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deepeststudenttyrant · 2 years ago

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Table of ContentsWhat Is Thcv? Thcv Effects - TruthsWhat Does What Is Thcv: Effects Of Tetrahydrocannabivarin Mean?Not known Facts About What Is Thcv And What Are The Benefits Of This Cannabinoid?The Basic Principles Of What Is Thcv? What To Know About The Newly What Is Thcv? Understanding “Diet Weed” - The FactsThe 4-Minute Rule for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Thcv): A CommentaryThe Only Guide for What Is Thcv? Understanding “Diet Weed”

It seems to inhibit stress attacks in POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER people without subduing emotion. Tremblings, motor control, and also brain lesions linked with seem to be actually improved through THCV, however research is actually in progression. Given that it advertises the growth of new bone tissues, THCV is actually being checked out for osteoporosis and various other bone-related disorders (what is thcv).

Most strains just consist of track, undetected quantities of THCV, making it tough to obtain the wanted healing effect (thcv carts). Our company can suppose that more THCV-rich products will be actually offered alongside its own developing appeal, however in the meanwhile, below are actually some practical tips for finding this rare curative gem. Laboratory outcomes present that THCV is very most rich in, particularly pressures coming from.

Once again, make certain to guide your choices towards African sativas as they often tend to have the best THCV. Stress higher in THCV: Bailey Rahn Bailey is a senior satisfied manager at Leafly, focusing on pressures and health and wellness. She is actually spent 7+ years researching cannabis items, dispersing patients' accounts, and exploring healthy ways of including cannabis right into every day life.

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Cannabis lifestyle has been possessing a minute or even more for the final handful of years, as well as between CBD, CBG and conventional marijuana, a bunch of folks wonder about all their distinctions and what prospective health and wellness benefits they might experience from each one. thcv tincture. One of the most recent styles receiving a bunch of buzz, in a manner of speaking, is actually TCHV, a slight cannabinoid that allegedly gives psychoactive results - thcv isolate.

Tishler suggests waging caveat."Studies on THCV have actually usually been actually in rodents, not humans, [therefore] there is certainly not sufficient human data to highly recommend using it," he states. Here's what you need to learn about this most recent fad in the pot market (what is thcv). THCV possesses 2 specific healing benefits: appetite management as well as psychological clearness and focus, Denniston mentions - thcv carts.

"The effect beginning time is actually a lot faster, but considering that THCV does not tie as strongly as THC at the CB1receptor web site, it possesses a shorter duration of result." Depending on to Denniston, much of the marijuana assortments that have much higher degrees of THCV are sativa-leaning. "The absolute most popular selections include sativa landraces coming from China, India, Nepal," he claims - what is thcv.

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5%-1%Durban Toxin: 3-5%Port the Ripper: 5%Nonetheless, while there are actually some stress that have more THCV than others (such as Durban Poison), no stress has sufficient THCV to become meaningfully contrasted to the rodent researches, physician Tishler points out. thcv cartridge."Furthermore, very most THCV products make use of THCV that is actually manufactured from CBD from hemp, certainly not stemmed from cannabis straight," he points out.

Tishler, it's been actually specified, however not researched, that THCV brings about an extra hallucinogenic experience."Like THC, THCV can easily be actually psychedelic when absorbed higher doses," Denniston adds. "THCV produces a faster-acting, more-focused and also exhilarating sense of ecstasy that lasts for a much shorter period when matched up to THC. The higher connected with its own psychoactivity is actually typically described likewise to sativa wide arrays, as concentrated, enthusiastic, as well as encouraging." Based on rodent information, low doses might trigger some hunger suppression as well as a far better action to blood insulin, PHYSICIAN

"For these reasons, numerous have actually been touting THCV as a diet regimen aid or a treatment for diabetes or even weight problems," he points out." [But] none of this particular has been actually birthed out in people as well as must not be actually used in this manner currently." Like THC and other cannabinoids, THCV additionally has anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, neurogenesis, as well as antioxidant residential or commercial properties, includes Denniston.

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One more day, one more cannabinoid (what is thcv). Today, our experts are actually addressing tetrahydrocannabivarin or even THCv. In this particular resource, our experts'll detail: What is THCv? Exactly how carries out THCv work? What's the variation in between THC and THCv? Where is actually THCv located? THCv is a kind of cannabinoid found in cannabis. While it's certainly not as well-liked as THC and CBD, it does seem to have prospective as a goliath cannabinoid in cannabis.

While the THC as well as THCv chemical structures look a whole lot alike, as well as may possess some similarities in relations to the psychedelic qualitiesin the best dosages, THCv is actually an one-of-a-kind cannabinoid discovered in marijuana. thcv gummies. Actually, it's so unique, as well as is on call in such reduced quantities, that our team've only began actually making an effort to comprehend THCv, market it, as well as breed strains which contain this compound. thcv isolate.

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It appears that, in reduced doses, THCv antagonizes the CB1 receptor, which is among the receptors in our body systems had an effect on through THC - buy thcv. Because it does this, at reduced doses, THCv will not have psychoactive residential or commercial properties. At higher dosages, having said that, THCv can easily modify the means it communicates with the body and begins to team up with the CB1 receptors.

THC is actually various coming from THCv in a handful of techniques - thcv isolate. The 1st is that THC is likely to lead to a psychedelic effect, while THCv, as described above, might cause this effect in greater doses. Beyond that, it is actually strongly believed that while THC may raise appetite in cannabis consumers, THCv may manage to reduce the hunger. thcv carts.

This is since THCv intoxication is actually disclosed as brief yet likely rigorous. thcv tincture. Even more analysis is needed to have to comprehend any result of THC or even THCv on the body, and marijuana and cannabinoids have an effect on every person https://freshbros.com/blog/what-is-thcv-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-weight-loss-cannabinoid/ in different ways. THCv typically takes place in marijuana in extremely little quantities, so it's tough to build an item around it.

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In standard, African sativas usually tend to carry one of the most THCv. From there, your best bet is to look for full-spectrum products which contain THCv. Products having just THCv, like pure THCv tincture and also THCv edibles, are actually limited, as well as they might certainly not be actually accessible in your location. If you can't access these, full-spectrum items can provide one more avenue for you to experience THCv.

Know why in our resources. Are you curious about trying THCv? Look at our item food selections which listing all the cannabis items our company possess accessible in your region. Then, visit among our Verilife clinic areas. Our cannabis experts can address your inquiries and also assist you find the correct items to attempt where accessible. buy thcv.

The web content on this site is actually certainly not planned to be actually an alternative to qualified clinical insight, prognosis or even procedure - thcv carts.

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For practically a year now our team have actually been devoted to slight cannabinoid technology at Kush Queen. Like our team, you may possess loved the benefits of using various cannabis particles like CBN, CBG, and Delta 8 lately. buy thcv. Our team are actually delighted to announce our group has actually been checking a brand-new molecule, soon to become a brand new preferred, THCV.

Furthermore, THCV is actually recognized as a neuroprotective, so it's excellent for nerve ailments, which our company'll dig in to a little bit of later. Unlike THC, THCV functions to reduce the hunger, so it is actually certainly not suggested for those along with eating conditions or even individuals searching for an appetite stimulator. Certain, that all sounds fantastic, but what about science? Every little thing our team carry out at KQ has actually to be embeded in clinical evidence, and also shockingly, there is really health care study when it happens to THCV.

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rickshempoilau · 5 years ago

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Importance of Medicinal Hemp oil

As on date Hemp and Cannabis are the most researched and used as medicinal compounds for human beings as well as pets. Despite being derivatives of Cannabis Sativa plant, Hemp, Cannabis and Mariana have different amounts of Tetrahydrocannabinol i.e. THC - psychoactive component, CBD- non-psychoactive component and other components.

The varietals of Cannabis sativa having more than 0.3% THC are termed as marijuana which is often consumed for recreational purposes and get ‘high’. Whereas Hemp, a varietal of Cannabis sativa, contains zero to much less than 0.3% THC and hence is free from psychoactive effect and is legal and safe for medicinal use.

Hemp oil is harvested by cold pressing hemp seeds that helps maintain the integrity and pureness of the hemp oil. Hemp oil extracts are refined using an advanced Chromatography that even the traces of mood altering or psychoactive compound i.e. THC so as to make it suitable for health related medical purposes.

Medicinal Hemp oil has a perfect nutritional 3:1 ratio of Omega-6 to Omega-3 essential fatty acids.

Considered and consumed as a super food, Hemp oil is rich in vitamins and other nutrients and increasingly used as medicinal hemp oil in Australia for various health conditions and diseases.

How Hemp Oil Works?

The extraction of medical Hemp oil in Australia is increasing as hemp works better than any other plant oil extract in maintaining good health.

Hemp oil works on the body’s endogenous Endocannabinoid System (ECS) that has number of receptors, mainly CB1 and CB2 receptors, throughout the body and systems such as brain, central nervous system, immune system and other body systems.

Endocannabinoid System is responsible for the ongoing physiological processes in the body such as mood, memory, pain and appetite.

Primarily CB1receptors are located in the brain and central nervous system whereas CB2 receptors are mostly prevalent in the peripheral organs and cells associated with body’s immune system.

ECS, through CB1 and CB2 receptors, responds to the endogenous Cannabinoids produced by the body as well as Cannabinoids from plant sources such as hemp.

Cannabinoids in hemp oil inhibit the breakdown of body’s own natural occurring Cannabinoids that is responsible for activating the CB1 and CB2 receptors.

Use of Medicinal Hemp oil

Use of medicinal Hemp oil aids keep a stimulated Endocannabinoid System that helps maintain a state of homeostasis or stable equilibrium in the body and activate and maintaining physiological processes, such as:

• Immune System

• Sleep Function

• Digestive System

• Mood & Anxiety

• Metabolism

• Reproduction/fertility

• Cardiovascular system

• Skin ailments like Eczema, Acne, Psoriasis and Lichen Planus (an Inflammatory skin disease)

• Neuro-Protection (Brain) against neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease

Apart from relieving pain and inflammation, use of medicinal Hemp oil can effectively treat or manage conditions caused due to Clinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency (CECD) such as:

• Fibromyalgia

• Migraine

• Irritable bowel syndrome

Endocannabinoid receptors are not only present in human beings, but all mammals and hence hemp oil use can benefit pets too.

High quality and best prized medicinal hemp oil Australia can be ordered from Ricks Hemp Oil who not only produce and sell hemp oil but also provide free weekly consultation regarding specific health condition to the regular clients.

#Medicinal Hemp Oil Australia|Cannabidiol Australia

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vthornleymd · 7 years ago

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combining arts and science

https://neurologybuzz.com/2018/02/17/cannabidiol-review-of-some-of-the-novel-underlying-mechanisms-of-action-in-analgesic-anti-inflammatory-anti-epileptic-anti-inflammatory-anti-tumorigenic-and-anxiolytic-effects/

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cbdreviews · 5 years ago

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What are CB1 Receptors?

CB1 receptors are located throughout the brain, central nervous system, connective tissues, gonads, glands, and related organs. These receptors also mediate the psychotropic effects of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta9 THC), the principal psychoactive component of cannabis.

In addition, they are one component of an interesting and widespread paracrine signaling system, the endocannabinoid system.

The endocannabinoid system is comprised of cannabinoid receptors, endogenous cannabinoids, and the metabolic pathways responsible for their synthesis and degradation.

The details of the endocannabinoid system have been most thoroughly studied in the brain. It has been shown to be intimately involved in several forms of neuronal plasticity.

That is, activation of CB1 receptors by endocannabinoids produces either short- or long-term changes in the efficacy of synaptic transmission. Synaptic transmission is the biological process by which a neuron communicates with a target cell across a synapse.

The behavioral consequences of these changes are many, but some of the most striking and relevant to the current symposium are those associated with endogenous reward and consumptive behavior.

Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16570100

This video is now available in CBD.how Educational Plugin. https://www.cbd.how/plugin

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healthtimetaylor · 5 years ago

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CBD education

CBD (cannabidiol) is a non-intoxicating component of the cannabis plant with enormous therapeutic potential. Although CBD doesn’t make people feel high like THC does, it’s causing quite a buzz among scientists, health professionals, and medical marijuana patients who are using CBD-rich products to treat a wide range of conditions—chronic pain, cancer, Crohn’s, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, PTSD, cardiovascular disease, anxiety, antibiotic-resistant infections, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, and more. Academic research centers in the United States and elsewhere are currently studying the effects of CBD on these and other ailments. Scientists refer to CBD as a “promiscuous” compound because it confers therapeutic benefits in many different ways while tapping into how we function physiologically and biologically on a deep level. Extensive preclinical research and some clinical studies have shown that CBD has strong anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, anti-depressant, anti-psychotic, anti-tumoral, and neuroprotective qualities. Cannabidiol can change gene expression and remove beta amyloid plaque, the hallmark of Alzheimer’s, from brain cells.

CBD Science

Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-intoxicating component of the cannabis plant, has generated significant interest among scientists and physicians in recent years—but how CBD exerts its therapeutic impact on a molecular level is still being sorted out. Cannabidiol is a pleiotropic drug in that it produces many effects through multiple molecular pathways. The scientific literature has identified more than 65 molecular targets of CBD.

Although CBD has little binding affinity for either of the two cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), cannabidiol modulates several non-cannabinoid receptors and ion channels. CBDalso acts through various receptor-independent pathways—for example, by delaying the “reuptake” of endogenous neurotransmitters (such as anandamide and adenosine) and by enhancing or inhibiting the binding action of certain G-protein coupled receptors.

Here are some of the ways that CBD confers its manifold therapeutic effects.

SEROTONIN RECEPTORS

Jose Alexandre Crippa and his colleagues at the University of San Paulo in Brazil and King’s College in London have conducted pioneering research into CBD and the neural correlates of anxiety. At high concentrations, CBD directly activates the 5-HT1A (hydroxytryptamine) serotonin receptor, thereby conferring an anti-anxiety effect. This G-coupled protein receptor is implicated in a range of biological and neurological processes, including (but not limited to) anxiety, addiction, appetite, sleep, pain perception, nausea and vomiting.

5-HT1A is a member of the family of 5-HT receptors, which are activated by the neurotransmitter serotonin. Found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, 5-HT receptors trigger various intracellular cascades of chemical messages to produce either an excitatory or inhibitory response, depending on the chemical context of the message.

CBDA [Cannabidiolic acid], the raw, unheated version of CBD that is present in the cannabis plant, also has a strong affinity for the 5-HT1A receptor (even more so than CBD). Preclinical studies indicate that CBDA is a potent anti-emetic, stronger than either CBD or THC, which also have anti-nausea properties.

VANILLOID RECEPTORS

CBD directly interacts with various ion channels to confer a therapeutic effect. CBD, for example, binds to TRPV1 receptors, which also function as ion channels. TRPV1 is known to mediate pain perception, inflammation and body temperature.

TRPV is the technical abbreviation for “transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V.” TRPV1 is one of several dozen TRP (pronounced “trip”) receptor variants or subfamilies that mediate the effects of a wide range of medicinal herbs.

Scientists also refer to TRPV1 as a “vanilloid receptor,” named after the flavorful vanilla bean. Vanilla contains eugenol, an essential oil that has antiseptic and analgesic properties; it also helps to unclog blood vessels. Historically, the vanilla bean has been used as a folk cure for headaches.

CBD binds to TRPV1, which can influence pain perception.

Capsaicin—the pungent compound in hot chili peppers—activates the TRVP1 receptor. Anandamide, the endogenous cannabinoid, is also a TRPV1 agonist.

GPR55—ORPHAN RECEPTORS

Whereas cannabidiol directly activates the 5-HT1A serotonin receptor and several TRPV ion channels, some studies indicate that CBD functions as an antagonist that blocks, or deactivates, another G protein-coupled receptor known as GPR55.

GPR55 has been dubbed an “orphan receptor” because scientists are still not sure if it belongs to a larger family of receptors. GPR55 is widely expressed in the brain, especially in the cerebellum. It is involved in modulating blood pressure and bone density, among other physiological processes.

GPR55 promotes osteoclast cell function, which facilitates bone reabsorption. Overactive GPR55 receptor signaling is associated with osteoporosis.

GPR55, when activated, also promotes cancer cell proliferation, according to a 2010 study by researchers at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Shanghai. This receptor is expressed in various types of cancer.

CBD is a GPR55 antagonist, as University of Aberdeen scientist Ruth Ross disclosed at the 2010 conference of the International Cannabinoid Research Society in Lund, Sweden. By blocking GPR55 signaling, CBD may act to decrease both bone reabsorption and cancer cell proliferation.

PPARS – NUCLEAR RECEPTORS

CBD also exerts an anti-cancer effect by activating PPARs [peroxisome proliferator activated receptors] that are situated on the surface of the cell’s nucleus. Activation of the receptor known as PPAR-gamma has an anti-proliferative effect as well as an ability to induce tumor regression in human lung cancer cell lines. PPAR-gamma activation degrades amyloid-beta plaque, a key molecule linked to the development of Alzheimer’s disease. This is one of the reasons why cannabidiol, a PPAR-gamma agonist, may be a useful remedy for Alzheimer’s patients.

PPAR receptors also regulate genes that are involved in energy homeostasis, lipid uptake, insulin sensitivity, and other metabolic functions. Diabetics, accordingly, may benefit from a CBD-rich treatment regimen.

CBD AS A REUPTAKE INHIBITOR

How does CBD, an exogenous plant compound, get inside a human cell to bind to a nuclear receptor? First it has to pass through the cell membrane by hitching a ride with a fatty acid binding protein (FABP), which chaperones various lipid molecules into the cell’s interior. These intracellular transport molecules also escort tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and the brain’s own marijuana-like molecules, the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2AG, across the membrane to several targets within the cell. CBD and THC both modulate receptors on the surface of the nucleus, which regulate gene expression and mitochondrial activity.

Cannabidiol, it turns out, has a strong affinity for three kinds of FABPs, and CBD competes with our endocannabinoids, which are fatty acids, for the same transport molecules. Once it is inside the cell, anandamide is broken down by FAAH [fatty acid amide hydrolase], a metabolic enzyme, as part of its natural molecular life cycle. But CBD interferes with this process by reducing anandamide’s access to FABP transport molecules and delaying endocannabinoid passage into the cell’s interior.

According to a team of Stony Brook University scientists, CBD functions as an anandamide reuptake and breakdown inhibitor, thereby raising endocannabinoid levels in the brain’s synapses. Enhancing endocannabinod tone via reuptake inhibition may be a key mechanism whereby CBD confers neuroprotective effects against seizures, as well as many other health benefits.

CBD’s anti-inflammatory and anti-anxiety effects are in part attributable to its inhibition of adenosine reuptake. By delaying the reuptake of this neurotransmitter, CBD boosts adenosine levels in the brain, which regulates adenosine receptor activity. A1A and A2A adenosine receptors play significant roles in cardiovascular function, regulating myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow. These receptors have broad anti-inflammatory effects throughout the body.

CBD AS THE ALLOSTERIC RECEPTOR MODULATOR

CBD also functions as an allosteric receptor modulator, which means that it can either enhance or inhibit how a receptor transmits a signal by changing the shape of the receptor.

Australian scientists report that CBD acts as a “positive allosteric modulator” of the GABA-A receptor. In other words, CBD interacts with the GABA-A receptor in a way that enhances the receptor’s binding affinity for its principal endogenous agonist, gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. The sedating effects of Valium and other Benzos are mediated by GABA receptor transmission. CBD reduces anxiety by changing the shape of the GABA-A receptor in a way that amplifies the natural calming effect of GABA.

Canadian scientists have identified CBD as a “negative allosteric modulator” of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor, which is concentrated in the brain and central nervous system. While cannabidiol doesn’t bind to the CB1 receptor directly like THC does, CBDinteracts allosterically with CB1 and changes the shape of the receptor in a way that weakens CB1’s ability to bind with THC.

As a negative allosteric modulator of the CB1receptor, CBD lowers the ceiling on THC’s psychoactivity—which is why people don’t feel as “high�� when using CBD-rich cannabis compared to when they consume THC-dominant medicine. A CBD-rich product with little THC can convey therapeutic benefits without having a euphoric or dysphoric effect.

ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM

Cannabis has been at the center of one of the most exciting—and underreported—developments in modern science. Research on marijuana’s effects led directly to the discovery of a hitherto unknown biochemical communication system in the human body, the Endocannabinoid System, which plays a crucial role in regulating our physiology, mood, and everyday experience.

The discovery of receptors in the brain that respond pharmacologically to cannabis—and the subsequent identification of endogenous cannabinoid compounds in our own bodies that bind to these receptors—has significantly advanced our understanding of human biology, health, and disease.

SOURCE: BUY LEGAL MEDS

The post CBD education appeared first on AlternativeWellness.

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showmekindness-nonprofit-blog · 8 years ago

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Cannabinoid Receptors and Ligands

Up until the last two decades, marijuana research was a rather esoteric field, of interest to a small number of scientists. A contributory factor was the highly lipophilic nature of the biologically active ingredients, which led to the notion that marijuana elicits its effects nonspecifically by perturbing membrane lipids (Lawrence and Gill, 1975). The first important breakthrough that ultimately led to a rejection of this concept was the identification by Gaoni and Mechoulam (1964) of the correct chemical structure of the main psychoactive ingredient of marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC1), and the subsequent demonstration that bioactivity resides in the l-stereoisomer of this compound (Mechoulam and Gaoni, 1967), which is one of approximately 60 cannabinoids present in the plant (Dewey, 1986). This discovery stimulated the generation of a whole range of synthetic analogs in the 1970s that included not only compounds structurally similar to phytocannabinoids (Fig. 1A) but also analogs with different chemical structures, including classic and nonclassic cannabinoids and aminoalkylindoles (Fig. 1B) (Howlett et al., 2002), as well as the subsequently discovered endogenous arachidonic acid derivatives or endocannabinoids (Fig. 1C), which are discussed in more detail below. Studies of the biological effects of THC and its synthetic analogs revealed strict structural selectivity (Hollister, 1974) as well as stereo-selectivity (Jones et al., 1974), telltale signs of drug-receptor interactions. Definitive evidence for the existence of specific cannabinoid receptors was followed soon by the demonstration of high-affinity, saturable, stereospecific binding sites for the synthetic cannabinoid agonist [3H]CP-55,940 in mouse brain plasma membranes, which correlated with both the in vitro inhibition of adenylate cyclase and the in vivo analgesic effect of the compound (Devane et al., 1988). The availability of a radioligand also allowed the mapping of cannabinoid receptors in the brain by receptor autoradiography (Herkenham et al., 1991b). This mapping turned out to be of key importance in the subsequent identification of an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) as the brain receptor for cannabinoids (Matsuda et al., 1990), later named CB1receptor, based on the overlapping regional distribution of the mRNA for this GPCR and [3H]CP-55,940 binding sites. CB1 receptors are the most abundant receptors in the mammalian brain but are also present at much lower concentrations in a variety of peripheral tissues and cells. A second cannabinoid GPCR, CB2, is expressed primarily in cells of the immune and hematopoietic systems (Munro et al., 1993) but recently were found to be present in the brain (Van Sickle et al., 2005; Gong et al., 2006), in nonparenchymal cells of the cirrhotic liver (Julien et al., 2005), in the endocrine pancreas (Juan-Pico et al., 2005), and in bone (Karsak et al., 2004; Idris et al., 2005; Ofek et al., 2006). Two splice variants of CB1 receptors have been also identified: CB1A, which has an altered amino-terminal sequence (Shire et al., 1995), and CB1B, which has an in-frame deletion of 33 amino acids at the amino terminus (Ryberg et al., 2005). The mRNAs of both splice variants are expressed at much lower levels than the CB1 mRNA and, although the receptors expressed from the cDNAs have unique pharmacology (Ryberg et al., 2005), evidence for their natural expression has not been reported.Fig. 1The chemical structure and pharmacological activity of selected plant derived (A), synthetic (B), and endogenous cannabinoids (C).An interesting twist on the steric selectivity of cannabinoid receptors has emerged through recent studies of the behaviorally inactive phytocannabinoid (−)-cannabidiol (CBD) and its synthetic analogs, which have negligible affinity for either CB1 or CB2 receptors. Paradoxically, some of the synthetic (+)-(+)-stereoisomers of these compounds were found to bind potently to both CB1 and CB2 receptors (Bisogno et al., 2001) but to display only peripheral and not centrally mediated cannabinoid-like bioactivity, suggesting that they may act as antagonists rather than agonists at central, but not peripheral, CB1 receptors (Fride et al., 2005).Another ligand that displays central versus peripheral selectivity is ajulemic acid, a metabolite of THC that was found to have potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties without any overt behavioral or psychoactive effects (Burstein et al., 1992; Dyson et al., 2005; Mitchell et al., 2005). Ajulemic acid was reported to bind to both CB1 and CB2 receptors with reasonably high affinity (Kd 100–200 nM) but only to activate the latter (Rhee et al., 1997), which may explain its unique and therapeutically attractive pharmacological profile. A more recent study indicated even higher affinities for CB1 (Ki 6 nM) and CB2receptors (Ki 56 nM) and specified the role of CB1 in mediating its antihyperalgesic activity in neuropathic pain (Dyson et al., 2005). This article also documented limited brain penetration of ajulemic acid compared with other cannabinoids, which may account for its favorable therapeutic profile. Ajulemic acid also binds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ receptors with low (micromolar) affinity, which was proposed to account for its effect on adipocyte differentiation (Liu et al., 2003b).Among the 60 or so cannabinoids present in marijuana, only THC is psychoactive. However, some of the other constituents, such as cannabidiol, have well-documented biological effects of potential therapeutic interest, such as antianxiety, anticonvulsive, antinausea, anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties (Mechoulam et al., 2002c; Grotenhermen, 2004; Vaccani et al., 2005). Cannabidiol does not significantly interact with CB1 or CB2 receptors, and its actions have been attributed to inhibition of anandamide degradation or its antioxidant properties (Mechoulam and Hanus, 2002; Mechoulam et al., 2002c), or an interaction with as yet unidentified cannabinoid receptors (see below). Another marijuana constituent of potential therapeutic interest is tetrahydrocannabivarin (Markus, 1971), which has recently been shown to have CB1 antagonist properties (Thomas et al., 2005).In addition to CB1 and CB2 receptors, pharmacological evidence has been accumulating over the years to support the existence of one or more additional receptors for cannabinoids (reviewed in Begg et al., 2005). Two of these possibilities have been more extensively explored: an endothelial site involved in vasodilation and endothelial cell migration (Járai et al., 1999; Begg et al., 2003; Mo et al., 2004), and a presynaptic site on glutamatergic terminals in the hippocampus mediating inhibition of glutamate release (Hájos et al., 2001). Responses elicited at both of these sites were reported to survive genetic ablation of CB1 receptors, yet be sensitive to inhibition by the CB1 antagonist SR141716 or by pertussis toxin but not by the CB1 antagonist AM251 (Járai et al., 1999; Hájos and Freund, 2002; Ho and Hiley, 2003; Offertáler et al., 2003; O’Sullivan et al., 2004a,b). However, the two sites are apparently different. The aminoalkylindol WIN 55,212-2 was found to be an agonist and capsazepine an antagonist at the hippocampal (Hájos and Freund, 2002) but not at the endothelial receptor (Wagner et al., 1999;Mukhopadhyay et al., 2002). On the other hand, certain atypical cannabinoids with no affinity for CB1 or CB2 receptors behave as agonists (abnormal cannabidiol, O-1602) or antagonists at the endothelial receptor (cannabidiol, O-1918) but not at the hippocampal receptor (Begg et al., 2005). Arachidonoyl-L-serine, an endogenous lipid discovered in rat brain, has been found to be a vasodilator acting at the endothelial cannabinoid receptor (Milman et al., 2006), although its activity at the hippocampal receptor has not yet been evaluated. The existence of this latter receptor has recently been called into question, as the ability of WIN 55,212-2 to suppress the same excitatory synapse as studied by Hájos et al. (2001) was found to be absent in two different strains of CB1 knockout mice, yet present in their respective wild-type controls (Takahashi and Castillo, 2006). Atypical cannabinoid receptors with pharmacological properties similar to those of the endothelial receptor have been postulated to exist on microglia, where they mediate microglial migration (Walter et al., 2003), and on neurons of the mouse vas deferens (Pertwee et al., 2002, 2005c). Activation of this latter receptor by the CBD analog 7-OH-dimethylheptyl CBD, which is inactive at CB1, CB2, or transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptors, inhibits electrically evoked contractions of the vas deferens, and the effect is selectively inhibited by CBD itself. A brain cannabinoid receptor distinct from CB1 was also indicated by the ability of anandamide and WIN 55,212-2, but not other agonists, to stimulate GTPγS binding in brain plasma membranes from CB1 knockout mice (Breivogel et al., 2001).Of interest are recent findings reported in the patent literature that the orphan receptor GPR-55 (Sawzdargo et al., 1999) recognizes a variety of cannabinoid ligands, but not WIN 55,212-2 (Brown and Wise, 2003;Drmota et al., 2004). However, GPR-55 is apparently not expressed in the vascular endothelium and is sensitive to HU-210 (Drmota et al., 2004), a potent synthetic cannabinoid devoid of vasorelaxant properties (Wagner et al., 1999). Furthermore, it couples to G12/G13 and ρ kinase, which have been linked to vasoconstrictor rather than vasodilator responses. This suggests that GPR-55 is not the abnormal cannabidiol-sensitive endothelial receptor. Mice deficient in GPR-55 will help in defining the biological functions of this novel cannabinoid-sensitive receptor.Anandamide has been found to be an agonist ligand for the TRPV1 ion channel, although its affinity in the low micromolar range is lower than its affinity for CB1 receptors (reviewed by van der Stelt and Di Marzo, 2004). An in vitro study in rat mesenteric arteries provided evidence that the endothelium-independent component of anandamide-induced vasodilation is mediated via activation of capsaicin-sensitive TRPV1 in sensory nerve terminals. This triggers the release of CGRP, which then dilates the artery by activation of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors on the vascular smooth muscle (Zygmunt et al., 1999). However, this mechanism does not contribute to the in vivo hypotensive action of anandamide, which is similar in wild-type and TRPV1−/− mice (Pacher et al., 2004).Both CB1 and CB2 receptors are G protein-coupled receptors. Surprisingly, they share little sequence homology, only 44% at the protein level or 68% in the transmembrane domains, which are thought to contain the binding sites for cannabinoids (Lutz, 2002). Despite this, THC and most synthetic cannabinoids have similar affinities for the two receptors, and only recently did synthetic ligands that discriminate between CB1 and CB2 receptors emerge. These include agonists as well as antagonists, as listed in Fig. 2. The development of potent and highly selective CB1 and CB2 receptor antagonists (Rinaldi-Carmona et al., 1994, 1998) is particularly noteworthy as it provided critically important tools to explore the physiological functions of endocannabinoids. For example, as it will be discussed later in this review, the appetite-reducing effects of the CB1 antagonist SR141716 in various rodent models was the first sign to suggest that endocannabinoids may be tonically active orexigenic agents, representing the endogenous counterpart of the “munchies” caused by marijuana smoking.Fig. 2Selective agonists (A) and antagonists (B) of CB1 and CB2 receptors.However, these antagonists, as well as most of the other CB1 and CB2 antagonists developed to date, have inverse agonist properties (Bouaboula et al., 1997, 1999), so their effects do not necessarily reflect reversal of the tonic action of an endocannabinoid. For this reason, the development of CB1 and CB2 receptor-deficient mouse strains (Ledent et al., 1999; Zimmer et al., 1999; Buckley et al., 2000; Marsicano et al., 2002b; Robbe et al., 2002) was similarly important, as the use of these animals in combination with receptor antagonists can reinforce the putative regulatory roles of endocannabinoids. More recently, the development of conditional mutant mice that lack the expression of CB1 receptors only in certain types of neurons represents another milestone, as it allows linking of specific neuronal populations with a well-defined cannabinoid-modulated behavior (Marsicano et al., 2003). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/art...

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mycompassion-blog1 · 8 years ago

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#Cannabis provides #painrelief due to #CB1receptors in brain & spinal cord #mycompassion http://ow.ly/6xut100jf4m

#cannabis #cb1receptors #mycompassion #painrelief

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medileaftech · 8 years ago

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#Cannabis provides #painrelief due to #CB1receptors in brain & spinal cord @mycompassioninc http://ow.ly/6xut100jf4m

#cannabis #cb1receptors #painrelief

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cookiejarcannabis · 7 years ago

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Yes please! #cookiejarcannabis #lovesyou #i502 #thc #trichomes #terpenes #terps #frost #terpfarmer #terpsaucy #terpsfromheaven #blessed #terpsonterps #cannabinoids #terpenoids #isoprenoids #isoprene #sesquiterpenes #monoterpenes #inneruniverse #lovemolecules #madeforus #theuniverseiscalling #endocannabinoid #endocannabinoidsystem #CB1receptors #CB2receptors #lifedealer #i502producer #i502processor

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nikkisnugs · 3 years ago

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Today's garden dab is... Britney's Frozen Lemons x Mango Sherbert Rosin ❇️ Grown and Squished by @nikkisnugs ❇️ Oops! She did it again! Kicking my behind two days in a row. Britney is sweet, lemony, spicy, and powerful. The high is uplifting, and delightful, and just perfect for any time of day. Let's discuss CBD. I met someone yesterday who had no idea what CBD was. That is not okay. CBD has changed my life, completely. After 3 back surgeries, I can live a happy, normal, strong life, because of CBD, good food, exercise, and cannabis. THC and CBD are the two most famous cannabinoids produced in cannabis. They have the same molecular structure, but the molecules are arranged differently, causing your body to react to them in different ways. These cannabinoids bind to receptors in your endocannabinoid system. You have CB1 receptors in your brain, CB2 receptors in your body. THC fits into CB1, causing the psychoactive effects or high feeling of cannabis. CBD fits into your CB2 receptors that are located throughout your body. CBD helps reduce inflammation, therefore reduces pain, helps regulate depression and anxiety, balances your gut, and your immune system, helps regulate sleep, your hunger, and mood, regulates sexual function, and helps prevent migraines. Your overall well-being will all be improved if you take CBD on a daily basis. CBD lasts for 12 hours in your system, so you need to take it at least twice a day. Once you start this regimen you will notice an incredible difference in the way that you feel. CBD also helps keep your tolerance in check, so if you take CBD everyday you never need to take a tolerance break. I promise you I get super high everyday, I never take breaks. Ever! What do you take CBD for? Happy Dabbing 🙃 Sending you hugs and positive vibes! 🥰 💚 🌱 💚 #nikkisnugs #cannabis #cannabisadvocate #medicalcannabispatient #growyourown #growwithme #ladygrower #nectarfam #beautifulflowers #flowers #flowerpower #cannabiscommunity #cannafam #cannamom #420 #cannabisismedicine #healyourself #plantsoverpills #cbd #cbddaily #endocannabinoidsystem #cb1receptors #cb2receptors #positivity #positivevibes #naturalmedicine #cannafam #nikkisnugz (at Illinois) https://www.instagram.com/p/CSZSO6Una2I/?utm_medium=tumblr

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