#Introduction to Geomatics

[civilianztvm]

Understanding the GATE Civil Exam Pattern and Syllabus: A Comprehensive Breakdown for Success with the Best GATE Coaching Centre in Kerala

Preparing for the GATE Civil Engineering exam can be daunting, especially with the vast syllabus and challenging exam pattern. To excel, it’s essential to understand the GATE Civil exam pattern and syllabus thoroughly. This blog will provide a detailed guide on the exam structure and offer valuable tips on how to approach your preparation. Whether you’re aiming to enroll in the best GATE coaching centre in Kerala or prefer self-study, understanding these elements is crucial for your success.

 Introduction to the GATE Civil Exam Pattern

The GATE (Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering) is a highly competitive exam that tests the comprehensive understanding of various undergraduate subjects in engineering and science. For aspiring civil engineers, GATE offers a gateway to advanced education and promising career opportunities. To maximize your performance, it’s essential to grasp the exam pattern before diving into the syllabus.

The GATE Civil Engineering exam consists of three types of questions: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs), Multiple Select Questions (MSQs), and Numerical Answer Type (NAT) questions. The exam is conducted online and has a duration of 3 hours, with a total of 65 questions worth 100 marks. The paper is divided into two sections: General Aptitude and Civil Engineering subjects. General Aptitude accounts for 15% of the total marks, while Civil Engineering subjects cover the remaining 85%. Understanding this structure can significantly impact your preparation strategy.

 1. Detailed Breakdown of the GATE Civil Syllabus

The GATE Civil syllabus is vast, covering a wide range of topics that test both your theoretical knowledge and practical application skills. The syllabus includes sections on Engineering Mathematics, Structural Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Water Resources Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Transportation Engineering, and Geomatics Engineering. Each section has its own weightage, making it essential to allocate your study time effectively.

Engineering Mathematics, for instance, forms the foundation of many civil engineering concepts, making it a critical area to focus on. Topics like Linear Algebra, Calculus, and Differential Equations often carry significant weight. Similarly, Structural Engineering, with its emphasis on materials and structures, requires a deep understanding and regular practice. By enrolling in the best GATE coaching centre in Kerala, you can receive expert guidance on how to approach these sections effectively.

 2. Importance of Time Management in GATE Preparation

Time management is crucial when preparing for the GATE Civil exam. With a vast syllabus and limited time, it’s easy to feel overwhelmed. One effective strategy is to create a study plan that allocates time based on the weightage of different sections. Prioritize topics that carry more marks and require more in-depth understanding, such as Structural and Geotechnical Engineering.

Joining a GATE coaching in Kerala can provide you with a structured study plan, helping you to manage your time more effectively. Regular practice tests, which mimic the actual exam conditions, can also help you gauge your time management skills and adjust your strategy accordingly.

 3. Role of Mock Tests and Previous Year Question Papers

Practicing with mock tests and previous year question papers is one of the most effective ways to prepare for the GATE Civil exam. These resources give you a clear idea of the exam pattern, the types of questions asked, and the level of difficulty. They also help you identify your strengths and weaknesses, allowing you to focus on areas that need improvement.

By regularly taking mock tests, you can improve your speed and accuracy, which are crucial for success in the GATE exam. The best GATE coaching centre in Kerala typically offers a series of mock tests and detailed feedback, which can greatly enhance your preparation. Reviewing previous years' question papers also helps you understand the trends in question types and the recurring topics, giving you an edge in your preparation.

 4. Benefits of Expert Guidance and Coaching

While self-study is an option, expert guidance can make a significant difference in your GATE preparation. Enrolling in a reputed GATE coaching in Kerala provides you with access to experienced faculty, structured study materials, and a supportive learning environment. Coaching centres often offer personalized mentoring, doubt-clearing sessions, and peer interaction, all of which contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the subjects.

The best GATE coaching centre in Kerala will also keep you updated with the latest changes in the exam pattern and syllabus, ensuring that your preparation is aligned with the current requirements. Expert coaching can also help you develop a strategic approach to tackling the exam, focusing on high-yield topics and effective time management.

 5. Stress Management and Maintaining a Balanced Study Routine

Preparing for the GATE Civil exam can be stressful, but managing stress is key to maintaining a balanced study routine. It’s important to take regular breaks, engage in physical activities, and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Stress management techniques such as meditation, deep breathing exercises, and adequate sleep can help you stay focused and motivated throughout your preparation.

A balanced study routine that includes both intensive study sessions and relaxation can enhance your productivity and retention. The best GATE coaching centre in Kerala often emphasizes the importance of mental well-being alongside academic preparation, offering tips and resources to help you manage stress effectively.

 Conclusion

Understanding the GATE Civil exam pattern and syllabus is the first step toward effective preparation. By breaking down the syllabus into manageable sections, practicing with mock tests, and seeking expert guidance, you can enhance your chances of success. Whether you choose self-study or opt for the best GATE coaching centre in Kerala, a well-structured approach, combined with consistent effort, will lead you to achieve your goals. Remember, the key to cracking the GATE Civil exam lies in understanding the exam’s structure, effective time management, and maintaining a balanced study routine.

[harsha07]

Sabaragamuwa University

Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka (SUSL), established in 1991, is a distinguished tertiary education institution located in the scenic Belihuloya area of Sabaragamuwa Province. Despite being one of the youngest universities in Sri Lanka, SUSL has rapidly earned a reputation for its dedication to academic excellence and research innovation.

Offering a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs, SUSL covers fields such as natural sciences, social sciences, humanities, management studies, and agricultural sciences. The university encompasses several faculties, including Agriculture, Applied Sciences, Management Studies, Social Sciences and Languages, and Geomatics. In 2022, SUSL expanded its academic offerings with the introduction of the Faculty of Computing.

SUSL places a strong emphasis on research and innovation, hosting various research centers and institutes that focus on environmental conservation, sustainable agriculture, indigenous medicine, and cultural heritage preservation. These centers are pivotal in advancing knowledge and addressing critical global issues.

The university is committed to providing a supportive and engaging learning environment. It employs student-centered teaching methodologies and offers state-of-the-art facilities, ensuring that students have ample opportunities for extracurricular involvement. SUSL aims to develop well-rounded graduates who possess the skills, knowledge, and ethical values necessary to meet contemporary challenges.

For more information about SUSL, visit their website.

[virgosstudy]

a wild virgo appeared!

i saw someone else make an introductions post, and i thought it was a cool idea and wanted to make one as well! name: virgo pronouns: they/them age: 22 location: texas i am a surveying/engineering/geomatics student, studying part-time while working full-time at a land surveying firm here in texas. i’m working towards getting my associates degree so i can apply for my SIT (surveying in training) license, and then will go on to getting my bachelor’s so i can eventually get my RPLS (registered professional land surveyor) license. i likely have undiagnosed adhd, and have found that study blogs/videos/etc have helped me tremendously with holding myself accountable/keeping myself on track!

when i’m not studying/working, i’m usually playing video games like animal crossing, stardew valley, the sims, forager, minecraft, and other similar titles! i also enjoy penpaling, witchcraft, and hanging out in discord servers.

i’m super excited to get this blog started, and if anyone’s interesting in becoming pals, please don’t hesitate to message me! <3

[cewa-civileng]

Introduction to Geomatics and Basic Surveying | By Ashutosh Nautiyal

https://www.akhandduttaengineering.in/2020/09/introduction-to-geoinformatics.html

#civilengineering #engineering #construction #engineer #civil #architecture #civilengineer #building #engineers #civilengineers #mechanicalengineering #design #concrete #civilconstruction #structuralengineering #engenharia #engenhariacivil #akhanddutta #civilengineeringstudent #jee #jeemain #electricalengineering #structure #technology #civilengineeringworld #architect #civilengineeringstudents #engcivil #civilengineeringwithakhanddutta #ashutoshnautiyal

[thepoison-theapple]

Introduction to Shayna Cacciotti

Hello! My name is Shayna. I am a student at the University of Ottawa, studying Geography and Geomatics with a minor in Indigenous Studies. I hope to one day be a high school teacher! I am a new research assistant for La poison et la pomme, working on a very exciting project with my partner, Emily. In the summers I work as a beekeeper and during the school year I work in outdoor retail. I love the outdoors and all the experiential learning opportunities that can be found spending time outside. I find that time outside can be healing and calming, or heart-pounding and challenging, and I value both of these experiences equally.

I spend most of my time doing homework, but when I am able to claw my way out from under the pile of readings (wow, am I a slow reader), I like to do a lot of things: painting, drawing, embroidery, yoga, running, climbing, nature walks, everything! I also love spending time with my family, my friends, and my pets. Continuous learning is a must, as I believe it is the most important part of life and personal growth. If you aren’t learning, what are you doing?

In the past, I have worked as an outdoor educator and I loved the freedom and organic learning children, youth and adults alike were able to partake in. I was able to see kids explore new leadership opportunities that had otherwise not been within their reach in traditional school settings. This experience reaffirmed what I had already known about the power of nature, and it was incredibly enriching.

My favourite activities to do outside include hiking and backpacking, running and just hanging out, enjoying the space around me. There is something about type two fun – the fun that is really not fun during the activity but always seems more fun in memory – that is especially intoxicating. Working incredibly hard just to bring yourself from point A to point B for literally no reason at all is weirdly… thrilling. Nothing else in the world matters! The freedom of allowing myself to be in nature without any other distractions is like a factory reset for my emotional and psychological health.

I plan to bring the love I have for nature into my work with LPLP, and I am grateful for the experience and creative freedom we get to exercise working with a young organization. I am excited for what’s to come and for the learning, growing and challenges we will get to accomplish along the way. It was a pleasure to meet you!

[theprimeproject-blog1]

Solution Manual for Elementary Surveying An Introduction to Geomatics 13th Edition by Ghilani

This is Full Solution Manual for Elementary Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics, 13th Edition Charles D. Ghilani

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Origin Book information:

Charles D. Ghilani

Hardcover: 984 pages

Publisher: Prentice Hall; 13 edition (January 8, 2011)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 0132554348

ISBN-13: 978-0132554343

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Table of Contents

1 • INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Definition of Surveying 1 1.2 Geomatics 3 1.3 History of Surveying 4 1.4 Geodetic and Plane Surveys 9 1.5 Importance of Surveying 10 1.6 Specialized Types of Surveys 11 1.7 Surveying Safety 13 1.8 Land and Geographic Information Systems 14 1.9 Federal Surveying and Mapping Agencies 15 1.10 The Surveying Profession 16 1.11 Professional Surveying Organizations 17 1.12 Surveying on the Internet 18 1.13 Future Challenges in Surveying 19 Problems 20 Bibliography 21

2 • UNITS, SIGNIFICANT FIGURES, AND FIELD NOTES 23 PART I UNITS AND SIGNIFICANT FIGURES 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Units of Measurement 23 2.3 International System of Units (SI) 25 2.4 Significant Figures 27 2.5 Rounding Off Numbers 29 PART II FIELD NOTES 30 2.6 Field Notes 30 2.7 General Requirements of Handwritten Field Notes 31 2.8 Types of Field Books 32 2.9 Kinds of Notes 33 2.10 Arrangements of Notes 33 2.11 Suggestions for Recording Notes 35 2.12 Introduction to Data Collectors 36 2.13 Transfer of Files from Data Collectors 39 2.14 Digital Data File Management 41 2.15 Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Collectors 42 Problems 43 Bibliography 44

3 • THEORY OF ERRORS IN OBSERVATIONS 45 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Direct and Indirect Observations 45 3.3 Errors in Measurements 46 3.4 Mistakes 46 3.5 Sources of Errors in Making Observations 47 3.6 Types of Errors 47 3.7 Precision and Accuracy 48 3.8 Eliminating Mistakes and Systematic Errors 49 3.9 Probability 49 3.10 Most Probable Value 50 3.11 Residuals 51 3.12 Occurrence of Random Errors 51 3.13 General Laws of Probability 55 3.14 Measures of Precision 55 3.15 Interpretation of Standard Deviation 58 3.16 The 50, 90, and 95 Percent Errors 58 3.17 Error Propagation 60 3.18 Applications 65 3.19 Conditional Adjustment of Observations 65 3.20 Weights of Observations 66 3.21 Least-Squares Adjustment 67 3.22 Using Software 68 Problems 69 Bibliography 71

4 • LEVELING–THEORY, METHODS, AND EQUIPMENT 73 PART I LEVELING–THEORY AND METHODS 73 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Definitions 73 4.3 North American Vertical Datum 75 4.4 Curvature and Refraction 76 4.5 Methods for Determining Differences in Elevation 78 PART II EQUIPMENT FOR DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING 85 4.6 Categories of Levels 85 4.7 Telescopes 86 4.8 Level Vials 87 4.9 Tilting Levels 89 4.10 Automatic Levels 90 4.11 Digital Levels 91 4.12 Tripods 93 4.13 Hand Level 93 4.14 Level Rods 94 4.15 Testing and Adjusting Levels 96 Problems 100 Bibliography 102

5 • LEVELING–FIELD PROCEDURES AND COMPUTATIONS 103 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Carrying and Setting Up a Level 103 5.3 Duties of a Rodperson 105 5.4 Differential Leveling 106 5.5 Precision 112 5.6 Adjustments of Simple Level Circuits 113 5.7 Reciprocal Leveling 114 5.8 Three-Wire Leveling 115 5.9 Profile Leveling 117 5.10 Grid, Cross-Section, or Borrow-Pit Leveling 121 5.11 Use of the Hand Level 122 5.12 Sources of Error in Leveling 122 5.13 Mistakes 124 5.14 Reducing Errors and Eliminating Mistakes 125 5.15 Using Software 125 Problems 127 Bibliography 129

6 • DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 131 PART I METHODS FOR MEASURING DISTANCES 131 6.1 Introduction 131 6.2 Summary of Methods for Making Linear Measurements 131 6.3 Pacing 132 6.4 Odometer Readings 132 6.5 Optical Rangefinders 133 6.6 Tacheometry 133 6.7 Subtense Bar 133 PART II DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS BY TAPING 133 6.8 Introduction to Taping 133 6.9 Taping Equipment and Accessories 134 6.10 Care of Taping Equipment 135 6.11 Taping on Level Ground 136 6.12 Horizontal Measurements on Sloping Ground 138 6.13 Slope Measurements 140 6.14 Sources of Error in Taping 141 6.15 Tape Problems 145 6.16 Combined Corrections in a Taping Problem 147 PART III ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 148 6.17 Introduction 148 6.18 Propagation of Electromagnetic Energy 149 6.19 Principles of Electronic Distance Measurement 152 6.20 Electro-Optical Instruments 153 6.21 Total Station Instruments 156 6.22 EDM Instruments Without Reflectors 157 6.23 Computing Horizontal Lengths from Slope Distances 158 6.24 Errors in Electronic Distance Measurement 160 6.25 Using Software 165 Problems 165 Bibliography 168

7 • ANGLES, AZIMUTHS, AND BEARINGS 169 7.1 Introduction 169 7.2 Units of Angle Measurement 169 7.3 Kinds of Horizontal Angles 170 7.4 Direction of a Line 171 7.5 Azimuths 172 7.6 Bearings 173 7.7 Comparison of Azimuths and Bearings 174 7.8 Computing Azimuths 175 7.9 Computing Bearings 177 7.10 The Compass and the Earth’s Magnetic Field 179 7.11 Magnetic Declination 180 7.12 Variations in Magnetic Declination 181 7.13 Software for Determining Magnetic Declination 183 7.14 Local Attraction 184 7.15 Typical Magnetic Declination Problems 185 7.16 Mistakes 187 Problems 187 Bibliography 189

8 • TOTAL STATION INSTRUMENTS; ANGLE OBSERVATIONS 191 PART I TOTAL STATION INSTRUMENTS 191 8.1 Introduction 191 8.2 Characteristics of Total Station Instruments 191 8.3 Functions Performed by Total Station Instruments 194 8.4 Parts of a Total Station Instrument 195 8.5 Handling and Setting Up a Total Station Instrument 199 8.6 Servo-Driven and Remotely Operated Total Station Instruments 201 PART II ANGLE OBSERVATIONS 203 8.7 Relationship of Angles and Distances 203 8.8 Observing Horizontal Angles with Total Station Instruments 204 8.9 Observing Horizontal Angles by the Direction Method 206 8.10 Closing the Horizon 207 8.11 Observing Deflection Angles 209 8.12 Observing Azimuths 211 8.13 Observing Vertical Angles 211 8.14 Sights and Marks 213 8.15 Prolonging a Straight Line 214 8.16 Balancing-In 216 8.17 Random Traverse 217 8.18 Total Stations for Determining Elevation Differences 218 8.19 Adjustment of Total Station Instruments and Their Accessories 219 8.20 Sources of Error in Total Station Work 222 8.21 Propagation of Random Errors in Angle Observations 228 8.22 Mistakes 228 Problems 229 Bibliography 230

9 • TRAVERSING 231 9.1 Introduction 231 9.2 Observation of Traverse Angles or Directions 233 9.3 Observation of Traverse Lengths 234 9.4 Selection of Traverse Stations 235 9.5 Referencing Traverse Stations 235 9.6 Traverse Field Notes 237 9.7 Angle Misclosure 238 9.8 Traversing with Total Station Instruments 239 9.9 Radial Traversing 240 9.10 Sources of Error in Traversing 241 9.11 Mistakes in Traversing 242 Problems 242

10 • TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS 245 10.1 Introduction 245 10.2 Balancing Angles 246 10.3 Computation of Preliminary Azimuths or Bearings 248 10.4 Departures and Latitudes 249 10.5 Departure and Latitude Closure Conditions 251 10.6 Traverse Linear Misclosure and Relative Precision 251 10.7 Traverse Adjustment 252 10.8 Rectangular Coordinates 255 10.9 Alternative Methods for Making Traverse Computations 256 10.10 Inversing 260 10.11 Computing Final Adjusted Traverse Lengths and Directions 261 10.12 Coordinate Computations in Boundary Surveys 263 10.13 Use of Open Traverses 265 10.14 State Plane Coordinate Systems 268 10.15 Traverse Computations Using Computers 269 10.16 Locating Blunders in Traverse Observations 269 10.17 Mistakes in Traverse Computations 272 Problems 272 Bibliography 275

11 • COORDINATE GEOMETRY IN SURVEYING CALCULATIONS 277 11.1 Introduction 277 11.2 Coordinate Forms of Equations for Lines and Circles 278 11.3 Perpendicular Distance from a Point to a Line 280 11.4 Intersection of Two Lines, Both Having Known Directions 282 11.5 Intersection of a Line with a Circle 284 11.6 Intersection of Two Circles 287 11.7 Three-Point Resection 289 11.8 Two-Dimensional Conformal Coordinate Transformation 292 11.9 Inaccessible Point Problem 297 11.10 Three-Dimensional Two-Point Resection 299 11.11 Software 302 Problems 303 Bibliography 307

12 • AREA 309 12.1 Introduction 309 12.2 Methods of Measuring Area 309 12.3 Area by Division Into Simple Figures 310 12.4 Area by Offsets from Straight Lines 311 12.5 Area by Coordinates 313 12.6 Area by Double-Meridian Distance Method 317 12.7 Area of Parcels with Circular Boundaries 320 12.8 Partitioning of Lands 321 12.9 Area by Measurements from Maps 325 12.10 Software 327 12.11 Sources of Error in Determining Areas 328 12.12 Mistakes in Determining Areas 328 Problems 328 Bibliography 330

13 • GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS—INTRODUCTION AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 331 13.1 Introduction 331 13.2 Overview of GPS 332 13.3 The GPS Signal 335 13.4 Reference Coordinate Systems 337 13.5 Fundamentals of Satellite Positioning 345 13.6 Errors in Observations 348 13.7 Differential Positioning 356 13.8 Kinematic Methods 358 13.9 Relative Positioning 359 13.10 Other Satellite Navigation Systems 362 13.11 The Future 364 Problems 365 Bibliography 366

14 • GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS—STATIC SURVEYS 367 14.1 Introduction 367 14.2 Field Procedures in Satellite Surveys 369 14.3 Planning Satellite Surveys 372 14.4 Performing Static Surveys 384 14.5 Data Processing and Analysis 386 14.6 Sources of Errors in Satellite Surveys 393 14.7 Mistakes in Satellite Surveys 395 Problems 395 Bibliography 397

15 • GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS—KINEMATIC SURVEYS 399 15.1 Introduction 399 15.2 Planning of Kinematic Surveys 400 15.3 Initialization 402 15.4 Equipment Used in Kinematic Surveys 403 15.5 Methods Used in Kinematic Surveys 405 15.6 Performing Post-Processed Kinematic Surveys 408 15.7 Communication in Real-Time Kinematic Surveys 411 15.8 Real-Time Networks 412 15.9 Performing Real-Time Kinematic Surveys 413 15.10 Machine Control 414 15.11 Errors in Kinematic Surveys 418 15.12 Mistakes in Kinematic Surveys 418 Problems 418 Bibliography 419

16 • ADJUSTMENTS BY LEAST SQUARES 421 16.1 Introduction 421 16.2 Fundamental Condition of Least Squares 423 16.3 Least-Squares Adjustment by the Observation Equation Method 424 16.4 Matrix Methods in Least-Squares Adjustment 428 16.5 Matrix Equations for Precisions of Adjusted Quantities 430 16.6 Least-Squares Adjustment of Leveling Circuits 432 16.7 Propagation of Errors 436 16.8 Least-Squares Adjustment of GNSS Baseline Vectors 437 16.9 Least-Squares Adjustment of Conventional Horizontal Plane Surveys 443 16.10 The Error Ellipse 452 16.11 Adjustment Procedures 457 16.12 Other Measures of Precision for Horizontal Stations 458 16.13 Software 460 16.14 Conclusions 460 Problems 461 Bibliography 466

17 • MAPPING SURVEYS 467 17.1 Introduction 467 17.2 Basic Methods for Performing Mapping Surveys 468 17.3 Map Scale 468 17.4 Control for Mapping Surveys 470 17.5 Contours 471 17.6 Characteristics of Contours 474 17.7 Direct and Indirect Methods of Locating Contours 474 17.8 Digital Elevation Models and Automated Contouring Systems 477 17.9 Basic Field Methods for Locating Topographic Details 479 17.10 Three-Dimensional Conformal Coordinate Transformation 488 17.11 Selection of Field Method 489 17.12 Working with Data Collectors and Field-to-Finish Software 490 17.13 Hydrographic Surveys 493 17.14 Sources of Error in Mapping Surveys 497 17.15 Mistakes in Mapping Surveys 498 Problems 498 Bibliography 500

18 • MAPPING 503 18.1 Introduction 503 18.2 Availability of Maps and Related Information 504 18.3 National Mapping Program 505 18.4 Accuracy Standards for Mapping 505 18.5 Manual and Computer-Aided Drafting Procedures 507 18.6 Map Design 508 18.7 Map Layout 510 18.8 Basic Map Plotting Procedures 512 18.9 Contour Interval 514 18.10 Plotting Contours 514 18.11 Lettering 515 18.12 Cartographic Map Elements 516 18.13 Drafting Materials 519 18.14 Automated Mapping and Computer-Aided Drafting Systems 519 18.15 Impacts of Modern Land and Geographic Information Systems on Mapping 525 18.16 Sources of Error in Mapping 526 18.17 Mistakes in Mapping 526 Problems 526 Bibliography 528

19 • CONTROL SURVEYS AND GEODETIC REDUCTIONS 529 19.1 Introduction 529 19.2 The Ellipsoid and Geoid 530 19.3 The Conventional Terrestrial Pole 532 19.4 Geodetic Position and Ellipsoidal Radii of Curvature 534 19.5 Geoid Undulation and Deflection of the Vertical 536 19.6 U.S. Reference Frames 538 19.7 Accuracy Standards and Specifications for Control Surveys 547 19.8 The National Spatial Reference System 550 19.9 Hierarchy of the National Horizontal Control Network 550 19.10 Hierarchy of the National Vertical Control Network 551 19.11 Control Point Descriptions 551 19.12 Field Procedures for Traditional Horizontal Control Surveys 554 19.13 Field Procedures for Vertical Control Surveys 559 19.14 Reduction of Field Observations to Their Geodetic Values 564 19.15 Geodetic Position Computations 577 19.16 The Local Geodetic Coordinate System 580 19.17 Three-Dimensional Coordinate Computations 581 19.18 Software 584 Problems 584 Bibliography 587

20 • STATE PLANE COORDINATES AND OTHER MAP PROJECTIONS 589 20.1 Introduction 589 20.2 Projections Used in State Plane Coordinate Systems 590 20.3 Lambert Conformal Conic Projection 593 20.4 Transverse Mercator Projection 594 20.5 State Plane Coordinates in NAD27 and NAD83 595 20.6 Computing SPCS83 Coordinates in the Lambert Conformal Conic System 596 20.7 Computing SPCS83 Coordinates in the Transverse Mercator System 601 20.8 Reduction of Distances and Angles to State Plane Coordinate Grids 608 20.9 Computing State Plane Coordinates of Traverse Stations 617 20.10 Surveys Extending from One Zone to Another 620 20.11 Conversions Between SPCS27 and SPCS83 621 20.12 The Universal Transverse Mercator Projection 622 20.13 Other Map Projections 623 20.14 Map Projection Software 627 Problems 628 Bibliography 631

21 • BOUNDARY SURVEYS 633 21.1 Introduction 633 21.2 Categories of Land Surveys 634 21.3 Historical Perspectives 635 21.4 Property Description by Metes and Bounds 636 21.5 Property Description by Block-and-Lot System 639 21.6 Property Description by Coordinates 641 21.7 Retracement Surveys 641 21.8 Subdivision Surveys 644 21.9 Partitioning Land 646 21.10 Registration of Title 647 21.11 Adverse Possession and Easements 648 21.12 Condominium Surveys 648 21.13 Geographic and Land Information Systems 655 21.14 Sources of Error in Boundary Surveys 655 21.15 Mistakes 655 Problems 656 Bibliography 658

22 • SURVEYS OF THE PUBLIC LANDS 659 22.1 Introduction 659 22.2 Instructions for Surveys of the Public Lands 660 22.3 Initial Point 663 22.4 Principal Meridian 664 22.5 Baseline 665 22.6 Standard Parallels (Correction Lines) 666 22.7 Guide Meridians 666 22.8 Township Exteriors, Meridional (Range) Lines, and Latitudinal (Township) Lines 667 22.9 Designation of Townships 668 22.10 Subdivision of a Quadrangle into Townships 668 22.11 Subdivision of a Township into Sections 670 22.12 Subdivision of Sections 671 22.13 Fractional Sections 672 22.14 Notes 672 22.15 Outline of Subdivision Steps 672 22.16 Marking Corners 674 22.17 Witness Corners 674 22.18 Meander Corners 675 22.19 Lost and Obliterated Corners 675 22.20 Accuracy of Public Lands Surveys 678 22.21 Descriptions by Township Section and Smaller Subdivision 678 22.22 BLM Land Information System 679 22.23 Sources of Error 680 22.24 Mistakes 680 Problems 681 Bibliography 683

23 • CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS 685 23.1 Introduction 685 23.2 Specialized Equipment for Construction Surveys 686 23.3 Horizontal and Vertical Control 689 23.4 Staking Out a Pipeline 691 23.5 Staking Pipeline Grades 692 23.6 Staking Out a Building 694 23.7 Staking Out Highways 698 23.8 Other Construction Surveys 703 23.9 Construction Surveys Using Total Station Instruments 704 23.10 Construction Surveys Using GNSS Equipment 706 23.11 Machine Guidance and Control 709 23.12 As-Built Surveys with Laser Scanning 710 23.13 Sources of Error in Construction Surveys 711 23.14 Mistakes 712 Problems 712 Bibliography 714

24 • HORIZONTAL CURVES 715 24.1 Introduction 715 24.2 Degree of Circular Curve 716 24.3 Definitions and Derivation of Circular Curve Formulas 718 24.4 Circular Curve Stationing 720 24.5 General Procedure of Circular Curve Layout by Deflection Angles 721 24.6 Computing Deflection Angles and Chords 723 24.7 Notes for Circular Curve Layout by Deflection Angles and Incremental Chords 725 24.8 Detailed Procedures for Circular Curve Layout by Deflection Angles and Incremental Chords 726 24.9 Setups on Curve 727 24.10 Metric Circular Curves by Deflection Angles and Incremental Chords 728 24.11 Circular Curve Layout by Deflection Angles and Total Chords 730 24.12 Computation of Coordinates on a Circular Curve 731 24.13 Circular Curve Layout by Coordinates 733 24.14 Curve Stakeout Using GNSS Receivers and Robotic Total Stations 738 24.15 Circular Curve Layout by Offsets 739 24.16 Special Circular Curve Problems 742 24.17 Compound and Reverse Curves 743 24.18 Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves 743 24.19 Spirals 744 24.20 Computation of “As-Built” Circular Alignments 749 24.21 Sources of Error in Laying Out Circular Curves 752 24.22 Mistakes 752 Problems 753 Bibliography 755

25 • VERTICAL CURVES 757 25.1 Introduction 757 25.2 General Equation of a Vertical Parabolic Curve 758 25.3 Equation of an Equal Tangent Vertical Parabolic Curve 759 25.4 High or Low Point on a Vertical Curve 761 25.5 Vertical Curve Computations Using the Tangent Offset Equation 761 25.6 Equal Tangent Property of a Parabola 765 25.7 Curve Computations by Proportion 766 25.8 Staking a Vertical Parabolic Curve 766 25.9 Machine Control in Grading Operations 767 25.10 Computations for an Unequal Tangent Vertical Curve 767 25.11 Designing a Curve to Pass Through a Fixed Point 770 25.12 Sight Distance 771 25.13 Sources of Error in Laying Out Vertical Curves 773 25.14 Mistakes 774 Problems 774 Bibliography 776

26 • VOLUMES 777 26.1 Introduction 777 26.2 Methods of Volume Measurement 777 26.3 The Cross-Section Method 778 26.4 Types of Cross Sections 779 26.5 Average-End-Area Formula 780 26.6 Determining End Areas 781 26.7 Computing Slope Intercepts 784 26.8 Prismoidal Formula 786 26.9 Volume Computations 788 26.10 Unit-Area, or Borrow-Pit, Method 790 26.11 Contour-Area Method 791 26.12 Measuring Volumes of Water Discharge 793 26.13 Software 794 26.14 Sources of Error in Determining Volumes 795 26.15 Mistakes 795 Problems 795 Bibliography 798

27 • PHOTOGRAMMETRY 799 27.1 Introduction 799 27.2 Uses of Photogrammetry 800 27.3 Aerial Cameras 801 27.4 Types of Aerial Photographs 803 27.5 Vertical Aerial Photographs 804 27.6 Scale of a Vertical Photograph 806 27.7 Ground Coordinates from a Single Vertical Photograph 810 27.8 Relief Displacement on a Vertical Photograph 811 27.9 Flying Height of a Vertical Photograph 813 27.10 Stereoscopic Parallax 814 27.11 Stereoscopic Viewing 817 27.12 Stereoscopic Measurement of Parallax 819 27.13 Analytical Photogrammetry 820 27.14 Stereoscopic Plotting Instruments 821 27.15 Orthophotos 826 27.16 Ground Control for Photogrammetry 827 27.17 Flight Planning 828 27.18 Airborne Laser-Mapping Systems 830 27.19 Remote Sensing 831 27.20 Software 837 27.21 Sources of Error in Photogrammetry 838 27.22 Mistakes 838 Problems 839 Bibliography 842

28 • INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS 843 28.1 Introduction 843 28.2 Land Information Systems 846 28.3 GIS Data Sources and Classifications 846 28.4 Spatial Data 846 28.5 Nonspatial Data 852 28.6 Data Format Conversions 853 28.7 Creating GIS Databases 856 28.8 Metadata 862 28.9 GIS Analytical Functions 862 28.10 GIS Applications 867 28.11 Data Sources 867 Problems 869 Bibliography 871

APPENDIX A • DUMPY LEVELS, TRANSITS, AND THEODOLITES 873 APPENDIX B • EXAMPLE NOTEFORMS 888 APPENDIX C • ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS 895 APPENDIX D • USING THE WORKSHEETS FROM THE COMPANION WEBSITE 911 APPENDIX E • INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES 917 APPENDIX F • U.S. STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM DEFINING PARAMETERS 923 APPENDIX G • ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 927 INDEX 933

[conservativedailynewsblog-blog]

Using Participatory GIS to Forge Links Between Local People's Perspectives and Conservation

Introduction

The mapping of indigenous lands to manage natural resources, and strengthen cultures is a recent phenomenon, having begun in Canada and Alaska in the 1960s and in other regions during the last decade and a half. (Chapin et. al. 2005). Ghana as a signatory to the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development in 1992 and subsequently ratifying the Convention of Biological Diversity have searched for participatory methods and practices that would help manage and protect their natural resources.

A practice considered significant in mapping these indigenous lands for biodiversity protection is the Participatory Geographical Information System (PGIS). This geomatic tool is a combination of Geographical Information Systems supported by Participatory Rural Appraisal Approach. In recent years, the term PGIS has become more popular and drawn an increasing attention of GIS researchers and practitioners, particularly in its application in the development and biodiversity conservation context in developing countries.

Biodiversity and Conservation Goals

The overall goal of this research is to assess the relevance of PGIS for the conservation of biodiversity at the village and local level by looking at conditions for PGIS and the conservation of the Buabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary. My objective in this project is to apply PGIS spatial tools to help conserve the Buabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary which is situated in the heart for the Nkoranza district of the Brong Ahafo region in Ghana.

The design of a participatory  buy ig followers geographic information system would be developed into an 'intelligent' GIS map depicting the areas cultural diversity using photographs, sound, video, cognitive maps and other audio visuals. The functionality of this approach is to support local cultural relationships and institutions, provide an opportunity for contemporary expression and innovation and ultimately attract tourist to the area to generate cash for the locals. PGIS would be valued for its practical efficiency and effectiveness, low cost, and its responsiveness to goals of empowerment and legitimacy in biodiversity conservation.

[symbiosis-geoinformatics]

Geoinformatics - A Unique Career Opportunity For Modern Indian Students!

Geoinformatics is the science and technology of developing and deploying information science infrastructure to address challenges in geography, cartography, geosciences, and other related fields of science and engineering. Students interested in the field have the opportunity to pursue MSc Geoinformatics in India.

Geoinformatics analyses geoinformation via computation and visualization. It has been defined as the science and technology concerned with the structure and character of spatial information, its capture, classification, qualification, storage, processing, portrayal, dissemination, and the infrastructure required to ensure optimal use of this information. 

Geomatics is a similar concept that includes geoinformatics, although geomatics focuses on surveying. The tools that enable the processes of gathering, interpreting, and displaying geographical data are at the heart of geoinformatics. Geomatics and geoinformatics incorporate and rely significantly on geodesy theory and practical applications.

Geoinformatics - A Brief Introduction to The Field And Its Scope

Agriculture, telecommunications, oil and gas, environmental management, forestry, public safety, infrastructure, logistics, and other industries are critical users of geospatial technology in India. The geospatial market is made up of four distinct components: 

Data

Software

Hardware

Services

Professionals in this discipline use electronics and communication technologies, including RADAR, G.S, remote sensing, and GIS, to research the earth's geographical conditions. It has resulted in the formation of various fields of study, including cartography, hydrology, and climatology. 

The developments in geoinformatics as a discipline have resulted in the majority of aerial photography today. Geographic information systems (GIS) specialists' primary responsibility is to apply suitable technology to map the digital data gathered and then derive information from the assembled data. 

The comprehensive maps contain several layers of information, and a profound grasp of the job-specific applications and programs is necessary to extract the most information from the available data. This sort of data has uses in government administration, architecture, engineering, and a range of other industries.

It is a sector with a wide range of job opportunities, both public and private. Companies such as Geoinfosys, Geospoc, TomTom, Dimension IGIS, Reliance Industries, Reliance Jio, Lavasa Corp, L&T, Suzlon, and Google Map are big recruiters in the private sector. 

If students are looking for career security and want to work in the government sector, they might work for the Ministry of Defence or the Ministry of the Environment. Other important recruiters in this industry include Natural Resource Management, the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, and the Meteorological Department.

Choosing The University For Your Geoinformatics Education

How do students choose the ideal institution when the curriculum is unique and full of potential? Before making such an important decision, there are a few things to consider. Students usually make the mistake of evaluating only one or two factors. However, aspects like curriculum, pedagogy, faculty, facilities and placement options make colleges worth their time and effort.

Symbiosis Institute of Geoinformatics or SIG Pune is one such institute where efforts are rewarded with a wealth of career opportunities from some of the most outstanding firms in the nation. Consider the following FIVE critical factors while choosing the most outstanding college to pursue Geoinformatics:

Industry-Oriented Curriculum

Students graduating from SIG Pune would benefit from industry professionals' expert information acquired and classified. A strong curriculum will provide a firm foundation for pupils to build their abilities and professions. The curriculum at SIG Pune is dynamic. It is constantly compared to the course material of top-rated colleges.

Outstanding Facilities

SIG Pune will provide students with facilities and infrastructure to help them succeed in the future. For example, laboratories and libraries may be located throughout campus to gain additional knowledge. On the other hand, students at SIG Pune have access to amenities that will enhance their entire learning experience through practical pedagogy.

Blended Pedagogy 

A well-rounded education ensures that students learn from books and hands-on experience. SIG Pune provides conclaves, seminars, and regular academic work to assist students to learn more. In addition, practical learning modalities such as field visits, coursework, and case studies are recommended to ensure effective learning.

Internships

Only through hands-on experience will students put their knowledge to the test. An internship is a practical way to put skills to work. Internships at SIG Pune will provide students with an on-the-job experience that will allow them to hone their talents even more. It will also enable students to contact a firm that interests them.

Placements

Finally, students must determine the best way to begin their profession. SIG Pune will provide students with a well-deserved chance to start creating a mark in the business. They will get offers from the industry's most prominent brands, ensuring that their career begins with the best possible start.

Geoinformatics is a highly technical area that requires professional expertise. Students with a background in engineering, science, geography, geology, agriculture, environment, forestry engineering, information technology, or computer science can pursue an MSc in Geoinformatics.

So, consider the field for a prosperous career and start your Masters in Geoinformatics with SIG Pune now!

[cscclibrary]

[Horizontal rectangular graphic. The background is a gradient of yellow-green, darker on the left to lighter on the right, with a repeating pattern of lavender-gray stylized leaves. A transparent white rectangle in the center contains dark blue, purple, and gray text: “New Items / January 2022 / Main Campus Library / Delaware Learning Center / Columbus State Library | library.cscc.edu”.]

We’ve got tons of new items this month! These are held in our main campus location unless otherwise specified.

Modern Epidemics: From the Spanish Flu to COVID-19 [Delaware]

Epidemics and Pandemics: From Ancient Plagues to Modern-Day Threats [Delaware]

Phlebotomy Essentials

Darby and Walsh Dental Hygiene: Theory and Practice

Uniquely Human: A Different Way of Seeing Autism

Hartmann & Kester's Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices

Document Smart: The A-To-Z Guide to Better Nursing Documentation

The Electronic Health Record for the Physician's Office for Simchart for the Medical Office

How to Read a Financial Report: Wringing Vital Signs out of the Numbers

Fundamentals of Building Construction: Materials and Methods

Building Construction Illustrated

Residential Construction Academy Carpentry

I Too Sing America: The Harlem Renaissance at 100, by Columbus author Wil Haygood

The Course of Landscape Architecture: A History of our Designs on the Natural World, from Prehistory to the Present

Encyclopedia of Landscape Design: Planning, Building, and Planting your Perfect Outdoor Space

Green Building Illustrated

An Experiment in Criticism, by C.S. Lewis

Representative American Speeches

The Ethics of Microaggression

Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew

Jesus and John Wayne: How White Evangelicals Corrupted a Faith and Fractured a Nation

Sociology, by Jay Gabler

Belly of the Beast: The Politics of Anti-Fatness as Anti-Blackness

A History of Hate in Ohio: Then and Now, by Michael E. Brooks and Bob Fitrakis, Professor of Social Sciences at Columbus State

Fat Activism: A Radical Social Movement

Callous Objects: Designs against the Homeless

Women's Rights in the United States: A History in Documents

Politics of Empowerment: Disability Rights and the Cycle of American Policy Reform

From the Folks Who Brought You the Weekend: An Illustrated History of Labor in the United States

Waste Management: A Reference Handbook

A Research Agenda for Sustainable Tourism

Enabling Acts: The Hidden Story of How the Americans With Disabilities Act Gave the Largest US Minority its Rights

Racism: Science & Tools for the Public Health Professional

Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor

Natural Born Celebrities: Serial Killers in American Culture

Disfigured: On Fairy Tales, Disability, and Making Space

Elementary Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics

Surveying: Principles and Applications

The Freshwater Mussels of Ohio

New items at our downtown campus location are housed on the second floor of Columbus Hall. Click here to search our catalog for more great books, ebooks, and DVDs, or visit our homepage to access virtual services and electronic resources!