#battle of la hogue

[ltwilliammowett]

The burning of the Soleil Royal in Cherbourg Bay during the protracted battle of La Hogue, 22nd - 24th May 1692, by a follower of Willem van de Velde II

[illustratus]

The Battle of La Hogue by Benjamin West

[thedecemberics]

The Battle of La Hogue, Destruction of the French fleet, May 22, 1692 (1778), Benjamin West // After the Bombs (2006), The Decemberists

[tchaikovskym]

deck decemeber day 31: The Battle of La Hogue by Benjamin West

[timotey]

The Battle of La Hogue, art by Benjamin West (1778)

[vvasiliev]

an introduction

hello to any aspiring or actualised historians on this god blessed evening here on tumblr dot com. my new years resolution was to broaden my horizons by an intense and frankly chaotic degree; i will be diving head first into all things history so that i may possess the biggest brain known to man.

thus far i’ve decided that every month will be devoted to a different historical topic, january being american history, february could be english history, it also could be quite literally anything else, so on and so forth. i’m waiting to see how the wind blows me.

another ambition that may or may not be actualised is the creation of content on youtube. i’m not sure if the world truly needs another young man geeking out making historical video essays, i’m not sure if anything i say would be worthwhile yet.

if you’re interested in lending a hand in correction, criticism, advice, or anything else i welcome you with open arms. i’m aware that the history side of tumblr is larger than i initially thought and i’m eager to be apart of it if you’ll have me.

painting is the battle of la hogue, 1778, an oil work done on canvas by benjamin west

-v

[manitat]

Tonći Kožul: Najbolji filmovi 70-ih...

The Adventurers

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Airport

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Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles

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Zardoz

[artist-benjamin-west]

The Battle of La Hogue, Destruction of the French fleet, May 22, 1692, Benjamin West

Medium: oil,canvas

[artofreddit]

The Battle of La Hogue, 23rd May 1692, during the Nine Years' War painted by Adriaen van Diest [560 x 456] posted by Reddit User: sylvyrfyre Visit artofreddit.com for more art #battlepaintings

[ltwilliammowett]

The burning of the Soleil Royal in Cherbourg Bay during the protracted battle of La Hogue, 22nd - 24th May 1692, by Willem van de Velde II  (1633-1707)

The action at La Hogue in May 1692 formed a crucial scene in the wider context of the Battle of Barfleur. This was a naval battle of the War of the League of Augsburg, 1689–1697, fought between an Anglo-Dutch and a French fleet. It was not finally brought to a conclusion until 24th May in the Bay of La Hogue, in the course of which the French flagship ‘Soleil Royal’ as well as the ‘Triomphant’ and the ‘Admirable’ were burned by the English

[chaotic-historian]

Historical Baes Post #1

Okay, so, apart from being Louis XIV’s birthday, September 5th is also the Danish flag day for all lost and deployed troops. As such, I thought today would be a good time to introduce you all to a new historical Danish military hero each year. This year it is my Best Man, Commodore Iver Huitfeldt.

If you go to his wikipedia profile, it’ll be very short and concise, so let me give you a slightly more emotional account of his final hours on the 4th of October 1710:

It is 8 in the morning, all the ship’s captains have gathered on the flagship of general-admiral Gyldenløve, to have a short status meeting. Just a few days earlier, the entire Dano-Norwegian fleet had been forced to sail out towards Danzig on the orders of King Frederik IV, but less than halfway there they’d been intercepted by storms and forced to seek shelter in Køge Bay, a quite closed-off bay in eastern Denmark. Here they’ve anchored up without plan or purpose, and Commodore Huitfeldt is deeply concerned with this. Almost twenty years earlier, he was present at the battle of La Hogue in 1692, where the French lost their main battle fleet because the English managed to trap them in a bay frighteningly like the one the Dano-Norwegian one is in right now. Huitfeldt has chosen to anchor in a carefully planned position, ready to sail out at any time. His concerns are dismissed. The Swedes, Gyldenløve says, are docked in Carlscrona. He has sources.

But, just as they step out onto the deck to head back to their ships, there is a shout. A sea of masts can be seen on the horizon, and although their nationality cannot be determined yet, Huitfeldt is worried. He hastens back to his ship to prepare, and he is right. It is the enemy. Far from being in Carlscrona, the Swedish general-admiral Wachtmeister heard of the Danish navy’s misfortune with running into a storm, and got the clever idea he would jump them while they were weak. He almost succeeds.

In the nick of time, before any orders are even given, Huitfeldt’s ship Dannebroge sails out to meet the Swedes, alone. Two ships, Mars and Beskiermeren follow behind her, none of which ever get close enough to fire at the enemy. Dannebroge, and Iver Huitfeldt, are facing the entire Swedish battle fleet alone. Wachtmeister’s fleet keeps its course, thundering towards the disheveled Danish navy, which is in utter chaos, desperately trying to get into battle order in the bay, and its lone protector. At the last moment, Huitfeldt’s clever position forces them to break their course and engage him. For more than an hour they ceaselessly fire at each other, one ship against a line of almost 35, but the wind is against the Dannebroge, and the muzzle fire of her raging cannons is blown against her own tackle and side. Soon, the flammable hemp ropes catch fire, and it spreads too fast to be put out. There is 450 men aboard, and one of them is the Commodore. He has a beloved wife and four children at home in Norway, the eldest, a boy, is 12, the youngest, a girl, is just 2 years old. He is 44. His ship is on fire.

What does he do? He looks back, if he allows her to drift and tries to beach her, he risks spreading the fire aboard his ship to the other ships in the fleet, and he will yield the way for the Swedes, who could then go in and lock the Danes in place and destroy them. This would be a disaster.

Iver Huitfeldt gives the order to drop the anchors. He and his crew stay on the ship and continue returning fire. When the gunners are forced to leave their cannons, they are said to have loaded them one last time, so that they’d fire themselves when the flames heated them.

At around 4 PM, the fire reaches the powder stores. Dannebroge explodes, taking with her 450 men, and one Commodore, who willingly gave up his life and inspired his men to follow him in order to save the whole fleet. With a burning wreck in the middle of the bay, the Swedes are cut off from all further attacks, and a day later they withdraw. Huitfeldt has done what he set out to do: he has saved his navy, and by extension very likely tipped the scales for the eventual victory in the Great Northern War.

[alystayr]

Playlist musicale 2019 (2/2)

Liste des chansons (playlist 2019 - part. 2)

Mise à jour : 31 décembre 2019

playlist 2019 (part.2), playlist 2019 (part. 1)

playlist 2018 (part. 2), playlist 2018 (part. 1)

playlist 2017 (part. 2), playlist 2017 (part. 1)

playlist 2016 (part. 2), playlist 2016 (part. 1)

playlist 2015

0-9 #

16 Horsepower - American Wheeze (1996)

A

AaRON - Blouson Noir (2015)

Abd Al Malik - Le jeune noir à l’épée (2019)

The Afghan Whigs - Algiers (2014)

Air - Alpha Beta Gaga (2004-2016)

Alabama Shakes - Don’t Wanna Fight (2015)

Alice In Chains -  Rainier Fog (2018)

Angels of Light - Dawn (2005)

Aphrodite’s Child - Rain and tears (1968)

Archive - Erase (2019)

Louis Armstrong - St. James Infirmary (1928)

B

The B52's - Planet Claire (1979)

The Beatles - All You Need Is Love (1967)

Beck - Saw Lightning (2019)

Belle and Sebastian - Sister Buddha (2019)

Bénabar - Y'a une fille qu'habite chez moi (2001)

The Beta Band - Dry The Rain (1997)

Björk - Declare Independence (2008)

The Black Keys - Go (2019)

Blue Oyster Cult - (Don't Fear) The Reaper (1976)

Blur - There’s No Other Way (1991)

Joe Bonamassa - Lonesome Christmas (2016)

David Bowie - When I'm Five (1967)

Georges Brassens - Les copains d'abord (1964)

Jacques Brel - Mathilde (1963)

John Butler Trio - Bully (2017)

C

Cage The Elephant - Shake Me Down (2011)

Calexico - The Ballad of Cable Hogue (2000)

Calogero - En Apesanteur (2002)

Captain Kid - We & I (2012)

Johnny Cash (cover Nine Inch Nails) - Hurt (2002/1994)

Chloé - One in other (2010)

The Clash - White Riot (1977)

Johnny Clegg & Savuka - Asimbonanga (1987)

Eddie Cochran - Summertime Blues (1958)

Cocoon - Back To One (2019)

Cold War Kids - Passing the Hat (2006)

Chris Cornell - Seasons (from Singles) (1992)

Cypress Hill (feat. Chino Moreno and Everlast) - (Rock) Superstar (2000)

D

Dead Kennedys - Kill The Poor (1980)

Depeche Mode - Enjoy the Silence (1990)

dEUS - Instant Street (1999)

Dolly - Comment taire (2002)

The Doors - Love Street (1968)

Dr. John - Right Place Wrong Time (1973)

Bob Dylan - Hurricane (1975)

E

Eels - You Are The Shining Light (2018)

Eiffel - Cascade (2019)

Lisa Ekdahl (cover Betty Hutton) - It's Oh So Quiet (1997/1951)

Eminem - Venom (2018)

Eurythmics - Here Comes The Rain Again (1983)

F

Mylène Farmer - Des larmes (2018)

Les Fatals Picards - La Sécurité de l'Emploi (2007)

Fine Young Cannibals - Johnny Come Home (1985)

Florence + the Machine - Jenny of Oldstones (from Game of Thrones) (2019)

Foals - What Went Down (2015)

Foo Fighters - Best Of You (2005)

Foster The People - Pumped up Kicks (2011)

Future Islands - Fall From Grace (2014)

G

Peter Gabriel - Shock The Monkey (1982)

Liam Gallagher - One Of Us (2019)

Jean-Jacques Goldman - Je marche seul (1985)

The Good, The Bad & The Queen - Gun To The Head (2019)

Kim Gordon - Sketch Artist (2019)

Gossip - Standing In the Way of Control (2006)

Gravenhurst - The Collector (2007)

Juliette Gréco (cover Léo Ferré) - Jolie Môme (1961)

Grinderman - Man In The Moon (2007)

H

Nina Hagen - African Reggae (1979)

Ben Harper & Charlie Musselwhite - The Bottle Wins Again (2018)

PJ Harvey - Rid Of Me (1993)

The Jimi Hendrix Experience - Purple Haze (1967)

Kristin Hersh - The Cuckoo (1994)

Jacques Higelin - Paris-New York, New York-Paris (1974)

I

Interpol - The Weekend (2019)

Iron Maiden - Flight of Icarus (1983/2019)

Izia - Hey Bitch (2009)

J

Julia Jacklin (cover The Strokes) - Someday (2019/2001)

JAY-Z - Marcy Me (2017)

Joy Division - New Dawn Fades (1979)

Judas Priest - Breaking The Law (1980)

K

Kaiser Chiefs - Don't Just Stand There, Do Something (2019)

Kings of Leon - Family Tree (2013)

Mark Knopfler - Redbud Tree (2012)

L

Mark Lanegan Band - Stitch It Up (2019)

Cyndi Lauper - Girls Just Want To Have Fun (1983)

Bernard Lavilliers & Catherine Ringer - Idées Noires (1983-2014)

Led Zeppelin - No Quarter (1973)

The Lemonheads - Alison’s Starting To Happen (1992)

Linkin Park - Breaking The Habit (2003)

Little Eva - The Loco-Motion (1962)

Luke - Hasta Siempre (2004)

M

Scott McKenzie - San Francisco (1967)

Marcela Mangabeira (cover Michael Jackson) - Human Nature (2008/1982)

Loreena McKennitt - The Lady of Shalott (1991)

Marilyn Manson - God’s Gonna Cut You Down (2019)

Marilyn Manson (cover The Doors) - The End (1967-2019)

Massive Attack - Protection (1994)

Metallica - Seek and Destroy (1983)

Midnight Oil - Forgotten Years (1990)

Eddy Mitchell - Sur la route de Memphis (1976)

Modest Mouse - Lampshades on Fire (2015)

Gary Moore - The Loner (1987)

Moriarty - Isabella (2011)

Muddy Waters - Mannish Boy (1955)

N

The National - Hey Rosey (2019)

Nirvana - Come As You Are (1992)

Nirvana - Negative Creep (1991)

Noir Désir - Bouquet de nerfs (2001)

O

Les Ogres de Barback - Si tu restes (2019)

Mike Oldfield - Tubular Bells (1973)

OrelSan - Dis moi (2018)

P

Vanessa Paradis - Ces mots simples (2018)

Charles Pasi - A Man I Know (2014)

Pearl Jam - Jeremy (1991)

Pink Floyd - Money (1973)

Pixies - Hey (1989)

Placebo - Battle For The Sun (2009)

Iggy Pop - Run Like A Villain (1982)

Portishead - Misterons (1994)

The Pretenders - Middle of the Road (1984)

Q

Queens Of The Stone Age - Regular John (1998)

R

The Raconteurs - Help Me Stranger (2019)

Radiohead - Street Spirit (Fade Out) (1995)

Ram Jam - Black Betty (1977)

Red Hot Chili Pepper - Under The Bridge (1991)

Renaud - Fatigué (1985)

Calvin Russell - Soldier (1992/2011)

S

Saez - Germaine (2019)

Screamin' Jay Hawkins - Constipation Blues (1969)

Screaming Trees - Nearly Lost You (1992)

Seasick Steve - Hobo Low (2006)

Shaka Ponk - My Name Is Stain (2011)

William Sheller - Maintenant Tout Le Temps (1994)

Alan Silvestri - Retour vers le Futur (from Back to the Future) (1985)

Simon & Garfunkle - El Condor Pasa (1970)

Slaves - The Velvet Ditch (2019)

Smoke City - Underwater Love (1997)

Sonic Youth - Bull In The Heather (1994)

Joss Stone (cover The Dells) - The Love We Had (Stays On My Mind) (2012)

Alain Souchon - Presque (2019)

Soundgarden - The Day I Tried To Live (1994)

Supertramp - Give A Little Bit (1977)

T

Taj Mahal - Ain't That A Lot Of Love (1968)

Tame Impala - Patience (2019)

Tarmac - Tu semblante (2001)

Taxi Girl -   Cherchez le Garçon (1980)

Tindersticks - For The Beauty (2019)

Tool - Fear Inoculum (2019)

Tricky (feat. Marta) - Makes Me Wonder (2019)

The Twilight Singers - King Only (2000)

U

U2 - Mysterious Ways (1991)

U2 - Pride (In The Name Of Love) (1984)

Ugly Kid Joe - Cats In The Cradle (1992)

UNKLE - The Lost Highway (2019)

V

Volbeat - Still Counting (2008)

W

Tom Waits - I hope I don’t fall in love with you (1973)

Les Wampas - Ce Soir C'est Noël (1990)

Les Wampas - Chirac En Prison (2003)

The War on Drugs - Pain (2017)

Emily Jane White - Dark Undercoat (2007)

Jim White - Bluebird (2004)

The Who - Behind Blue Eyes (1971)

Wilco - Everyone Hides (2019)

John Williams - Star Wars Main Theme (1977)

Shannon Wright - These Present Arms (2019)

X

Y

Yodelice - Wake Me Up (2010)

Thom Yorke - Not The News (2019)

Z

Zebda - Le Bruit Et L'Odeur (1995)

Rob Zombie - Dead City Radio And The New Gods Of Supertown (2013)

[nebris]

The Bombardment of Algiers, 27 August 1816

In 1816 a squadron under Admiral Sir Edward Pellew was fitted out and sent to Algiers where they arrived, in company with a small Dutch squadron, on 27 August 1816. They sought the release of the British Consul, who had been detained, and over 1000 Christian slaves, many being seamen taken by the Algerines. When they received no reply the fleet bombarded Algiers in the most spectacular of several similar punitive actions of this period that finally broke the power of the 'Barbary pirates', who had been a plague on European commerce in the Mediterranean for centuries. Pellew was subsequently created Viscount Exmouth.

In the foreground of the painting is a barge with a howitzer in the bows and a lieutenant standing at her tiller. To the left of her are two boats, one sunk and the other with sailors rescuing the crew. In the right foreground is a fallen spar and another barge with a carronade in her bow. Beyond her more boats are sheltering under the 'Impregnable', 98 guns, the fore part of whose bow is in the picture. In the left middle distance there are three more boats under the stern of the 'Minden', 74 guns, one of which is about to fire a Congreve rocket. The 'Minden', in port-quarter view, is firing her starboard guns, and partly masks the 'Superb' also in port-quarter view. More boats are sheltering under the port side of their hulls. In the left background can be seen the forepart of the Dutch flagship 'Melampus', 40 guns, in starboard-broadside view and ahead of her the stern of a British frigate. In the middle and right background is the 'Queen Charlotte', 100 guns, in port-quarter view, flying Pellew's blue admiral's flag at the main, and a glimpse of the 'Leander', 50 guns, ahead of her. They are engaged with the batteries of the harbour, engulfed in flame, and the ships burning within it. Above the smoke Algiers can be seen rising up the hills behind.

All Exmouth's aims in the action were achieved: 1083 Christian slaves and the British Consul were liberated, massive restitution paid and peace made between Algiers and the Dutch. Exmouth was raised to a viscountcy and several of his friends and associates, who wanted to commemorate the bombardment, subscribed 200 guineas to commission the artist to paint the event for inclusion in the Naval Gallery at Greenwich Hospital. E. H. Locker, Secretary and Commissioner of the Hospital was a key figure in the matter both because he had been secretary to Pellew, 1804-14, and because he had already (in 1835) commissioned a copy of Benjamin West's 'Battle of La Hogue, 1692' for the Gallery from Chambers, whose most important late work this is.

The artist went to Plymouth to sketch the men-of-war in the production of this painting and the Museum also has a number of the preliminary drawings for it and a freely painted oil study (BHC0615). The finished painting was exhibited in 1837 at the British Institution, as painted for the Hospital, before being put on permanent display in the Naval Gallery there.    

  https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-12109

[bantarleton]

Barfleur and La Hogue - the Little-Known Naval Victories of the Williamite Wars

The Glorious Revolution and the ensuing battles in the Williamite Wars and the Jacobite Risings are generally well known - the Boyne, Londonderry and Aughrim all live on in popular history. Less well-known, but no less decisive, was the naval engagement that occurred off (and indeed, on) the northern coast of France on May 29 1692. 

In 1688 the Catholic King James VII had fled Britain, and was replaced by the Protestant Dutchman King William III, Prince of Orange, who was married to James’s daughter. James tried to instigate a rebellion against William in Ireland, but his campaign was stymied at the siege of Londonderry in 1689, set back by the battle of the Boyne in 1690, and finally crushed at Aughrim in 1691. James fled to sanctuary in Catholic France, where his ally and the mortal enemy of William, Louis XIV, promised to assist him in retaking the British thrones. 

in 1692 James and Louis assembled a fleet of French ships and an invasion force of French troops and exiled Jacobites, most of them Irish. Commanded by French admiral Tourville, the fleet of 44 ships of the line set sail for England in May. Knowing of the coming invasion, a combined fleet of British and Dutch ships - 82 in all - assembled at the Isle of Wight to stop the invasion.

The fleets sighted each other at first light on 29 May 1692, off Cap Barfleur. On sighting the allied fleet, Tourville held a conference with his officers. Their advice, and his own opinion, was against action; however, Tourville felt bound by strict orders from the king to engage. He may also have expected some defections by English captains with Jacobite sympathies, though in this he was to be disappointed.

Owing to the calm conditions, it was not until after 11 am, five hours after first sighting each other, that the two fleets engaged. Tourville had reinforced his centre, the White squadron under his own command, in order to engage Russell's Red squadron with close to equal numbers. Elsewhere, he sought to minimize damage by extending and refusing the van, to avoid them being turned and overwhelmed, while the rear was held back to keep the weathergage. The Allied commander, Russell, countered by holding fire as long as possible, to allow the French to come closer; Almonde, in the van, extended to try to overlap the French line, while Ashby, with the rear and some way off, sought to close and bring his Blue squadron into action. From around 11 am, and for the next few hours, both fleets bombarded each other, causing considerable damage.

The battle continued for the rest of the day and into the night, and was full of incident. At 1 pm, a change in the wind allowed Rear Admiral of the Red Sir Cloudesley Shovell to break the French line and the Dutch to start enveloping the French van. A flat calm descended at 4 pm, leaving both fleets in a fog. At 6 pm, Tourville was able to use the tide to gain a respite, and Shovell used the same tide at 8 pm for a fireship attack.

By 10 pm, the battle was almost over. Surprisingly, though most ships on both sides were damaged, and some severely, no ships from either battle line were lost. At the turn of the tide, Tourville again took advantage of this to cut cables and be carried down channel on the ebb, away from the scene of battle. Russell also cut when he realized what had happened, in order to give chase into the night.

First light on the 30 May saw the French fleet scattered into groups across a wide area. To the north of the battle scene, and heading northward, were Gabaret and Langeron, with four ships between them. They skirted the English coast later that day, and headed out into the Atlantic; eventually they would arrive safely at Brest. To the south, Nesmond was heading south-east towards the Normandy coast with six ships. Two of these would be beached at Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue, while another two would later put into Le Havre, where L’Entendu was wrecked at the harbour entrance. Nesmond, with the remaining two ships Monarque and Aimable, passed through the Strait of Dover, went north around Britain and finally arrived safely at Brest. Heading west was the main body in three groups: Villette leading with 15, followed by d’Amfreville with 12, and Tourville bringing up the rear with seven. The French were able to close up during the day, but Tourville was hampered by his efforts to save his flagship, Soleil Royal, which was in a pitiable condition. He recognized this later that day, and transferred his flag to L’Ambiteux.

In pursuit was Philips van Almonde and the Dutch fleet, with the various English divisions scattered behind. Many of these, particularly those of the English Red, were hampered by damage and lagged behind, leaving Almonde and Ashby closer to the French by the end of the day. Russell was forced to detach three ships to return to port for repairs. These later sighted Gabaret's group, but neither engaged. Shovell had to move his flag to Kent, owing to the damage to his flagship Royal William, while the damage to Britannia, Russell's flagship, caused his division serious delay.

On 31 May the French fleet was anchored against the tide off Cap de la Hague. The leading contingent, twenty-one ships—now under Pannetier—had rounded the cape and was in the Alderney Race, while the remainder, thirteen with Tourville and the other flag officers, were to the east. As the weather deteriorated, these ships began to drag their anchors and were forced to cut and run before the wind and tide. Three of the most badly damaged were forced to beach at Cherbourg; the rest, ten ships, reached St Vaast la Hougue where they too were beached, joining the two of Nesmond’s division that were already there. Russell’s and the ships with him, together with some of Ashby’s Blue squadron, also cut to pursue him, while Ashby and Almonde continued to shadow Pannetier's group.

Pannetier, in order to escape the pursuing allied fleet, sought to make the hazardous passage through the Alderney Race; in this he was helped by finding in his crew a local man, Hervé Riel, to act as pilot when his navigators demurred. Almonde and Ashby did not try to follow him; they were criticized later by Russell for not doing so, although the only flag officer who knew the waters, Carter, had died of his wounds.

Almonde attempted pursuit by taking his squadron west of Alderney, but the delay allowed Pannetier to pull too far ahead, and Almonde abandoned the chase. Pannetier later reached Saint-Malo in safety, while Almonde and Ashby turned east to rejoin Russell at la Hogue.

While Almonde and Ashby pursued Pannetier, Russell was chasing Tourville eastward along the Cotentin coast. Tourville, without anchors, was unable to do more than beach his ships; this he was able to do, leaving three at Cherbourg and taking the remaining ten to St Vaast la Hougue (where they joined the two ships from Nesmond's division that were already there).

The Soleil Royal, Admirable, and Triomphant were in such bad shape they had to be beached at Cherbourg. They were destroyed there on 2 June by Vice-Admiral Delaval, attacking from long boats and with fireships.

Meanwhile, Russell had turned on the remaining ships. These had sought refuge at La Hougue where they would be under the protection of the assembled land forces and a battery. On 3 June and 4 June, the Dutch and English attacked with long boats. By this time, the French crews were exhausted and disheartened. The allies successfully deployed shore parties and fireships that burnt all twelve French ships of the line which had sought shelter there. This last action became celebrated in England as the Battle of La Hogue.

The dispersal of the French fleet put an end to the Franco-Jacobite invasion plans, and the Allied victory was commemorated in England by a Fleet Review. Following the battle, the French abandoned the idea of seeking naval superiority for its own sake, adopting instead a continental strategy on land and pursuing a war against trade (guerre de course) at sea.

[uss-edsall]

This was Trafalgar; It was Tsushima, La Hogue, Aegospotami, Salamis, and all the other utterly crushing victories, after which an entire war is changed. Seldom enough in history before had an entire navy been brought to a single battle. Never before had an entire navy lost so great a proportion of its strength as the Japanese had done.

War correspondent Fletcher Pratt looking back on the Battle of Leyte Gulf, written in 1946.

[artist-benjamin-west]

The Battle of La Hogue, Destruction of the French fleet, May 22, 1692 (detail), Benjamin West

Medium: oil,canvas