#catalan:reference
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Hey hello I made a thing! As perhaps a few of you know, I have spent the last half a year being completely unhinged about Patrick O’Brian’s Aubrey-Maturin books, and I’ve always been particularly interested in the character Stephen Maturin and his relationship to Catalonia. I saw that there was a lack of stuff about this part of his identity, and, being me, I felt the need to fill it in the only way I could: compiling music and yelling about it for thirty pages. Hence this playlist.
You really don’t need to know anything about these books to listen to this playlist. You also don’t need to know anything about Catalan (I hope). Catalonia and the Catalan Countries in general (including Valencia, the Balearic Islands, and parts of southern France, Aragon, and Sardinia) have a really interesting musical and literary tradition, and I wanted to make that more accessible, so I put together a few songs I liked, translated them, and wrote a bit about each of their significance, including the most important cultural tidbits I could. Some things don’t translate super well, and I hope my Catalan followers will forgive me for trying to adapt them more for English-speaking audiences than perhaps would be preferable; I usually don’t choose to do that, but in this case I wanted to open the door, and not to intimidate people.
Now that that’s out of the way, here is a link to the PDF of the liner notes (graphic design is my passion, as they say): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MUpRM84W8aypznEIrt0eA1jG5OxaRZvz/view?usp=sharing
Under the cut I’ve included the ephimera and unnecessary commentary that you know and love, feel free to read or ignore it as you will
These roughly follow the order of the songs and are varying levels of seriousness
If you like "Sant Joan, feu-lo ben gran" then I'd highly recommend listening to the whole Tornaveus album. I almost included the “Stabat Mater de Sudanell” and the “Goigs de Sant Julià de Lòria”, which are both from western Catalonia, and they also have more cançons de pandero, in perhaps a slightly more traditional style. A lot of the other songs have interesting cultural commentary in them, especially on feminist topics, and they’re very well-researched because literally one of the members of the group is basically the ethnomusicologist of Catalan music at the moment. Anyways, if people would like the liner notes perhaps next time I’m home I’ll scan them, they’re in Catalan and English and very well-written. Also note the legendary Lluís Llach song which has been turned into a polyphonic piece lol (and I did not include the “Goigs de la Nostra Senyora de la Llibertat” but tbh that might have been a mistake on my part) (Blorbo side note that I think this fits Stephen’s childhood very well which is mostly why I chose it)
“L’Hereu Riera” is one of my favorite Catalan folk songs I love it so much and if you want to hear the Catalan version (as opposed to the Valencian one included here) and see the dance and also see a cobla, I am including a link to this version by Germà Negre which is tragically not on Spotify. I chose the Valencian one because (1) Al Tall and (2) I think it fits The Blorbo better (specifically I was thinking of his fiancée who dies before Book One who idk if anyone ever remembers shdjfhskf). That being said, Stephen would probably know the Catalan one (and almost certainly not the Valencian one). Also, on a memey-er note, Hereu Riera bisexual king and literal icon <3 love how he has to remind his girlfriend on her deathbed that actually he'd technically be interested in both her sisters AND her brothers if he wasn't so into her that he never wanted to marry anyone else
I literally did put in Roger Mas just so there would be at least one person with a Lleidan accent, #diversity win
Many points about the “Cançó de pandero de l’Urgell” and “Jo no canto per la veu” so here we go:
I put these two songs in mostly because I got very obsessed with the cançó de pandero from Alcarràs (which is a great movie that came out last year about a farming family in a village near Lleida that is winning all the awards atm). Anyways, since Carla Simón has been too busy winning things to put up the gotdam soundtrack, I did a bit of digging and it turns out that it was written for the movie?? By her brother??? It's excellent and very anticapitalist and you can listen to it here and see the trailer for Alcarràs all in one! (Includes English subtitles)
The original “Canto per un amic meu que per mi daria la vida” is probably from a Valencian cant de batre, although I could not get any confirmation on that. But regardless everyone should listen to Pep Botifarra's version of it, which I would literally marry if it had a physical form it’s so so good. (I posted it here back in ye olden days but it's been long enough I think I can post it again)
Valencian music side note because I can’t stop myself: the second pair of verses in the "Cançó de pandero de l'Urgell" (starting with “vos esteu ben acotxada…”) are sung by Miquel Gil, who is a very famous Valencian traditional singer, anyways you should listen to this version of him singing “Del Sud” by Obrint Pas (you want to go down a Valencian music rabbit hole so so bad)
I firmly believe that Stephen would canonically be obsessed with Ausiàs March, and the fact that he has not yet recited any of his poems is Patrick O’Brian’s biggest failing in my eyes. Anyways I have more thoughts but I’m saving them for other posts shdfjsd
If you read this before listening to the playlist please just listen to "El testament d'Amèlia" and follow along with the lyrics in real time before reading the blurb, it's such a good experience to let that song hit you as it comes. I won't say more than that but you'll get it when you get it. (Also obligatory listen to Marala they're so good <3)
From the Càntut album, I also quite like the songs "El pomeró" and "El divino vull cantar", and Càntut in general is an incredible resource, it's a database of folk song field recordings from northeastern Catalonia.
Brief pause to scream about the fact that Maria Arnal and Marcel Bagés WERE ON NPR??? AND NO ONE TOLD ME???? Anyways link in the sources section, also they're great and you should listen to their whole discography
As the #1 Roba Estesa stan blog on Tumblr, listen to Roba Estesa. And Ebri Knight. And El Diluvi.
I chose this version of "La presó de Lleida" because I like it but here's a more traditional one sung by Joan Manel Serrat, another Catalan legend. Here's another one in Catalan rumba style with Sílvia Pérez Cruz singing, the sound is a bit wonky but it's also one of my favorites. The Valencian version of this song is called "La presó de Tibi" and El Diluvi have done a very explicitly anti-monarchical rendition of it (the Balearic one is "La presó de Nàpols").
I'm sorry for never putting the Sílvia Pérez Cruz version of "Corrandes d'exili" but if you want it here it is. Also note that the statue of the Virgin in the poem is a reference to the Virgin of Montserrat, it literally all goes back to her shfjkshdf (also apologies for being very bad at Christianity and Catholicism, if I mistranslated things let me know)
HOO BOY SARDANA TIME
Okay so I have a whole essay to deliver on this that I've been holding inside for the past like two months or so, I apologize in advance for my excessive pedantry on the topic.
In Master and Commander, Stephen delivers this speech:
"‘Then I must tell you that on Sunday mornings it is the custom, in that country, for people of all ages and conditions to dance, on coming out of church: so I was dancing with Ramon Mateu i Cadafalch in the square before the cathedral church of Tarragona, where I had gone to hear the Palestrina Missa Brevis. The dance is a particular dance, a round called the sardana.’"
I hate to be a hater but it is very, very unlikely that anyone would have been dancing a sardana as far south as Tarragona in this time period. The sardana as the symbol of equality and brotherhood emerged in the Renaixença and would not yet have been a thing; Stephen could well have heard sardanas in Ullastret, but they would have been a more typical folk dance, and not anything like the way they're described in the book. It's very ironic, then, that they've become THE Catalan music style for Aubreyad readers, but hopefully this playlist can change that a bit :)
(also sorry for being a sardana-hater on main, someone bring me to dance a sardana and maybe I'll feel better)
Songs that didn't make the cut: La cançó del lladre, Rossinyol que vas a França, La balanguera, La gavina - I'm always happy for more recs!
Originally, this list was also going to include songs in Irish; I quickly realized that I was in over my head with that one, but the working list of songs is here (may be subject to changes so save songs elsewhere if you like them!). Also I would add "Fé Bhláth" by Imelda May and Kíla if it was on Spotify but alas it is not; and "Amhrán na Leabhar" which I have not had time to add but was kindly recommended by someone. I'd love it if someone was interested in actually doing a proper playlist for Irish though—it's a gap in my knowledge that I'd love to start filling.
Aaaaaaand that's a wrap. I hope. Final comment to say thank you to everyone who voted in the cover image poll, turns out you all won :) (Pirineus did win and take the cover of the liner notes though)
#my masterpiece is done i have peaked i'm retiring now#jkjk but i've been working on this since like. november#so it is kind of insane that's it's finally done#please notify me of any mistakes or corrections <3#and hopefully this is enjoyable for you all!#it's a little funky at times but i think it works???#it's not really a playlist. it's more like one of those weird compilation albums that i definitely didn't consume too many of as a child#did kind of want this to show up in the aubreyad tag but i wanted links more so rip :// anyways here goes nothing#aubreyad#catalan#catalan:general#catalan:music#catalan:reference#catalan:culture#general:music#general:reference#general:culture#there'd better not be any typos or i'm fighting someone
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He fet una traducció de la cançó (no és ben bé un sea shanty, però podria ser) "Here's a Health" al català! Com que vinc de l'anglès, això ha estat més aviat un intent de posar el meu català a prova que no pas una versió definitiva, però crec que ha quedat bastant bé. Aquesta cançó té com deu mil versions, així que he triat la de The Longest Johns, que també s'assembla molt a la versió de The Chieftans. Dit això, he fet quatre estrofes, que ve d'una versió amb constància de Paddy Tunny, com ha comentat algú en aquest fil a Mudcat. Sigui la versió que sigui, és una cançó molt bonica i espero haver transmès una mica d'això en la meva traducció. Pels que ja la coneixeu, sisplau digueu-me com us ha semblat!
Aquí teniu una versió de la imatge en PDF, l'àudio, i el fitxer de la partitura en format de MuseScore per si us interessa. (Dit això, la imatge aquí té molt bona qualitat, la pots imprimir.)
Lletra a sota / Lyrics & English translation below
Lletra
Estimats compares, canteu tots amb mi Aclariu-vos la gola amb un bon glop de vi Haurem d'acomiadar-nos quan demà surti el sol Però fins aleshores deixarem el dol
Aixequem una copa i brindem pels companys Per sort i fortuna en tots els afanys I en la tristesa, deixem de pensar Qui sap si mai més ens tornarem a trobar
Ara vull fer un brindis per al meu amor Que té un somriure tan encantador I amb la bellesa i amb la bondat No queda cap dubte que el cor m'ha robat
S'acosta el trenc d'alba, i amb l'alba el comiat No hi haurà melangia, marxem de bon grat Si en una altra vida ens trobéssim de nou Tornaríem a fer junts un bon enrenou
Però tot ja s'acaba, ens n'haurem d'anar Perquè tota història té el seu final Un desig permeteu-me, estimats amics meus Que porteu bons records del moment dels adéus
English Translation
Beloved compatriots, sing all with me Clear your throat with a good draught of wine We’ll have to say goodbye tomorrow when the sun comes up But until then we will abandon our grief
We’ll raise a glass and toast to our companions To luck and fortune in all our labors And in sadness, we’ll stop from thinking Who knows if we’ll ever meet again
Now I’d like to make a toast to my love Who has such an enchanting smile And with their beauty and with their goodness There’s no doubt remains that they’ve stolen my heart
Dawn is getting close, and with dawn our farewell There won’t be melancholy, we’ll leave of our own accord If in another life we were to find each other again We’d make a racket again together
But everything is ending, we have to go Because every story has its end One wish allow me, my beloved friends That you bring good memories with you from the moment of parting
#intentant que els pony trobin aquesta lletra i en fan una versió...manifestant això per a mi....#volia fer com una partitura d'un cançoner amb dibuix i tot però el dibuix no m'acaba d'agradar#crec que ha quedat bastant bé en general per això no em deixo fer res més abans de publicar-ho#el més interessant ha sigut dividir les síl·labes és una d'aquestes diferències molt lleugeres entre els idiomes#que no ho notes fins que l'hagis de fer#i bé. si hi ha errors digueu-m'ho sisplau els corregiré tan aviat com pugui#catalan:general#catalan:music#general:music#catalan:translation#general:translation#ara amb el bloc correcte! mira quin lio :')#general:reference#catalan:reference
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GUILLEMELGAT’S CHRISTMAS AROUND THE WORLD | Catalunya (Catalonia)
A stall at Santa Llúcia’s Fair in Barcelona (source). The Fira de Santa Llúcia is a Christmas fair set up around the Barcelona Cathedral, starting in late November and ending right before Christmas. Vendors sell Christmas decorations of all kinds, as well as other crafts. The oldest reference to the fair is almost 300 years ago, making it a very long-running tradition.
A traditional Nativity scene at a shop in San Cugat (source). Like many of the other Christmas traditions we’ll look at, Catalans enjoy making large and detailed Nativity dioramas, often taking up entire displays in shop windows or in homes. It’s also common to go around and look at neighbors’ scenes, especially with all the hidden figures in each!
The traditional caganer figurine (source). One of the most (in)famous figures in the Catalan Nativity scene, the caganer (’pooper’) is traditionally tucked away in a corner for viewers to try to find. Traditional caganers are made to look like a Catalan peasant man, in farmer’s clothes and a red barretina hat. In recent years, however, caganers of public figures such as politicians or celebrities have become very popular as well.
A plate of Christmas stew (source). The traditional first dish of the Christmas meal in Catalonia is escudella de Nadal, a hearty soup made of large shell pasta (galets) with a meatball filling.
The Sybil’s Chant being performed in Mallorca (source). Sung at the midnight mass on Christmas Eve, this haunting Gregorian Chant was traditionally performed all across Southern Europe before being pushed away by the Church in the 16th century. The tradition only remained in Mallorca and Alguer (Sardinia), and in the late 20th century it began to be revived in Catalonia and the Valencian Country as well. Historically a young boy performed as the sybil, dressed in luxurious clothes and carrying a sword in front of them; now, it is also performed by girls as well as adults (the singer Maria del Mar Bonet in particular is known for her version).
A stall selling Christmas logs (source). A key part of Catalan Christmas celebrations is the Tió de Nadal, a log which is usually decorated with a cartoonish painted face, two legs to prop it up, and a barretina hat. The log is brought out in early December, and children feed it every day and cover it with a blanket to keep it warm. Then, on Christmas, all the children in the house take turns hitting the tió with sticks while singing a song to make it “shit” presents. Typically, these are sweets to be shared or other small gifts; larger presents are given on Three Kings’ Day.
A plate of neules, traditional Catalan Christmas cookies (source). After Christmas dinner, one of the traditional desserts in Catalonia are neules, thin, rolled-up wafer cookies, usually eaten dipped in cava (Catalan sparkling wine). The other common dessert is a type of nougat-based sweet called torró.
The St. Stephen’s Day concert at the Palau de la Música Catalana (source). The Orfeó Català, resident choir at the Palau de la Música Catalana, hosts a concert every year on the day after Christmas. The music selection typically includes tradtional Christmas carols, classical pieces, and new works for the occasion. It usually fills the entire concert hall, and is also broadcast on public television.
A plate of canelons, typically eaten on St. Stephen’s Day (source). The day after Christmas, the traditional meal is canelons, made from meat or fish rolled in sheets of pasta and covered with cheese. The filling is usually leftovers from Christmas dinner, and the tradition arose as a way to make use of them.
#this is the best one it's all downhill from here#jkjk there's actually some very good ones coming up#catalonia has a lot of unique traditions though so this was pretty easy to come up with#or maybe it's just the language and culture i'm most fluent in besides my own. who can know#catalan:general#catalan:culture#catalan:reference#general:culture#general:reference#guillemelgat's christmas around the world#la vida sense queue
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Constel·lacions en anglès / Constellations in Catalan
Imatge: el cúmul de les Plèiades, les set cabretes, fotografiat des de Pinyana, a l’Alta Ribagorça (tret del web de Celístia). / Image: The Pleiades star cluster, the Seven Sisters, photographed from Pinyana, in l’Alta Ribagorça, Catalonia (from the Celístia website).
Una llista dels noms i significats de les 88 constel·lacions oficials designades per la Unió Astronòmica Internacional, en anglès i en català (alguns dels noms i significats no són equivalents en les dues llengües, però he intentat de fer-los concordar al màxim possible). / A list of the names and significances of the 88 official constellations designated by the International Astronomical Union, in English and Catalan (some of the names and meanings aren’t equivalent in the two languages, but I’ve tried to make them agree as much as possible).
🌌 Andròmeda - Andromeda ⭐️ (personatge mitològica) - (mythological character)
🌌 Aquari - Aquarius ⭐️ l'aiguader (m.) - the water bearer
🌌 Àries - Aries ⭐️ el corder - the ram
🌌 Capricorn - Capricorn ⭐️ el boc - the sea goat
🌌 Cassiopea - Cassiopeia ⭐️ (personatge mitològica) - (mythological character)
🌌 Cefeu - Cepheus ⭐️ (personatge mitològic) - (mythological character)
🌌 El Bover - Boötes ⭐️ el bover - the herdsman
🌌 El Burí - Caelum ⭐️ el cisell - the chisel
🌌 El Ca Major - Canus Major ⭐️ el gos major - the greater dog
🌌 El Ca Menor - Canus Minor ⭐️ el gos menor - the lesser dog
🌌 El Camaleó - Chamaeleon ⭐️ el camaleó - the chameleon
🌌 El Cavallet - Equuleus ⭐️ el poltre - the foal
🌌 El Cavallet de Pintor - Pictor ⭐️ el cavallet de pintor - the painter's easel
🌌 El Centaure - Centaurus ⭐️ el centaure - centaur
🌌 El Cigne - Cygnus ⭐️ el cigne - the swan
🌌 El Compàs - Circinus ⭐️ el compàs - the compasses
🌌 El Corb - Corvus ⭐️ el corb - the crow
🌌 El Cotxer - Auriga ⭐️ el cotxer - the charioteer
🌌 El Cranc - Cancer ⭐️ el cranc - the crab
🌌 El Dofí - Delphinus ⭐️ el dofí - the dolphin
🌌 El Dragó - Draco ⭐️ el drac - the dragon
🌌 El Fènix - Phoenix ⭐️ l'au fènix (m.) - the phoenix
🌌 El Forn - Fornax ⭐️ el forn - the furnace
🌌 El Gall D'Indi - Pavo ⭐️ el gall d'indi - the peacock
🌌 El Linx - Lynx ⭐️ el linx - the lynx
🌌 El Llangardaix - Lacerta ⭐️ el llangardaix - the lizard
🌌 El Lleó - Leo ⭐️ el lleó - the lion
🌌 El Lleó Menor - Leo Minor ⭐️ el lleó menor - the lesser lion
🌌 El Llop - Lupus ⭐️ el llop - the wolf
🌌 El Microscopi - Microscopium ⭐️ el microscopi - the microscope
🌌 El Pegàs - Pegasus ⭐️ (personatge mitològic) - (mythological character)
🌌 El Peix Austral - Piscis Austrinus ⭐️ el peix austral - the southern fish
🌌 El Peix Volador - Volans ⭐️ el peix volador - the flying fish
🌌 El Rellotge - Horologium ⭐️ el rellotge de pèndola - the pendulum clock
🌌 El Reticle - Reticulum ⭐️ el reticle - the reticule
🌌 El Sagitari - Sagittarius ⭐️ l'arquer (m.) - the archer
🌌 El Serpent - Serpens ⭐️ la serp - the serpent
🌌 El Serpentari - Ophiuchus ⭐️ el portador de la serp - the serpent holder
🌌 El Sextant - Sextans ⭐️ el sextant - the sextant
🌌 El Taure - Taurus ⭐️ el bou - the bull
🌌 El Telescopi - Telescopium ⭐️ el telescopi - the telescope
🌌 El Triangle - Triangulum ⭐️ el triangle - the triangle
🌌 El Triangle Austral - Triangulum Australe ⭐️ el triangle austral - the southern triangle
🌌 El Tucà - Tucana ⭐️ el tucà - the toucan
🌌 Els Bessons - Gemini ⭐️ els bessons - the twins
🌌 Els Llebrers - Canes Venatici ⭐️ el llebrers - the hunting dogs
🌌 Els Peixos - Pisces ⭐️ el peixos - the fishes
🌌 Hèrcules - Hercules ⭐️ (personatge mitològic) - (mythological character)
🌌 L'Àguila - Aquila ⭐️ l'àguila (f.) - the eagle
🌌 L'Altar - Ara ⭐️ l'altar (m.) - the altar
🌌 L'Au del Paradís - Apus ⭐️ l'ocell del paradís (m.) - the bird of paradise
🌌 L'Eridà - Eridanus ⭐️ el riu Eridà - the River Eridanus
🌌 L'Escaire - Norma ⭐️ l'escaire (m.) - the level
🌌 L'Escorpió - Scorpio ⭐️ l'escorpí (m.) - the scorpion
🌌 L'Escultor - Sculptor ⭐️ l'escultor (m.) - the sculptor
🌌 L'Escut - Scutum ⭐️ l'escut (m.) - the shield
🌌 L'Hidra Femella - Hydra ⭐️ l'hidra de molts caps (f.) - the many-headed hydra
🌌 L'Hidra Mascle - Hydrus ⭐️ la serp d'aigua - the little water snake
🌌 L'Indi - Indus ⭐️ l'indi americà (m.) - the Native American
🌌 L'Octant - Octans ⭐️ l'octant (m.) - octant
🌌 L'Orada - Dorado ⭐️ la peix espasa - the swordfish
🌌 L'Ossa Major - Ursa Major ⭐️ l'ós gros - the great bear
🌌 L'Ossa Menor - Ursa Minor ⭐️ l'ossa menor, el carro menor - the little bear, the little dipper
🌌 L'Unicorn - Monoceros ⭐️ l'unicorn (m.) - unicorn
🌌 La Balança - Libra ⭐️ la balança - the scales
🌌 La Balena - Cetus ⭐️ la balena, el monstre marí - the whale, the sea monster
🌌 La Brúixola - Pyxis ⭐️ la brúixola - the compass
🌌 La Caballera de la Berenice - Coma Berenices ⭐️ la caballera de la reina Berenice - Queen Berenice's hair
🌌 La Coloma - Columba ⭐️ el colom - the dove
🌌 La Copa - Crater ⭐️ la copa - the cup, the chalice
🌌 La Corona Austral - Corona Australis ⭐️ la corona del sud - the southern crown
🌌 La Corona Boreal - Corona Borealis ⭐️ la corona del nord - the northern crown
🌌 La Creu del Sud - Crux ⭐️ la creu del sud - the southern cross
🌌 La Girafa - Camelopardalis ⭐️ la girafa - the giraffe
🌌 La Grua - Grus ⭐️ la grua - the crane
🌌 La Guineueta - La Vulpecula ⭐️ la guineu - the fox
🌌 La Lira - Lyra ⭐️ la lira - the lyre
🌌 La Llebre - Lepus ⭐️ la llebre - the hare
🌌 La Màquina Pneumàtica - Antlia ⭐️ la bomba d'aire - the air pump
🌌 La Mosca - Musca ⭐️ la mosca - the fly
🌌 La Popa - Puppis ⭐️ la popa - the stern
🌌 La Quilla - Carina ⭐️ la carena - the keel
🌌 La Sageta - Sagitta ⭐️ la sageta - the arrow
🌌 La Taula - Mensa ⭐️ la muntanya de la Taula - Table Mountain
🌌 La Vela - Vela ⭐️ la vela - the sail
🌌 La Verge - Virgo ⭐️ la verge - the virgin
🌌 Orió - Orion ⭐️ (personatge mitològic) - (mythological character)
🌌 Perseu - Perseus ⭐️ (personatge mitològic) - (mythological character)
#i made this for absolutely no reason and also my brain is fried idk what i'm doing#let me know if you spot typos (including in english i'm just not...brain not connecting to fingers rn)#hate all the modern constellations which is like half this list but the old ones are cool#i think i'll do another one with other astronomical terms#idk what prompted this i was gonna do train stuff but i had this list saved in my to-dos so guess what i did :))))))#catalan:vocab#catalan:general#catalan:reference#general:reference#general:vocab#lmk if the yellow isn't readable btw#i did my best but i'm never sure
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Steam Railway Vocab in Catalan
Image: The Monistrol steam engine, a restored locomotive which runs on the Llobregat-Anoia line. Photo by Luis Zamora (eldelinux) on Flickr (used under Creative Commons license 2.0).
Tipus de tren - Types of Train
el ferrocarril - railway
el tren - train
la locomotora - locomotive
de vapor - steam engine
dièsel - diesel engine
elèctrica - electric engine
de via estreta - narrow gauge engine
de tènder - tender engine
tanc - tank engine
de mercaderies - goods engine, freight train
de viatgers - passenger engine
mixta - mixed-traffic engine
de maniobres - shunting engine
la cremallera - rack railway
el tram - tram
Components - Parts
la llar - firebox
el cendrer - ashpan
la caldera - boiler
el tub - pipe
la caixa de fums - smokebox
la graella - grate
la tovera de sortida de vapor - blast pipe
la xemeneia - funnel
la cúpula - dome
de vapor - steam dome
sorrera - sand dome
el xiulet - whistle
el tènder - tender
el bastidor, el xassís - chassis, frame
el carretó - carriage
la roda - wheel
motriu - driving wheel
davantera - leading wheel
posterior - trailing wheel
l'eix (m.) - axle
el bogi - bogie
el cilindre - cylinder
el pistó - piston
la biela - connecting rod
el cigonyal - crankshaft
la manovella - crank
la barra de connexió, d'adaptació - coupling rod
el coixinet - bearing
la cabina - cab
els controls - controls
la vàlvula - valve
de seguretat - safety valve
el regulador - regulator
l'indicador (m.) - gauge
del nivell d'aigua - water gauge
de pressió - pressure gauge
el ventilador, el bufador - blower
el tir - draught (UK), draft (US)
l'injector (m.) - injector
la bomba - pump
de vapor - steam pump
d'aire - air pump
la palanca - lever
el carregador automàtic de carbó - stoker
el calfador d'aigua - water heater
el condensador - condenser
la marxa - gear
l'aixeta - spout
el flux de l'aire - air flow
el fre - brake
d'aire - air brake
la sabata de fre - brake shoe
el topall - buffer
l'enganxall (m.) - coupling (UK), coupler (US)
l'aparta vaques (m.) - cowcatcher
el llum frontal - headlight
Funcionament - Operation
el combustible - fuel
el carbó - coal
el foc - fire
el fum - smoke
el vapor - steam
l'aigua (f.) - water
Infraestructures - Infrastructure
la via - track
l'amplada de via - rail gauge
èstandard - standard guage
estreta - narrow gauge
ibèrica - Iberian gauge
la plataforma - platform
l'estació - station
la columna hídrica - water column
la senyal - signal
el canvi d'agulles, l'agulla (f.), el desviament - point (UK), switch (US)
la caseta de guardaagulles - signal box (UK), signal tower (US)
la via morta - siding
el dipòsit - yard
el garatge - shed
la cotxera - coach shed
la plataforma giratòria - turntable
el material rodant - rolling stock
el cotxe - coach
el vagó - truck (UK), freight car (US)
el taller - workshop, works
el manteniment - maintenance
la inspecció - inspection
Gent - People
el maquinista, la maquinista - driver (UK), engineer (US)
el fogoner, la fogonera - fireman
el revisor - conductor
el cap de tren, la cap de tren - guard (UK)
el guardaagulles, la guardaagulles - signalman
l'inspector (m.), la inspectora - inspector
el passatger, la passatgera - passenger
Accions - Actions
paletar - to shovel
enganxar - to couple
conduir - to drive
xiular - to whistle
cremar - to burn
bullir - to boil
canviar de via - to shunt
encendre - to light
remolcar - to pull (coaches)
xocar - to crash
arreglar - to fix
#NOT TUMBLR ALLOWING NESTED LISTS NOW#(please please please tell me it shows up for you guys i want this to work so badly)#anyways i think i peaked with this list#i can quit tumblr now i've done all i need#lmk if you have corrections because once again. it's way too late at night and my brain is fried#oki and that's all now i promise#(did i do this so i could try my hand at translating railway series into catalan?? maybe so 👀)#catalan:vocab#general:vocab#catalan:general#catalan:reference#general:reference
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Però and Perquè: A Beginner’s Guide to Pronuncation
I want to bring up something that I’ve seen Catalan learners struggle with time and time again. I think it’s mostly people who have some background in Spanish, mostly because it’s something that works slightly different than in Spanish, and I remember having my own doubts about it when I first started learning. So without further ado…how do you pronounce però and perquè?
(This post does assume some level of basic familiarity with how Catalan pronunciation works, namely stressed/unstressed and open/closed vowels. It’s definitely intended for beginners though, and if you don’t know how Catalan pronunciation works or are shaky on your feet then it’ll walk you through that.)
PERÒ
Però ‘but’ confuses a lot of people for some reason. I think this has to do with it being similar to Spanish pero, except plus an accent. So let’s break it down:
First we can split the word into two syllables: pe-rò
The second syllable has an accent, specifically an open accent, which means that it’s an /ɔ/ sound, sort of like in ‘pot’.
Since the second syllable has an accent written on it, it is the stressed syllable in the word. Therefore, the o is not reduced to /u/. This is a thing that I’ve heard lots of people mess up — this word is not pronounced like ‘Peru’!
The first syllable is not stressed. Therefore, the e is reduced to /ə/, which is like ‘uh’ in English.
When speaking at normal conversation pace, the e actually is almost not even pronounced.
tl;dr - però /pəˈɾɔ/ is pronounced similar to the English word ‘pro’ when spoken at normal conversation speed. The e is the vowel that’s reduced, not the o!
PERQUÈ
Perquè ‘because’ is very similar, but just for beginners I’m going to walk through it again. Once again, I think this has to do with confusion compared to Spanish porque, which like with però is almost the same, except for the accent. Breaking it down:
Split the word into syllables: per-què
Once again, the second syllable has an accent. It’s also an open accent, so it’s an /ɛ/ sound like in English ‘bed’.
The accent on the second syllable means that it gets stress. That means that it’s not reduced to /ə/! So it’s not pronounced as per-kuh, something I was definitely guilty of doing when I first started learning Catalan.
Since the first syllable is unstressed, it is reduced to /ə/. (This is also how per is normally pronounced in Catalan.)
tl;dr - perquè /pəɾˈkɛ/ is pronounced something like the English word ‘parquet’. It’s written as one word (cf. per què? ‘why?’), but still has the accent, which is different from Spanish (so if you’re used to that, you’ll need to change gears a bit).
That’s basically it! This isn’t a super formal pronunciation guide, mostly just a quick and easy way to remember how to pronounce these if you’re a beginner struggling with them. If you listen to or watch a lot of things in Catalan, hopefully you’ll get more used to them.
(Also this is for standard Eastern Catalan, vowel pronunciation changes a fair amount between dialects and especially for Western dialects, so let me know if you want to see stuff for those as well!)
#mostly posting this because i saw someone say that però was pronounced 'pe-ru'#and someone in my first year of catalan at uni did that all the time too#not to sound like an old man but like...pretty much every single generation of catalan students who've been to our conversation hour#have said at least one of these wrong#at some point#and like....i mean as a learner myself we've all been there#i just feel like people are often very shaky on these at the beginning and while it'll likely work its way out#it's good to just learn it early on#@ catalans si teniu més comentaris a afegir sisplau digueu-me'ls#catalan:general#catalan:grammar#catalan:reference#general:reference#general:grammar#i do apologize for the use of gratuitous english words to help explain pronunciation#yes it goes against the Linguist Code but also i want this to be accessible to beginners
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It’s back, the playlist all of you were dreading looking forward to! Since I’ve now been able to add the masterpiece Jaja Salu2 by El Pony Pisador, I think it’s a good moment to post it here. For those of you not familiar with this, it’s basically just a list where I throw all the albums in (or mostly in) Catalan that come out this year. I honestly haven’t listened to half of them, and have no idea what the quality level is – it’s not intended to be a playlist to just listen to, although that’s fine if you want to do that! The idea is more that you can look through the offerings and listen to one or two tracks of each, then decide what you like and listen to more of that. And I keep adding to it throughout the year, so check back at least at the end of 2021 to see what’s there!
#also talk to me about jaja salu2#i literally am 5 years old there's no other explanation#la balada de nils olav em mata#catalan:general#catalan:music#catalan:reference#general:music#also i've been using canva for a couple of months and i feel so powerful#i can now actually make aesthetic playlist covers#among other things
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Comença la quarta (!!!) setmana d’El català a casa, aquesta setmana tenim un conte curt de Pere Calders, un autor molt conegut. Es diu “Fet d’armes” i forma part de la col·lecció Cròniques de la veritat oculta.
Un dia, fent guerra, vaig trobar-me separat de la meva gent, sense armes, sol i desemparat com mai. Em sentia una mica humiliat, perquè tot feia preveure que el meu concurs no devia ésser decisiu i la batalla feia via, amb un soroll i una quantitat de morts que esgarrifava.
Vaig asseure'm a la vora d'un camí per fer determinades reflexions sobre aquest estat de coses, i vet aquí que, de sobte, un paracaigudista vestit d'una manera estranya va prendre terra a prop meu. Sota la capa que portava, s'hi veia una metralladora i una bicicleta plegable, tot això dissimulat, és clar.
Va acostar-se'm i amb un accent estranger molt marcat em preguntà:
–¿Que em podríeu dir si vaig bé per anar a l'Ajuntament d'aquest poblet?
(Per allí, la setmana passada, hi havia un poble.)
–No sigueu ase –vaig dir-li–. Se us veu de seguida que sou un enemic, i si aneu cap allí us agafaran.
Això el va desconcertar, i després de fer un soroll amb els dits que denotava la seva ràbia replicà:
–Ja m'ho semblava, que no ho havien previst tot –respongué–. Què em fa falta? ¿Quin és el detall que m'acusa?
–Aquest uniforme que porteu és caducat. Fa més de dos anys que el nostre general el va suprimir, donant a entendre que els temps havien canviat. Aneu mal informat, vosaltres.
–L'hem tret d'un diccionari –va dir-me amb tristesa.
Es va asseure al meu costat, aguantant-se el cap amb les mans, segons sembla per pensar amb més garanties. Jo me'l mirava i de cop li vaig dir:
–Vós i jo el que hauríem de fer és barallar-nos. Si portés armes com vós ja us ho diria d'una altra manera...
–No –digué–, no valdria. De fet estem fora del camp de batalla i els resultats que obtinguéssim no serien homologats oficialment. El que hem de fer és mirar d'entrar al camp, i allí, si ens toca, ens les mesurarem.
Provàrem fins a deu vegades d'entrar a la batalla, però una paret de bales i de fum ho impedia. Per mirar de descobrir una escletxa, pujàrem en un petit turó que dominava l'espectacle. Des d'allí es veia que la guerra seguia amb una gran empenta i que hi havia tot el podien demanar els generals.
L'enemic em digué:
–Vist des d'aquí fa l'efecte que, segons com hi entréssim, més aviat faríem nosa...
(Vaig fer que sí amb el cap.)
–... I, això no obstant, entre vós i jo hi ha una qüestió pendent –acabà.
Jo trobava que tenia tota la raó, i per tal d'ajudar-lo vaig suggerir.
–I si anéssim a cops de puny?
–No, tampoc. Devem un cert respecte al progrés, pel prestigi del vostre país i del meu. És difícil –digué–, és positivament difícil.
Pensant, vaig trobar una solució:
–Ja ho sé! Ens ho podem fer a la ratlleta. Si guanyeu vós podeu usar el meu uniforme correcte i fer-me presoner; si guanyo jo, el presoner sereu vós i el material de guerra que porteu passarà a les nostres mans. Fet?
S'hi avingué, jugàrem i vaig guanyar jo. Aquella mateixa tarda, entrava al campament, portant el meu botí, i quan el general, ple de satisfacció pel meu treball, em va preguntar quina recompensa volia, li vaig dir que, si no li feia res, em quedaria la bicicleta.
📝 Tasca 1: Llegeix el text. Fés una llista de paraules que no coneixes, i buscar-ne els significats.
📍Fés un post amb… la llista de paraules i significats, i sobretot amb paraules que encara no entens després de buscar les seves definicions.
#hauria de llegir més pere calders m'agrada molt el seu estil i temàtica#és molt absurd i això m'encanta#una cosa: si teniu un nivell més avançat (o menys) també podeu participar#amb els que tenen un nivell semblant a la meva no prometo res d'útil però els textos són força avançades#i si voleu treballar pel vostre compte us pot anar bé#potser jo també faré alguns exercicis si hi ha algun catalanoparlant que vol fer un cop de mà amb les correccions#i si sou principiants també podeu fer tot el que podeu i us ajudaré amb correccions i tal#així que això està obert a tots els nivells :)#el català a casa#catalan#catalan:general#catalan:challenge#general:challenge#catalan:reference#catalan:reading#general:reading
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📚Aquí teniu el text d’aquesta setmana (“Fet d’armes” de Pere Calders)
📝 Tasca 7: Llegeix en veu alta el conte que vas escriure ahir.
📍Fés un post amb… una gravació de la lectura.
#el català a casa#catalan#la vida sense queue#catalan:general#catalan:challenge#general:challenge#catalan:reference
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I made this for a friend but I figured that some people on here would also be interested, it’s basically just Ebri Knight & Friends, but if that’s your thing it’s actually a pretty good playlist if I may say so myself.
#it was designed with a specific person in mind and also it was designed by me#so some stuff may be subject to personal taste#but i know that this is the sort of thing a lot of people on here like and people always seem down for me to share catalan music#so here you go#catalan#music#random stuff#(also it was made for someone who doesn't speak catalan so it was more about the vibes than the lyrics in some cases)#catalan:general#catalan:music#general:music#catalan:reference
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📚Aquí teniu el text d’aquesta setmana (un fragment de La pell freda d’Albert Sànchez Piñol)
📝 Tasca 6: Mira aquest clip fins al minut 1:48 per trobar les respostes a les següents preguntes:
Qui viu dins de la cova?
Per què no surten?
On miren la gent que viu dins de la cova? Què hi veuen?
Pensen que són reals les ombres? Per què?
Què descobreix l'home que surt de la cova? Quina és la lliçó de la història?
📍Fés un post amb… les respostes que has trobat i algun dubte si no ho has entès.
#sí he posat merlí ho sé#és que anava molt bé amb el text#(i també m'encanta com a sèrie però això no hi té res a veure /s)#el català a casa#catalan#challenges#catalan:general#catalan:challenge#general:challenge#catalan:reference
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📚Aquí teniu el text d’aquesta setmana (“Fet d’armes” de Pere Calders)
📝 Tasca 4: Llegeix la secció del diàleg i tria dues veus molt distinctes pels dos personatges per distingir-los. Intenta triar veus que transmeten algun aspecte de la personalitat de cada personatge.
📍Fés un post amb… una gravació de la teva interpretació!
#el català a casa#catalan#la vida sense queue#catalan:general#catalan:challenge#general:challenge#catalan:reference
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Benvinguts i benvigudes a una nova sèrie de posts pels que aprenen català! Cada setmana, triaré un text i us donaré unes quantes tasques. Podeu fer les que vulgueu, i si us hi atreviu, posar-les aquí perquè jo o algú altre pot corregir-les! El text d’aquesta setmana és un fragment del llibre La pell freda d’Albert Sànchez Piñol:
No totes les pràtiques es resolien per escrit, la majoria eren pràctiques solitàries. N'hi havia una, per exemple, que consistia a fer-me seure al mig d'un prat durant sis minuts i trenta segons exactes. Durant aquest període el meu únic deure era anotar totes les formes de vida que existissin en un petit rectangle, curosament delimitat per vetes i fils. Al principi només hi veia herba però a poc a poc va aparèixer una gamma increïble d'insectes trepadors, voladors i subterranis. Tot vivia, el vent també, i tot manifestava una unitat poc descriptible amb paraules. Les del meu tutor d'aquell dia: Han estat sis minuts i trenta segons, imagini el segon trenta-un per escrit. Títol de la redacció: «Elements contingents del rectangle observat». Mai no suspenia, si no me'n sortia només m'obligava a repetir l'exercici. Això sí, fins a l'infinit, si calia. Aquella redacció em va costar tres mesos. Vaig repetir-la, i repetir-la, fins que un bon dia em vaig limitar a escriure: «L'únic element contingent del rectangle és el rectangle.»
Després, les males herbes del rectangle. Havia de netejar-lo curosament. Va manar-me que destriés les males herbes de les plantes beneficioses. Com que jo no en coneixia cap, estava obligat a consultar-lo abans d'arrencar-les. Aquesta no és una mala herba, deia d'unes, es poden bullir les fulles i fer-ne infusions. Aquesta tampoc, deia d'altres, són espàrrecs silvestres i per tant comestibles, encara més, exquisits. Aquesta tampoc, com s'entén que pugui ser una mala herba si al maig treu unes flors bellíssimes?
Per fi, només quedava una planta. No tenia cap utilitat, no amagava cap secret. Unes fulles fosques, punxegudes i tòxiques, un tronc dur i lleig. Ell va sospirar: d'acord, planta pèssima, però si l'arrenquem, quin sentit tindrien les altres? Cap, vaig dir jo. I a quina conclusió arriba, doncs? Que les males herbes no existeixen. Consideri aprovat l'exercici.
📝 Tasca 1: Llegeix el text. Fés una llista de paraules que no coneixes, i buscar-ne els significats.
📍Fes un post amb... la llista de paraules i significats, i sobretot amb paraules que encara no entens després de buscar les seves definicions.
#no hi havia gaire gent apuntant-s'hi però ho faré igual#aquesst llibre la veritat és que no m'ha agradat gaire però aquesta part sí que està força bé#i s'enten bastant fàcilment#la següent tasca vindrà demà :0#el català a casa#catalan#challenges#catalan:general#catalan:challenge#general:challenge#catalan:reference#catalan:reading#general:reading
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📚Aquí teniu el text d’aquesta setmana (un fragment de La pell freda d’Albert Sànchez Piñol)
📝 Tasca 3: Llegeix el text en veu alta, tenint en compte el to i les pauses en cada frase.
📍Fés un post amb… una gravació de tu llegint el text.
#el català a casa#catalan#challenges#catalan:general#catalan:challenge#general:challenge#catalan:reference
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📚Aquí teniu el text d’aquesta setmana (un fragment d’Història de la llengua catalana)
📝 Tasca 4: Llegeix totes les paraules en cursiva cuidant la pronúncia. Si no saps pronunciar-les, intenta buscar la pronunciació correcta (els diccionaris en el post d'abans-d’ahir són un bon recurs, Viccionari i l'Alcover-Moll ténen una transcripció fonètica si saps llegir l'AFI).
📍Fés un post amb… una gravació de tu llegint totes les paraules.
#si no saps llegir l'afi avisa'm i t'ajudo#el català a casa#la vida sense queue#catalan#catalan:general#catalan:challenge#general:challenge#catalan:reference
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El text d’aquesta setmana és molt llarg, així que no hi haurà una tasca per avui a part de llegir-lo. És un fragment del llibre Història de la llengua catalana d’Antoni Ferrando Francés i Miquel Nicolás Amorós.
Ja hem vist que els segles de convivència dels visigots (V al VIII) i dels francs (VIII al IX) amb els hispanoromans en el que seria després Catalunya van tenir unes notables repercussions culturals. El llatí vulgar i el primitiu romanç que s'hi parlava no en podia romandre al marge. La llengua continuarà essent de base llatina, per tal com els uns i els altres s'havien romanitzat parcialment en iniciar la seva presència en terres catalanes i el seu contingent demogràfic fou sempre molt minoritari respecte a la població autòctona. Com ja s'ha apuntat, la influència lingüística dels visigots i francs es limità bàsicament al lèxic comú, a l'onomàstica i, molt probablement, a alguns trets fonètics.
No és fàcil esbrinar quins germanismes del primitiu romanç català penetraren per mitjà dels visigots o per mitjà dels francs. Complica encara més les coses el fet que el llatí vulgar de la futura Catalunya, com el de la resta de la Romània, ja havia incorporat alguns germanismes, com guerra, espia, i sabó, abans que els "bàrbars" haguessin envaït l'Imperi Romà d'Occident.
Joan Coromines considera que el català presenta molts pocs germanismes directes (bare 'traïdor', estona, boig, blanc, potser òliba) i que, en general, són atribuïbles als primers moments de la presència visigoda a Catalunya, en què encara era ben viva la seua llengua. La immensa majoria, els creu indirectes, és a dir, incorporats al català gràcies a la romanització dels visigots i dels francs. Mots com elm, randa, robar, treva, talar, brossa, brotar, falda, roba, alberg, parra, tapar, llagotejar, gana, brega, ric, bramar i alguns més semblen d'origen visigot, però la major part són d'origen fràncic i afecten els més diversos camps semàntics: alou, anca, bacó, ban, blau, blat, borda, bosc, botar, braó, brostar, buc, bugada, conrear, cota, créixens, cruixir, dard, escarnir, esparver, esquena, esquitar, esquivar, esperó, fornir, fang, feu, franc, fresc, ganivet, garba, gris, guardó, gratar, grípia, guaitar, gaire, guanyar, guant, guarir, guilla, lleig, marrit, melsa, orgull, pota, taca, tovalla, etc.
La presència més intensa de l'element germànic a Catalunya que no a la resta d'Hispània explica que el català hagi adoptat un cert nombre de mots d'aquest origen, com amanir, esclatar, escuma, fang, galta, melsa, òliba, o rostir, mentre que el castellà hagi preferit els corresponents sinònims d'origen llatí, és a dir, aliñar, estallar, espuma, lodo, mejilla, bazo, lechuza, o asar, respectivament. Un dels elements germànics més productius del català és el sufix -enc, derivat de -ING, que permet formar adjectius que expressen participació (com rogenc), pertinença (com estiuenc) o procedència (com pirinenc).
#historical linguistics time :D#i need to finish reading this book#i think i'm only like one or two chapters in#it's just a textbook but i want to be sure to introduce lots of genres here#don't worry if you don't know all the words especially the example words#catalan#el català a casa#catalan:general#catalan:challenge#general:challenge#catalan:reference#catalan:linguistics#catalan:reading#general:reading#general:linguistics
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