#c: trial of magneto

[scarletshroud]

EVERY SHADE OF SCARLET : 𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐚 𝐦𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐨𝐟𝐟 - ⁰⁰² / ∞

[earth-18104]

Earth-18104

Since I started getting more into Marvel I made a bunch of Ocs for the media, and with time I created a whole universe to insert them in the stories. So I'm gonna start posting here my personal time-line.

These events include stories from the comics, a bit of the cartoons and the movies. Many events or characters have their backstories changed and I will include my ocs here.

It's just a project I do for fun (and has been taking my mind in the last years help). It's not complete. There's still a lot to work but I got the basics.

(This is a rewrite from my other blog :P)

Time-line

B. C - Events

• Okkara and the Enriched

• Birth of Apocalypse

• Hela and the Asgardians

• The Clan Akkaba

A. C. - Events

• Fall of Strontia

• Thanos' birth

• Creation of the Ten Rings

• Fall of Titan

15th/ 16th / 17th Century - Events

• Odin brings the Tesseract to Earth

• Rise of Count Dracula

• Apocalypse and the Army of Darkness defeat Dracula

• Fall of Tenochtitlán

• Creation of Talokan and birth of K'uk'ultan

• Trial of Agatha Harkness

• Apocalypse is sealed by his subordinates

• Selene Essex becomes Lady Sinister

18th / 19th Century - Events

• Mystique's birth

• Victor Creed's birth

• Sanguinária's birth (OC)

• Logan's birth

• Howlett's Tragedy

• Irene Adler and Raven Darkholme meet

• Fall of Akkaba Clan

• Origins: Wolverine I

20th Century

1900 - 1930 - Events

• Origins: Wolverine II

• Wolrd War I

1940 - Events

• World War II

• Johann Schmist finds the Tesseract

• Steve Rogers becomes Captain America

• Bucky Barnes becomes his partner

• Phineas Horton creates the original Torch

• Sgt. Nick Fury and the Howling Commandos

• Foundation of Weapon X by Dr. Abraham Cornelius Truett

• Captain America dissappears and Bucky Barnes is taken by HYDRA

• Logan marries Itsu. Later she is murdered by the Winter Soldider and his son is taken

• Cain Marko and Charles Xavier become stepbrothers

• Wong starts his training in Kamar-Taj

• Howard Stak works for SHIELD

1950 - Events

• Cain Marko and Charles Xavier fight in the Korean War. Marko dissapears after finding the Temple of Cyttorak

• Max Eisenhardt marries Magda

• The original Torch dissapears / dies

• Logan meets Silverfox

• Magda and their daughter dies, Max Eisenhardt changes his name to Erik Lehnsherr

• 1950 Avengers

1960 - Events

• Charles Xavier meets Moira Mactaggert and Gabrielle Haller

• Sabretooth and Wolverine join Team X

• Adam Brashear becomes Blue Marvel

1970 - Events

• Professor X, Magneto, Mystique and Destiny create the first team of X-Men

• X-Men '72

• Adamantiun tests

• Team X breaks out

• Xavier VS Shadow King

1980 - Events

• Captain Marvel

• Ghost Rider

• The Incredible Hulk

• Iron Man

• Ant-Man and Wasp

• The Summers Incident

• Hawkeye and Mockingbird

Age of Heroes - The first famous groups of heroes start to rise, the first conflicts earth went through after FF, the Avengers, the X-Men, the Defenders, Guardians of the Galaxy, Young Avengers, Power Pack and the others formed.

1989 - Events

• The Fantastic Four

• Puppet Master

1990 - Events

• The Avengers

° (Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, Wasp, Ant Man, Hulk, Mockingbird, Hawkeye)

1991 - Events

• Jessica Drew works for SHIELD as Arachne

• Logan adopts Amiko Kobayashi

• Matt Murdock debuts as Daredevil

1992 - Events

• The X-Men

° (Cyclops, Marvel Girl, Angel, Iceman and Beast)

• The Brotherhood of Evil Mutants

• X-Men VS Juggernaut

• Sam Wilson becomes the Falcon

1993 - Events

• Simon Williams joins the Masters of Evil as Wonder Man

• New Avengers

° (Black Panther, Hercules, Quicksilver, Scarlet Witch, Hawkerye, Falcon)

• Jennifer Walters becomes She-Hulk

1994 - Events

• Sue Storm and Reed Richards Wending

• The Fantastic Four meets Black Panther

• Dane Withman becomes Black Knigt

• Z'Nox attack

• Wade Wilson becomes Deadpool

• Silver Sufer and Galactus

• Alex Summers becomes an X-Man

• Betsy Braddock becomes Captain Britain

1995 - Events

• Mesmero attacks Krakoa. Lorna Dane joins the X-Men as Polaris

• The X-Men and the Okkari

• Patsy Walker becomes Hellcat

• Peter Parker becomes Spider-Man

• Jessica Jones becomes Jewel

• Heroes for Hire (Luke Cage and Danny Rand)

• Norman Osborn becomes the Green Goblin

• Natasha Romanoff leaves the Red Room and joins SHIELD, working alongside Mockingbird and Hawkeye

• Frankie Raye joins the Fantastic Four as Photon.

• The Avengers battle against Ultron and Vision

• Among us stalk the Sentinels! Ororo Muroe and Sean Cassidy join the X-Men

• Frank Castle becomes the Punisher

• Jean Grey absorbed the power of the Phoenix

1996 - Events

• Hank McCoy joins the Avengers

• Greer Nelson becomes Tigra

• Secret Empire

• Avengers / Defenders War

• Flint Marko becomes Sandman

• Second Genesis.

• Hulk VS Wolverine

• Cyclops starts a new team of X-Men

° (Wolverine, Storm, Thunderbird, Colossus, Nightcrawler and Sunfire)

• X-Men VS Erik the Red and D'Ken

• Wanda Maximoff and the Darkhold

• Darren Cross becomes Yellow Jacket

• Wanda uses her magic to create her sons

• Mystique and Destiny start a new Brotherhood of Evil Mutants

• Kitty Pryde and Alison Blaire join Xavier's Institue

• Dark Phoenix and death of Jean Grey. Cyclops leaves the team

• Kree / Skrull War

1997 - Events

• Days of Future Past. Rachel Summers and Lucas Bishop join the X-Men

• Cyclops meets Madelyne Prior.

• Rogue absorves Carol Danvers powers

• Rhino VS Spider-Man

• The trial of Hank Pym

• X-Men VS the Brood

• She-Hulk joins the Avengers

• Wanda and Vision find out their sons are magic creations of the Darkhold

• Illyana Rasputin is captured and taken to the Limbo

• New Mutants

• The Morlocks

• Rogue joins the X-Men. Logan marries Mariko.

• Beta Ray Bill!

• Venom arrives at Earth

• Hawkeye creates the West Coast Avengers

• Forge joins the X-Men

• Curtis Connors becomes the Lizard

1998 - Events

• Jean Grey returns

• Nathan Summers is born

• Mutant Massacre

• Madelyne is corrupted by the demon N'Astirh, becoming the Goblin Queen

• Asteroid M

• Fall of the Mutants

• Franklin Richards is born

• The Punisher took over the Assassins' Guild, and later became a substitute teacher while investigating drug trafficking at a school

• Wolverine and Jubilee work together against the Hand

• Gambit joins the X-Men

• Genosha X-Tinction Agenda

• Legacy Virus

1999 - Events

• Kree/Shi'ar War

• X–Cutioner Song

• Rise of Midnight's Children

• Maximum Carnage

• Fatal Attractions

• Bloodties. Fabian Cortez kidnaps Luna Maximoff

• Sabretooth goes to the X-Men after he starts losing control of his feral side

• Cyclops and Marvel Girl marry

• Generation Next and Phalanx events. Emma Frosts takes the new mutants as her students. Blink dissapears.

• The Hellions die

• Peter Parker meets Olivia Octavius, who later becomes Dr. Octopus

• Sabretooth escapes. Angel loses his wings

• Ozyamndias comes to warn the X-Men about the return of Apocalypse

2000 - Events

• Jessica Drew joins the Heroes for Hire

• Graydon Creed's assassination

• Apocalypse returns with his Horsemen

• Okkara is revealed to the world

2001 - Events

• Mantis, the Celestial Madonna, creates Adam Warlock using the Mind Stone

• Gamora, Mantis, Drax, Groot, Adam and Rocket become the Guardians of Galaxy

• The Thunderbolts

2002 - Events

• Sepent Crown's arc. Lemuria and Talokan are revealed to the world

2003 - Events

• Jessica Drew returns as a heroes and joins the Heroes for Hire with Cage and Rand

2004 -

• The start of Infinity Gaulent arc.

° Earth's heroes lose the battle to Thanos. Half of the Universe dissapears.

• The X-Men split in Team Gold and Team Blue to defend the mutant kind

2005 -

2006 -

• Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson marry

2007 -

2008 -

2009 -

• Mayday Parker is born

• Power Pack debuts as a new group of children superheroes

° Jack (12) as Zero-G, Julie (10) as Lightspeed, Jack (8) as Mass Master, and Kate Powers (5) as Energizer.

2010 -

• The Avengers, X-Men, Fantastic Four, Guardians of Galaxy and Denfenders join forces to fight Thanos once more

• Event Infinity Gaulent ends.

2011 -

• The Avengers rebuilt their base.

• Scott Lang joins the team as the new Ant-Man.

• Charles Xavier re-opens the Academy X

2012 -

• E is for Extinction

• Riot at Xavier's

• Runaways!

• Jean Grey dies fighting Xorn

• Gitfted / The Mutant Cure

2013 -

• X-23 (13) tries to assassinate Logan. She changes her name to Laura Kinney

• Secret Wars

• Winter Soldier returns

• The Gray family is killed by Death Commandos Shi'ar

• Vulcan leaves Earth, deciding to take revenge on D'ken for the death of his mother

• M-Day happens

• Academia X changes the X-Men program

• With the help of rebels, Vulcan escapes from prison and frees Deathbird

• Peter Quill joins the Guardians of Galaxy

2014 -

• The Young Avengers!

° Iron Lad (16), Kate Bishop (17/18), Wiccan, Speed (16), Patriot (16), Hulking (16), Sting (14), Jonas

• The New X-Men

• Hearing about Vulcan's escape, Prestige, Thunderbird, Warpath, Xavier, Darwin, Nightcrawler, Havok, Lorna and Petra leave Earth

° Korvus Rook'shir is freed; Lilandra Neramani loses the title of Empress

• D'Ken wakes up and takes his title and asks Vulcan and Dearthbird to stay by his side

• William Stryker and his Purifiers attacks Xavier's Institute

• Vulcan's royal marriage and coronation as Shi'ar Emperor

2015 -

• Civil War

• World War Hulk

• Birth of the Mutant Messiah

• Kang's Dinasty

° The Avengers and other heroes fight Kang.

° Sam Wilson becomes Captain America

2016 -

• The mutants move to the new Utopia

• War of Kings. Inhumans, X-Men, Starjammers and Guardians of Galaxy against Vulcan

° Lilandra dies during battle; Rachel Grey avenges her family; Black Bolt defeats Vulcan

° At Lilandra's funeral, Kallark becomes majestor

• Reed Richards founds the Future Foundation

° Alex Power (19), Dragon Man, Moloids Tong, Turg, Mik and Korr, Bentley 23 (10), Artie Maddicks (20), Leech (19), Julie Powers (17), Jack Powers (15), Kate Powers (12), Valéria Richards (9), Franklin Richards (13).

• The Skrull Invasion takes place on Earth

2017 -

• Dark Reign

• The Inner Circle attacks Genosha

• Hope returns as the Messiah

• Annihilators

• Hank Pym opens the Avengers Academy

• Young Avengers: Children's crusade

• Generation Hope

• Attack on the Mutant History Museum

• Sabretooth becomes the Invisible King of Asia

2018 -

• The Schism between the X-Men happens

• Fear Itself

° Thor becomes King of Asgard

• Apocalypse Solution

° Warren Worthington III becomes heir of Apocalypse

° Genesis, clone of Apocalypse, wakes from his chamber

• Logan opens the Jean Grey School For Higher Learning

° There's a room where the light won't find you (Watxm fanfic)

• Miles Morales (13) becomes Spider-Man

• Sabretooth and his goons kidnaps Genesis

2019 -

• The Phoenix returns

° Hope Summers fixes the mistake made during M-Day, sacrificing herself.

° Rachel Grey becomes the new host of Phoenix.

• Rage of Ultron.

° Hank Pym sacrifices himself to defeat Ultron once for all

• Terrigenesis Mist Arc

2020 -

• Khamala Khan (16) becomes Ms. Marvel

• Jean Foster is diagnosed with cancer, later she becomes an Valkyrie

• Moon Girl (9), together with Devil Dinosaur, tries to become a superhero

• Riri Williams (15) debuts as IronHeart

• Robert Reyes debuts as the new Ghost Rider

2021 -

• Dead Man Logan

° Logan dies and is buried in a secret place in Canada. Storm becomes the new headmistress at JGS.

• Ms. Marvel, Nova and Spider-Man create the new Champions

2022 -

• Strange Academy

2023 -

• The Mutants create Krakoaland

• Empyre Event: Kree Alliance - Skrull

2024 -

• Mayday Parker becomes Spider-Girl.

[donnatroyprincessofthemyscira]

ComicList: Marvel Comics New Releases for Wednesday, August 2, 2023, by Charles LePage.

Amazing Spider-Man Annual #1 (Cover A Corin Howell), $4.99

Amazing Spider-Man Annual #1 (Cover B Clarice Saowee Menguito), AR

Amazing Spider-Man Annual #1 (Cover C George Perez), AR

Amazing Spider-Man Annual #1 (Cover D George Perez Virgin Variant), AR

Astonishing Iceman #1 (Cover A Jesus Saiz), $3.99

Astonishing Iceman #1 (Cover B Ken Lashley), AR

Astonishing Iceman #1 (Cover C Skottie Young), AR

Astonishing Iceman #1 (Cover D Humberto Ramos Miss Minutes Variant), AR

Astonishing Iceman #1 (Cover E Greg Land), AR

Captain America Sentinel Of Liberty Volume 2 The Invader TP, $19.99

Death Of The Venomverse #1 (Of 5)(Cover A Bjorn Barends), $4.99

Death Of The Venomverse #1 (Of 5)(Cover B Iban Coello Design Variant), AR

Death Of The Venomverse #1 (Of 5)(Cover C Gabriele Dell’Otto Connecting Variant), AR

Death Of The Venomverse #1 (Of 5)(Cover D Lesley Leirix Li), AR

Death Of The Venomverse #1 (Of 5)(Cover E Lesley Leirix Li Virgin Variant), AR

Death Of The Venomverse #1 (Of 5)(Cover F Mark Bagley), AR

Death Of The Venomverse #1 (Of 5)(Cover G Ryan Stegman Venom The Other Variant), AR

Death Of The Venomverse #1 (Of 5)(Cover H Gabriele Dell’Otto Connecting Virgin Variant), AR

Doctor Strange #6 (Cover A Alex Ross), $3.99

Doctor Strange #6 (Cover B George Perez), AR

Doctor Strange #6 (Cover C George Perez Virgin Variant), AR

Doctor Strange #6 (Cover D Nic Klein Stormbreakers Variant), AR

Doctor Strange #6 (Cover E Ema Lupacchino G.O.D.S. Variant), AR

Doctor Strange Fall Sunrise Treasury Edition TP, $29.99

Fantastic Four #10 (Cover A Alex Ross), $3.99

Fantastic Four #10 (Cover B Mahmud Asrar), AR

Fantastic Four #10 (Cover C Taurin Clarke), AR

Fantastic Four #10 (Cover D Giuseppe Camuncoli G.O.D.S. Variant), AR

Incredible Hulk #1 (2nd Printing Cover A Nic Klein), $4.99

Incredible Hulk #1 (2nd Printing Cover B Patrick Gleason), AR

Legion Of X By Si Spurrier Volume. 2 TP, $19.99

Magneto #1 (Cover A Todd Nauck), $4.99

Magneto #1 (Cover B Greg Land), AR

Magneto #1 (Cover C Gustavo Duarte Howard The Duck Variant), AR

Magneto #1 (Cover D Todd Nauck Virgin Variant), AR

Magneto #1 (Cover E Luca Maresca), AR

Marvel Multiverse Role-Playing Game Core Rulebook HC, $59.99

Marvel-Verse Kang TP, $9.99

Miles Morales Spiderman By Cody Ziglar Volume 1 Trial By Spider TP, $17.99

Moon Knight #26 (Cover A Stephen Segovia), $3.99

Moon Knight #26 (Cover B Kim Jacinto), AR

Moon Knight #26 (Cover C Lucio Parrillo), AR

Moon Knight #26 (Cover D Salvador Larroca G.O.D.S. Variant), AR

Scarlet Witch #7 (Cover A Russell Dauterman), $3.99

Scarlet Witch #7 (Cover B Meghan Hetrick), AR

Scarlet Witch #7 (Cover C Pablo Villalobos Homage Variant), AR

Scarlet Witch #7 (Cover D Sara Pichelli Design Variant), AR

Scarlet Witch #7 (Cover E Lucas Werneck G.O.D.S. Variant), AR

Secret Warriors Omnibus HC (Book Market Edition)(New Printing), $125.00

Secret Warriors Omnibus HC (Direct Market Edition)(New Printing), $125.00

Spider-Gwen Ghost-Spider Omnibus HC (Andrew Robinson Direct Market Cover), $100.00

Spider-Gwen Ghost-Spider Omnibus HC (Bengal Book Market Cover), $100.00

Spider-Gwen Ghost-Spider Omnibus HC (InHyuk Lee Direct Market Cover), $100.00

Spider-Man No Way Home The Art Of The Movie HC, $60.00

Star Wars Dark Droids #1 (Cover A Leinil Francis Yu), AR

Star Wars Dark Droids #1 (Cover B Jim Cheung), AR

Star Wars Dark Droids #1 (Cover C John Tyler Christopher Action Figure Variant), AR

Star Wars Dark Droids #1 (Cover D Rachael Stott Scourged Variant), AR

Star Wars Dark Droids #1 (Cover E Giuseppe Camuncoli Foil Variant), AR

Star Wars Dark Droids #1 (Cover F Rachael Stott Scourged Virgin Variant), AR

Star Wars Doctor Aphra Volume 6 Ascendant TP, $17.99

Star Wars Thrawn TP (New Printing), $17.99

Star Wars Yoda #10 (Cover A Phil Noto), $4.99

Star Wars Yoda #10 (Cover B Chris Sprouse Return Of The Jedi 40th Anniversary Variant), AR

Star Wars Yoda #10 (Cover C Giuseppe Camuncoli), AR

Strange Academy Miles Morales #1 (Cover A Nick Bradshaw), $4.99

Strange Academy Miles Morales #1 (Cover B Lee Garbett), AR

Strange Academy Miles Morales #1 (Cover C Humberto Ramos Connecting Variant), AR

Warlock Rebirth #5 (Of 5)(Cover A Ron Lim), $3.99

What If Dark Venom #1 (Cover A Philip Tan), $4.99

What If Dark Venom #1 (Cover B Nick Bradshaw), AR

What If Dark Venom #1 (Cover C Skan), AR

X-Men #25 (Cover A Joshua Cassara), $5.99

X-Men #25 (Cover B Alex Ross Connecting X-Men Variant Part B), AR

X-Men #25 (Cover C Alex Ross Connecting X-Men Virgin Sketch Variant Part B), AR

X-Men #25 (Cover D C.F. Villa Stormbreakers Variant), AR

X-Men #25 (Cover E Mark Brooks Corner Box Variant), AR

X-Men #25 (Cover F Peach Momoko Design Variant), AR

X-Men #25 (Cover G Sergio Davila Kingpin Variant), AR

X-Men #25 (Cover H Russell Dauterman Trading Card Variant), AR

X-Men #25 (Cover I Bryan Hitch Wraparound Promo Variant), AR

X-Men Hellfire Gala 2023 #1 (Cover L Valerio Schiti G.O.D.S. Variant), AR

[scarlet--wiccan]

What does “Primordial Chaos” even mean?

For starters, that is not a term that's actually being used in the text, at least not consistently. Capital-P, Capital-C "Primordial Chaos" is not a proper noun, and if I've made it seem like it is, I'm sorry.

Our understanding of "chaos magic" has expanded in recent years. Series like Trial of Magneto, Contest of Chaos, and both volumes of the ongoing Scarlet Witch title have repeatedly indicated that chaos is a universal and, indeed, primordial element or force that is integral to all life, and all magic. Chthon is a chaos god, but chaos magic exists outside of Chthon. Wanda received the ability to use chaos magic from Chthon, but her power is not derived from him, they're just tapped into the same source. Is that making sense?

[miragekarma]

love them

[fictionimitateslife]

Remember the pre-Empyre, Empyre and post-Empyre era where we were actually getting feed with good BillyXTeddy content (even if a little OOC at times), and people were still complaining?

Well, now all we got is fucking Trial of Magneto and the Infinity comic. How do you people feel about that bullshit now huh?

[bikenesmith]

this is the only thing i have to slot into my wanda hellfire death folder so far. from excalibur. this person looks a lot like wanda (costume wise - retire the button nose ffs), and she's talking to trevor, a member of x-factor, who will be handling magneto's trial.

narratively & with reference to the teaser blurbs, it seems like beast being murdled would make the most sense (and i'd be down for that, honestly), but its too early to tell yet. there a lot of hellfire issues left to go. i also can't see erik turning to murder over harm brought to humans (though it is like, chemical warfare).

i think the culmination of hank's story in the hellfire gala could just be him eventually having to confess to his like...war crimes, to help characters neutralize the plant person threat bc the gala erupts into chaos

tommy's here now (x factor previews), and there are aliens, so im sure we'll be seeing billy and teddy at some point. unless they're still salty about the pretender stuff (i would be too). i'd love to see commentary from tommy on that.

(ive also heard theories that mags will kill tommy or trevor at the gala. tommy is a c-lister, his death cannot carry an event, he's not dying. trevor is similarly far fetched, and nobodys supposed to know that precogs specifically cant be on krakoa. a murder at the gala is just needlessly messy.)

one more thing.

this preview for gotg no 15, described as a crossover between sword + gotg. billys on this team! im not sure of the dynamics between nova and billy - i dont read gotg - but he is a space cop. would it be off if nova punched the murderer of his teammates mother? the mother of the prince of the kree and skrull empire?

otherwise, the reasoning would be that mags killed a big shot alien that attended. something he has no reason to do as far as we've seen.

billy also just looks pissed in general here

but also! nova could've just punched mags bc he doesn't work with ~evil villains~ and erik will always be treated as a villain by some no matter how much he reforms 😭

[nicopony79]

The Tired of Magneto

Trial. I meant "trial."

Here's what we know so far:

Exhibit A - The amount of mutants it takes to solve one murder: Approximately 42.

Exhibit B - If you don't get punched in the face while being murdered, your father figure must've done you in. Because he loves you.

Exhibit C - When things don't go your way, throw a chair. Act like a spoiled diaper-baby, crush your BFFs head, then talk about how you've taken the high-ground...Then with no amount of irony or self-awareness, call your other daughter unhinged and inconsistent.

Ms. Williams THANK YOU. You have this guy's character down to a T. Polaris' clapback. Quicksilver's fists. Mystique going om nom nom nom the drama. A+++ content.

The only thing I dread is Magneto's inevitable exoneration. Ugh. Can you imagine the sanctimony?

The Thing I Hated: Jean saying she needs Emma.

We've got to the point where characters just stand around asking: "Where's Emma? Why isn't Emma here? How can we get more Emma? If Emma's not here, can we just talk about Emma?" I feel like this is the same conversation that goes on in the Editorial office.

Exhibit D - No one needs Emma. Emma can be replaced by a RealDoll(TM), a random insult generator, and a polar bear rug and no one would notice.

[shirlleycoyle]

It’s Impossible To Make Money for Most Writers and Artists in Comics

Comic books—and the characters that inhabit their pages—have never been more mainstream, but the writers and artists who work in comics say it's way too hard to make a living in the industry.

Last week, some of the biggest names in comics announced that they were making a deal with Substack to publish original works on the platform. Batman writer James Tynion IV said in the inaugural post that he was excited to "dedicate my whole brain to building a bunch of really cool stuff on my own terms, without having to get permission from any publisher to make it."

Substack framed this as an investment in talent, pouring money into an industry where creators say that they aren't earning much. But people who work in comics have seen this happen before, and sources told Motherboard that they are unsure the kinds of deals that the biggest names in comics have made with Substack will benefit other people in the industry much, if at all.

"Every once in a while an outfit will show up just with millions burning holes in their pockets, and they will absolutely be the coolest kid in the room for two, three years. They will pay huge amounts to fan favorites to produce work," C. Spike Trotman, founder and editor of independent comics publisher Iron Circus, told Motherboard. "More often than they don't, they reach the bottom of the war chest and they kind of drop out of sight. They sink beneath the waves. I'm not going to say that's what's going to happen to Substack, I don't know their financial situation. But it's not an unfamiliar phenomenon."

Multiple surveys of comic book writers, pencilers, inkers, colorists, and letterers show how bad the underlying problem is. According to an industry survey from Fair Page Rates, which surveyed 123 creators in 2015, Marvel offered an average rate of $81.43 per page for writers, and $372 for line art. DC's breakdown was broadly similar, at $111 for writers and $352 for line art. In a 2017 Creator Resource Survey, the average rate per page for writing at Marvel was $60, and the average page rate for line art was $173. DC fared slightly better, with an average of $99 per page of writing, though there wasn't enough data to determine an average rate for line art. (These low rates mean that the production of comics art for even major companies is in many cases essentially subsidized by the artists' relatively lucrative sales of their original, physical art.) 

Motherboard reached out to Marvel and DC to ask about the rates they pay for art and writing, but they did not respond in time for publication.

Are you a comic book creator? Has your work been used for movies or TV? We'd love to talk to you. You can reach Gita Jackson by email at gita.jackson@vice.com, or securely over Signal at +1 267 713 9832.

Multiple sources told Motherboard that in the time since those surveys, not a lot has changed. One artist, who asked to remain anonymous because they still work in the industry, provided art for a popular licensed intellectual property on a work-for-hire basis and said that they were paid $170 per page. They said that each page took from six to eight hours. Assuming one keeps an eight hour work day, for a full day of work, pay at this rate works out to $21.25 an hour. Because this work is for hire, it means this artist also has to deal with all the economic difficulties of not having a regular salaried job.

"Because comics are SO labor intensive, it's hard to balance multiple comics gigs, and so often folks have to find alternate revenue sources like Patreon or Twitch or making prints & merchandise (which is all still laborious), or relying on employed partners," this artist said. "And since cons couldn't be a thing during the pandemic, that was also a huge loss of income for a lot of people."

Substack's entrance into the field—and that of rivals, should any decide to join the fray—may or may not lead to direct increases in income for writers and artists. It will, though, do something to address another central problem in the industry, one that has long contributed to the success of independent publishers like Image.

One consequence of doing work for hire is that ultimately, what you produce doesn't belong to you—in a literal sense, writers and artists for major publishers generally don't own the characters they're writing and drawing. Superman is owned by DC, and Spider-Man is owned by Marvel, even if I write stories about them on the company's behalf, and that's almost invariably still true even if I invent new friends and foes for them. Writers like Ed Brubaker, who created the Winter Soldier featuring in the eponymous Falcon and Winter Soldier show, get little more than token recognition when their creations are turned into derivative properties, even ones featuring in movies grossing billions. A check in the area of $5,000—reportedly what Marvel creators are paid when their inventions are used in movies—does not reflect the work he put into what is now a popular, and lucrative, character for Marvel and its parent company Disney, or its value. But comics corporations have no obligation to offer more. If you want to write about the characters you grew up reading, you don't have a lot of leverage—there are so many other writers and artists who grow up with the same dream.

Original and new creations also fall prey to this system. In December of last year, Disney announced a show based on RiRi Williams, a young Black girl who builds her own Iron Man-style suit. The character was popularized by Eve L. Ewing, who wrote the Ironheart series, whose assistant told Motherboard, "She does not retain any rights pertaining to Ironheart nor is she expecting any additional compensation from the forthcoming Disney+ show."

One-sided work arrangements don't only affect writers and artists economically, but creatively. Imagine you're a writer at Marvel, and you have a great idea for an arc. Your bosses love this idea so much they cancel the book you've been working on—after only 10 issues—so you can concentrate on turning your pitch into a huge event. During an already bittersweet moment, you have to rush a final issue of your book out the door, and the final product includes things you didn't write, some of which end up becoming a minor scandal. 

In a recent podcast with Leah Williams, writer for the recently canceled X-Factor book and writer for the upcoming Trial of Magneto, she describes this happening to her. She also says at the end of the day, Marvel has the right to use its intellectual property in this way.

"X-Factor #10 was kind of my first experience learning how little control I have. There are pages I didn't write and were added to the issue after the fact. There was dialogue I didn't write. I kind of found out around the same time readers did," Williams said. "This is a huge company, this is their IP and they're allowed to do that kind of thing without me being involved in the process."

That's the reality for many people working on comics—when you work for Marvel or DC, the things you create aren't owned by you, and what becomes of them is ultimately dictated by a myriad of forces outside of your control. And even for the most successful creators, it's hard to access the fruits of your success. Marvel and DC use their characters to tell stories about justice, heroism, and, increasingly, righting historical wrongs. The fact that the increasingly diverse creators who tell them get the same old treatment seems like an ever-more glaring blind spot.

Correction: Due to an editorial error, this story initially referred to Ironheart as Eve Ewing's creation; Brian Michael Bendis created the character.

It’s Impossible To Make Money for Most Writers and Artists in Comics syndicated from https://triviaqaweb.wordpress.com/feed/

[wandaposting]

unsorted trial of magneto thots...

based on timestamps, wanda was murdered before she met with magneto. was this intentional? an editing mistake? tfw you can no longer tell the difference. i’m prolly not gonna lose my head over this until there’s some confirmation that it wasn’t an oopsies.

so, those visuals at the end. “see you next round,” she says--- is that whole sequence supposed to be a metaphor for her relationship with grief, or is her consciousness actually floating somewhere getting stabbed repeatedly by a mysterious figure cloaked in white that also happens to represent grief in some way? something in between? we shall c.

the everblooms in krakoa. inch resting.

someone also mentioned the flowers forming an umbilical cord. :think:

vision gets a grieving moment. jericho not mentioned at all. sounds about right.

overall this issue gave me a lil more confidence over what leah williams said the other day about the trial of magneto being more about empathy and healing, but i am once again waiting for the full picture before committing to an opinion,,

[aion-rsa]

Avengers: Endgame - The History of Captain America's Climactic Moment

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Remember in Avengers: Endgame when Captain America picked up Thor's hammer? We sure do! Here are other times he did that!

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This article consists of nothing but massive Avengers: Endgame spoilers. You’ve been warned. We have a completely spoiler free review right here.

Ever since Thanos showed up in the mid-credits of the first Avengers movie, there was one scenario that most comic book fans knew was going to one day happen: Captain America was going to at one point lift Thor’s hammer Mjolnir and bash Thanos’ stupid face with it. Until Hela broke Mjolnir in Thor: Ragnarok. Then we all went, “Oh, never mind, I guess,” and thought about what could have been.

Well, time travel is funny like that. It gives you a mulligan. Avengers: Endgame gives us one of the most triumphant moments in superhero movie history, when Captain America is able to lift Thor's hammer, Mjolnir, and use it to beat the ever-lovin' crap out of Thanos for a few minutes. Not only can Captain America lift Thor's hammer, he's able to call down the lightning just as Thor would. It's a huge, cathartic, and historic moment in the history of the MCU, but it's something long familiar to Marvel Comics fans.

How Can Captain America Lift Thor's Hammer?

Simple: Steve Rogers is worthy. The inscription on Mjolnir reads "Whosoever holds this hammer, if they be worthy, shall possess the power of Thor." It doesn't matter how strong you are, if you aren't worthy, you can't lift Thor's hammer, no matter how hard you try. It's why Thor, at a low point in his life, is so relieved to find that he can still call and hold Mjolnir when he travels back to the events of Thor: The Dark World.

In Avengers: Age of Ultron, we got the slightest hint of what was to come when Cap was able to slightly budge the hammer when trying to pick it up. Thor's reaction shot there was priceless, and teases the moment in Endgame when Steve finally gets to call down the lightning. Of course, the big payoff in Age of Ultron was that Vision (not Cap) was able to wield it near the end of the movie as a way of proving his fidelity, but many of us knew that there was more to it, including Thor, who exclaims "I knew it!" when Cap gets his big moment with the hammer.

read more - Which Avengers: Endgame Deaths are Permanent?

There is comic book precedent to Cap picking up Mjolnir. While not the first non-Thor character to pull that off in Marvel canon (that would be the delightful Beta Ray Bill), he’s had a couple moments where he’s been able to prove his worthy worth and cracked some heads with the uru metal.

Here’s some American history with a mix of Asgardian shop class.

THE ORIGINAL

The Mighty Thor #390 (1988)

Around this time, Steve Rogers had lost the right to be Captain America and just fought crime as "The Captain." This meant dressing exactly as Captain America, but in a black costume with red and white stripes on the front. Thor stopped by Avengers HQ, saw this guy with head wings and a shield and went, “I never saw you before in my life! Who are you?!” Then he threw Mjolnir at him in mid-sentence before realizing that it had to be Steve Rogers because of how fast he could dodge the attack.

I swear, Thor must scream, “STRANGER DANGER!” whenever Jane Foster gets a haircut.

Cap later explained his whole status quo, as well as his current feud with Iron Man (that happens a lot). So the government considered him an enemy and he was at odds with Iron Man for ideological reasons. Same as it ever was. While Thor mused over all this, one of his villains, the god Seth, sent an army after him. Cap, of course, helped out his stupid, stupid friend.

read more: Avengers: Endgame - Complete Marvel Universe Easter Eggs and MCU Reference Guide

Thor dropped his hammer after being tackled by generic grunt Grog. Grog tried to lift Mjolnir, but couldn’t budge it. Instead, he started torturing Thor with a laser. Cap didn’t quite understand the whole “worthy” gimmick at the time and figured it was just really heavy. Even though Grog, a brick shithouse of a miniboss, couldn’t do it, Cap decided it was worth trying.

Wouldn’t you know it, The Captain picked it up and wiped the floor with the dogpiling goon squad. He tossed it back to Thor, who proceeded to finish off the bad guys.

Afterwards, Thor admitted that while he had no idea what was really going on with Steve and Tony’s current argument, he sided with Steve due to his ability to pick up the hammer. Cap nodded, rushed into a Quinjet, and flew off to go break Tony Stark's nose several times over.

2099 PROBLEMS

2099: Manifest Destiny (1998)

Even though it's been brought back a few times since, 2099 was one of Marvel's big fixtures in the 90s. It was how 90s comics felt the future would be like. The story was that the heroes had long gone missing and there were no surviving records of what happened. Either way, Thor was worshipped as a religious figure and many awaited his return.

When serial-pointer Miguel O'Hara got powers and became the new Spider-Man of the era, someone pointed out that he was the first of many who would take up the mantle of a long-forgotten hero. This would continue until the coming of Thor 2099, who would deliver them all. Sure enough, we got Ghost Rider 2099, Hulk 2099, Punisher 2099, X-Men 2099, etc. After a few years, the line of comics lost its luster and they wrote it off with this one-shot where they found Captain America's frozen body.

read more - Avengers: Endgame Sidelines the Captain America/Bucky Relationship

As Steve got accustomed to this new world, Miguel gave him Donald Blake's walking stick. With a little reluctance, Steve accepted the gift and struck it to the ground, transforming it into Mjolnir and transforming himself into a gaudy Cap/Thor hybrid. He and Miguel started a new Avengers team, but on a space mission, things went haywire and it looked like Captain America was going to be knocked into deep space. His last act was to throw Mjolnir to Miguel, who caught the weapon and turned out to be just as worthy.

Yes, in a wonderful twist, Spider-Man 2099 wasn't just the herald of Thor 2099. He WAS Thor 2099!

With this power and the slow aging that came with it, Miguel turned the galaxy into a utopia. By the time he was done with his duty in 3099, they discovered Captain America's frozen body yet again. The poor guy just couldn't catch a break, but at least he got the hammer back.

THE HELLSCAPE OF APOCALYPSE

What If? Featuring X-Men: Age of Apocalypse (2007)

Age of Apocalypse was a pretty big deal in the '90s and the world it depicted was a nasty one. At least it had Magneto’s X-Men to make some kind of difference to offset Apocalypse’s evil. Naturally, Marvel’s What If series had a couple of takes on the big event. One had its continuity move forward and show how that Earth would have handled the coming of Galactus. One had Legion succeed in killing Magneto in the past, showing a world where Charles Xavier could better fight for a world where mutants were accepted.

Then there was this ridiculous one-shot where Rick Remender came up with the idea of Legion accidentally killing both Magneto and Xavier. The event had terrible repercussions, leading to governments to discover the existence of mutants earlier and going straight for the persecution. Apocalypse made his big appearance and the world got weirder than in normal Age of Apocalypse continuity. For one, Apocalypse’s army included a nest of Peter Parker clones connected by a big Venom symbiote blob.

read more - Avengers: Endgame Ending Explained

The resistance team included the likes of Nate Grey, Molecule Man, Wolverine, Colossus, Thing (with robot arm), Doctor Voodoo (introduced a year or so before Brother Voodoo was the Sorcerer Supreme in canon), Captain Britain in Mach I Iron Man armor, and the leader Captain America. With no real context given, he wielded Mjolnir throughout the story and constantly fought maskless.

The whole issue was mainly these Defenders jumping from one spot to another, facing different threats and gradually losing members. Towards the end, Nate Grey killed Apocalypse, stole his armor, killed Molecule Man, and opened up a portal to the past so they could prevent the deaths of Xavier and Magneto. Fearing that Grey would become a tyrant as bad as Apocalypse himself, Cap killed him via Mjolnir and allowed the portal to close.

He and Wolverine were the only survivors of the adventure.

WAR OF THE WORTHY

Fear Itself (2011)

Fear Itself was a Captain America/Thor crossover idea that Marvel decided to turn into a full-on event. It was...there. The tie-ins were better than the main plot, honestly.

Watch everything Marvel and more with a FREE Disney+ TRIAL, right here!

The Red Skull’s daughter Sin came across a mystical hammer that transformed her into the deity Skadi. She helped unleash forgotten Asgardian god The Serpent, who in turn created seven hammers that would possess and empower those worthy of unleashing fear. They were Hulk, Juggernaut, Thing, Titania, Absorbing Man, Grey Gargoyle, and Attuma. Then Nazis in mechs started swarming Washington DC and the whole thing was a big mess.

read more: What's Next for the Marvel Cinematic Universe in MCU Phase 4?

Around this time, Bucky Barnes was Captain America and the story partly existed to have Bucky fake his death and move the Cap identity back to Steve Rogers (and you thought Endgame treated the Bucky/Steve relationship poorly?). A lot of good it did for him, as The Serpent was able to shatter the shield with his bare hands.

To turn the tide, Tony Stark and Odin made some special weapons for the superheroes to wield. As for Cap, he simply found Mjolnir lying around on the battlefield and used it to go to town on Skadi. They hyped all this magic weapon stuff up like crazy in the adverts, but the whole thing was really background noise. The fight just kind of ended after Odin pulled away all the hammers and Skadi went back to being Sin.

THE MIRROR MATCH

Secret Empire (2017)

And then there’s this load. Nick Spencer did a lengthy story about Steve Rogers revealing he was really an agent of Hydra all along. Marvel was really adamant that it was really Steve Rogers and that he wasn’t being mind-controlled. Also, the company insisted that Captain America wasn’t a Nazi because Hydra weren’t Nazis. TOTALLY DIFFERENT THING. Because, you see...look over there!

Hydra Cap then turned out to be a version of Steve Rogers created by a little girl with reality-warping powers (sure), who was manipulated by Red Skull. Cap ended up taking over the US and shockingly beat up opposing superheroes via wielding Mjolnir. That too seemed to be a product of the reality-warping as the inscription/rules of the hammer were different and you had to be a bulky Hydra asshole to pick it up.

read more: Full MCU Marvel Movie Release Calendar

By the end of the event, the little girl conjured the original version of Captain America to beat up his please-don’t-call-the-Nazi-a-Nazi doppelganger. When Hydra Cap went for the hammer out of desperation, it had already reverted back to normal and he wasn’t worthy enough to pick it up. Regular Cap picked it up and walloped his douchebag counterpart.

"Your ass will never be America's ass." (not actual dialogue)

Yeah, everyone knew that the status quo would return in the end, but the whole Hydra Cap business was as well-timed and tactful as showing off your chainsaw and hockey mask to your son, in the middle of the night, when Sideshow Bob is trying to kill him. It also killed the end of Gerry Duggan’s otherwise legendary Deadpool run, which I can never forgive.

HONORABLE MENTION

There’s only been five comic scenarios where we’ve seen Captain America wielding Mjolnir, so let’s just move those goalposts a little and talk about times when superheroes have kicked ass with the shield AND the hammer at the same time.

First up is Crusader from an issue of What If based on the original Secret Wars that showed what would have happened had all the heroes and villains been stranded on Battleworld for 25 years. While some died in that time, others got busy and we got a new generation of heroes and villains. One of which was Sarah Rogers, daughter of Cap and Rogue.

read more: Marvel Movies Watch Order - An MCU Timeline Guide

No, the comic doesn’t answer the question of how that conception worked.

Even though her boyfriend Bravado was the son of Thor and Enchantress, it was Crusader who ended up being able to pick up the hammer and turn the tide against Vincent Von Doom. She also had stolen her dad’s shield from his closet when he wasn't looking, but that’s less impressive.

Then there’s Superman. The miniseries JLA/Avengers was the final crossover between Marvel and DC and it finished with a bang. Leading both hero teams into battle, Superman was entrusted with Captain America’s shield. During a pivotal moment, in order to break into the villain Krona’s stronghold, Thor threw Mjolnir to Superman. Superman caught it and smashed his way in.

read more: Does Steve Rogers Still Have a Place in the MCU?

Later on, after the dust had cleared, Superman found himself no longer able to lift it. As Thor put it, Odin may be strict, but he knows when to cut you slack when times are desperate.

I have to imagine we’ll be seeing more Cap/Mjolnir moments going forward. Marvel really seems to enjoy having comics imitate movies that imitate comics. God, remember when Spider-Man 3 came out and comic Spider-Man just happened to start wearing black again?

Gavin Jasper writes for Den of Geek and when Captain America throws his mighty hammer, all those who attempt to...stammer that hammer must clamor...? Read his other articles here and follow him on Twitter @Gavin4L

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Gavin Jasper

Nov 25, 2019

Marvel

Avengers: Endgame

Captain America

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[gambitgazette]

Marvel Comics' Complete Solicitations for June 2019

X-MEN: GRAND DESIGN - X-TINCTION #2 (OF 2) ED PISKOR (W) • ED PISKOR (A/C) Variant Cover by ED PISKOR It’s here…the final chapter of Marvel’s best-selling prestige series X-MEN: GRAND DESIGN! Out with the old and in with the blue and gold as the X-Men enter the radical ’90s! Revisit innumerous classic storylines like the return of Jean Grey! The trial of Magneto! X-Tinction Agenda!!! And many, many more! With appearances by Jubilee, Gambit and the Reavers! Brought to life by the multi-hyphenate master of graphic fiction himself, Ed Piskor! 48 PGS./Rated T+ …$5.99

[wetsteve3]

It is a Werry.. Werry was a motorcycle produced in 1927. The engine was designed by an Australian named W. C. Werry; it was built by William Beardmore and Co ofGlasgow.

This machine was a one-off built up as a test bed for an unusual flat-twin two-stroke engine, set along the frame. It was based on the uniflow principle, where the two pistons faced one another in a common cylinder with a crankshaftand crankcase for each at the outer cylinder rods. The cranks were linked so as to rotate in unison and the Werry did this by each driving a primary chain to a special clutch with two sprockets, one chain much longer than the other. The engine was 248cc and the rear crankcase drove up to a Lucas magneto, while the front one drove a Pilgrim oil pump. That motor, and a Sturmey-Archer gearbox were fitted into Chater-Lea cycle parts. It is reported that the machine attempted to break one of the 250cc world records at Brooklands, in some style, but that it crashed at about 90mph (145kmh).

It was rebuilt many years later as an example of innovative, although not unique, design.

The Werry Engine. June 2nd 1919 A company which is being formed in London with a capital of £300,000 has purchased the engine invented by Mr. Werry, a Victorian. Mr. Werry has reserved the Australian rights for an Australian company.

The present Werry Engine Syndicate, which has a capital of £10,000, is arranging to construct a big steamship engine, and also an express locomotive and engines for aeroplanes, motorcars, and motorcycles, as well as marine motor engines.

The Werry engine was invented by Mr. W. Werry, who, before leaving for England, was an engine-driver at a Bendigo mine. The original interests in the patent were held by a company, largely composed of Bendigo citizens, and, altogether, they subscribed about £5,000, in the effort to demonstrate the capabillities of the engine in England.

Mr. Werry proceeded to England about 16 years ago, to superintend the trials, and at intervals the Bendigo directors went to England to watch the interests of the company. About seven years ago the British Admiralty had a Werry engine placed in a pinnace, and, though it developed high speed, the test was not regarded as altogether satisfactory. Subsequently Mr. Werry secured the patent rights for an approved type of engine. It was stated some years ago that experiments were being conducted with the Werry engine in aircraft. The improved Werry engine occupies very little space, and is capable of developing great power.

[biggoonie]

X-MEN: GRAND DESIGN - X-TINCTION #2 (OF 2)

ED PISKOR (W) • ED PISKOR (A/C) Variant Cover by ED PISKOR It’s here…the final chapter of Marvel’s best-selling prestige series X-MEN: GRAND DESIGN! Out with the old and in with the blue and gold as the X-Men enter the radical ’90s! Revisit innumerous classic storylines like the return of Jean Grey! The trial of Magneto! X-Tinction Agenda!!! And many, many more! With appearances by Jubilee, Gambit and the Reavers! Brought to life by the multi-hyphenate master of graphic fiction himself, Ed Piskor! 48 PGS./Rated T+ …$5.99

[scarlet--wiccan]

What else has David Nakayama done? Also, a bit yikes over the fact that after I commented that Wanda wasn't white on his W*ndavision cover post, he replied with 'Hi. I've explained the situation elsewhere in the comments if you'd like to understand the logistics behind different portrayals of the same character.👍 Understand that trolling gets you nothing and will get you insta-blocked.' Saying that calling out racism is trolling & will get you blocked is a MAJOR MAJOR red flag in my opinion 😬

Oh, I just don't personally care for his art style, especially not the way he draws women. It's just cheesecakey in a way that makes me uncomfortable, but that's mostly superficial, and I don't mean to cast aspersions based in this alone. I really just don't like any of his Scarlet Witch pieces from the last couple years, so I was kind of like, "oh, of course it's you."

You can tell when an artist is trying to be diplomatic vs when they are just dismissing you out of hand, and the response that you received sounds like a dismissal to me. Thinking back to Trial of Magneto, it reminds me of how Mark Brooks responded to feedback of his Pietà cover, which was incredibly dismissive. What's done is done. The bare minimum an artist could do in this situation is say thank you for the information, but doubling down like this is a bad look.

That said, reaching out to industry artists about this stuff can get dicey. If it's work that was done for the company, especially covers, once it's out of the artist's hands, they don't have any control over it and they may feel limited in their ability to engage with criticism. In the past, I've prioritized holding dialogues with artists over DMs, in response to personal work, or on more private platforms like Patreon, because having the specter of Marvel Corporate over their shoulders really, really changes the way people talk. I promise.

I'm not saying that to justify Nakayama's response, I'm saying it because I don't think that fans are always conscientious of how to keep these conversations productive and professional. And it sucks that I even feel like I have to say that, because everybody was right to call this out, but part of what makes the problem of the Scarlet Witch so difficult to resolve is that the discourse about it does get swallowed up by insipid stan war behavior, and that takes credibility away from the actual, important criticisms. Do you know how many times I've sent people essays and presentations about Romani visibility in art history and literature just to be dismissed as an annoying "Wanda stan?" It's infuriating.

I wanted to just ignore this cover as an annoying bit of marketing that has nothing to do with actual book that I am supporting. Part of me still feels that way, but I logged on to twitter today and I saw that @bikenesmith made the very astute observation that this adds fuel active, racist M C U Wanda fanbase. Digging through the tags, I began to see that this one variant cover had reignited all of the hate speech and misinformation had been flying around during Wanda//Vision, and it became more apparent then ever that there are folks who are legitimately mad that Wanda is brown in the book, and were emboldened to act out about it because of this cover. That is what I want everyone to take away from this moment.

[scienceninjaturtle]

X-MEN: GRAND DESIGN – X-TINCTION #2 (of 2)

ED PISKOR (W) • ED PISKOR (A/C)

Variant Cover by ED PISKOR

It’s here…the final chapter of Marvel’s best-selling prestige series X-MEN: GRAND DESIGN! Out with the old and in with the blue and gold as the X-Men enter the radical ’90s! Revisit innumerous classic storylines like the return of Jean Grey! The trial of Magneto! X-Tinction Agenda!!! And many, many more! With appearances by Jubilee, Gambit and the Reavers! Brought to life by the multi-hyphenate master of graphic fiction himself, Ed Piskor!

48 PGS./Rated T+ …$5.99