#carbon sulphur Analyser

[labtroncc]

IR Carbon and Sulphur Analyzer 18 Hz

Labtron IR Carbon and Sulfur Analyzer measures carbon (0.0001% to 10.0000%) and sulfur (0.0001% to 3.5000%) with 28 samples/sec and has an oxygen purity of ≥ 99.5%. Features include automatic valve detection, lifting cylinders, and auto cleaning with an ultra-micro porous dust filter. 

[pharmatechy]

Quality Control in Pharmaceutical Industry | QC in Pharma Company

The Quality Control department's major and important role is in the Pharmaceutical industry.

The main role of the quality control department in the pharma industry is to check the quality of various products, such as raw materials, in-process samples, and finished products.

Their main agenda is to analyse and control the quality of the products at all stages of the manufacturing of API or Formulations.

QC is done by the Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of specific materials as per Stanard Testing Procedures (STP) or Method of Analysis.

Generally, the QC department is divided into four sections. These are main

Raw Materials

In-process Quality Checks (IPQC)

Finished Products

Stability Studies

Raw materials:

The materials come from outside industries or suppliers and road tankers check the quality of the materials as per in-house specifications or Standard testing procedures. 

These are categorised into four parts.

General Raw materials:

These are some chemical analyses, like titrimetry, and chemical analysis methods, such as organic and inorganic acids, bases, salts, etc.

Ex: Hydrochloric acid(HCl), Sulphuric acid(H2SO4), Nitric acid(HNO3), Caustic soda(NaOH), Sodium carbonate(Na2CO3), Methanol, Toluene, Acetone, Dichloromethane etc…

Key Starting Materials (KSM):

These are the building blocks of drug intermediates or used to form the structure of compounds, APIs, or Drug substances. 

The sampling method is different from general raw materials.

These are analyzed with both chemical and instrumental analysis.

Ex: Speciality Fine Chemicals, Drug Intermediates etc.

Packing Materials:

PM is used for Products/Compound materials that are stored

Ex: Fibre drums, HDPE, LDPE drums, Polyethene bags, etc…

Hazardous Materials:

HM are harmful or affect body raw materials to handling in careful safety precautions and as per its Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) so vendors or suppliers give a certificate of analysis based on these are approved as per customer COAs.

Ex: Sodium Hydride(NaH), Sodium Amide(NaNH2), NaCN etc…

Some catalysts are also approved as per customer COAs

Ex: Raney-Nikel, Palladium/Carbon(Pd/C) used for Hydrogenation reaction.

In-Process samples:

Online chemical and instrumental methods analysis as per in-house specification & STPs carried out samples coming from the manufacturing blocks or production department to time to give results after the process continuously.

Finished Products:

Complete Analysis carried out as per customer or In-house or Pharmacopia specification and Standard Testing Procedures of the final products.

The analysis carried out in the Quality control department is divided into two parts. These are

Chemical Analysis Laboratory (Wet Lab)

Volumetric analysis:

Chemical labs have five types of titrimetric analysis

Acid-Base Titration Ex: Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

Argentometric titration Ex: Sodium Chloride(NaCl), Aluminum chloride (AlCl3)

Redox Titration Ex: Sodium thiosulphate, Potassium permanganate

Complexometric titration Ex: Calcium chloride (Cacl2), Magnesium (Mg) and Metals

Non-aqueous titration for Drug intermediates and APIs Ex: 2-Amino Pyridine, Isonipotic acid etc..

Gravimetric analysis:

Gravimetric analysis is the mass of an ion in a compound and is determined to find out the mass per cent of the same ion in a known quantity of a compound.

Examples 1) The amount of sulphate as barium sulphate(BaSO4) from sodium sulphate(NaSO4).

2) Content of Nickel in Raney-Nickle catalyst and Palladium in Pd/C catalyst.

Wet laboratory, some important chemical analyses are

Ex: Water content(WC), Loss on drying(LOD), Residue on ignition(ROI), Specific Optical Rotation(SOR), Wt per mL, Thin Layer Chromatography(TLC), Tapped density, Friebilty, Dissolution, Disintegration etc.

Water Analysis:

Softener water: This water is used for boiler purposes to generate steam.

Demineralized or Deionised water: This water is used for chemical analysis and process areas.

Purified water: This water is used for the manufacturing process.

Three samples are collected to be analysed to their specification (WHO) and Standard testing procedures as per scheduled.

Instrumental methods of Chemical analysis

1) Chromatography: 

Instrumental analysis to analyse quantitative and qualitative investigates analytes using the help of scientific instruments.

There are main two instrumental analyses carried out for Quality Control in the Pharmaceutical industry.

This technique separates and identifies the mixture of the compounds based on their relative affinity amounts of each compound distributed between a moving mobile phase, and a stationary phase. Mostly used instruments of Quality Control in the Pharmaceutical industry

          1) High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)           2) Gas Chromatography (GC)

2) Spectrophotometry:

Spectroscopic techniques are to pass a beam of electromagnetic radiation onto an unknown sample and observe to find out the difference between energy levels with reference.

Most commonly used spectrophotometers of Quality Control in the Pharmaceutical industry. There are 

           1) Ultra-Violet Spectrophotometer (UVS)            2) Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and NIR  3) Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) and FAS

These are the main used Research Centres for Structure elucidations and Analytical Method Development.

          1) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer (NMR)

          2) Mass Spectrometer (MS)

3) Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)

4) Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)

Stability Studies:

Stability studies are conducted for a re-test or expiry or a shelf life period for the drug substance or the drug product and recommended storage conditions.

These are analysed as per protocol or stability STP based on the schedule.

           1) Hold-time stability studies            2) Long-term, Accelerated, intermediate condition studies

The quality control department follows systematic proper online documentation, Logbooks, Registers, Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and Good Documentation Practices.

After complete analysis, documented respective analysis signed and checked authorised persons to prepare the certificate of analysis approved by the Head of the department or Designee.

Backup Electronic Data:

All electronic data stored in their servers or external hard disks are Empower network or Lab solution or Open Lab software and its data is backed up and retrieved every week by an IT person.

 Conclusion:

The Quality Control department checks each step of the product manufacturing as per specification and standard testing procedures after releasing documented data.

[priyablog26]

 Gas Detector Market May See a Big Move 2024-2030

 Gas Detector Market May See a Big Move 2024-2030

Global Gas Detector Market, Gas Detector Market Demand, Gas Detector Market Trends, Gas Detector Market Analysis, Gas Detector Market Growth, Gas Detector Market Share, Gas Detector Market Forecast, Gas Detector Market Challenges, Gas Detector Market Opportunity

At Intellect Markets, published a new research publication on " Gas Detector Market Insights, to 2030" with 232 pages and enriched with self-explained Tables and charts in presentable format. In the Study you will find new evolving Trends, Drivers, Restraints, Opportunities generated by targeting Market associated stakeholders. The growth of the Gas Detector Market was mainly driven by the increasing R&D spending across the world.

Get Free Exclusive PDF Sample Copy of This Research @  https://intellectmarkets.com/report/gas-detector-market/request-sample

Some of the key players profiled in the study are: Gastron, Honeywell, MSA Safety, RAE Systems, Dräger, Crowcon, Sensitron, UTC Fire & Security, AIYI Tech, RKI Instruments, HENGKO, RKI Instrument, GfG Instrumentation, New Cosmos Electric.

Scope of the Report of Gas Detector Market:  Gas Detector Market employs a robust research methodology, encompassing past, present, and future analyses. The increasing demand for market growth oil & gas, chemical, mining, manufacturing, building automation & construction, others. The Global Gas Detector Market report serves as a valuable resource for understanding the market dynamics and making strategic decisions in this evolving industry. The Global Gas Detector Market report plays a crucial role in providing a comprehensive overview of the market dynamics. It evaluates key segments, identifies emerging trends, assesses drivers and restraints, and offers insights into the competitive landscape.

Market Trends: Integrating technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning (ML) can enhance real-time monitoring capabilities and predictive maintenance, driving market growth.

Opportunities: Continuous advancements in sensor technology, miniaturization, wireless connectivity, and data analytics offer opportunities to develop more efficient, accurate, and user-friendly gas detection solutions. Integrating technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning (ML) can enhance real-time monitoring capabilities and predictive maintenance, driving market growth. With growing awareness of workplace safety regulations and the need to mitigate risks associated with hazardous gases, there is a rising demand for gas detection systems across various industries such as oil & gas, chemicals, mining, manufacturing, and construction. Rising concerns about environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions are driving the demand for gas detection systems to monitor air quality and detect harmful gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and sulphur dioxide (SO2).

Market Drivers: Stringent regulations imposed by governments and regulatory bodies to ensure workplace safety drive the demand for gas detectors.

These advancements improve detection accuracy, reliability, and ease of use, thus increasing the adoption of gas detectors across various industries.

Have Any Questions Regarding Global Gas Detector Market Report, Ask Our Experts@ https://intellectmarkets.com/report/gas-detector-market/ask-an-expert

The Titled Segments and Sub-Section of The Market Are Illuminated Below: Gas detected (flammable, toxic, oxygen depletion), technology (electrochemical, infrared, semiconductor, catalytic), end-users (oil & gas, chemical, mining, manufacturing, building automation & construction, others).

Region Included are: Global, North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa

Country Level Break-Up: United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, South Africa, Nigeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Germany, United Kingdom (UK), the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Austria, Türkiye, Russia, France, Poland, Israel, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, China, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, India, Australia and New Zealand etc.

Read Detailed Index of Full Research Study at  https://intellectmarkets.com/report/gas-detector-market

Thanks for reading this article; you can also get region wise report version like Global, North America, Middle East, Africa, Europe, South America, etc

Contact US: Intellect Markets, Unit No. 4, Lakshmi Enclave, Nizam pet, Hyderabad, Telangana, India - 500090 Phone: +1 347 514 7411, +91 8688234923 sales@intellectmarkets.com

[oaresearchpaper]

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[chemanalystdata]

Carbon Disulphide Prices | Demand, Pricing & Supply Analysis | ChemAnalyst

For the Quarter Ending June 2023

North America

The US market has experienced volatile carbon disulphide prices throughout the second quarter of 2023 due to limited demand and ample inventories. The tightening of monetary policy and the expected slowdown in the US economy have contributed to weak economic activity, affecting the growth of various commodities, including carbon di sulphide. The domestic market has seen tepid demand from downstream fertilizers and packaging industries, leading to a decline in carbon disulphide prices. The collapse of two significant banks in late Q1 of 2023 has also had repercussions on the performance of manufacturing industries. Despite this, core inflation has consistently exceeded targeted levels set by the US Federal Reserve, resulting in strained trade activities. Additionally, lower freight charges and sufficient material availability have further supported the downward trend of carbon disulphide prices in the domestic market.

Asia-Pacific

Carbon disulphide prices have slightly decreased in China, the largest economy in Asia, throughout the second quarter of 2023. Manufacturers have been hesitant to destock current inventory to initiate fresh production in the domestic market. As a result, market players have opted for successive reductions to stimulate shipments. The cost pressure from feedstock Sulphur has been insufficient, with its prices following a downward trend. After a faster-than-expected growth in Q1 following eased COVID restrictions, China's economy has lost momentum in April-June due to steepening deflation and weak overseas demand. Demand from downstream packaging and fertilizer sectors has remained average, leading to declining consumption rates in the domestic market. The availability of finished stock of carbon disulphide has been abundant, further weighing down prices in the domestic market.

Get Real Time Prices of Carbon Disulphide: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/carbon-disulphide-1248

Europe

During the second quarter of 2023, carbon disulphide prices have significantly decreased in the German market. Global economic uncertainties, such as rising inflationary pressure and persistent interest rate hikes, have impacted consumer spending. The limited demand from downstream fertilizers and packaging industries has contributed to the decline in carbon disulphide prices in the domestic market. Despite moderate demand from the rubber (tire) and textile industries, it hasn't led to increased price realizations for carbon disulphide. Moreover, the cost pressure from feedstock has been inadequate during this period. Steady imports from the Asian market have resulted in sufficient inventories in German ports. The decline in freight charges from Asia to Europe has further led to price drops in the domestic market. The German purchasing manager's index has contracted, indicating a decrease in new orders and restraining the positive development of carbon disulphide prices.

About Us: 

ChemAnalyst is an online platform offering a comprehensive range of market analysis and pricing services, as well as up-to-date news and deals from the chemical and petrochemical industry, globally.

Being awarded ‘The Product Innovator of the Year, 2023’, ChemAnalyst is an indispensable tool for navigating the risks of today's ever-changing chemicals market.

The platform helps companies strategize and formulate their chemical procurement by tracking real time prices of more than 400 chemicals in more than 25 countries.

ChemAnalyst also provides market analysis for more than 1000 chemical commodities covering multifaceted parameters including Production, Demand, Supply, Plant Operating Rate, Imports, Exports, and much more. The users will not only be able to analyse historical data but will also get to inspect detailed forecasts for upto 10 years. With access to local field teams, the company provides high-quality, reliable market analysis data for more than 40 countries.

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[chemanalysta]

First Quarter of 2023 in Asia- Pacific Carbon Disulphide Prices

North America

In the first quarter of 2023, Carbon disulphide prices in the USA market have continued to decline due to slow purchasing sentiment and strong supplies. Demand from the dyes and rubber industries has been weak, and there were limited inquiries for new orders from end-users, resulting in a bearish pricing trend in the domestic market. The manufacturing industry in the US market has also been underperforming, contributing to the sluggishness in the market. Operating rates have remained stable, leading to high inventory levels in the USA. Additionally, market participants reported, the recent banking crisis in the USA has had a negative impact on the market growth of various commodities, including Carbon disulphide.

Asia-Pacific

During the first quarter of 2023, Carbon disulphide prices have decreased in China due to slow purchasing sentiment in the market. Operating rates in China have remained moderate due to weak consumption from downstream industries. Additionally, the prices of feedstock Sulphur have declined, resulting in low production costs of Carbon disulphide in the domestic market. Demand from downstream industries such as rubber, dyes, and pesticides has slowed down both domestically and overseas, and market participants have reported limited new orders from end-users. However, the surplus inventories of the product have led manufacturers to revise their negative price quotations in the domestic market.

Europe

Prices of Carbon disulphide have witnessed a downward trend in the European market during the first quarter of 2023 amid gloomy buying sentiments and ample supplies in the region. In addition, domestic production remained under check while the carbon disulphide imports from Asia improved on European shores as the freight charges worsened sharply. In addition, feedstock Sulphur prices have also remained on the lower end, which resulted in the low production cost of Carbon disulphide in the region. In addition, due to high-interest rates and inflation, the demand from the downstream rubber, dyes, along with pesticides has remained weak. There were no new orders from end-use industries, so the product ended up in stock. In addition, the market perceived a wait-and-see attitude.

ChemAnalystaddresses the key problematic areas and risks associated with chemical and petrochemical business globally and enables the decision-maker to make smart choices. It identifies and analyses factors such as geopolitical risks, environmental risks, raw material availability, supply chain functionality, disruption in technology and so on. It targets market volatility and ensures clients navigate through challenges and pitfalls in an efficient and agile manner. Timeliness and accuracy of data has been the core competency of ChemAnalyst, benefitting domestic as well as global industry in tuning in to the real-time data points to execute multi-billion-dollar projects globally.

[sciencespies]

JWST has spotted chemical reactions in an exoplanet's atmosphere

https://sciencespies.com/space/jwst-has-spotted-chemical-reactions-in-an-exoplanets-atmosphere/

JWST has spotted chemical reactions in an exoplanet's atmosphere

Astronomers analysing data from the James Webb Space Telescope have spotted signs of chemical reactions driven by star light in the atmosphere of an exoplanet for the first time

Space 22 November 2022

By Alex Wilkins

An artist’s impression of the exoplanet WASP-39b

NASA/JPL-Caltech/Robert Hurt; Center for Astrophysics-Harvard & Smithsonian/Melissa Weiss

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has spotted chemical reactions driven by starlight taking place in the atmosphere of a distant alien world for the first time, raising hopes that the telescope could help identify exoplanets that host life.

Many of the compounds found in Earth’s atmosphere, including some that are essential for life, didn’t exist when the planet first formed. Instead, they were the product of chemical reactions triggered by light from the sun. These photochemistry reactions also occur in the atmospheres of almost all the other planets in our solar system, and so were predicted to happen in exoplanet atmospheres. But until now, they had never been observed.

In August, JWST observations of the exoplanet WASP-39b, a 900°C ball of gas as massive as Saturn and wider than Jupiter, found the first evidence for carbon dioxide in an exoplanet atmosphere. But astronomers also spotted a strange bump in the signature of the planet’s light, which suggested an unknown element or molecule was absorbing the host star’s light as it passed through the planet’s atmosphere.

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Now, Katy Chubb at the University of St Andrews in the UK and her colleagues have analysed data on WASP-39b’s light taken from four infrared instruments on JWST. “The large range of wavelengths covered by the four different instruments really allows us to build a complete as possible picture of this atmosphere as we can,” says Chubb.

The team divided into subgroups and used a range of atmospheric models to mimic the signal from JWST. Only models that included chemical reactions involving sulphur could reproduce the data, suggesting the bump was caused by atmospheric sulphur dioxide, says team member Éric Hébrard at the University of Exeter, UK. “We were very surprised because as soon as we each independently implemented the sulphur chemistry, it fit right away.”

The levels of sulphur dioxide were far higher than they should be if the planet is made only from material created when the star system formed. The only explanation, says Chubb, is that light from the planet’s star, WASP-39, has caused a chain of chemical reactions in the planet’s atmosphere to produce the sulphur dioxide.

“We haven’t been able to probe such processes in the deep atmosphere before the JWST era,” says Nikku Madhusudhan at the University of Cambridge, who wasn’t involved in the research. “The results are an excellent demonstration of JWST capability for exoplanet spectroscopy.”

Identifying photochemical reactions on WASP-39b could also help indicate whether the planet formed further out from its star and moved inwards, picking up material across its star system, or whether it formed at its current location and simply accumulated material there. Early observations of the oxygen to carbon ratio suggests it formed far away from its star, but more definitive data will be needed first, says Chubb.

The find also bodes well for observing more compounds produced by photochemical processes, such as ozone on Earth, says Hébrard. “Even if [WASP-39b] is very different than what we have on Earth — it’s hot, it’s hydrogen dominated, you don’t want to live there — having that first detection of a photochemical product is one way forward.”

Ultimately, such detections could help in one of JWST’s most important mission goals: searching for signs of an exoplanet that could host life. “We need to cover a lot more in order to answer those biosignatures problems, but it’s the first step along the way,” says Hébrard.

Reference: arxiv.org/abs/2211.10490 & arxiv.org/abs/2211.10489

Sign up to our free Launchpad newsletter for a voyage across the galaxy and beyond, every Friday

More on these topics:

#Space

[chromatographyinst]

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[jurassicsunsets]

The first palaeontologist on Mars

(Image: Artist’s impression of NASA’s Perseverance rover on Mars)

Today NASA’s Perseverance rover landed on Mars. I don’t usually talk astronomy on this blog, but this time it’s relevant because—as you might have read—Perseverance is more or less the first palaeontologist on Mars!

Let me explain.

(Image: Satellite topography map of Jezero Crater, the site where Perseverance landed)

The site where Perseverance is landing, Jezero Crater, is a meteor impact crater near Mars’s Equator (say that 10 times fast!). It has evidence of a delta—the geomorphic feature that occurs when running water enters a large body of water. Orbital analyses also suggest it’s filled with carbonate rock—the kind that tend to deposit at the bottom of bodies of water.

Jezero Crater is not filled with water today. But the evidence strongly suggests it once was. If we’re going to find evidence of life on Mars, this is a good place to start looking.

Microbial fossils

When you think of fossils, most people think of giant T. rex skeletons, or frozen woolly mammoths, or neanderthal skulls. Maybe you’ve been around the block a bit, and you think about corals, or plant fossils, or tiny fossil shells. But some of the most common and important fossils on Earth are even tinier. Microbial fossils are commonly made by bacteria, archaea, and the like.

(Image: A cross-section of a stromatolite fossil, showing the multiple layers)

Some of the earliest fossils on earth are called stromatolites. They occur when bacterial colonies grow together in a mat—then, over time, sediment deposits over the colony, and the bacteria form another layer on top of the previous layer. Over time, many layers can be formed.

(Image: Helium Ion Microscopy image of iron oxide filaments formed by bacteria)

Although we breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide, many microbes are not quite so restricted, and can breathe anything from sulphur to iron to methane or ammonia. When they do this, they often leave behind solid waste products, such as the above iron oxide filaments, that give away their presence. We can tell these apart from normal minerals in a number of ways, including by the relative proportions of different isotopes in them.

(Image: Schematic digram showing how molecular fossils form and are studied)

However, some of the most important fossils are molecular fossils. Living organisms produce a variety of different organic molecules; even long after the bodies of these organisms decay, those molecules can stay behind in an altered form for millions or even billions of years. If we’re looking for evidence of life on Mars, this might be our best bet.

Enter Perseverance

(Image: Diagram of Perseverance rover showing different instruments)

The Perseverance rover is overall similar in design to the Curiosity rover that landed in 2012, but there are some key differences—and most relevant here is that it’s a geological powerhouse. It’s got a number of instruments designed to carry out detailed geologic investigations:

RIMFAX is a ground-penetrating Radar unit. Like normal Radar, it works by sending radio waves into the ground; different materials affect the radio waves differently, as do transitions between different materials. This will allow us to, for the first time, study the geology of Mars below the surface to get an idea of what has been going on down there.

(Image: This is the kind of result produced by ground-penetrating radar—a rough image of the stratigraphy below the surface.)

PIXL (Planetary Instrument for X-ray Lithochemistry) shoots x-rays at samples and examines how they fluoresce in reaction. This allows for the detection of the elemental composition of a sample—helping us better understand the geology of the area, and potentially detect signatures of life. 

SuperCam is a multi-function laser spectrometer that uses four different spectroscopy methods to examine the composition of samples. They all work in similar ways—essentially, different molecules react to laser stimulation differently, and different amounts of energy are required to make different molecules vibrate. The way that these molecules react can help us identify their composition, and the hope is that this may allow us to detect molecular fossils (these methods allow us to detect molecular fossils on Earth!)

SHERLOC (Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman & Luminescence for Organics & Chemicals) is another spectroscopic instrument—this one, however, is more precise, and optimised for detecting trace biosignatures in samples. It works similar to the above, using an ultraviolet laser to scan a 7 × 7 mm zone for evidence of organic compounds. 

In addition to studying samples in situ, Perseverance will package small samples and leave them behind on Mars. A planned future mission will collect these packaged samples and launch them into space, where an orbiter will collect them and—hopefully—return them to Earth. This would be the first time that samples have ever been recovered from Mars, and would go a long way in increasing our understanding of the Martian environment and geology.

There’s no way of knowing yet what Perseverance will find—but even the fact that a robot palaeontologist is on Mars is incredibly exciting. Here’s to many years of discovery!

[labtroncc]

IR Carbon and Sulphur Analyzer 50 Hz

Labtron IR Carbon and Sulfur Analyzer delivers high precision with carbon RSD ≤ 0.5% and sulfur RSD ≤ 1% samples up to 24 time/sec , operates at 2.7 kV and 220 V, and features automated double detection with 24-bit sampling for superior accuracy and sensitivity. 

[didanawisgi]

Venus & Freemasonry

Venus is the second of the four terrestrial planets, from the sun, and is, after the Sun and Moon, the brightest object in the sky, being fifteen times brighter than Sirius A, the most prominent star. We call the planet Venus the morning star when it appears in the east at sunrise, and the evening star when it appears in the west at sunset, although the ancients called it Hesperus in the evening and Phosphorous, or Lucifer, in the morning. Because of the distances of the respective orbits of Venus and the Earth from the Sun, Venus is never visible more than three hours before sunrise nor three hours after sunset, and it may also surprise you that Venus can be seen in broad daylight, provided you know where, and when, to look after reference to an almanac.

Galileo made the first telescopic observations of the planet in 1610. The discovery that Venus and Mercury exhibited phases like the Moon, convinced Galileo that the planets must revolve around the Sun and not the Earth. When viewed through a telescope, the planet Venus exhibits Moon-like phases, and a full Venus appears at its smallest when it is on the far side of the Sun at a distance of 257 million kilometres from us. Maximum brilliance is seen in the crescent phase when it is much closer to Earth at a distance of only 41.4 million kilometres.

Venus’s complete cloud cover and deep atmosphere make it difficult to study from the Earth, and most knowledge of the planet has been obtained through the use of space vehicles, particularly those that carried probes that descended through the atmosphere to the planetary surface. The Americans sent Mariner, Pioneer and Magellan missions to Venus and the Russians despatched Venera and Vega missions, the latter were primarily involved in investigating Halley’s Comet and the study of Venus was a secondary objective.

Some of those missions were flyby and others were orbiters but the most information was obtained from probes launched from the mother ship, that descended to the planetary surface and broadcast scientific data, albeit briefly. The Venera landers operated for about an hour, returning information, including photographs of the surface to the craft in orbit above, before being crushed by the huge atmospheric pressure of the planet. The orbiter relayed the data back to Earth where it was eagerly studied. The Magellan probe, launched in 1989 stayed in orbit and began transmitting radar images of the planet in 1990. They have been computer-processed to form spectacular three-dimensional views of the terrain which will probably never be seen by human eyes.

The surface temperature on Venus is highly uniform and is about 462 C, hot enough to melt lead; the surface pressure is 96 Earth atmospheres, making Venusian atmosphere on the surface, denser than water; the atmosphere consists almost wholly (97%) of carbon dioxide with only traces of nitrogen, oxygen and water vapour. The base of the cloud is approximately fifty km above the surface and the cloud particles are concentrated sulphuric acid. Beneath the cloud it’s light, but hazy. The sulphur content of the clouds is of volcanic origin and the sulphuric acid never reaches the surface as rain because it evaporates at the cloud base and can only remain in the atmosphere as cloud. The planet has no detectable magnetic field which was an unexpected find and is attributed to the slow rate of rotation or spin of the planet.

The chemistry of Earth and Venus are not that different it’s just that the CO2 on Earth is largely tied up in oceans and in limestone that does not exist on Venus. Many scientists argue that Venus, being closer to the Sun, was subjected to a so-called runaway greenhouse effect, which caused any existing oceans to evaporate into the atmosphere, where the water molecules broke down under ultra-violet radiation. The hydrogen atoms of the water molecules could have been lost to space and the oxygen atoms to the crust where they combined in rock-forming silicate minerals.

The reason for both Venus’s brightness and for the lack of knowledge is the same: the thick blanket of clouds that reflect 76% of the sunlight reaching it. Cloud patterns and weather features can be discerned as streaks in the cloud tops that give some information about wind motion, the upper-level winds circling the planet at 360 km/h. These winds cover the planet completely, blowing virtually at every latitude from equator to pole. Tracking the motion of descending probes has shown that, despite the scale of these high-speed upper-level winds, much more than half of Venus’s tremendously dense atmosphere, near the planets surface is almost stagnant. If the surface movement is virtually nil why should the upper level winds blow at 360 km/h?

Venus rotates very slowly on its axis, and the direction is retrograde (opposite to that of Earth and all other planets). Curiously the same side of Venus always faces the Earth when the two planets are closest. At such times, the side facing Earth can be viewed and mapped by Earth-based radio telescopes that “see” through the clouds.

What has been determined is that 85% of the surface is plains. Superimposed on those plains are small and large volcanoes and some impact craters. There are no small impact craters, i.e. less than 8km, probably because all small meteors burn up in the dense atmosphere. The highlands exhibit varying morphologies comprising; elevated plateau; folded mountain ranges, and shield volcanoes, among others.

The Earth’s closest neighbour in its journey around the Sun is Venus, just 41 million km away. The Earth is 150 million km from the Sun and Venus’s almost circular orbit is 109 million km from the Sun. There are many similarities between the two planets, so much so that Venus was called our twin planet in space and it was hypothesised that beneath the cloud cover was a tropical paradise awaiting the first visitor from Earth. We now know the truth to be vastly different with the horrendous heat, overwhelming pressure and highly acidic atmosphere. Despite Mercury being closer to the Sun, Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system. Rather than being a paradise, it is more like hell and colonization is a very remote possibility perhaps centuries away, if at all.

When scientists first measured the rotation rate of Venus using radar in the 1960’s, they expected a fairly fast rotation rate, similar to that of earth and Mars. What they found, was a rotation taking 243 days, longer than the planet’s year of 225 days, and in the wrong direction, i.e. from East to West or, a retrograde motion.

The main work of the Russian probes has been to analyse the rocks around their landing sites, and to collect samples for internal analysis, in addition, the Soviet spacecraft were equipped with cameras to photograph the landscape. A few colour photos and many black and white have been taken and I can show you in the South.

Against the background of the Zodiac, Venus completes a five pointed star shape every eight years and returns to its exact starting place after five cycles, or forty years.  Every eight years it marks a point in time when the solar calendar, the lunar calendar and the sidereal calendar all coincide within two minutes. After five cycles, i.e. forty years that time is synchronised to within fractions of a second, providing a calendar and a clock that was used to set the time of day until the 1950’s when even more-accurate atomic clocks were developed. Put simply, Venus is the metronome of our world. Understand this and such other vital functions as the seasons and the tides, and you master your environment both in terms of farming and seamanship, ensuring that you will eat and trade efficiently. This was of great importance to early civilizations and well repaid the centuries of observation necessary to learn this.

Megalithic observatories were created at Newgrange in Ireland some 5,500 years ago to accurately measure the Venus cycle and mark the Winter solstice. This was an important measurement tool for these ancient astronomers because when viewed from Earth, Venus was the most accurate indicator of the time of year, in the solar system.

The study of Phoenician gods revealed three goddesses to be different aspects of the planet Venus. A similar trilogy exists in the Norse pantheon, but with different names. It is believed that the Phoenicians, or Canaanites carried their beliefs with them when working on the Temple for Solomon and may have affected its ultimate design. The family of William St. Clair of Roslyn fame, hereditary Grand Masters in early Scottish Masonry include both Jewish and Norse ancestors, so it is possible that Venus became involved in early Masonic ceremonies via Scottish Freemasonry.

It is said that the first known name for the city of Jerusalem was Urushalim, “Uru’ founded by “Shalem”, the name of the Canaanite god of Venus in its evening setting, but Solomon’s Temple was facing in the opposite direction, towards Venus rising in its role as morning star. We can be certain that King Solomon’s Temple was built by Canaanites who were known to worship Venus, also we can understand that Solomon had no tradition of his own to give him the knowledge of how to build a temple that was properly constructed to interface with the heavens. However it is perplexing that these Venus worshipping Phoenicians were allowed to build the house of God.

Biblical scholars have noted from passages such as I Kings 11.5 that Venus was worshipped by Solomon in her special form as the deity of the Phoenicians and he fell out of favour with God. The official worship of Venus as Astarte, the Queen of Heaven continued in the Kingdom of Judah until circa 600 BCE.

Moses created Princes of the Tabernacle and the initiations took place when the Pentagram, or blazing star was to be seen in the east. A blazing star that is referred to as a Pentagram can only be a reference to Venus which had long been associated with the pentagram because of the planet’s apparent movement around the sun when observed from Earth. It is suggested that when the Romans destroyed Jerusalem and the Temple in year 70 of the Christian Era, a number of the Princes of the Tabernacle managed to escape to locations across Europe. It was from these families that the men came, who went on to found the Knights Templar.

The modern Masonic Temple is designed along the same astronomical lines as the Temple at Jerusalem, with the free standing pillars of B and J marking the extremities of the rising sun at the summer solstice in the North, and the winter solstice in the South. On the equinoxes the sun rose between the two pillars in a position due East and on certain dates the planet Venus rose as a bright star ahead of the sun to shine brightly through the dormer into the holy of holies.

The layout of every Masonic Temple is said to be a model of Solomon’s Temple, and today every Master Mason is raised from his temporary death by the pre-dawn light of the rising Venus at a symbolic equinox. The rising of Venus was central to Canaanite theology and was associated with resurrection, as it is in Freemasonry in our third degree.

When the candidate is raised from his tomb his head rises in a curve towards the East to meet Venus which is also rising above the horizon. The East-West line marks the equinox, the point of equilibrium between the two solstices, when there are twelve hours of light and twelve of darkness. It appears that some rituals of Craft Masonry are based upon astronomy and have a heritage well over five thousand years old. The W.M. directs the candidates gaze towards the East where he can see a five-pointed ‘star’ rising before the sun at dawn. The planet Venus as she moves around the sky touches the path of the sun in just five places, just like the W.M. embracing the candidate at just five points, when he is raised.

Cyclical appearances of the planet Venus, in a pre-dawn rising against a particular part of the sky were clearly of great importance in the early period of Jewish Kings as the Bible tells us. Saul, David and Solomon, all ruled for forty years, a full Venusian cycle. It seems that Freemasonic ritual aligns with the astral cultic practices of the royal lineage of Jerusalem, the city of Venus.

The authors Knight and Lomas are Freemasons and conclude that after 14 years of research and four books culminating in The Book of Hiram, they have found the missing link between Judaism and Christianity on the one hand and the secret Masonic tradition on the other. Freemasonry is a major untapped source of information about our past that is in danger of being lost, forever because of lack of knowledge of the rituals. To lose the information buried within in its rituals, before it is properly understood would be throwing away one of the true treasures of the western world. There seems to have been a hidden astral agenda, in mainstream Judaism and Christianity, that has survived in the Masonic tradition and been reinforced by Norse beliefs in the power of the Bright Morning Star we call Venus.

The picture that has been revealed is that some of the rituals of Craft Masonry have been based on astronomy and have a heritage that is over 5,000 years old. They found a chain of belief that has survived being passed through several different cultures to end up in modern Masonic Temples, where it is now faithfully recited without a proper understanding from whence it came, nor what it represents.

WM and brethren it is up to us to try and understand the rituals, which, have been so much a part of our Masonic lives. We should endeavour to look behind the words in future to form greater understanding of those rituals, and I hope that this talk tonight will in some way inspire you to do the same. I have based much of the latter part of this talk on The Hiram Key and can only include a fraction of the findings contained therein. I would hope that you keep an open mind on the subject and read it for your own satisfaction, and you can decide if it is fascinating, or controversial. Incidentally the book is available at our Library for borrowing by interested brethren.

VW Bro Robert Taylor

THE NAMES FOR VENUS IN VARIOUS TRADITIONS

Anat                                                    Hebrew

Asherah                                               Canaanite

Asherat                                                Canaanite

Ashtar                                                 Canaanite

Ashtoreth                                            Phoenician

Astart                                                  Hebrew

Astarte                                                 Canaanite

Baalat                                                  Phoenician

Baalat-Gebal                                        Phoenician

Bright Star of the Morning                  Masonic

Freyja                                                  Norse

Frigg                                                   Norse

Hamaliel                                              Masonic

Hathor                                                 Egyptian

Hesperus                                             Greek

Inanna                                                 Sumerian

Ishtar                                                   Sumerian

Lucifer                                                 Old English

Matrona                                               Hebrew

Morning Star                                       Masonic

Nut                                                      Egyptian

Phosphorous                                       Greek

Salem                                                  Canaanite

Sekhmet                                              Egyptian

Shachar                                               Canaanite

Shalem                                               Canaanite

Uatchet                                                Egyptian

COMPARATIVE DATA OF VENUS AND EARTH

                                                                         Venus                        Earth

Equatorial distance in kilometres                     12,104                         12,756

Sidereal period of axial rotation                       243.16 days       23H 56M 4S

Inclination to orbit                                           178 deg             23 deg 27 min

Density in kgm per cubic metre                       5,250                           5,517

Comparative mass                                           0.815                           1.000

Surface gravity                                                0.903                           1.000

Escape velocity in km per second                    10.36                           11.20

Albedo or reflectivity of light                            0.76                             0.36

Average distance to the Sun in mill km           109                              150

Average distance to the Sun in A.U.               0.72333                      1.00

Length of year in Earth days                           225                              365

Notes   A.U. = astronomical unit, the average distance from Earth to Sun.

Sidereal time = time based upon Earth’s rotation relative to Sun. Sidereal day =        one Earth revolution on its axis relative to Sun.

Sidereal hour = one twenty fourth of a sidereal day.

[labfitblr]

PH measurement with ease, some technical tips!

Introduction

Labfit is about providing good quality Soil testing Equipment to the customers which gives them knowledge of soil fertility, soil pH, and other analyzing units. Labfit serve pH Soil Testing Suppliers pH and Conductivity instrument are new services which deliver new solutions for particular processes of pH measurement that will enhance the production of the field and provide a beneficial effect to the farmers for better predication of crop selection.

pH Soil Testing Suppliers

We provide a good vary of merchandise and our specialty  pH Soil Testing Suppliers pH scale includes pH scale tester that checks the pH scale level in very soil and details the acidity and pH scale of the soil in question. Our services have extended to the international market with our pH scale testing system creating headway within the USA and in Australia. We've got been serving our shoppers with soil testing for years, and our accuracy in soil testing testifies the impeccable name we have a tendency to hold.

Special instrumentation

We have the most effective special instrumentation like Lafibit Soil hydrogen ion concentration Robots. The AS3000Q Soil hydrogen ion concentration mechanism may be a multi-electrode system that reads four hydrogen ion concentration electrodes simultaneously! As a result of the system adheres to your technique configuration parameters there's no compromise on sample quality or accuracy. Well, the system is clever enough to tell the operator that the conductor has finally succumbed to age and it's currently faulty. The reading of a typical hydrogen ion concentration conductor is quick, offers correct soil hydrogen ion concentration. The AS3000Q Multi-Electrode hydrogen ion concentration soil testing mechanism tests quite 2000 samples per day whereas maintaining sample accuracy and preciseness.

Technical tips!

1. Always Read Your Manual.

2. Make Sure You Have the Right pH Buffers.

3. Calibrate your Meter Often.

4. Be Aware of your Slope and Offset.

5. Always remember that soil sample is taken from all over the area of the field and then properly mix and crush the soil sample.

6. Take Care of your pH Electrode.

7. Always read the instruction manual prior to using any pieces of equipment.

8. 8. Never touch a detector electrode or reference cell together with your fingers: skin oils can have an effect on readings and can permanently damage a pH detector.

10. Always lightly swirl a meter in the water or solution to dislodge any trapped air bubbles

11. Never store a pH meter in high heat or humidity.

12. Never store a pH sensor in distilled water.

[spaceexp]

Methane and ozone data products from Copernicus Sentinel-5P

ESA - Sentinel-5P Mission logo. 4 March 2019 The Copernicus Sentinel-5P mission has been used to produce global maps of two atmospheric gases responsible for making our world warmer: methane, which is a particularly potent greenhouse gas, and ozone, which is a greenhouse gas and a pollutant in the lower part of the atmosphere. The maps give insight into where these gases are coming from. Launched in October 2017, Sentinel-5P is the first Copernicus satellite dedicated to monitoring our atmosphere. It carries an advanced multispectral imaging spectrometer called Tropomi to image a wide range of air pollutants more accurately and at a higher spatial resolution than ever before.

Global methane

Prior to making data available to the public, scientists spend months testing and evaluating the information to make sure it is accurate. The mission is already being used to map pollutants such as nitrogen and sulphur dioxide and to monitor the hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica. And now, data on methane and ozone in the troposphere, which is the lower part of the atmosphere, are available. While carbon dioxide is more abundant in the atmosphere and therefore more commonly associated with global warming, methane is about 30 times more potent as a heat-trapping gas. It enters the atmosphere mainly from the fossil fuel industry, landfill sites, livestock farming, rice agriculture and wetlands.

Sentinel-5P

Jochen Landgraf, from the SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, said, “We have spent more than a year carefully testing the methane data and now the availability of data to everyone offers new opportunities for climate services. “Like all gases that enter the atmosphere, methane is spread by the wind, so it is unclear where it originates. But thanks to Tropomi’s ability to measures at a spatial resolution of 7 x 7 km and global coverage every 24 hours, we can see daily methane emissions on regional scales and also larger point sources.

Methane over wetlands in Nigeria

“This information is important for policy makers working on climate regulations and for checking that countries adhere to agreements.” Michael Buchwitz, from the University of Bremen, Germany, and who leads ESA’s Climate Change Initiative greenhouse gas project, noted, “Over the coming months we will be further studying these data in detail, comparing them with ground-based observations and global models, but we expected that a lot can be learned about atmospheric methane and its various emission sources.” The new data release also includes tropospheric ozone. Ozone high up in the stratosphere shields us from the Sun’s harmful rays of ultraviolet radiation, but lower down in the troposphere it is a pollutant and can cause respiratory problems and can damage vegetation. Ozone is also a greenhouse gas. Diego Loyola, from the German Aerospace Center, explains, “Ozone in the troposphere is an air pollutant and a greenhouse gas contributing to global warming.”

Global tropospheric ozone

“Tropospheric ozone is a difficult greenhouse gas to measure because of its short lifespan and the fact that concentrations can vary hugely from place to place,” continued Dr Loyola. “The unprecedented spatial resolution offered by Copernicus Sentinel-5P’s Tropomi instrument means that we can now better analyse the complex relationship between tropospheric ozone and climate.” Claus Zehner, ESA’s Sentinel-5P mission manager, noted, “With this new methane and tropospheric ozone data release, we are now providing almost all of the Copernicus Sentinel-5P’s data products to the user community. “Both products are important for monitoring climate change and can also be used to gain experience for future missions such as for the candidate Copernicus expansion mission that is being developed to measure carbon dioxide.” The Tropomi instrument was developed jointly by ESA and the Netherlands Space Office. Related links: Sentinel-5P: http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-5P Sentinel data access: https://scihub.copernicus.eu/ SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research: https://www.sron.nl/ Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute: http://www.knmi.nl/over-het-knmi/about Netherlands Space Office: http://www.spaceoffice.nl/en/ University of Bremen–Institute of Environmental Physics: http://www.iup.uni-bremen.de/carbon_ghg/ DLR: http://www.dlr.de/dlr;internal&action=_setlanguage.action?LANGUAGE=en Copernicus: http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus Images, Animation, Text, Credits: ESA/contains modified Copernicus data (2018–19), processed by SRON/processed by DLR. Greetings, Orbiter.ch Full article

[getambee]

Top free weather API for 2022

What is a Weather API?

Known as Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), weather APIs enable you to access huge databases containing weather prediction and historical data.

Due to the availability of APIs and the use of handsets with built-in GPS, we now have access to mobile apps that offer hour-by-hour predictions, severe weather warnings, and other important weather information for almost any location we visit.

A number of the finest weather APIs for developers are highlighted in this blog article, which may be used to create creative online and mobile weather apps.

Top 8 Best Weather APIs for 2022

1. Ambee Weather API

Forecasting, historical data, and real-time weather information are all available via the Weather API from Ambee. Try out an Free Weather API and see how it works. Obtain useful and accurate insights from your private pool of confidential data.

Ambee's Weather API provides real-time weather data to allow weather forecasting. Data validation is a top priority while building the data models since it will ensure that the insights are useful and the data is correct. It's simple to incorporate weather-related industry-specific proprietary data insights into software applications.

Ambee combines on-ground sensors, satellite imaging, and statistical analysis to provide accurate and readily accessible information. The data models are built using weather records from the past.

Ambee's unique AI-powered algorithms analyse large amounts of data to evaluate and give reliable real-time weather information. Temperature, cloud cover, pressure, wind, and other variables may be derived from meteorological data. This makes it possible to provide weather forecasts in real-time. To add value to the user experience, weather data may give actionable insights and suggestions that can be readily incorporated into any system or application to boost sales and overall performance.

2. OpenWeatherMap

For the time being, the OpenWeatherMap API offers access to a broad range of weather data, including (but just not restricted to) current and forecasted weather as well as historical data from weather stations and weather warnings.

As well as current & historical stats on these pollutants, the API also offers data on ozone, carbon monoxide, and Sulphur dioxide. This service is still in testing; however, data on air pollution since November 2015 is available.

A lot of examples are provided in the API documentation, making it simple to follow along. On GitHub, there are many unauthorized OpenWeatherMap API consumer libraries & wrappers.

How to get an OpenWeatherMap API Key?

Authentication through API keys is required whenever you use an API to connect to a project or application. When an app is created in RapidAPI, a unique API key (X-RapidAPI-Key) is generated. Using this application key, you'll be able to get statistics on your API use.

3. Weatherbit

Exposure to a Weatherbit.io Weather API may be obtained through this API. You may obtain weather forecast data in JSON format by providing just your longitude and latitude.

The API holds five endpoints:

·         5 Day Forecast

·         16 Day Forecast

·         Current Weather Data

·         Severe Weather Alerts

·         48 Hour Forecast

A basic freemium plan with 150 queries per day is available for the Weatherbit weather API without going into specifics.

4. AccuWeather

Currently, AccuWeather offers 9 weather APIs, including:

·         Forecast API

·         Alerts API

·         Current Conditions API

·         Imagery API

AccuWeather's API provides comprehensive weather data for places across the globe, including current conditions, historical conditions, and forecasts. Developers may use AccuWeather's weather data to create a broad variety of creative and fascinating apps.

Flight delays, stargazing, insect activity, and index data for a particular area are available via the Indices API. Beautifully designed, the API documentation is thorough & includes interactive documentation that lets you test out API calls and see what happens (using weather API key).

It offers 24-hr historical conditions, current conditions, predictions, & indexes for free & for a fee.

5. Dark Sky

You can get the most precise hyper-local weather data from the Dark Sky app. Using the Dark Sky API (formerly Forecast.io), applications may access weather data provided by Dark Sky (and was recently mentioned as one of the best weather APIs on Reddit). The API offers the following features:

·         Conditions of the weather

·         Up-to-the-minute weather predictions for one hour in advance

·         Forecasts for the next seven days, hour by hour and day by day

·         Observations made every hour and every day for decades

·         United States, Canada, European Union members and Israel issue severe weather warnings

There are Forecast & Time Machine options for developers to select from for basic API queries. Requests for forecasts and time machines both provide weather data for a specified day in the following week, based on current conditions or forecasts (past/future).

Historical weather data extends back 100 years in certain places. Developers may use third-party or custom weather icons since the API doesn't provide any.

The documentation on a single page is comprehensive, clear, and provides many JSON-formatted examples of queries. On GitHub, there are numerous unofficial wrapper libraries for the Dark Sky API that developers may use.

DarkSky API Pricing

If you make 1,000 API requests in a day, you pay nothing. From then on, each call will cost you $0.0001. At this moment, there are additional enterprise bulk discount pricing options available.

6. Weather2022

Long-range weather predictions up to 12 weeks are provided by the Weather2022 API, which is the most common.

·         Zip Code

·         Latitude & Longitude

·         City & State

Long-range weather predictions from Weather2020 are currently being used by famous mobile applications like 1Weather and provide over 10 million forecasts each day. This gives you something fresh and different for your weather, travel, or outdoor app needs.

There are 1000 free API queries each day with the Weather2020 Freemium subscription.

7. Tomorrow.io (formerly ClimaCell)

Weather API powered by Tomorrow.io's MicroWeather technology is popular.

Our MicroWeather Os tools have been optimized for high accuracy, low latency, & integration with them. Optimized weather data for use in solving business issues of varying complexity.

Use this API to:

·         Find out what you need to know.

·         Create priceless insights and motivate others to take action

8. Visual Crossing

There is immediate access to both past and future weather records with the Visual Crossing Weather API.

Access to historical weather data and predictions across the world is easy with the Visual Crossing Weather API. Temperature, wind speed (especially gusts), rainfall, snow, humidity, perceived temperature, & pressure are some of the available meteorological parameters. Hourly & daily weather data and worldwide predictions for hours, days, and 12-hour (day/night) periods are all accessible. Multiple locations are allowed in each request for API calls to increase efficiency and save your costs. Visual Crossing Weather provides a comprehensive API for almost all weather data requirements, from occasional usage to corporate public deployments.

9. AerisWeather

Using the AerisWeather API, you'll have access to global weather data that are not available from other paid or free sources, featuring present hyperlocal circumstances, extended predictions, and rich historical data. Developer-friendly tools like mobile & JavaScript SDKs are available via AeriesWeather, emphasizing enterprise & business.