#cfc 88

[hamliet]

Two Dragons Biting Each Other: Case File Compendium’s Alchemy

What’s something most danmei novels, some C-Dramas, Shakespeare’s works, several animes, and western fantasy series like The Witcher and A Song of Ice and Fire all have in common?

They’re all structured around the mythical process of alchemy!

I’ve talked extensively about alchemy in the American anime RWBY, as well as touched on it for other stories. It’s an allusive story structure that is extremely common worldwide yet rarely talked about--Harry Potter’s based on it, as are A Song of Ice and Fire, Lord of the Rings, and The Witcher. Shakespeare used it to write plays like Romeo and Juliet, Cymbeline, and A Winter’s Tale. Manga like BNHA have faint allusions to it, even if alchemy does not form the actual structure, and movies like Titanic also faintly reference it. It’s also very, very much a thing in most danmei novels I’ve read--all three of MXTX’s works use it, though MDZS and TGCF are more explicit about it--and in c-dramas like The Sleuth of the Ming Dynasty. Which is not really surprising because xianxia in particular is based on Taoism, from which Chinese alchemy also springs.

Meatbun heavily uses alchemy in Erha (literally the name of Sisheng Peak’s hall is Alchemy Heart Hall, Chu Wanning is a literal homonculus, etc; it’s not subtle and someday I’ll do a post on how the main ‘family’ of Sisheng Peak all have explicit imagery indicating they represent different stages in alchemy). This is to say, Meatbun is very clearly aware of what alchemy is and deliberately incorporating it into her works.

She’s also using it fairly heavily in Case File Compendium, which is interesting because alchemy is, well, most commonly used in fantasy stories. CFC has some sci-fi elements, but it’s largely set in a version of the real world, which makes it unusual but all the more interesting.

Western alchemy and Eastern alchemy are pretty similar, though the latter has five elements that interact differently than the west’s four elements. The goal of alchemy in either case is the Philosopher’s Stone, which is understood to be able to do three things: turn base metals into gold, create an elixir of life, and create a homonculus (a person out of something non-living). Chinese alchemy in particular generally focuses more on the elixir than anything else; in fact, it has its roots in Taoist medicine (fitting for Xie Qingcheng’s profession). Eastern alchemy also focuses on purification of the soul, which would influence Jung’s “spiritual” (psychological) alchemy theories, which apply to literary analysis better than they do in real life.

The elixir of life is a substance produced through repeated cycles of solve et coagula: dissolve the substance, coagulate it again, and with each cycle it becomes more and more purified. Through this process, an elixir that can cure any disease and sometimes grant immortality is produced. The process has different “stages” that can vary across works, but the main principle--solve et coagula--remains the same.

So let’s talk the specific symbolism and how it’s used thus far in CFC.

Mind, Heart/Spirit, Body

I talked briefly about this in my review for CFC, but in short, in an alchemical story most couples (romantic or otherwise) are “marked” as heart/spirit, mind/soul, and if there’s a third tagalong, they’re usually body.

So how are characters marked? Colors, traits, and sometimes elements. Mind is associated with white; heart with red. A heart character is almost always your protagonist and is brave to the point of foolishness, emotional, etc.  A mind character is much more reserved. Think about, for example, five couples in danmei, and the colors schemes and traits associated with them:

Shen Qingqiu (white and green; reserved, plotting, struggles with empathy) and Luo Binghe (red and black; overly emotional crybaby)

Wei Wuxian (red and black; self-sacrificial) and Lan Wangji (white and blue, reserved, quiet, doesn’t say what he feels)

Xie Lian (white, self-sacrificial) and Hua Cheng (red; practical and somewhat amoral)

Mo Ran (blue and black; emotional and sacrificial) and Chu Wanning (white, reserved, intellectual)

Shen Zechuan (white, cold, intellectual) and Xiao Chiye (blue and black, hot-blooded, passionate)

As you can see, the markings don’t always align perfectly. Mo Ran’s and Xiao Chiye’s color schemes aren’t typical for heart characters, but for Mo Ran in particular it fits because he doesn’t start the story as a heart character, and for Xiao Chiye it kind of works because QJJ isn’t quuuuite as heavily based in alchemy as the others. Meanwhile, Xie Lian is white and Hua Cheng is red, but Xie Lian better fits as a heart character and Hua Cheng as a mind. The point of these couples all, though, is that each couple complements one another. Alchemy is fundamentally concerned with “the union of opposites”: heart vs. mind, sulphur vs. mercury, sun vs. moon, fire vs water. (Yes, union of opposites is connected to the concepts of yin and yang.)

A body character, when they exist, is often concerned with eating or with lust. (Actually I think you can make a solid argument that Xiao Chiye and Mo Ran are both body as well as heart.) In CFC, we have:

He Yu: passionate, interested in bloodlust, sacrificial, associated with heat and fire

Xie Qingcheng: intellectual, closed off, scientist, associated with cold and water (jellyfish, plus being a doctor; water=healing)

He Yu is clearly a body and heart character, while Xie Qingcheng is the mind character. But the point is that all three attributes are connected to one another and cannot be separated without the death of the others.

He Yu assumes that Xie Qingcheng was there to heal his mind, but in reality Xie Qingcheng was healing his heart when he was a child. He Yu keeps putting all his issues to his mental illness and compulsions, but his head isn’t the problem. Xie Qingcheng tells us this blatantly:

Meanwhile, Xie Qingcheng has been living with extreme restraint as a result of his own mental illness. He doesn’t allow himself to feel anything, not love for another person, not pleasure in sex, nothing at all. What kind of life is that? Well, honestly it’s akin to the life Rose DeWitt-Bukator lived in Titanic before she met Jack: it’s not a life at all. That Xie Qingcheng is mostly ashamed of the pleasure he felt in his body is because he refuses to allow himself to admit he has a body and a heart, and that his body might be alive, but without any feelings or love it’s not much of a life.

I spoke about this in my review, but again, as much as Xie Qingcheng and He Yu would like to think their bodies, hearts, and minds are entirely separate from one another, that’s not how this ish works in real life or in alchemy. Xie Qingcheng hurt He Yu by leaving him--hurt his mind, which he knew was a possibility and which is linked to He Yu’s body because the illness is physiological as well as psychological, and also He Yu’s heart, which he didn’t count on as much. He Yu hurt Xie Qingcheng’s body, but also his heart and his mind (it seems likely the fever was a result of a flareup of Xie Qingcheng’s illness).

Both He Yu and Xie Qingcheng are heartsick, mentally sick, and sick in body as well. Since they are already denying that each of these aspects of them are hopelessly tied together, they need to acknowledge that. If one part of them starts to heal, the other parts will as well.

The Process

There are varying steps to an alchemical process, but the most common appearances in literature are the three color-coded ones:

Black stage (nigredo)

White stage (albedo)

Red stage (rubedo)

(There’s a yellow stage between white and red that is almost always subsumed into red, and a “rainbow” stage/glimpse of a stage between black and white. Sometimes. These are not very common in literature.) The black stage is the “dark night of the soul.” It’s where sh*t gets dark, and there’s a focus on destruction and rotting. The white stage is for the purifying of what’s left from the destroyed matter in the black stage, and the red stage is when things finally combine and become the refined elixir. 

These colored stages are then most often broken down into other steps, the most popular of which have seven or twelve steps (RWBY, for example, is following George Ripley’s twelve steps in his Magnum Opus to the literal letter). However, authors combine and mix steps as it suits a story with fair frequency, and I don’t think Meatbun is following a specific step order like RWBY or The Witcher.

But, most stages do start with 1) calcination, followed by 2) dissolution. Dissolve and coagulate, rinse, repeat. We have some very clear hallmarks of both to start the story: namely, the uses of fire and water. Fire refines, and water rinses away the impurities.

The hallmark of calcination in the black phase is fire. Let’s look at the first near-death encounter of Xie Qingcheng and He Yu: when they confront Lu Yuzhu. (Also pay attention to the colors described--it’s exclusively red, white, and black, with black as the overarching hue of the scene).

The entire building then goes up in flames, and Xie Qingcheng’s past is revealed to everyone.

Notably, this scene parallels the current scene, in that in each scene He Yu uses the near-death encounter to ask Xie Qingcheng something about himself. These scenes parallel each other because they are again examples of the process: coagulate, dissolve, try to get to the refined root of the matter--to the substance that really matters.

Not only does it parallel, but it’s occurring in a more refined manner: He Yu and Xie Qingcheng are alone, and this time Xie Qingcheng is telling He Yu the truth (some of it) on his own, instead of someone spilling it for him.

After the dissolution of He Yu’s image of Xie Qingcheng, we then see them spiritually separated (and physically). While I kind of doubt Meatbun is following Ripley, there is a passage of note in Ripley’s passage on separation:

Fire against nature must do your bodily woe, This is our Dragon as I you tell...

Which burns the body... If you will win our secrets, According to your desire.

Kind of reminds me of the imagery of the Club Scene, because He Yu thinks he’s going against his nature and against nature in general, but it’s actually his own secret desires. Plus, He Yu is a dragon, which... we’ll get to.

Then there’s conjunction, aka the primitive Chemical Wedding.

Chemical Wedding

The first chemical wedding is where the opposites meet and it usually doesn’t end well. It’s often violent and primative; alchemical drawings of this concept often incorporate animal characteristics onto the people involved if they’re drawn as people at all--often they are drawn as animals. Common aspects of a Chemical Wedding include stabbing each other, dismemberment, and the like. It’s not usually a sex scene, but it can be.

Like, here are some of the images of primitive chemical weddings:

Lovely. The last one is the best one, but they are still being compared to animals, so.

In CFC, it clearly is the Club Scene. It’s not a good scene. It’s violent and primative; in fact, to rub the point in, Meatbun has Xie Qingcheng call He Yu a beast numerous times.

Which brings me to our current scene. It seems too early for a final, elevated chemical wedding, but it is certainly another step in the process (and like I said I don’t think Meatbun is directly following a step-by-step process, but more the general gist). Perhaps if the former Club Scene is a chemical wedding to mark  the Black Stage, this is one to mark the White.

Because guess what is also a hallmark of a chemical wedding and of the White Stage?

Being submerged in water together. Sometimes, it’s even specifically bathing together (think Jaime and Brienne in ASOIAF).

That’s why He Yu tries to imitate Xie Qingcheng by submerging himself in baths, but it doesn’t actually make him feel close to Xie Qingcheng, because Xie Qingcheng isn’t there. When they do end up submerged in water together, they’re drowning. So it’s still kind of violent and primative, but.

But, it is a more refined version of not just the calcination-fire sequence, but of the Club Scene. 

While the events of the calcination, our first solve et coagula scene, led to He Yu’s dark night of the soul, the current one seems primed to be a rebirth symbol for He Yu. Enclosed space + water + one tiny opening; it’s hard to get any more obvious than that.

Dragons, Elixirs, and Nihlixirs

So you know how the Organization of Creepiness puts people in tubes? Well, the image of people trapped in flasks is, like, extremely common in alchemy. See:

Notice what’s also present? A monster/dragon.

Dragons are probably the number one animal associated with alchemy. They can be symbolic of the entire process (ouroboros eating its tale) and as such  the dragon is associated with being dual-natured, which is pretty fitting for He Yu. He is at once willing to sacrifice his life for Xie Qingcheng, and then hurts him in an absolutely horrific way. 

Dragons are also symbolic of of the prima materia, the material you start out with that will eventually turn into the elixir of life even if it’s rough going at first. It makes a ton of sense, then, for Meatbun to compare He Yu to a dragon. Lyndy Abraham writes that:

…the dragon is the lower, earthly self which the soul must learn to subdue and train, so that the higher self…may at last reign.

Which is kinda sorta exactly what Xie Qingcheng tells He Yu he must do, which makes Xie Qingcheng not only part of He Yu’s process but also his alchemist. Good luck dude.

Additionally, the union of two opposites (a chemical wedding) is referred to as “a most violent and bloody copulation in which two dragons kill each other.” According to Nicholas Flamel  (the real one whom the Harry Potter character was based on) in his Heiroglyphs the two dragons are respectively defined by “heat and driness” and “cold and moisture.” In other words, He Yu and Xie Qingcheng, who is himself also a dragon... which the recent reveal about his own psychological ebola tells us. 

But there’s more with the dragon symbolism. Flamel notes that these dragons “being united, and afterward changed into a quintessence... may overcome every thing Metallic, how solid hard and strong, soever it be.” This Quintessence is of course the elixir of life, and Lyndy Abraham notes that “this [quintessence] is called ‘dragon’s blood,’” which is relevant given the... exceeding focus on Xie Qingcheng and He Yu biting each other and blood being a part of that (not my thing but you do you boys), and also on He Yu’s blood toxin power. 

So, essentially, Xie Qingcheng and He Yu’s love will somehow be used to give life not only to themselves but to everyone around them (final step in all processes is multiplication + projection aka it spreads beyond just one person or couple). Thus, they will together form the elixir of life.

But, there’s also sometimes a nihilixir. Instead of something that undergoes a process to become more and more refined and lifegiving, you can have something that induces someone(s) to descend into chaos and primitive instincts. For example, the One Ring in Lord of the Rings is a nihilixir. I think we have a pretty clear nihilixir present in CFC: RN-13. The number 13 kinda says it all, and in order for life to come, Xie Qingcheng and He Yu will have to destroy that drug and probably the Organization with it. 

[glimmerofawesome]

[dangermousie]

Chapter 88 of CFC, where they are trapped and about to drown is titled “My Heart Will Go On.”

OH MEATBUN YOU OWN ALL OF MY HEART, ALL OF IT!!!!!!!

[scienceetfiction]

2018 in Science

from Wikipedia 

Some highlights:

1 January – Researchers at Harvard, writing in Nature Nanotechnology, report the first single lens that can focus all colours of the rainbow in the same spot and in high resolution, previously only achievable with multiple lenses.

2 January – Physicists at Cornell University report the creation of "muscle" for shape-changing, cell-sized robots.

3 January  – Scientists in Rome unveil the first bionic hand with a sense of touch that can be worn outside a laboratory.

9 January  – A pattern in exoplanets is discovered by a team of multinational researchers led by the Université de Montréal: Planets orbiting the same star tend to have similar sizes and regular spacings. This could imply that most planetary systems form differently from the Solar System.

10 January – Researchers at Imperial College London and King's College London publish a paper in the journal Scientific Reports about the development of a new 3D bioprinting technique, which allows the more accurate printing of soft tissue organs, such as lungs. 15 January –  University of Washington scientists publish a report in the journal Nature Chemistry of the development of a new form of biomaterial based delivery system for therapeutic drugs, which only release their cargo under certain physiological conditions, thereby potentially reducing drug side-effects in patients.

17 January – Engineers at the University of Texas at Austin, in collaboration with Peking University scientists, announce the creation of a memory storage device only one atomic layer thick; a so-called 'atomristor'.

19 January – Researchers at the Technical University of Munich report a new propulsion method for molecular machines, which enables them to move 100,000 times faster than biochemical processes used to date.

22 January –  Engineers at MIT develop a new computer chip, with "artificial synapses," which process information more like neurons in a brain.

24 January – Scientists in China report in the journal Cell the creation of two monkey clones, named Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, using the complex DNA transfer method that produced Dolly the sheep, for the first time.

25 January –  Researchers report evidence that modern humans migrated from Africa at least as early as 194,000 years ago, somewhat consistent with recent genetic studies, and much earlier than previously thought.

Scientists working for Calico, a company owned by Alphabet, publish a paper in the journal eLife which presents possible evidence that Heterocephalus glaber (naked mole-rat) do not face increased mortality risk due to aging.

29 January – Scientists report, for the first time, that 800 million viruses, mainly of marine origin, are deposited daily from the Earth's atmosphere onto every square meter of the planet's surface, as the result of a global atmospheric stream of viruses, circulating above the weather system, but below the altitude of usual airline travel, distributing viruses around the planet.

6 February  –  The National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) reports that global sea ice extent has fallen to a new record low. 9 February – Human eggs are grown in the laboratory for the first time, by researchers at the University of Edinburgh.

14 February  – Researchers found that blocking the enzyme beta-secretase (BACE1) in mice reduces formation of plaques responsible for Alzheimer's disease.

16 February – Scientists report, for the first time, the discovery of a new form of light, which may involve polaritons, that could be useful in the development of quantum computers.

19 February – Scientists identify traces of the genes of the indigenous Taíno people in modern-day Puerto Ricans, indicating that the ethnic group was not extinct as previously believed.

28 February – Astronomers report, for the first time, a signal of the reionization epoch, an indirect detection of light from the earliest stars formed – about 180 million years after the Big Bang.

9 March – NASA medical researchers report that human spaceflight may alter gene expression in astronauts, based on twin studies where one astronaut twin, Scott Kelly, spent nearly one year in space while the other, Mark Kelly, remained on Earth.

19 March – Uber suspends all of its self-driving cars worldwide after a woman is killed by one of the vehicles in Arizona. This is the first recorded fatality using a fully automated version of the technology.

18 April  –  Nanyang Technological University demonstrates a robot that can autonomously assemble an IKEA chair without interruption.

25 April   –  Scientists publish evidence that asteroids may have been primarily responsible for bringing water to Earth.

27 April – Stephen Hawking's final paper – A smooth exit from eternal inflation? – is published in the Journal of High Energy Physics.

30 April – Researchers report identifying 6,331 groups of genes that are common to all living animals, and which may have arisen from a single common ancestor that lived 650 million years ago in the Precambrian.

10 May – NASA's Carbon Monitoring System (CMS) is cancelled by the Trump administration.

17 May – Scientists warn that banned CFC-11 gas emissions are originating from an unknown source somewhere in East Asia, with potential to damage the ozone layer.

22 May –  Scientists from Purdue University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences report the use of CRISPR/Cas9 to develop a variety of rice producing 25-31% more grain than traditional breeding methods.

24 May  –  Researchers at the University of Leeds report that climate change could increase arable land in boreal regions by 44% by the year 2100, while having a negative impact everywhere else.

30 May  –  The first 3D printed human corneas are created at Newcastle University.  The FDA approves the first artificial iris.

Physicists of the MiniBooNE experiment report a stronger neutrino oscillation signal than expected, a possible hint of sterile neutrinos, an elusive particle that may pass through matter without any interaction whatsoever.

4 June – Direct coupling of the Higgs boson with the top quark is observed for the first time by the ATLAS experiment and the CMS experiment at CERN.

6 June –  Footprints in the Yangtze Gorges area of South China, dating back 546 million years, are reported to be the earliest known record of an animal with legs.

8 June – The U.S. Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory unveils Summit as the world’s most powerful supercomputer, with a peak performance of 200,000 trillion calculations per second, or 200 petaflops.

20 June  – Gene-edited pigs are made resistant to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, one of the world's most costly animal diseases.

2 July  –  First confirmed image of a newborn planet, exoplanet PDS 70b, several times larger than the planet Jupiter.

11 July – Scientists report the discovery in China of the oldest stone tools outside of Africa, estimated at 2.12 million years old.

12 July – The IceCube Neutrino Observatory announces that they have traced a neutrino that hit their Antarctica-based research station in September 2017 back to its point of origin in a blazar 3.7 billion light-years away. This is the first time that a neutrino detector has been used to locate an object in space.

Using NASA's Hubble and ESA's Gaia, astronomers make the most precise measurements to date of the universe's expansion rate – a figure of 73.5 km (45.6 miles) per second per megaparsec – reducing the uncertainty to just 2.2 percent.

17 July – Scientists led by Scott S. Sheppard report the discovery of 12 new moons of Jupiter, taking its total number to 79. This includes an "oddball", Valetudo (originally known as S/2016 J 2; Roman-numeral designation Jupiter LXII), that is predicted to eventually collide with a neighbouring moon.

20 July – Scientists at the University of Alabama at Birmingham announce the reversal of aging-associated skin wrinkles and hair loss in a mouse model. 25 July –  Scientists report the discovery, based on MARSIS radar studies, of a subglacial lake on Mars, 1.5 km (0.93 mi) below the southern polar ice cap (see image), and extending sideways about 20 km (12 mi), the first known stable body of water on the planet.

27 July – The longest total lunar eclipse of the 21st century occurs.

30 July –  Using high-resolution satellite images, researchers from the Chizé Centre for Biological Studies report an 88% reduction in the world's biggest colony of king penguins, found on Île aux Cochons in the subantarctic Crozet Archipelago.

A study by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center concludes that terraforming of Mars is physically impossible with present-day technology.

1 August  –  Lab-grown lungs are successfully transplanted into pigs for the first time.

16 August  –  Scientists at Sandia National Laboratories reveal a platinum-gold alloy believed to be the most wear-resistant metal in the world, 100 times more durable than high-strength steel.

16 August  – First complete map of the wheat genome.

18 August – Research presented at the Goldschmidt conference in Boston concludes that water is likely to be a common feature of exoplanets between two and four times the size of Earth, with implications for the search of life in our Galaxy.

20 August –  Scientists report that life, based on genetic and fossil evidences, may have begun on Earth nearly 4.5 billion years ago, much earlier than thought before.

22 August   –  Scientists report evidence of a 13 year-old hominin female, nicknamed Denny, estimated to have lived 90,000 years ago, and who was determined to be half Neanderthal and half Denisovan, based on genetic analysis of a bone fragment discovered in Denisova Cave; the first time an ancient individual was discovered whose parents belonged to distinct human groups.

Researchers report evidence of rapid shifts (in geological-time terms), nearly 30 times faster than known previously, of geomagnetic reversals, where the north magnetic pole of Earth becomes the south magnetic pole and vice versa, including a chronozone that lasted only 200 years, much shorter than any other such reversal found earlier.

30 August – Researchers from the Chinese University of Hong Kong report a new way of controlling nanobots, using swarm behaviours to do complex tasks in minimally invasive surgeries.

6 September – A study by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign finds that large-scale solar panels and wind turbines in the Sahara desert would have a major impact on rainfall, vegetation and temperatures – potentially greening the region.

12 September – Scientists report the discovery of the earliest known drawing by Homo sapiens, which is estimated to be 73,000 years old, much earlier than the 43,000 years old artifacts understood to be the earliest known modern human drawings found previously.

20 September – Scientists discover molecules of fat in an ancient fossil to reveal the earliest confirmed animal in the geological record that lived on Earth 558 million years ago.

A paper in the Cryosphere journal, from the European Geosciences Union, suggests that building walls on the seafloor could halt the slide of undersea glaciers, which are melting due to warmer ocean temperatures.

Using data from the European Space Agency’s X-ray observatory XMM-Newton, astronomers report the first detection of matter falling into a black hole at 30% of the speed of light, located in the centre of the billion-light year distant galaxy PG211+143.

25 September  – Scientists determine that Vorombe titan, an extinct elephant bird from the island of Madagascar which reached weights of 800 kg (1,800 lb) and heights of 3 m (9.8 ft) tall, is the largest bird known to have existed.

26 September – Researchers provide evidence that phosphorus compounds, key components for life, are made in interstellar space and distributed throughout outer space, including the early Earth.

27 September – A study in the journal Science concludes that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) could halve killer whale populations in the most heavily contaminated areas within 30–50 years. 1 October –  NASA-funded researchers find that lengthy journeys into outer space, including travel to the planet Mars, may substantially damage the gastrointestinal tissues of astronauts. The studies support earlier work that found such journeys could significantly damage the brains of astronauts, and age them prematurely. However, unlike the conditions in space, the study admitted the full radiation doses over short periods.

Astronomers announce the discovery of 2015 TG387 (also known as "The Goblin"), a trans-Neptunian object and sednoid in the outermost part of the Solar System, which may help explain some apparent effects of a hypothetical planet named Planet Nine (or Planet X).

11 October   –  Physicists report that quantum behavior can be explained with classical physics for a single particle, but not for multiple particles as in quantum entanglement and related nonlocality phenomena ("spooky action at a distance" ["gruselige Action in einiger Entfernung" (german)], according to Albert Einstein).

Harvard astronomers present an analytical model that suggests matter—and potentially dormant spores—can be exchanged across the vast distances between galaxies, a process termed 'galactic panspermia', and not be restricted to the limited scale of solar systems.

The world's fastest camera, able to capture 10 trillion frames per second, is announced by the Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS) in Quebec, Canada.

15 October – A study by the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute finds that insect populations in Puerto Rico have crashed since the 1970s, with some species witnessing a 60-fold decrease in numbers. The fall is attributed to a 2.0 °C rise in tropical forest temperatures.

16 October   –  A comprehensive analysis of demographic trends published in The Lancet predicts that all countries are likely to experience at least a slight increase in life expectancy by 2040. Spain is expected to overtake Japan as it rises from fourth to first place, with an average lifespan of 85.8 years.

Astronomers report that GRB 150101B, a gamma-ray burst event detected in 2015, may be directly related to the historic GW170817, a gravitational wave event detected in 2017, and associated with the merger of two neutron stars. The similarities between the two events, in terms of gamma ray, optical and x-ray emissions, as well as to the nature of the associated host galaxies, are "striking", suggesting the two separate events may both be the result of the merger of neutron stars, and both may be a kilonova (i.e., a luminous flash of radioactive light that produces elements like silver, gold, platinum and uranium), which may be more common in the universe than previously understood, according to the researchers.

17 October –  Researchers report possible transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (i.e., transmission of information from one generation of an organism to the next that affects the traits of offspring without alteration of the primary structure of DNA) in the form of paternal transmission of epigenetic memory via of sperm chromosomes in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, a laboratory test organism.

24 October – Scientists report discovering the oldest weapons found in North America, ancient spear points, dated to 13,500 – 15,500 years ago, made of chert, predating the clovis culture (typically dated to 13,000 years ago), in the state of Texas.

1 November  – The Earth BioGenome Project is launched, a 10-year global effort to sequence the genomes of all 1.5 million known animal, plant, protozoan and fungal species on Earth. Astronomers from Harvard University suggest that the interstellar object 'Oumuamua may be an extraterrestrial solar sail from an alien civilization, in an effort to help explain the object's "peculiar acceleration".

2 November  – The world’s largest neuromorphic supercomputer, the million-core 'SpiNNaker' machine, is switched on by the University of Manchester, England.

5 November  –  Polar ozone holes are healing faster than previously thought, and are expected to completely heal by 2060.

5 November –  Astronomers report the discovery of one of the oldest stars, named 2MASS J18082002-5104378 B, in the universe, about 13.5 billion-years-old, possibly one of the very first stars, a tiny ultra metal-poor (UMP) star made almost entirely of materials released from the Big Bang. The discovery of the star in the Milky Way galaxy suggests that the galaxy may be at least 3 billion years older than thought earlier.

Scientists report the discovery of the smallest known ape, Simiolus minutus, which weighed approximately eight pounds, and lived about 12.5 million years ago in Kenya in East Africa.

7 November – Scientists report the discovery of the oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of Lubang Jeriji Saléh on the Indonesian island of Borneo

12 November – China's Institute of Plasma Physics announces that plasma in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) has reached 100 million degrees Celsius.

Researchers at Japan's National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) reveal a humanoid robot prototype, HRP-5P, intended to autonomously perform heavy labor or work in hazardous environments.

20 November – The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) publishes its latest Greenhouse Gas Bulletin, showing record high concentrations of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, with levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) reaching 405.5 parts per million (ppm) in 2017, up from 403.3 ppm in 2016 and 400.1 ppm in 2015. The WMO reports that "there is no sign of a reversal in this trend, which is driving long-term climate change, sea level rise, ocean acidification and more extreme weather."

22 November  – Research published in Environmental Research Letters concludes that stratospheric aerosol injection to curb global warming is "technically possible" and would be "remarkably inexpensive" at $2 to 2.5 billion per year over the first 15 years.

23 November – The Brazilian government reports that deforestation in the Amazon rainforest has reached its highest rate for a decade, with 7,900 sq km (3,050 sq miles) destroyed between August 2017 and July 2018, largely due to illegal logging.

24 November – Scientists report that nearly all extant populations of animals, including humans, may be a result of a population expansion that began between one and two hundred thousand years ago, based on genetic mitochondrial DNA studies.

25 November – Chinese scientists report the birth of twin human girls, Lulu and Nana, as the world's first genetically edited babies. The human genes were edited to resist the HIV virus.

27 November – Researchers at the University of Southern California publish details of a freeze-dried polio vaccine that does not require refrigeration.

30 November – Astronomers report that the extragalactic background light (EBL), the total amount of light that has ever been released by all the stars in the observable universe, amounts to 4 × 1084 photons.

10 December – Voyager 2, a space probe launched in 1977, is confirmed (image of onboard detections) to have left the Solar System for interstellar space on 5 November 2018, six years after its sister probe, Voyager 1.

Four glaciers in the Vincennes Bay region of Antarctica are found to be thinning at surprisingly fast rates, casting doubt on the idea that the eastern part of the icy continent is stable.

Researchers announce the discovery of considerable amounts of life forms, including 70% of bacteria and archea on Earth, comprising up to 23 billion tonnes of carbon, living up to at least 4.8 km (3.0 mi) deep underground, including 2.5 km (1.6 mi) below the seabed, according to a ten-year Deep Carbon Observatory project.

11 December – A report on the impact of climate change in the Arctic, published during the latest American Geophysical Union meeting, concludes that populations of wild reindeer, or caribou, have crashed from almost 5 million to just 2.1 million animals in the last two decades.

17 December  –  Astronomers led by Scott Sheppard announce the discovery of 2018 VG18, nicknamed "Farout", the most distant body ever observed in the Solar System at approximately 120 AU.

Scientists announce that the earliest feathers may have originated 250 million years ago, 70 million years earlier than previously thought

18 December – Scientists report that the earliest flowers began about 180 million years ago, 50 million years earlier than previously thought.

and more

[hasansonsuzceliktas]

Feng Shui in Architecture

A master who walks the path of truth knows that he does not actually teach anything but merely reminds his students about what is already there. Architecture is the art of creating buildings while considering aspects like light, shadow, texture, time and space, volume, mass, and spatial arrangement, so they meet human needs. Architecture united with feng shui is much stronger, however, and a building created with classical feng shui in mind not only aids us in completing our daily activities but also helps life to proceed the way we want it to. It manifests a balance between the energy in the physical environment and the feeling of it. The difference between a merely good-looking space and a good-feeling space is feng shui. Some places are designed in harmony with their energy, while others conflict with it. Following the communist and subsequent cultural revolution in China, feng shui was largely ignored for years, and most feng shui masters had to move to other regions of Asia to maintain their art. Hong Kong is a prominent example of such places, and it is the capital of feng shui. It is common practice there for feng shui masters to look at building designs before construction begins, so a variety of famous buildings in Hong Kong are connected with feng shui: The Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank (HKSBC) The Bank of China (BOC) The Cheung Kong Center (CFC) The Two International Finance Center (Two IFC) The Repulse Bay Residence International Finance Center The Two International Finance Center opened in 2003, when it was Hong Kong’s tallest building. Designed by world-famous architect Cesa Pelli, it was built on a best form square, according to feng shui, with the right proportions. The number 8 is auspicious according to the people of Hong Kong, so it has 88 storeys.

The Bank of China The Bank of China building was designed by architect Leho Ming Pei of Hong Kong. The aggressive design features triangles on the facade, with their corners “attacking” the bank’s competitors. The Chinese call this the “poison arrow.” The guns located at the roof amplify the affect.

The Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank The competitors of the Bank of China apparently took this design seriously, as can be seen with the Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank. It counterattacks with its own two guns on the roof. Designed by world-famous architect Norman Foster, the arrows on the front facade were initially designed to point downwards, but they were turned upwards because of feng shui and to represent the company's financial success!

Repulse Bay The Repulse Bay Residence in the southern part of Hong Kong was designed with a hole in its center. According to feng shui, this gap helps good energy flowing from the mountains to meet with water south of the building, thereby increasing the auspiciousness of the building due to its position between mountains and water. This explains why a small city like Hong Kong could develop into a world financial center.

Trump International Tower In the west, the most famous example of a building incorporating feng shui principles is Donald Trump's tower in New York. After enjoying success with the tower and its hotel Trump declared the benefits that feng shui brings: “Feng Shui brought into the space a peace and harmony that every occupant and guest could feel'.”

In Asia, big projects are analyzed early in the process according to feng shui. Small or big, all companies dedicate some of their budget to feng shui consultants in order to select the ideal placement, direction, function, and furniture arrangement, so there will be a vibrant energy in the space. The feng shui of a building strongly determines the success of the business it houses. Read the full article

[pbgwrites]

Behold! Something ahead you will rise. Hope for tomorrow because the biggest event for this year awaits you to emerge and bask in a splendid journey.

You are heard and it is about to come true.

November 20, 2022

#OneManilaLupet

[fraternidadeentreleoes]

DECLARAÇÃO UNIVERSAL DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS E A CF/88

DECLARAÇÃO UNIVERSAL DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS E A CF/88

DECLARAÇÃO UNIVERSAL DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS E A CF/88. Devido à alterações no edital do CFC 2021, fizemos algumas mudanças. Já que o conteúdo foi reorganizado. O leitor poderá acessar o link de todo o material aqui! A princípio, todos os vídeos são válidos. Ou seja, podem auxiliar para consulta. Entretanto, faremos outro post complementar. Referente ao Ato Nº 1.490. Que institucionaliza a Rede…

[elainethornton9]

VLT850 45 Chest Freezer with 88 cu ft Capacity Manual Defrost Digital Thermostat Alarm Temperature Display and 100% CFC Free in White

[talkchelsea]

Chelsea's Ethan #Ampadu completed 87 of the 88 passes he attempted vs. Bournemouth - no player managed more. He's 17-years-old! 😱 . . . . . #cfc #chelseafc #chelsea #cfcfamily #blues #carefree #talkchelsea #ktbffh #ethanampadu

[loyallogic]

AIBE XVIII Question Paper(2018) with Solutions

  Find out the AIBE XVIII question Paper solutions. Map and Mark your practise for coming AIBE papers by solving past year papers. 

  Question No Question Answer Reason 1

Who was the Chief Justice of India when the Concept of PIL was introduced to Indian Judicial system.

(a) M. Hidayataullah

(b) A.M. Ahmadi

(c) A.S Anand

(c) P.N Bhagwati

d   2

The Supreme Court of India issued a number of direction for the prevention of Woman in Various forms of prostitution and to rehabilitate their Children Through various welfare measures so as to provide them with dignity of person means of livelihood and socio-economic development in the Case of-

(a) Vishaka vs State of Rajasthan AIR 1997 Section 3011

(b) Gaurav jain Vs Union of India AIR 1997 Section 3021

(c) Delhi Domestic Working Women’s Forum Vs Union of India (1998) 1 section 14 .

(d) Sheela Barse Vs Union of India (1986) 35 Section 596

b   3

Under section 118 of the Indian Evidence Act, a person is a competent witness if he or she-

(a) Is a major

(b) Is not lunatic

(c)is not of extreme old age

(d) is capable of understanding questions put to him and giving rational answers irrespective of age.

b Section 118 of Indian Evidence Act states —All persons shall be competent to testify unless the Court considers that they are prevented from understanding the questions put to them, or from giving rational answers to those questions, by tender years, extreme old age, disease, whether of body or mind, or any other cause of the same kind. 4

Which of the following judgement is irrelevant under section 43of Indian Evidence Act

(a) Judgement of an insolvency court

(b) Judgement of Criminal Court

(c) Judgement of Matrimonial court

(d) Judgment of Probate court

b Section 43 states that judgement, decree or order other than those mentioned in section 40, 41 and 42 are irrelevant. So section 41 is relevant Section 41 states that final judgment, order or decree of a competent Court, in the exercise of probate, matrimonial admiralty or insolvency jurisdiction is relevant. So, the remaining option left is Judgement of Criminal Court. 5

under which section of the Indian Evidence Act a witness has been given right to refresh his memory

(a) Section 157

(b) Section 158

(c) Section 159

(d) Section 160

c Section 159 of Indian Evidence Act- The Court permits the witness to refer a copy of the document to refresh his memory. 6

Restrictions may not be imposed on freedoms provided under Article 19(1)(a) on this ground

(a) Defamation

(b) Public Order

(c) Sedition

(d) Security of the state.

c Article 19 (1)(a) states that all the citizens shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression. Article 19(2) states that reasonable restrictions shall be imposed on the right granted under Article 19(1)(a) in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence. Sedition is not mentioned as a ground in 19(2) on which restriction is imposed. 7

Right guranteed to Citizen only is

(a) Article 21

(b) Article 20

(c)Article 19(1)(a)

(d) Article 25

c Article 19 gurantees rights only to citizens 8

President can be removed on the ground of?

(a) Proved Misbehaviour

(b) Incapacity

(c) Violation of Constitution

(d) All of the above

c The only ground for this impeachment is “violation of the constitution” according to Article 61 of the Constitution of India 9

the latin word ‘Res Ipsa Loquitur means :

a) Things speaks it’s story itself.

(b) where there is consent there is no injury

(c) Both (a) and (b)

(d) None of the above

a In the common law of torts, res ipsa loquitur (Latin for “the thing speaks for itself”) is a doctrine that infers negligence from the very nature of an accident or injury in the absence of direct evidence on how any defendant behaved. 10 In which of the following cases the ‘Principal of Common Employment’ was evolved for the first time? (a) Rylands Vs Fletcher (b) Priestley Vs Fowler (c) Ashby Vs White (d) Wagon Vs Mound b   11

When two or more persons agrees to do an illegal act or an act which is not illegal by illegal means such an agreement is designated as:

(a) Abetment by Conspiracy

(b) Abetment by aid

(c) Criminal Conspiracy

(d) Abetment

c This is the definition of criminal conspiracy under section 120A of IPC 12

The provisions regarding sedition are given:

(a) Under Section 124 of the I.P.C

(b) Under section 124-A of I.P.C

(c) Under Section 121-A of I.P.C

(d) Under Section 130 of I.P.C

b sec 124A of IPC deals with Sedition 13

Delegated Legislation was declared constitutional in?

(a) Berubani Case

(b) Re Delhi laws act case

(c) Keshwarnand Bharti Case

(d) Maneka Gandhi Case

b   14

A prospectus which does not include complete particulars of the quantum or price of the securities included therin in knowns as:

(a) Shelf Prospectus

(b) Memorandum

(c) Red Herring Prospectus

(d) Issuing House

c Red Herring Prospectus is a prospectus, which does not have details of either price or number of shares being offered, or the amount of issue. 15

When there is no profit in one year or the profit of a company is not enough to pay the fixed dividend on preference shares, the arrears of divident are to be carried forward and paid before a dividend is paid on the ordinary shares. This is called

(a) participating preference shares

(b) Cumulative prefernce shares

(c) Non-cumulative preference share

(d) non-participating preference shares

b Cumulative Preference Shares- When unpaid dividends on preference sharesare treated as arrears and are carried forward to subsequent years, then suchpreference shares are known as cumulative preference shares. 16

“Industrial Dispute” means ay dispute between I. Employers and employers II. Employers and workmen III. Workmen and Workmen IV. master and worker

(a) I and II

(b) IV .

(c) I, II, III and IV

(d) I, II and III

d According to Section 2 (k) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, the term ‘industrial dispute’ means “any dispute or difference between employers and employers or between employers and workmen, or between workmen and workmen 17

A “Dumb witness” given his evidence in writing in the open court, such evidence would be treated as

(a) Oral evidence

(b) Documentary Evidence

(c) Secondary Evidence

(d) Primary Evidence

a A witness who is unable to speak may give his evidence in any other manner in which he can make it intelligible, as by writing or by signs; but such writing must be written and the signs made in open Court. Evidence so given shall be deemed to be oral evidence. 18

Under the Indian Evidence Act, which of the following is not a court

(a) person legally authorised to take evidence

(b) Judges

(c) Magistrates

(d) Arbitrators

d Sec 3 of Indian Evidence act- “Court”.––“Court” includes all Judges and Magistrates and all persons, except arbitrators, legally authorized to take evidence. 19 Which of the following section of the Motor Vehicle Act 1988 defines the term ‘Owner’? (a) Section 2(30) . (b) Section 2 (31) . (c) Section 2(25) (d) Section 2 (32) a Section 2(30) of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 indicates that the person in whose name a motor vehicle is registered is the owner 20

Under Land Acquisition Act, 1894 an industrial concern, ordinarily, employing not less than . workmen owned by an individual or by an association of individuals and not being a Company, desiring to acquire land for the errection of dwelling houses for workmen employed by the concern or for the provision of amenties directly connected therewith shall, so far as concerns the Acquisition of such land, be deemed to be a company for the purpose of this part, adn the references to comapny in {Sections 4, 5A, 6, 7 and 50} shall be interpreted as reference also to such concern. Fill in the blanks:

(a) One Hundred

(b) Two Hundred

(c) Three Hundred

(d) Four Hundred

a Refer section 38A of Land Acquisition Act, 1894 21

Under Land Acquisition Act, 1894 the expression “company means-‘

(a) a company as defined in Section 3 of the companies act, 1956, other than a Goverment Company referred to in clause(cc);

(b) a company as defined in Section 2 of the companies act, 1956, other than a Government Compnay referred to in clause (c)

(c) a company as defined in section 1 of the companies act, 1956(1 of 1956) other than a Government referred to in clause (cc);

(d) a company as defined in section 6 of the comapnies act, 1956 (1 of 1956), other than a Governmental company referred to in clause(c)

a Section 3(e)(i) of Land Acquisition Act, 1894 a company means a company as defined in section 3 of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956), other than a Government company referred to in clause (cc) 22

A person entitled to the possession of specific immovable property may recover in the manner provided by:

(a) The Code of procedure, act 1908

(b) The Indian registration act, 1908

(c) the Indian Contract act, 1872

(d) The transfer of property act, 1882

a Section 8 of Specific Relief act- A person entitled to the possession of specific immovable property may recover it in the manner prescribed by the Code of Civil Procedure 23

Section 39 of the Specific relief act deals with-

(a) Registration of Instrument

(b) Cancellation of Instruments

(c) Correctness of Intruments

(d) None of Above

d Sec 39 in Specific Relief Act, deals with Mandatory Injunctions. 24

the Designation ‘Senior Advocates’ is provided under

(a) Section 16, Advocates Act 1961

(b) Section 26, Advocates Act 1961

(c) Section 6, Advocates Act 1961

(d) Section 15, Advocates Act, 1961

a   25

Right to pre-audience is provided by

(a) Section 33 of Advocates Act 1961

(b) Section 23 of Advocates act 1961

(c) Section 16 of advocates act 1961

(d) Section 36 of Advocates act 1961

b Sec 23 of Advocates act lays down provisions for the right of pre-audience. 26

The ‘Contempt of Court’ belongs to

(a) Entry 77 of Union List entry 14 of state list and schedule VII of Constitution of India

(b) Entry 70 of Union List and entry 40 of state list

(c)Entry 67 of Union List and Entry 13 of state list

(d) None of the above

d Entry 77 of Union list deals with Contempt of Court but no other option deals in relation to the state list. 27

Section 19 of the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956 provides for the Maintenance of

(a) Wife

‘(b) Parents

(c)Widowed daughter in law

(d) Children

C section 19 Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956 28

Section 30 of the Hindu Succession Act,1956 deals with

(a) Women Estate

(b) Testamentary Succession

(c)Male Succession

(d) Female Succession

B Section 30 of Hindu Succession Act, 1955 29

Industrial Establishment means (i) A factory (ii) A mine (iii) A plantation (iv) An industry –

a) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)

b) (i), (ii) and (iii)

(c) (i) and (ii)

(d) Only (i)

A Section 2(i) of payment of wages Act, 1936 30

Strike should only be called if atleast…… percent of workers are in support of the strike. ( Fill in the Blanks)

a) 10

b) 15

c) 20

d) 25

A in the respective section dealing with the strike any number of people is stated thus among these options 10 is the smallest. 31

Industrial relation cover the following areas.i) Collective Bargaining ii) Labour Legislation iii) Industial relation training iv) Trade Unions

a) (i)

b) (i) and (ii)

c) (i), (ii) and (iii)

d) (i),(ii),(iii) and (iv)

C   32

Who among the following cannot transfer the immovable property:

a) Hindu

b)Muslim

c) Natural guardian of a Minor

d) Karta or managerof Hindu joint family

C Section 8 in The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956 33

The doctrine of Les Pendens was explained in the following case :

a) Bellamy v. sabime

b)cooper v.cooper

c)Streatfised v. streafield

d) Tulk v. Moxbay

A The principle is explained in Bellamy v. Sabine, (1857) 1 Dec. & 566, where Turner, L.S said, it that doctrine rests upon this foundation that, it would plainly be impossible that any action or suit could be brought to a successful termination if alienations pendente lite were to allowed prevail. The plaintiff would be liable in every case to be defeated by the defendants, alienating before the judgment or decree and would be driven to commence his proceeding de novo subject again to the same course of proceeding.” 34 The term of civil suit of nature refers to : a) Private rights and obigation of a citizen b) Political ,social and religious questions c) A suit in which the principle question relates to caste or religion. d) All of the above A   35

The rule of res Sub-Judice implies:

a) Where the same subject matter is pending in a court of law for the adjucation of matter between the same parties.

b)Where the same subject matter is pending the court of law for adjudication of matter between the different parties theother court is barred to entertain the case as long as the first suits goes on.

c) Where the different matter is pending in the court of law for the adjucation between the same parties, the othercourt is barred to entertain the case as long as the first suit goes on

d) none of the above

A Subjudice in latin means ‘under judgment’. It denotes that a matter or case is being considered by court or judge. when two or more cases are filed between the same parties on the same subject matter, the competent court has power to stay proceeding. However the doctrine of res-subjudicemeans stay of suit. 36

A suit brought by a person to recover the posssesion from a stranger of matth property claiming it as the heir of deceased mahant. The suit is dismissed on his failure to produce succession certificate. A second suit was filed by him as the manager of the math.

a) The second suit would be barred by Res Judicata

b) The second suit would not be barred by Res Judicata

c) The second suit would be barred by Res sub Judicae

d) None of the above

A Res Judicata means : a matter finally decided on its merits by a court having competent jurisdiction and not subject to litigation again between the same parties 37

Section 66A was invalidated by the supreme Court of India in :

a) Anwar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer (2014)10 473

b)Shreya singhal v. UOI AIR2015SC 1523

c) Dr. Prafulla Desai v. Stae of Maharashtra AIR 2003 SC 2053

d)State( NCT of Delhi) v. Navjot Sandhu 2005 11 SCC 600

B The landmark case of Shreya Singhal v Union of India (2015) is a landmark case that plays a very important role in the Indian legal system. The case revolves around the fundamental right of freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India, which challenged the constitutional validity of section 66A and led to the struck down of section 66A of the Information Technology Act 2000 Section 66A is the punishment for sending offensive messages through communication services, etc. 38

Environmental Impact Asseessment (EIA) is mandatory for

a) Indian Forest Act

b) Air Act

c) Wildlife Protectoion Act

d) Environmental Protetion Act

D EIA has now been made mandatory under theEnvironmental (Protection Act, 1986 for 29 categories of developmental activities involving investments of Rs. 50 crores and above. 39

Which of the foloowing is not a federal feature of the constitution

a) Written Constitution

b) Double set of government

c) rigid constitutional

d) Single citizenship

C Rigid because constitution can be amended at time to time as per the needs 40

Parliament in exercise of its power to amend under article 368 may not amend

a) Preamble

b) Fundamental Right

c) Supreme Court

d) Basic statement

A Thus, the majority of Kesavananda Bharati case bench has held that Preamble is the part of the constitution and it can be amended but, Parliament cannot amend the basic features of the preamble. The court observed, “The edifice of our constitution is based upon the basic element in the Preamble. If any of these elements are removed the structure will not survive and it will not be the same constitution and will not be able to maintain its identity.” 41

Which article starts with subject public order , morality and health

a)Article 14

b) article 15

c) Article 25

d) Article 28

C   42

Which of the following sections of the CrPc deals with the examination of person accused of rape by the medical practitioner

a) Section 54-A

b) Section 55-A

c)Section 53-A

d) Section 60-A

C 53. Examination of accused by medical practitioner at the request of police officer. 43

According to the section 167 of the CrPc an accused person cannot be remanded to police custody for not mare than

a) 7 days at one time.

b) 30 days at one time

c) 15 days at one time

d) 60 days at one time

C Section 167(2) The Magistrate to whom an accused person is forwarded under this section may, whether he has or has not jurisdiction to try the case, from time to time, authorise the detention of the accused in such custody as such Magistrate thinks fit, a term not exceeding fifteen days in the whole; and if he has no jurisdiction to try the case or commit it for trial, and considers further detention unnecessary, he may order the accused to be forwarded to a Magistrate having such jurisdiction; 44

Which of the following is essential for a valid adoption under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955

a) Datta Homam

b) Actual giving of the child

c) Both (a) and(b)

d) None of these

B   45

Hindu male can adopt a female child if the age difference between the two is more than

a) 15

b) 18

c) 20

d) 21

D Section 11 Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956 46

Which of thr following relation is not dependent under the section 21 of Hindu Marriage and Adoption Act, 1956

a) grandmother

b) mother

c) widow

d) daughter

A Section 21 Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956 47

The provision related to free legal aid is given under

a) Section 301

b) section 304

c) section 303

d) section 305

B Section 304 CrPC 48

Under which of the following provision CrPc the police officer is under an obligation to produce the person arrested to the magistrate within 24 hours of the arrest.

a) Section 56

b) section 57

c) section 60

d) section 70

B   49

Who may record confessional statement under section 164 of the CrPc.

a) Police officer

b) Judicial officer

c) Both a and b

d) Judicial magistrate having jurisdiction only

D   50

The provision relating to plea bargaining is not applicable is not applicable on following offences

a) Socio economic offence

b) Offenses against women

c) both a and b

d) None of these

C Section 265A proviso to sub section (1) 51

Which of the following sections of Crpc deals with Compoundable Offence?

(a) Section 319

(b) Section 320

(c) Section 321

(d) Section 324

(b)   52

What is the time limit under Section 468 of Crpc for taking cognizance

(a) 1 year

(b) 2 year

(c) 3 year

(d) No limit

(c)   53

A communication made to the spouse during Marriage, under Section 122 of Indian Evidence Act ?

(a) Remains privledged even after dissolution of marriage

(b) does not remain priveledged even after dissolution of marriage only by divorce

(c) does not remain priviledged after disolution of marriage only by death

(d) does not remain priviledged in both the case (b) and (c)

(a) Because in the case of M.C. Vergliese V T.J. Ponnam Air Supreme court stated that Communication between spouse remains priviledge even after divorce, or dissolution of Marriage but only for the communication which was made during the existence of marriage 54

Which Section of Indian Evidence Act provides that an accomplice is a competent witness

(a) Section114 illustration b

(b) Section 118

(c) Section 133

(d) Section 134

(c) Because Accomplice is a partner in crime. He being a guilty associate, shall be a competent witness in crime. 55

Which of the following is not an ADR method under Section 89 of CPC,1908

(a) Mini Trial

(b) Judicial Settlements through Lok Adalats

(c) Concilliation

(d) None of the above

(a) Mini trial is not part of ADR mechanism provided in Section 89 of legal Services Authority Act. Some of the Alternative Dispute Resolutions are Lok Adalat, Mediation Arbritration & Conciliation 56

What is the maximum number of concilators allowed in a concilliation proceedings?

(a) 1

(b) 2

(c) 5

(d) None

(d) None of the above It is because Section 63 of Arbritration and Concilation Act provides appointment of maximum 3 concilators 57

What is the status of a settlement agreement in concilliation proceedings

(a) non binding

(b) same as a settlement award

(c) Unlike a settlement award

(d) None

(b) – same as settlement award   58

A suit may be dismissed under order IX? (i) Where the summons is not served upon the defendant in consequence of the plaintiffs failure to pay costs for service of summons (Rule 2) (ii) Where neither the plaintiff nor the defendant appears (Rule 3) (iii) Where plaintiff, after summons returned unserved, fail for 7 days to apply for fresh summons (Rule 5) (iv) Where on the date fixed for hearing in a suit only defendants appears and he does not admit the plaintiffs claim (Rule 8)

(a) i , ii & iii

(b) i, iii & iv

(c) ii, iii & iv (

d) All of the above

(d) All options are valid ground for the court to dismissed the suit under Order IX 59

The ex-officio chairman of the council of state is?

(a) President

(b) Speaker of lok Sabha

(c) Vice President

(d) None of the above)

(c) – Vice President Article 64 of the Constitution states that the Vice-President shall be ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States 60

Right to property in India is

(a) Fundamental Right

(b) Constitutional Right

(c) Statutory Rights

(d) Legal Right

(c) – Statutory Right After 44th amendment, Right to property was inserted in Section 300A from Article 31. by way of this amendment, Right to property as fundamental Rights was substituted as a Statutory Right 61

Which of the folowing writs means to produce the body of the person?

(a) Certiorari

(b) Quo Warranto

(c) Prohibition

(d) Habeas Corpus

(d) – Habeas Corpus Writ of Habeas Corpus means the produce the body of a person. 62

The party which cannot be compelled to perform specific performances of contract are provided in which section of specific relief Act

(a) 27

(b)28

(c) 29

(d) 30

(b)   63

What kind of property is transferable?

(a) Pension

(b) Public Office

(c) Right to re-entry

(d) any kind of property, which is not prohibited by law

(d) – any kind of property, which is not prohibited by law   64

Which of the following does not come under the immovable property as per the TP, Act

(a) Sales of a ceiling fan

(b) Right to claim maintainance

(c) Right relating to the lease

(d) Easementary rights

(a) Ceiling fan is movable property. 65

Which is the subject matter of neighbouring rights pretention

(a) Performance

(b) dramatic works

(c) Geographical Indication

(d) New varieties and plant

(a) – Performance   66

Adam Smith has enumerated cannons of taxation which are accepted universally they are:

(a) Equality and Certainity

(b) Equality, Convenience, Economy

(c) Equality Economy

(d) Equality Certainity, Convenience & Economy

(d) Adam Smith in his book The Wealth of Nations has given these 4 types of cannons 67

For the first time in India Income Tax law was introduced by Sir James Wilson in the year

(a) 1886

(b) 1868′

(c) 1860

(d) None

(c) In the year 1860 – India’s pre independece finance Minister James Wilson introduced first time income tax in India. 68

Disciplinary Committee of Bar Council is Conferred the powers of civil court under cpc

(a) Section 36 of Advocates Act, 1961

(b) Section 42 of Advocates Act, 1961

(c) Section 42(Amendment) of Advocates Act, 1961

(d) Section 28 of Advocates Act, 1961

(b)   69

Which of the following is a leading case on injuria sine damnum?

(a) Rylands vs flecher

(b) Ashby v. White

(c) Donougue vs. Stevension

(d) All of the above

  (c) – Ashby vs. White This case was leading case where principle of dammnum sine Injuria was applied 70

Which one is the leading case of Strict Liability?

(a) Alen vs. Flood

(b) Rylands v. Flecher

(c) Borhil v. Young

(d) Donougue v. Stevension

(b) Rylands vs. Flecher This case was leading case where principle of strict liability was applied 71

Which of the following appears to contribute to Global Cooling rather than Global Warming?

(a) Nitrous Oxide

(b) Aerosols

(c) Methane

(d) CFC

(b)   72

A and B agree to fence with each other for amusement this agreement implies the consent of each to suffer any harm which in the couse of fencing, may be cause without foul play and if A, while playing fairly hurts B. A commits no offence the provision are given under

(a) Section 87

(b) Section 85

(c) S. 86

(d) S. 88

(d) Section 88 of IPC – Act not intended to cause death, done by consent in good faith for person’s benefit 73

The provision of the right of Private defence are given under:

(a) u/s 96-108 of IPC

(b) u/s 94-106 of IPC

(c) u/s 96-106 of IPC

(d) u/s 95-106 of IPC

(c)   74

State of UP V Nawab Hussain, 1977 SCR (3) 428 relates to:

(a) Res Subjudice

(b) Res Judicata

(c) Constructive Res Judicata

(d) Deemed Res Judicata

(c) This case is related to Constructive Res Judicata 75

X living in Pune and Y, his brother in Mumbai, X want to file a suit of partition of their joint property situated in Delhi and Bangalore

(a) The suit may be instituted in Delhi only

(b)The suit may be instituted in Bangalore only

(c) The suit may be instituted either in Delhi or Bangalore

(d) None

  As per section 16 of Code of Civil Procedure Suit may be instituted either at delhi or Banglore 76

An Immovable property held by Y is situated at Bhopal and the wrongdoer personally works for gain in Indore, a suit to obtain compansation for wrong to the property may be instituted

(a) At Bhopal

(b) At Indore

(c) either at Bhopal or at Indore

(d) None

(c) Section 20 CPC 77

Under which Section of IT Act, 1961 income of other persons included in assessee’S total income:

(a) 56-58

(b) 60-65

(c) 45-54

(d) All of the above

(b) 60-65 for the purpose of preventing tax-evasion 78

A period of 12 months starting from 1st day of April of every year is known as

(a) Assessment Year

(b) Leap year

(c) previous year

(d) None

(a) Assessment Year Assessment year means the period of 12 months commencing on the first day of April of every year and ending on 31 March of the next financial year following the previous year. When we file income tax return and when we talk of any notice received from the Income Tax Department. the terminology generally used is the assessment year. Hence, whenever you file your income tax return and you receive any notice from the Income Tax Department, then please make sure as to which is the year which is written in the said notice in short form as AY or the Assessment Year. 79

Which section of the Information Technology Amendment Act, 2008 deals with the validity of contract formed through electronic means

(a) Section 12

(b) Section 10A

(c) Section 11

(d) Section 13

(b) 10A 10A Validity of contracts formed through electronic means (Inserted by ITAA 2008) Where in a contract formation, the communication of proposals, the acceptance of proposals, the revocation of proposals and acceptances, as the case may be, are expressed in electronic form or by means of an electronic record, such contract shall not be deemed to be unenforceable solely on the ground that such electronic form or means was used for that purpose. 80

X stikes A. A is by this provocation excited to violent rage. Y a bystander intending to take advantage of A’s rage and to cause him kill X, gives a revolver into A’s hand for that purpose. A kills X with the revolver:

(a) A is liable for committing murder and Y is liable gor abetting Murder

(b) A is liable for committing culpable homicide and Y is not liable

(c) A is liable for committing culpable homicide and Y is liable for abetting culpable homicide not amounting to murder

(d) A is not liable and Y is liable for abetting murder

(c) (Section 299, 300)Exception 1 —When culpable homicide is not murder.—Culpable homicide is not murder if the offender, whilst deprived of the power of self-control by grave and sudden provocation, causes the death of the person who gave the provocation or causes the death of any other person by mistake or accident. Indian Penal Code, 1860 81

Right to Fare Legal Aid was recognised as a Fundamental Right under Article 21 of Indian Constitution in the case of

(a) Hussainara Khatoon vs. State of Bihar, Air 1979 Sc1860

(b) M.H. Hoskot V. State of Maharastra, Air 1978 SC 1548

(c) Madhu Mehta V. Union of India (1989) 4 SC 1548

(d) Rudal Shah V State of Bihar (1983) 45 Sc 14

(a) It has been held, in the case of Hussainara Khatoon vs. State of Bihar, that right to free legal aid at the cost of the State to an accused who cannot afford legal services for reasons of poverty, indigence or incommunicado situation is a part of fair, just and reasonable procedure under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. 82

In which country was the concept of PIL originated

(a) UK

(b) USA

(c) India

(d) Australia

(b) United States of America The term “PIL” originated in the United States in the mid-1980s. Since the nineteenth century, various movements in that country had contributed to public interest law, which was part of the legal aid movement. The first legal aid office was established in New York in 1876. In the 1960s the PIL movement began to receive financial support from the office of Economic Opportunity, This encouraged lawyers and public spirited persons to take up cases of the under-privileged and fight against dangers to environment and public health and exploitation of consumers and the weaker sections. 83

When two or more person, by fighting in a public place disturb the public peace, they are said to commit

(a) A riot

(b) An affray

(c) An assault

(d) None

(b) Section 159, IPC 1860 Affray:This section defines the crime of ‘affray’. It says that when two or more persons disturb public peace by fighting in a public place, they commit the crime of affray. 84

Promotion of ‘Class Hatred’ is given under

(a) Section 153-A of the I.P.C (b) Section 153-AA of the I.P.C (c) Section 153-B of the I.P.C (d) Section 144-A of the I.P.C

(a) 1 [153A. Promoting enmity between different groups on ground of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, etc., and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony. IPC 1860 85

Distinction between Section 299 and 300 was made clear by Melvill. J. in

(a) Reg Vs. Gorachand Gopee

(b) Reg Vs. Govinda

(c) Govinda Vs. Reg

(d) Reg Vs. Hayward

(b) the proceedings of the present case have been referred to the court under Section 271-B of the Code of Criminal Procedure, in order that the court may decide whether the offence committed by the prisoner was murder, or culpable homicide not amounting to murder. 86

Mandamus may be issued by

(a) Supreme Court

(b) High Court

(c) District Court

(d) Both (a) and (b)

(d) Under article 32 and Article 226 the Supreme Court and High court respectively can issue the writ of mandamus on lower courts . 87

The provision for Administration Tribunals added by

(a) 42nd Amendment

(b) 44nd Amendment

(c) 24nd Amendment

(d) 43nd Amendment

(a) Tribunals were added in the Constitution by Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976 as Part XIV-A, which has only two articles viz. 323-A and 323-B. While article 323-A deals with Administrative Tribunals; article 323-B deals with tribunals for other matters. 88

Joint sitting of both the Houses of Parliament may be called by the?

(a) Speaker

(b) Chairman

(c) President

(d) Prime Minister

(c) The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President (Article 108) and is presided over by the Speaker or, in his absence, by the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha or in his absence, the Deputy-Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. 89

Specific Relief……….. where the agreement is made with minor fill in the blanks

(a) Can get

(b) Cannot be given

(c) Can release

(d) Implemented with law

(b)   90

A question suggesting the answer which the person putting it whishes or expects to receive is called

(a) Indecent Questions

(b) Leading Questions

(c) Improper Questions

(d) Proper Questions

(b) Indian Evidence Act, 1872 Section 141 “any questing suggesting the answer which the person putting wishes or expects to receive is called a leading question.” 91

Options of Puberty is a ground of divorce under Hindu Marriage Act 1955 for

(a) Only husband

(b) only wife

(c) Both Husband and Wife’

(d) None of the above

(b) The bride can exercise the option of puberty under Section 13(2) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 for decree of divorce. 92

Which section of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955 provides that a child from a void marriage would be legitmate?

(a) Section 11

(b) Section 13(a)

(c) Section 12

(d) Section 16

(d) Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 Section16. Legitimacy of children of void and voidable marriages.- (1) Notwithstanding that a marriage is null and void under Section 11, any child of such marriage who would have been legitimate if the marriage had been valid, shall be legitimate, whether such a child is born before or after the commencement of the Marriage Laws (Amendment) Act, 1976, and whether or not a decree of nullity is granted in respect of the marriage under this Act and whether or not the marriage is held to be void otherwise than on a petition under this Act. (2) Where a decree of nullity is granted in respect of a voidable marriage under Section 12, any child begotten or conceived before the decree is made, who would have been the legitimate child of the parties to the marriage if at the date of the decree it had been dissolved instead of being annulled, shall be deemed to be their legitimate child notwithstanding the decree of nullity. (3) Nothing contained in sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) shall be construed as conferring upon any child of a marriage which is null and void or which is annulled by a decree of nullity under Section 12, any rights in or to the property of any person, other than the parents, in any case, where, but for the passing of this Act, such child would have been incapable of possessing or acquiring any such rights by reason of his not being the legitimate child of his parents. 93

A resides at Hyderabad, B at Calcutta and C at Delhi. A, B, and C being together at Allahabad, B and C make a joint promissory note payable on demand, and to deliver to A. A may sue B and C

(a) At the allahabad where the cause of action arises

(b) At, calcutta, where B reides

(c) At Delhi, where C resides

(d) All of the above

(a)   94

Section 25 empowers the Supreme court court to transfer any suit, appeal or other proceedings

(a) From one high court to another High court

(b) Form one civil court in court in one state to another civil court in any other court

(c) Both (a) and (b)

(d) Only A

(c) Civil Procedure Code, 1908 Section 25. Powers of Supreme Court to transfer cases: Section 25 of the Code as amended by the Amendment Act of 1976 empowers Supreme Court to transfer any suit, appeal or other proceeding from one High Court to another High Court or from one Civil Court in one State to another Civil Court in any other State throughout the country, if it is satisfied that such an order is expedient in the ends of justice. 95

In which of the following cases, Can C set off the claim?

(a) A sues C on a bill of exchange for Rs 500/-, C alleges that A has wrongfully neglected to insure C’s goods and he is liable to pay compensation

(b) A sues C on a bill of exchange for Rs 500/-, C holds a decree against A for recovery of debt of Rs 1000/-

(c) A sues B and C for Rs 1000/-. the debt is due to C alone by C

(d) A and B sues C for Rs 1000/- the debt is due to C by alone.

(b) CPC 1908 Particulars of set-off to be given in written statement—(1) Where in a suit for the recovery of money the defendant claims to set-off against the plaintiff’s demand any ascertained sum of money legally recoverable by him from the plaintiff, not exceeding the pecuniary limits of the jurisdiction of the Court, and both parties fill the same character as they fill in the plaintiff’s suit, the defendant may, at the first hearing of the suit, but not afterwards unless permitted by the Court, present a written statement containing the particulars of the debt sought to be set-off. 96

What is the maximum duration within which fast track arbritratin must be completed?

(a) 6 month

(b) 12 month

(c) 18 month

(d) 24 month

(a)   97

Which of the following sectiondeals with the form of summons

(a) section 60

(b) section 61

(c) section 62 and

(d) section 64

(b) Form of Summons 98

Under Cr.P.C. provision relating to prosecution of judge is provided

(a) Section 196

(b) Section 197

(c) Section 198

(d) Section 199

(b) – Section 197 Prosecution of Judges 99

“Hadees” is one of the sources of Muslim Law, it comprises

(a) Very words of God

(b) Words and actions of Prophet

(c) Unanimous decision of jurists

(d) Analogical decisions

(b)   100

Intellectual Property appellate Board is established under which Act

(a) The copyright Act, 1957

(b) Patent Act, 1970

(c) The Trademark Act, 1999

(d) The designs Act, 2000

(c)  

  To know more about types of Intellectual Property Rights for purpose of AIBE preparation, please Click Here.

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