX G • ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 927 INDEX 933

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Solution Manual for Elementary Surveying An Introduction to Geomatics 13th Edition by Ghilani

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