#bourj hammoud

[newsinsider]

Hassan Nasrallah : Life and History

Hassan Nasrallah was a Lebanese cleric and politician who served as the secretary-general of Hezbollah, a Shia Islamist political party and militia, from 1992 until his assassination in late 2024. Born into a Shia family in the suburbs of Beirut in 1960, Nasrallah finished his education in Tyre, when he briefly joined the Amal Movement, and afterward at a Shia seminary in Baalbek. He later studied and taught at an Amal school. Nasrallah joined Hezbollah, which was formed to fight the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon. After a brief period of religious studies in Iran, Nasrallah returned to Lebanon and became Hezbollah's leader after his predecessor, Abbas al-Musawi, was assassinated by an Israeli airstrike in 1992. Under Nasrallah's leadership, Hezbollah acquired rockets with a longer range, which allowed them to strike at northern Israel. After Israel suffered heavy casualties during its 18-year occupation of southern Lebanon, it withdrew its forces in 2000, which greatly increased Hezbollah's popularity in the region, and bolstered Hezbollah's position within Lebanon. Hezbollah cultivated Nasrallah's media image as a charismatic authority, though this image was later weakened.  Hezbollah's role in ambushing an Israeli border patrol unit leading up to the 2006 Lebanon War was subject to criticism, though he projected the end of the war as a Lebanese and Arab victory. During the Syrian civil war, Hezbollah fought on the side of the Syrian government against what Nasrallah termed "Islamist extremists". Nasrallah also promoted the "Axis of Resistance", an informal coalition of Iran-backed groups focused on opposing Israel and the United States. After the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel, Hezbollah engaged in the war against Israel, resulting in an ongoing conflict that impacted both sides of the border. On 27 September 2024, Israel assassinated Nasrallah when its air force struck the group's headquarters. 

Early life and education

Hassan Nasrallah was born the ninth of ten children into a Shia family in Bourj Hammoud, Matn District (an eastern suburb of Beirut), on 31 August 1960. His father, Abdul Karim Nasrallah, was born in Bazourieh, a village in Jabal Amel (Southern Lebanon) located near Tyre, and worked as a fruit and vegetables seller. Although his family was not particularly religious, Hassan was interested in theological studies. He attended the al-Najah school and later a public school in the predominantly Christian neighborhood of Sin el Fil. In 1975, the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War forced the family, including Nasrallah who was 15 at the time, to move to their ancestral home in Bazourieh, where Nasrallah completed his secondary education at the public school in Tyre. There, he briefly joined the Amal Movement, a Lebanese Shia political group. Nasrallah studied at the Shia seminary in the Beqaa Valley town of Baalbek. The school followed the teachings of Iraqi Shi'ite scholar Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr, who founded the Dawa movement in Najaf, Iraq during the early 1960s. In 1976, at 16, Nasrallah traveled to Iraq where he was admitted into al-Sadr's seminary in Najaf. It is said that Al-Sadr recognized Nasrallah's qualities and Al-Sadr is quoted as saying "I scent in you the aroma of leadership; you are one of the Ansar [followers] of the Mahdi...". 

Nasrallah was expelled from Iraq, along with dozens of other Lebanese students in 1978. Al-Sadr was imprisoned, tortured, and brutally murdered.  Nasrallah was forced to return to Lebanon in 1979, by that time having completed the first part of his study, as Saddam Hussein was expelling many Shia, including the future Iranian supreme leader, Ruhollah Khomeini, and Abbas Musawi. Back in Lebanon, Nasrallah studied and taught at the school of Amal's leader Abbas al-Musawi, later being selected as Amal's political delegate in Beqaa, and making him a member of the central political office. Around the same time, in 1980, Al-Sadr was executed by Hussein. On 27 September 2024, the Israeli Air Force launched an airstrike on Hezbollah's headquarters in Beirut, reportedly targeting Nasrallah. At least six people were killed and over 90 injured following the strike, with several missing. The following day, the IDF stated that Nasrallah had died in the strike; Hezbollah and Lebanese authorities later confirmed his death. The Economist wrote that his death would "reshape" Lebanon and the Middle East in ways which "would have been unthinkable a year ago" and that the next leader of Hezbollah would face the "most precarious moment" in the organization's history owing to Israel's destruction of almost their entire leadership. The Economist felt the Lebanese public perceived the group as "humiliated" and had come to resent their domination of Lebanese politics.

Courtesy : Wikipedia

[tentacion3099]

Member of the armenian militia Bourj Hammoud, 1976

[hotnew-pt]

Quem é Hassan Nasrallah, o pior inimigo de Israel #ÚltimasNotícias #França

Hot News O líder do Hezbollah, Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah, durante seu discurso em 7 de agosto de 2020, 3 dias após a explosão do porto de Beirute Hassan Nasrallah, nascido em 31 de agosto de 1960 em Bourj Hammoud, um distrito de Beirute, é uma importante figura política do Oriente Médio e secretário-geral do Hezbollah, um movimento xiita libanês e organização política e militar. Ele é conhecido…

[ejesgistnews]

Hassan Nasrallah, born in 1960, has been the leader of Hezbollah for over three decades. He is one of the most influential and well-known figures in the Middle East, despite being a shadowy figure who has not appeared in public for years due to fears of assassination by Israel.   Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah Background. Nasrallah grew up in Beirut's Bourj Hammoud neighborhood, where his father ran a small greengrocer. He was the eldest of nine children. During Lebanon's civil war, he joined the Shia militia Amal, but after a brief time studying in the Iraqi city of Najaf, he split from Amal and, in 1982, helped form what would become Hezbollah. The group received military and organizational support from Iran's Revolutionary Guards and quickly rose to prominence among Lebanon's Shia militias. Israeli Airstrike Kills Hezbollah Leader Hassan Nasrallah in Beirut Hezbollah Origin. In 1985, Hezbollah officially declared its existence, publishing an open letter that identified the United States and the Soviet Union as Islam's enemies and called for the "obliteration" of Israel, claiming it was occupying Muslim lands. Nasrallah rose through the organization's ranks, serving as a fighter and later taking charge in several regions before becoming the group's leader in 1992, following the assassination of his predecessor, Abbas al-Musawi, in an Israeli helicopter strike.   One of Nasrallah’s first actions as leader was to retaliate for Musawi’s killing. This led to rocket attacks on northern Israel, a car bombing that killed an Israeli security officer in Turkey, and a suicide bombing at the Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina, which killed 29 people. Under Nasrallah’s leadership, Hezbollah engaged in a low-intensity war with Israel, which eventually led to Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon in 2000. Iranian aircraft told not to enter Lebanese airspace – reports Nasrallah hailed this as the first Arab victory over Israel and vowed that Hezbollah would not disarm until all Lebanese territory, including the disputed Shebaa Farms, was restored. Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah and Israel. Nasrallah's Hezbollah maintained a tense relationship with Israel until 2006, when a Hezbollah cross-border raid killed eight Israeli soldiers and captured two others. This sparked the 34-day Israel-Hezbollah war, which saw Hezbollah fire approximately 4,000 rockets into Israel while Israeli forces bombed Hezbollah strongholds in Lebanon. More than 1,125 Lebanese, mostly civilians, were killed, along with 119 Israeli soldiers and 45 civilians.   Despite the war’s devastation, Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah survived, and Hezbollah emerged politically stronger. In 2009, Nasrallah issued a political manifesto that signaled Hezbollah’s desire to become more involved in Lebanese politics, although it maintained its tough stance against Israel and the US.   In addition to his military role, Nasrallah played a key part in integrating Hezbollah into Lebanese politics and society. Under his leadership, Hezbollah became a powerful political party, a major provider of health, education, and social services in Lebanon, and a central player in Iranian-backed efforts to project influence across the region. Hezbollah also became militarily stronger than Lebanon's national army, securing a prominent role in national decision-making.   Hezbollah, under Nasrallah’s direction, extended its influence beyond Lebanon by aiding Iran’s regional allies. It helped train fighters from Hamas, the Palestinian militant group, and supported militias in Iraq and Yemen. Hezbollah’s fighters were also dispatched to Syria, where they played a critical role in helping Bashar al-Assad’s regime suppress a rebellion during the Syrian Civil War. Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah and Lebanon Politics. In recent years, Lebanon has faced a deepening economic crisis that triggered mass protests against the country's political elite, accused of corruption and mismanagement.

Nasrallah initially expressed sympathy for the protesters’ demands for reform but grew increasingly hostile as they began calling for a complete overhaul of the political system, which would have diminished Hezbollah’s influence.   On October 8, 2023, after Hamas launched an unprecedented attack on Israel, Hezbollah ramped up its military activities against Israel in support of Hamas. The group launched over 8,000 rockets into northern Israel and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, fired anti-tank missiles at Israeli armored vehicles, and attacked military targets with drones. Israel retaliated with airstrikes, artillery fire, and tank shelling on Hezbollah positions in Lebanon. The skirmishes between Hezbollah and Israel escalated to unprecedented levels in the weeks following the attack.   In early 2024, Israel dramatically escalated its strikes on Hezbollah, with waves of bombing that killed nearly 800 people. On Saturday, Israeli military sources claimed that they had killed Nasrallah in an airstrike on Beirut, targeting Hezbollah’s command center. The airstrike reportedly leveled multiple high-rise buildings and killed several senior Hezbollah commanders, including Ali Karki, the Commander of Hezbollah’s Southern Front. Nasrallah’s death remains unconfirmed, as Hezbollah has yet to comment on the strike.   Nasrallah’s leadership has solidified Hezbollah as a formidable military and political entity, with far-reaching influence in the Middle East. His close personal ties to Iran, his ability to inspire his followers, and his steadfast opposition to Israel have made him a revered figure among Hezbollah supporters and a central figure in the region’s ongoing power struggles.

[mylebanesesky]

[lllostintranslation]

Bourj Hammoud, Beirut, 2017

[itsbeero]

itsbeero.tumblr.com

[blackpointgame]

Ara Malikian.- Bourj hammoud (Live at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium)

[fatehbaz]

The management of waste and the experiences of its toxic afterlives are riddled with uncertainty. How can we make sense of toxicity’s different temporalities and the entanglements of human and nonhuman entities it creates? [...] Hanna Baumann, Adriana Massidda, and Elizabeth Saleh were joined by the makers of two short films. Waste Underground (15’, 2017), by anthropologist Sophia Stamatopoulou-Robbins and cinematographer Ali al-Deek, explores a landfill in the West Bank as underground storage space through the lens of Palestinian futurity. Kink Retrograde (19’, 2019), by artist and writer Bassem Saad, is set on a landfill on the Lebanese coast in the midst of the country’s ongoing waste crisis. [...]

-------

Baseem Saad: The landfill where I shot Kink Retrograde is located to the northeast of Beirut, near the Armenian suburb of Bourj Hammoud. It was created in 2015 as a makeshift response to the waste crisis and it’s been filled up since then, several times. Its shelf life is being extended [...]. I was drawn to it because it’s such a fascinating space; waste is being dumped there, simultaneously reclaiming land from the sea. This is land that will become extremely profitable and exploitable. In Beirut, there have previously been examples of this, such as the Normandy site, which was a landfill during the Civil War and during the reconstruction and redevelopment. It is now referred to as the Beirut Waterfront, though it can’t support high-rise buildings because the ground is unstable as it’s made up of decomposing waste. However, up until recently there were a lot of nightclubs and other entertainment venues made up of light metal structures on it. It’s obviously very expensive land, so I was intrigued by this similar space in Bourj Hammoud that in the future will become prime real estate but in the present is just this strange layering of toxic leachate with a lot of blooming plants. I was kind of enchanted by it.

HB [Hanna Baumann]: What about you, Sophia, how did you arrive at “your” landfill? 

Sophia Stamatopoulou-Robbins: This site was important for my research because it was the first formal sanitary landfill built by the Palestinian Authority (PA) in the West Bank. You mentioned visibility. Most Palestinians wouldn’t necessarily know that it’s there or where it is. It’s fifteen minutes south of Jenin, which is the northernmost West Bank city. I think the placement of it was partly because Jenin’s surrounding villages are treated as a less important area than others. [...]

---

HB: It seems to me that in this kind of a situation -- a shattered, broken present -- how we deal with waste also reflects political visions for the future. Waste is so closely associated with the past in many ways. It’s what’s left over, it’s the rubble, the remnants. I was struck by the fact that both films, maybe because they deal with the question of long-term waste storage, nevertheless point towards the future. 

ES [Elizabeth Saleh]: I agree. To me, both films are about futurity. They seem to underline some of the ways contemporary methods of managing waste center on how futurity is not just practiced but lived. In Sophia’s film, we learn about the contradictions of a waste-management system in the West Bank where a certain globalized sensibility of consumerism converges with the entrenchment of Israeli occupation. To me, it was almost as if the burial of waste in the West Bank had less to do with an absence of a planned vision and more to do with a cognizant awareness that a future cannot be planned as long as the occupation continues. In Bassem’s film, life on top of landfill does in fact arrive. It is not entirely what we expected because the future is now in retrograde. This is because in the process of all the waste streams (medical, industrial, and household) flowing into the landfill, different things and bodies become muddled together. [...]

BS: When I made the film in early 2019, four years after the Lebanese waste crisis of 2015, and despite the landfill, there was still no real solution. At some point in 2017, we were hearing a lot of reports of people getting sick, in different ways, through water, through the air quality; it felt like there were a lot of new manifestations of structural toxicity. And in 2019, there were these proposals to build a nationwide network of incinerators. [...] [S]o they would incinerate waste from different Global North countries. That year, China banned the import of plastic waste. So there was this major worldwide debacle about where the waste should go. A lot of people realized that when authorities say, “This waste is being recycled,” it’s actually just being shipped off to China. At some point there were proposals to import waste to Lebanon, a country that is tiny and has a very high population density. It was completely untenable. [...]

---

SSR: I’d like to focus on this word “storage,” [...]. [T]here is not a place where you can actually get rid of waste, including with incinerators. [...] But here we have a kind of active storing for a future that isn’t even really imagined by most people, where these objects will just stay and become part of the land. And I think both of our films are interested in that in some way. There will be toxicity that will be slow to emerge. Bassem, you mentioned people getting sick. Of course, people will get sick now, but people might be getting sick in thirty years and it may be very difficult to make the connection between this particular infrastructure and that particular disease. For me, the idea of storage makes me ask questions like: For what? For when? And what are the different scales of the future that will be affected in different ways by this landfill? It’s very hard to imagine it being undone; it can’t be undone in the way that humans are currently dealing with territory. [...] There is both disruption and generation. [...] Hanna, I think you were alluding to the idea of mutant ecologies. In Bassem’s film it comes out that toxicity gets enfolded into the generation of life and lifeworlds and in fact futurities are not foreclosed. They’re just directed. If you imagine train tracks where you can choose to go this way and have a less toxic experience, or you can pull the lever and go that way to have a more toxic experience, I think the future is still unfolding. But what I saw in Palestine [...] is that toxicity is now a part of every aspect of life. [...] Palestinians, particularly in the West Bank, live in proximity to waste and are unable to escape wastefulness, because they’re plugged into a capitalist, highly consumerist economic system that is supported by [...] the international community. So my interest is in the fact that we’ve already arrived at that toxic future. We live in the landfill already. Palestinians are an intense case of it, but I think you could say the same thing about a lot of places. What’s interesting about this is that it can be kind of imperceptible. If I were making a fiction film about this, I would highlight the ways in which life actually feels quite normal in this toxic future that we already inhabit.

---

All text above by: Hanna Baumann, Adriana Massidda, Bassem Saad, Elizabeth Saleh, and Sophia Stamatopoulou-Robbins. “Film and the Toxic Politics of Waste: A Roundtable.” e-flux (journal) #127. May 2022. [Bold emphasis and some paragraph breaks/contractions added by me. Presented here for commentary, teaching, criticism purposes.]

[where-orthodoxy-is-found]

Bourj Hammoud, the majority Armenian district located in East Beirut, Lebanon.

The district was founded by survivors of the death marches through the desert during the Armenian Genocide by the Ottoman empire. They were allowed to build temporary structures, and then permanent structures, as it became clear they were not going to return back to their homeland. It is now home to more than 150,000 people whose backgrounds are from all over the Middle East and the world with a large Syrian refugee population, Iraqi population, Kurdish population and of course remains an important center of Armenian culture and the Armenian population within Lebanon. 

Bourj Hammoud has evolved from refugee shacks to a thriving center of business, art, and cultural exchange. It is a success story for the Armenians who survived what should have been murder, and continues to be a welcoming place for many peoples fleeing violence. 

[elmwrites]

Scared but no broken with @UNHCRUK #SyriaCrisis #WithRefugees Life is difficult in war times. From UNHCR it arrives the story of Wafaa, a young girl from…

[mylebanesesky]

People On Roofs 1

[hyaenagallery]

Zankou Chicken is a small, family-owned chain of Armenian and Mediterranean fast casual restaurants within the Los Angeles area. The restaurants are especially known for their spit-roasted chicken, shawarma, falafel, tahini, and a “secret” garlic sauce. The first Zankou Chicken opened in 1962 in the Bourj Hammoud neighborhood of Beirut, Lebanon, by Armenian Vartkes Iskenderian and his family. The chain was established within the United States in 1983 by his son, Mardiros Iskenderian, after the family immigrated to Los Angeles, California. The decision for Mardiros to move to LA came after escaping from a violent landlord-tenant dispute in which he was shot 16 times with an AK-47. The first restaurant in Los Angeles is still located in East Hollywood, at the corner of Sunset Boulevard and Normandie Avenue. In 1991 the family agreed to divide the business when Mardiros wanted to open additional restaurants. The new restaurants would be owned by Mardiros, while the original Sunset and Normandie store would be owned by his parents and two sisters. His father, Vartkes Iskenderian died in 1992. Since opening, Zankou Chicken has expanded to include 8 restaurants in the greater Los Angeles area including: West Hollywood, West Los Angeles, Burbank, Glendale, Pasadena, Toluca Lake, Van Nuys and Anaheim. On January 14, 2003, after a heated argument, Zankou Chicken owner Mardiros Iskenderian shot and killed his sister, Dzovig Marjik, and his mother Margarit Iskenderian. His sister was shot in the head, killing her instantly. He chased his mother from the room, shooting her eight times through the heart. Then he walked into the living room, sat on the couch, and shot himself in the head in a double-murder suicide. It is believed that Iskenderian was in the late stages of colon and brain cancer, which might have affected his mental faculties. #destroytheday https://www.instagram.com/p/BxAQn-tBtze/?igshid=1s862y3n5tu1y

[voobno]

'나를 떠나지 마세요': 생존자는 레바논 보트

‘나를 떠나지 마세요’: 생존자는 레바논 보트

‘나를 떠나지 마세요’: 생존자는 레바논 보트 침몰에 대해 이야기합니다 먹튀사이트 BOURJ HAMMOUD, 레바논 (AP) — Jihad Michlawi는 위기에 처한 베이루트에서 요리사로서 생계를 유지하기 위해 고군분투했습니다. 팔레스타인인은 지중해를 건너 유럽으로 가는 위험한 여행을 생각한 적이 없었고, 그렇게 한 친구가 그를 설득하기 전까지는 시도하지 않았습니다. 이제 그는 지난주 레바논 트리폴리를 떠나 이탈리아로 향하던 150명의 레바논, 시리아, 팔레스타인 사람들을 태운 전복된 이주 보트의 생존자 수십 명 중 한 명입니다. Michlawi는 화요일 AP에 “도착한 일부 사람들은 유럽 난민 수용소에서의 삶이 베이루트 중부의 삶보다 더 나으며 심지어 음식도 더 낫다고 말했습니다.”라고…

[tumsozluk]

الوكالة الوطنية للإعلام - Ambassador Okubo attends groundbreaking ceremony of Japanese-funded project at Karagheusian Primary Health Care Center

الوكالة الوطنية للإعلام – Ambassador Okubo attends groundbreaking ceremony of Japanese-funded project at Karagheusian Primary Health Care Center

NNA – Through the Human Security Grassroots Grant Assistance Program (GGP), Japan has supported the Karagheusian Primary Health Care Center in Bourj Hammoud with a grant of USD 89,948 to provide specialized equipment for its clinical laboratory and dental care. Karagheusian Primary Health Care Center is the only center that provides comprehensive medical services in the region at affordable…

[fightersforpeace]

Timeline of the Lebanese Civil War in Beirut

Based on Zeina Masri, Off the Wall (London: IB Tauris, 2009) and Joseph G. Chami, Le memorial de la guerre (Beirut: NP, c. 2003)

13 April 1975 The date usually remembered as the start of the civil war. Gunmen from the Kataeb Party kill around 30 Palestinians travelling on a bus through the Christian neighborhood of Ain Roumaneh. Violence quickly escalates around Beirut, especially in Dekwane and Tel el-Zaatar.

April-June 1975 Fighting throughout Beirut and Lebanon. 2314 dead, 16442 injured.

30 May 1976 Targeted killings of Christians living in West Beirut.

June 1975 The front line between Ain Roumaneh and Chiyah stabilizes and becomes an unchanging boundary between East & West Beirut practically until the end of the war.

30 June 1975 First of a long series of unsuccessful cease-fires after prominent Sunni politician Rashid Karami forms a National Salvation Government.

18 September 1975 Clashes occur in Downtown for the first time.

8 October 1975 Ashrafieh (East Beirut) is targeted by artillery and Beirut airport is closed.

26 October 1975 Palestinian and leftist fighters surround Qantari.

6 December 1975 Around 200 people are murdered at checkpoints throughout Beirut because their identity cards identify them as Muslims. The event is known as Black Saturday.

8 December 1975 The Battle of the Hotels begins with fighting over the area containing the Holiday Inn, Phoenicia, and St. George Hotels, as well as the unfinished Murr Tower. The battle lasts until 22 March 1976, when right-wing Christian militias withdraw from the hotels and thus lose all of the territory they held in West Beirut.

5 January 1976 Siege of Tel al-Zaatar Palestinian refugee camp in East Beirut begins.

13 January 1976 Siege of Dbayye refugee camp, also in East Beirut, begins.

18 January 1976 Massacre in the Karantina neighborhood of East Beirut.

22 January 1976 Another ceasefire, this time the result of Syrian pressure.

13 March 1976 More fighting in Downtown.

8 May 1976 Elias Sarkis elected president of Lebanon.

16 May 1976 Heavy shelling in Beirut. 400 dead, 1000 wounded in 48 hours.

29 May 1976 GRAD rockets used in Beirut for the first time. 270 dead.

1 June 1976 Syrian forces enter Lebanon in support of the Christian/right-wing elements based in East Beirut.

16 June 1976 US Ambassador Francis Meloy is abducted and murdered while crossing the Green Line in central Beirut.

22 June-18 August 1976 Attack on Tel al-Zaatar Palestinian refugee camp, accompanied by massacres of its population.

2 August 1976 The neighborhood of Nab’ occupied by Palestinian/leftist forces.

20 August 1976 The Lebanese Forces created in an attempt to unite all Christian militias in Lebanon.

17 October 1976 Arab summit in Riad, Saudi Arabia, creates the Arab Deterrent Force as a peacekeeping force in Lebanon composed of troops from several Arab countries, but dominated by Syria.

15 November 1976 The Arab Deterrent Force enters Beirut. This marks the end of the first phase of the war, known as the Two-Years’ War.

7 February 1978 Clashes between Syrian and Lebanese Troops in Fayadiyye followed by shelling of Ashrafieh and Ain Roumaneh.

14 March 1978 Israel invades the south of Lebanon

9 April 1978 The Arab Deterrent Force shells the mostly-Christian Achrafieh and Badaro neighborhoods.

1 July 1978 The next phase of the war, known as the Hundred-Days’ War, begins. The Syrian army switches sides and routinely shells East Beirut, home of its erstwhile rightist allies.

13 August 1978 A bomb attack on building in Fakhani neighborhood (West Beirut), used as the headquarters of a Palestinian organization results in 150 deaths.

7 October 1978 Another cease-fire.

13 January 1979 Clashes between the Syrian Army and its erstwhile allies from the Lebanese Forces in Beirut. 16 dead, 75 wounded.

March 1979 Saudi, Emirati, and Sudanese Forces withdraw from the Arab Deterrent Force, but Syrian troops stay in Lebanon.

8 May 1979 The Kataeb party militia battles Armenian militias in the Bourj Hammoud neighborhood of East Beirut.

12 May-12 June 1979 The Kataeb fight Lebanese National Party forces in Furn el-Chebbak. Both parties are Christian.

10 September 1979 More fighting between the Kataib and the Armenians. 31 dead.

13 March 1980 Shia militia Amal battles Palestinian Fatah in the Ouzai neighborhood of East Beirut.

7 July 1980 Kataeb launches a large-scale attack on the Lebanese National Party and largely eliminates it. Around 200 dead. Both parties are Christian.

26 October 1980 Kataeb forces battle remnants of the Lebanese National Party in Ain Rummaneh

5 November 1980 Mourabitoun forces battle Syrian Social Nationalist Party forces in West Beirut and elsewhere in Lebanon.

17 July 1981 Israeli air raid on Fakhani neighborhood results in 141 deaths and 730 injuries.

8 January 1982 Battle between Amal and communists in West Beirut

4 June 1982 Israeli aerial bombardment of Beirut

6 June 1982 Israeli forces invade Lebanon

3 July 1982 Israeli forces blockade and bomb West Beirut

21 August 1982 Palestinian fighters and Syrian troops begin to leave West Beirut. The Multinational Force consisting of troops from the US, France, and Italy begins to arrive in Lebanon.

23 August 1982 Bashir Gemayel is elected president

30 August 1982 Palestinian leader Yasir Arafat leaves Beirut and the Lebanese Army deploys to the city center.

13 September 1982 Bashir Gemayel is assassinated in a bomb explosion.

14 September 1982 Israeli forces tighten siege of West Beirut

15-18 September 1982 Widespread massacres in Sabra and Chatila Palestinian camps. The attacks are carried out militias allied with Israel in an area of the city under Israeli control.

21 September 1982 Amine Gemayel, brother of the assassinated Bashir Gemayel, is elected president of Lebanon.

29 September 1982 Israeli forces leave Beirut.

15 July 1983 Clashes between the Lebanese Army and Amal in the Wadi Abu Jamil neighborhood.

21 July 1983 After President Gemayel criticizes Syria, East Beirut is shelled, resulting in 18 deaths and 66 injuries.

10 August 1983 The Druze Progressive Socialist Party shells Beirut, 12 dead, 38 wounded.

28 August 1983 The Lebanese Army regains control of West Beirut after 4 days of heavy fighting against Amal.

23 October 1983 Massive bomb attacks against US and French facilities housing troops from the Multinational Force result in 241 dead US soldiers and 58 dead French soldiers.

20 December 1983 Arafat and 4000 Palestinian fighters leave Lebanon via Tripoli Port

6 February 1984 Amal, the Progressive Socialist Party, and the Syrian Social Nationalist Party together take control of West Beirut from the Lebanese Army.

17 February 1984 US president Reagan orders US forces to leave Beirut

4 July 1984 Connections between East and West Beirut temporarily re-opened. The airport also resumes operations.

12 March 1985 Uprising by the Lebanese Forces against the Kataeb party under Amine Gemayel. Kataeb break away from unified Lebanese Forces command. All parties in this conflict are right-wing and Christian.

16 April 1985 Amal and the Progressive Socialist Party eliminate the Mourabitoun militia in West Beirut.

30 April 1984 Heavy random shelling in Beirut.

20 May 1985 The so-called War of the Camps begins with Amal attacking Palestinian refugee camps. It lasts until 17 June, kills 800 and wounds 2500.

1 July 1985 Clashes begin between Amal and the Progressive Socialist Party, Amal’s erstwhile allies, in West Beirut.

20 November 1985 More clashes between Amal and the Progressive Socialist Party result in 65 deaths. The clashes begin when PSP members try to raise Lebanese flags in West Beirut.

28 December 1985 The so-called Tri-Partite agreement is signed in Damascus between the Lebanese Forces, the Progressive Socialist Party, and Amal. It is supposed to start a peace process to end the war.

13 January 1986 Clashes within the Lebanese Forces. By 15 January opponents of the Tri-Partite Agreement have the upper hand and the agreement is effectively dead. Syria, a sponsor of the agreement, responds by shelling East Beirut. More than 200 die.

11 August 1986 More clashes within the Lebanese Forces.

27 September 1986 Supporters of the Tri-Partite Agreement among the Christian militias try once again to enter East Beirut. They are repelled by the Lebanese Forces and the Army.

15 February 1987 More fighting between Amal and the Progressive Socialsit Party in West Beirut.

22 February 1987 Syrian troops re-enter West Beirut.

6 May 1988 Amal fights Hizballah in Beirut’s southern suburbs and 157 die. Both groups are Shia Muslim. Fighting ends after Syria and Iran impose a ceasefire.

24 May 1988 Hizballah captures the southern suburb of Ghobeiri from Amal, 6 die, 113 wounded.

27 May 1988 Syrian troops surround Beirut’s southern suburbs.

22 September 1988 Commander of the Army Michel Aoun is named prime minister just before the end of President Gemayel’s term in office. This is a major departure from tradition, because all previous prime ministers have been Sunni Muslims, but Aoun is Christian. When President Gemayel’s term of office runs out, Aoun becomes acting president.

14 February 1989 Clashes between the Lebanese Army and the Lebanese Forces militia in Beirut.

6 March 1989 The army under Aoun tries to close illegal ports run by Christian militias. The militias respond by blocking access to Beirut Port.

13 March 1989 Fighting in Downtown and more indiscriminate shelling.

14 March 1989 Aoun declares a War of Liberation against Syria.

21 March 1989 Crossings between East and West Beirut closed.

22 September 1989 A ceasefire begins and crossings between East and West Beirut re-open.

22 October 1989 Fifty-eight of the deputies of Lebanon’s last elected parliament approve the Taef Accord, a document that would eventually become the basis for a peace agreement ending the war.

5 November 1989 René Mouwwad is elected president by remaining MPs, but Aoun refuses to recognize the election and continues to occupy the presidential palace.

17 November 1989 Attacks on the houses of Members of Parliament in East Beirut.

22 November 1989 Mouwwad is assassinated in an explosion in West Beirut.

24 November 1989 Parliament elects Elias Hrawi president, but Aoun still refuses to recognize this.

31 January 1990 Fighting between the Lebanese Army under Aoun and the Lebanese Forces.

20 March 1990 Parliament meets in its building in Downtown for the first time in years.

29 July 1990 The areas under Aoun’s control are blockaded.

13 October 1990 Syrian and Lebanese troops attack the Presidential Palace, and Aoun leaves Lebanon.

11-12 November 1990 Amal and the Progressive Socialist Party remove their weaponry from Beirut.

3 December 1990 Lebanese Forces remove heavy their heavy weaponry from Beirut.

Fighters for Peace is not responsible for the above information

مقتبس عن زينة مصري ، Off the Wall (لندن: 2009IB Tauris ) وجوزيف ج.شامي، Le memorial de la guerre (Beirut: NP, c. 2003)

13 نيسان 1975: التاريخ الذي عادة ما يتم تذكره على أنه بداية الحرب الأهلية. مسلحون من حزب الكتائب قتلوا نحو 30 فلسطينيا كانوا يستقلون حافلة عبر حي عين الرمانة المسيحي. تصاعد العنف بسرعة في أنحا�� بيروت، لا سيما في الدكوانة وتل الزعتر.

نيسان - حزيران 1975: القتال في جميع أنحاء بيروت ولبنان. 2314 قتيل و16442 جريح.

30 أيار 1976: عمليات قتل مستهدفة للمسيحيين الذين يعيشون في بيروت الغربية.

حزيران 1975: خط المواجهة بين عين رمانة والشياح يستقر ويصبح حدودًا ثابتة بين شرق وغرب بيروت عمليًا حتى نهاية الحرب.

30 حزيران 1975: أول سلسلة طويلة من وقف إطلاق النار الفاشل بعد أن شكل السياسي السني البارز رشيد كرامي حكومة الإنقاذ الوطني.

18 أيلول 1975: وقعت اشتباكات في وسط المدينة لأول مرة.

8 تشرين الأول (أكتوبر) 1975: إستهداف الأشرفية (شرق بيروت) بالمدفعية وإغلاق مطار بيروت.

26 تشرين الأول 1975 مقاتلون يساريون وفلسطينيون يحاصرون القنطاري.

6 كانون الأول 1975 قتل حوالي 200 شخص عند نقاط التفتيش في جميع أنحاء بيروت لأن بطاقات هويتهم تحددهم على أنهم مسلمون. يُعرف الحدث باسم السبت الأسود.

8 كانون الأول 1975 بدأت معركة الفنادق بالقتال على المنطقة التي تحتوي على فنادق هوليداي إن وفينيسيا وسانت جورج، بالإضافة إلى برج المر غير المكتمل. استمرت المعركة حتى 22 آذار 1976، عندما انسحبت الفرق المسيحية اليمينية من الفنادق، وبالتالي خسرت كل الأراضي التي كانت تحت سيطرتها في بيروت الغربية.

5 كانون الثاني 1976: بدء حصار مخيم تل الزعتر للاجئين الفلسطينيين في شرق بيروت.

13 كانون الثاني 1976: بدأ حصار مخيم ضبية للاجئين في شرق بيروت.

18 كانون الثاني 1976: مجزرة في حي الكرنتينا شرق بيروت.

22 كانون الثاني 1976: وقف آخر لإطلاق النار، وهذه المرة نتيجة الضغط السوري.

13 آذار 1976: المزيد من القتال في وسط المدينة.

8 أيار 1976: انتخب الياس سركيس رئيسا للبنان.

16 أيار 1976: قصف عنيف على بيروت. 400 قتيل و1000 جريح في 48 ساعة.

29 أيار 1976: استخدمت صواريخ GRAD في بيروت لأول مرة. 270 قتيلاً.

1 حزيران 1976: تدخل القوات السورية لبنان دعما للعناصر المسيحية / اليمينية المتمركزة في شرق بيروت.

16 حزيران / يونيو 1976: اختُطف السفير الأميركي فرانسيس ميلوي وقتل أثناء عبوره للخط الأخضر في وسط بيروت.

22 حزيران - 18 آب 1976: هجوم على مخيم تل الزعتر للاجئين الفلسطينيين ومذابح لسكانه. 2 آب 1976، حي النبعة الذي احتلته القوات الفلسطينية / اليسارية.

20 آب / أغسطس 1976، تشكلت القوات اللبنانية في محاولة لتوحيد كل الجماعات المسيحية في لبنان.

17 تشرين الأول 1976، القمة العربية في الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية، شكلت قوة الردع العربية كقوة حفظ سلام في لبنان تتألف من قوات من عدة دول عربية، ولكن تهيمن عليها سوريا.

15 تشرين الثاني 1976: تدخل قوة الردع العربية بيروت. يمثل هذا نهاية المرحلة الأولى من الحرب، المعروفة باسم حرب السنتين.

7 شباط 1978 اشتباكات بين القوات السورية واللبنانية في الفياضية تلاها قصف على الاشرفية وعين الرومانة.

14 آذار 1978 تغزو إسرائيل جنوب لبنان

9 نيسان 1978 قصفت قوة الردع العربية أحياء الأشرفية وبدارو ذات الأغلبية المسيحية.

1 يوليو 1978 بدأت المرحلة التالية من الحرب المعروفة بحرب المائة يوم. يغير الجيش السوري ولائه ويقصف بشكل روتيني شرق بيروت، موطن حلفائه اليمينيين السابقين.

13 آب / أغسطس 1978: انفجار قنبلة على مبنى في حي الفاخاني (بيروت الغربية) كان يستخدم كمقر لمنظمة فلسطينية يسفر عن 150 قتيلاً.

7 تشرين الأول 1978 وقف إطلاق نار آخر.

13 كانون الثاني 1979 اشتباكات بين الجيش السوري وحلفائه السابقين من القوات اللبنانية في بيروت. 16 قتيلا و75 جريح

آذار 1979 انسحاب القوات السعودية والإماراتية والسودانية من قوة الردع العربية لكن القوات السورية تبقى في لبنان.

8 أيار 1979 قوات حزب الكتائب تقاتل المجموعات الأرمينية في حي برج حمود شرق بيروت.

12 أيار - 12 حزيران 1979 قتال الكتائب قوى الحزب الوطني اللبناني في فرن الشباك.

10 أيلول 1979 مزيد من القتال بين الكتائب والأرمن. 31 قتيلا.

13 آذار 1980 حركة أمل الشيعية تقاتل حركة فتح الفلسطينية في حي الأوزاعي شرق بيروت.

7 تموز 1980 ، شنت الكتائب هجوماً واسعاً على الحزب الوطني اللبناني وقضت عليه إلى حد كبير. حوالي 200 قتيل. كلا الحزبين مسيحيون.

26 تشرين الأول 1980 تقاتل قوات الكتائب فلول الحزب الوطني اللبناني في عين الرمانة

5 تشرين الثاني 1980 قوات المرابطون تقاتل قوى الحزب السوري القومي الاجتماعي في بيروت الغربية وأماكن أخرى في لبنان.

17 يوليو / تموز 1981 غارة جوية إسرائيلية على حي الفخاني أسفرت عن مقتل 141 شخصًا وإصابة 730 آخرين.

8 يناير 1982 معركة بين أمل والشيوعيين في بيروت الغربية

4 حزيران 1982 قصف جوي إسرائيلي على بيروت

6 حزيران 1982 القوات الإسرائيلية تغزو لبنان

3 تموز 1982 القوات الإسرائيلية تحاصر بيروت الغربية وتقصفها

21 آب 1982 المقاتلون الفلسطينيون والقوات السورية يبدأون مغادرة بيروت الغربية. بدأت القوة متعددة الجنسيات المؤلفة من قوات من الولايات المتحدة وفرنسا وإيطاليا في الوصول إلى لبنان.

23 آب 1982 انتخب بشير الجميل رئيسا للبلاد

30 آب 1982 الزعيم الفلسطيني ياسر عرفات يغادر بيروت وينتشر الجيش اللبناني في وسط المدينة.

13 أيلول 1982 اغتيل بشير الجميل بانفجار عبوة ناسفة.

14 أيلول 1982 القوات الإسرائيلية تشدد حصارها على بيروت الغربية

15-18 أيلول 1982 مذابح واسعة النطاق في مخيمي صبرا وشاتيلا الفلسطينيين.

21 أيلول / سبتمبر 1982 انتُخب أمين الجميل، شقيق المغتال بشير الجميل، رئيساً للبنان.

29 أيلول 1982 القوات الإسرائيلية تغادر بيروت.

15 تموز 1983 اشتباكات بين الجيش اللبناني وحركة أمل في حي وادي أبو جميل.

21 تموز 1983 بعد انتقاد الرئيس الجميل لسوريا، قصفت بيروت الشرقية، مما أسفر عن 18 قتيلاً و 66 جريحاً.

10 آب 1983 قذائف الحزب الاشتراكي التقدمي الدرزي في بيروت، 12 قتيلا و38 جريحا.

28 آب 1983 الجيش اللبناني يستعيد السيطرة على بيروت الغربية بعد 4 أيام من القتال العنيف ضد أمل.

23 تشرين الأول 1983 - أدت الهجمات ال��خمة بالقنابل على منشآت أمريكية وفرنسية تضم قوات من القوة المتعددة الجنسيات إلى مقتل 241 جنديًا أمريكيًا و58 جنديًا فرنسيًا.

20 كانون الأول 1983، غادر عرفات و4000 مقاتل فلسطيني لبنان عبر ميناء طرابلس

6 شباط 1984 أمل والحزب التقدمي الاشتراكي والحزب السوري القومي الإجتماعي يسيطرون معًا على بيروت الغربية من الجيش اللبناني.

17 فبراير 1984 الرئيس الأمريكي ريغان يأمر القوات الأمريكية بمغادرة بيروت

4 تموز 1984 أعيد فتح العلاقات بين بيروت الشرقية والغربية مؤقتًا. كما يستأنف المطار عملياته.

12 آذار 1985 انتفاضة القوات اللبنانية على حزب الكتائب بقيادة أمين الجميل. الكتائب تنفصل عن قيادة القوات اللبنانية الموحدة. جميع أطراف هذا الصراع يمينية ومسيحية.

16 نيسان 1985 أمل والحزب التقدمي الاشتراكي يقضيان على مليشيا المرابطون في بيروت الغربية.

30 نيسان 1984 قصف عشوائي عنيف على بيروت.

20 أيار 1985 بدأت ما يسمى بحرب المخيمات بمهاجمة أمل لمخيمات اللاجئين الفلسطينيين. وإستمرت حتى 17 حزيران وأودت بحياة 800 شخص وإصابة 2500 بجروح.

1 تموز / يوليو 1985 بدأت الاشتباكات بين أمل والحزب التقدمي الاشتراكي، حلفاء أمل السابقين، في بيروت الغربية.

20 تشرين الثاني1985 المزيد من الإشتباكات بين أمل والحزب التقدمي الاشتراكي أسفرت عن مقتل 65. بدأت الاشتباكات عندما حاول أعضاء الحزب التقدمي الاشتراكي رفع الأعلام اللبنانية في بيروت الغربية.

28 كانون الأول / ديسمبر 1985 تم توقيع ما يسمى بالاتفاقية الثلاثية في دمشق بين القوات اللبنانية والحزب التقدمي الاشتراكي وحركة أمل. من المفترض أن تبدأ عملية سلام لإنهاء الحرب.

جمعية محاربون من أجل السلام غير مسؤلة عن المعلومات الواردة أعلاه.