#azeotrope

[biology-geology-beaches-india]

The scientific research journals of S. Sunkavally. Page 105.

[amanitavirosalt]

azeotropes. my least favorite thing ever

holy shit I hate azeotropes so much

why cant I just. distill the water away from hydrazine

no.

I have to react the hydrazine with sulfuric acid to make hydrazinium sulfate, then I have to separate that out from the water, then I have to react that with sodium hydroxide in alcohol, then filter it out again, then boil off the alcohol. holy shit I hate azeotropes. but they kinda cool though

[quietimtryingtostudy]

Azeotropes are binary mixtures having the same composition in liquid and vapour phase and boil at constant temperatures

[vincivilworld]

Azeotropes - Definition, Types, Properties and Methods of Separation

Azeotropes or azeotropic mixtures have always been a topic of interest due to their unique properties and the inability to separate them completely using conventional distillation. A classic example of azeotropes occurs in winemaking wherein an Ethanol-water mixture forms an azeotropic mixture at 96% Ethanol by volume which prohibits its further purification by distillation. In this blog, let’s…

[butchnavi]

my favourite annoying thing to do as a science-scarred student is randomly name drop physics/chemistry stuff where they literally couldn't belong less just for the cool ring and the kicks. oh my god you are a viscous drag. she's so optically dense. he's such a bromoamide bore - uh, bro. i have such a goddamn sinusoidal personality when will I have my DC or even my pulsating DC era damnit. for the love of vinylic ketals. my brain's young's modulus decreases exponentially every day. damn we are such incoherent wavefronts. stop being a bernoulli bitch. what the fuck it's 315 kelvin outside. we are so azeotropic <3

[bouquetofgemstones]

I'm trying to find the boiling point of a water + ethyl lactate azeotrope, but the only thing I can find in literature is that they do indeed form an azeotrope. The boiling point simply does not exist.

[drstonetrivia]

Chapter 9 Trivia

The back of Tsukasa's sword here reminds me of fish fins…

The smoke signal is a double-edged sword, you say?

…A double-edged sword like Tsukasa's, perhaps? 🤔

The 4th use of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) mentioned here isn't that obvious since it's not a component of gunpowder, but rather it's involved in the process I described in last week's trivia here:

Wood ash is mostly CaCO3, but mortar can also be used in the niter-bed instead, as Senku's version is also made of CaCO3 (with sand, clay, and lime added).

There's also the 5th usage for sea shells: pretty necklaces!

Tsukasa only hears the second set of explosions (the 3 in quick succession) rather than the first explosion.

Was he out of range? Not much time had passed, and we didn't see Tsukasa sleep, so did he run the whole distance in a day?

Tsukasa cuts off Yuzuriha's ribbon here, but the edge tears rather than slices cleanly, making me think it's not a very sharp knife but a jagged and serrated one.

The "knife" is also his spear from earlier, broken.

Tsukasa dropped his coat somewhere between grabbing Yuzuriha and confronting Senku, as usual.

To cut hair, you generally want the sharpest tools you can find so you can make a clean cut without ripping the hair and causing split ends.

Even using modern razors, tension still needs to be placed on the hair for it to cut properly, which Tsukasa doesn't do here.

As shown earlier, Tsukasa's knife rips rather than cuts, so to do what he does here, he has to saw at the hair.

(I tested this; neither my serrated nor straight-edged knives managed to cut my hair at all. They're also not that sharp, more similar to Tsukasa's than a stylist's.)

If the knife was sharp enough to slice it all off at once, then Yuzuriha holding it like this would probably have made her bleed.

Alcohol can't be purer than ~95.6% because it forms an azeotrope (=a situation where the liquids cannot be separated any further via distillation as their vapor properties are the same), thus Senku is asking for pure alcohol.

This is possible to do with his primitive setup, either by using multiple distillations or a drying agent.

Nital for etching is generally a 1-10 : 100 mixture of nitric acid to ethanol. Any higher than this and it becomes explosive.

Senku is somehow making a 3 : 7 mixture which I'm pretty sure is either impossible or extremely dangerous.

Kohaku doesn't use the Japanese word for three (三, pronounced "san") and instead uses ３, (pronounced "surī") the English version.

I wonder if the reasoning behind this has any future significance…

[leophiee]

Some impressions from me making some nitric acid for the first time; went much better than expected, the distillate seems to be of slightly over azeotropic concentration, while the dilute part from the little NO2 "scrubber" is some single digit percentage. I was really surprised by how little NO2 was produced, as I used a bisulfate in place of sulfuric acid, which requires a higher temperature (where I would expect more of the nitric to decompose). Idk why that happened, but for now I'm just happy that it worked out.

Overall the experiment yielded about 40g of the acid; tho there is almost certainly more left in the distillation flask, I just ran out of time, and thus didn't finish the distillation; maybe a project for later.

[studentbyday]

day 15 // 100dop

on @diaryofastemstudent's suggestion, i'm finally testing out forest! i planted 5 trees today and i didn't have to use the app the whole day to focus 😊 hopefully i'll get more and more used to not looking at my phone and eventually not have to use the app at all anymore!

but...even though i was focusing better, i still didn't finish everything i wanted to today...which tbh makes me a bit sad and scared, even though my goals were probably unrealistic, because i have to go through all the material and understand all of it by the end of this week to give myself at least the minimum 3 days to review for the final 🙈🙈🙈

but there's still tomorrow, so- BUT STILL!!! i have a lab report (always takes me longer than i'd like to write it and make sure it makes sense), a quiz, an assignment, and 2 chapters + the tail end of a 3rd chapter to go through!!!

sigh. "somehow it'll work out okay" is quickly becoming my mantra 😅 i have no idea how but somehow it will.

I had to break up a really long section on liquid-vapor equilibrium into several pages. I'm almost done with that section, just need to finish notes on azeotropic mixtures and their graphs...somehow that really threw me for a loop.

Then I need to get through eutectics and Henry's law, and get through the last two chapters which...sorta seem to make more common sense??? I think??? I hope????

I have no idea how I made it through high school. That was a breeze compared to this 😩

update after some thought: i think it was in part because i had great teachers who always guided you through every step of the logic AND because i always had math in high school and chemistry has sm math so i guess it's much easier when you're not out of practice. i have not touched math since high school. so 🤷‍♀️

Day 9: What is your favourite song in your study playlist?

don't have an actual study playlist but lately i've been loving slow-ish bass-y lofi, the music in this study with me video, and studio ghibli music!

[veganbread1]

Hydroiodic acid (or hydriodic acid) is an aqueous solution of hydrogen iodide (HI). It is a strong acid, i.e. an acid that is ionized completely in an aqueous solution. It is colorless. Concentrated solutions are usually 48% to 57% HI.

IUPAC Name: Iodane

Properties

Chemical formula: HI(aq)

Molar mass127.91g/mol

Appearance: colorless liquid

Odor: acrid

Density: 1.70 g/mL, azeotrope(57% HI by weight)

Boiling point: 127 °C (261 °F; 400 K) 1.03 bar, azeotrope

Solubility in water :Aqueous solution

Acidity (pKa)-9.3

Source Wikipedia

This acid also has a cool almost black colour

(gold anon)

Notes, if behind-closed-doors-ask gets an ask talking about what seeks goop is it should mention HI, b'cos that was me

Hey b-c-d-a hope you didn't find that too weird

YAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAY THANKYOU

[wurds-fur-nurds]

Felicitazotropibility (noun) / fəˌlisɪtəˌzoʊˌtrəˈbɪlɪti /

The quality or state of being both felicitous and harmoniously adaptable in the presence of conflicting tendencies, especially in relation to achieving balance within complex systems or relationships.

The capacity to willfully navigate and resolve azeotropic dilemmas—situations where two or more elements are inseparably intertwined—while fostering mutual benefit and satisfaction.

Example: "Her felicitazotropibility in mediating the dispute left both parties not only content but aligned in their future goals."

[petrochemicalscience]

Experimental Measurement and Thermodynamic Modelling of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Correlations for Prediction Azeotropic Behavior and Fitting Multicomponent Mixtures Data_Crimson Publishers

Abstract:

In this study, isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium for two ternary systems: "1-Propanol-Hexane-Benzene” and its binaries "1-Propanol-Hexane, Hexane-Benzene and 1-Propanol-Benzene” and the other ternary system is "Toluene-Cyclohexane-iso-Octane (2,2,4-Trimethyl-Pentane)” and its binaries "Toluene-Cyclohexane, Cyclohexane-iso-Octane and Toluene-iso-Octane” have been measured at 101.325KPa. The measurements were made in re-circulating equilibrium still with circulation of both the vapor and liquid phases. The ternary system "1-Propanol-Hexane-Benzene” which contains polar compound (1-Propanol) and the two binary systems "1-Propanol-Hexane and 1-Propanol-Benzene” form a minimum azeotrope, the other ternary system and the other binary systems do not form azeotrope.

Correlation equations for expressing the boiling temperature as direct function of liquid composition have been tested successfully and applied for predicting azeotropic behavior of multi component mixtures and the kind of azeotrope (minimum, maximum and saddle type) using modified correlation of Gibbs-Konovalov theorem. Also, the binary and ternary azeotropic point has been detected experimentally using graphical determination on the basis of experimental binary and ternary vapor-liquid equilibrium data.

All the data passed successfully the test for thermodynamic consistency using McDermott-Ellis test method [1]. The maximum likelihood principle is developed for the determination of correlations parameters from binary and ternary vapor-liquid experimental data which provides a mathematical and computational guarantee of global optimality in parameters estimation for the case where all the measured variables are subject to errors and the non ideality of both vapor and liquid phases for the experimental data for the ternary and binary systems have been accounted. The agreement between prediction and experimental data is good. The exact value should be determined experimentally by exploring the concentration region indicated by the computed values.

Read More About this Article: https://crimsonpublishers.com/pps/fulltext/PPS.000508.php

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[freedomainnames]

azeotropic-caskets.org

[coherentmarketinsights]

From Distillation to Distribution: Navigating the Industrial Alcohol Landscape

Uses of Industrial Alcohol in Different Industries Production of Industrial liquor Industrial liquor is primarily produced through the process of fermentation. In fermentation, sugar is converted into ethanol by yeasts, bacteria, or a combination of both. The most common form of sugar used is starch from various grains like corn, wheat, barley etc. The starch is first converted into fermentable sugars like glucose through a process called saccharification. The sugars are then fermented by yeast to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide. The ethanol content of the fermented mash is further concentrated into anhydrous or denatured alcohol by means of distillation. Additional steps may also involve molecular sieves or azeotropic distillation to remove trace amounts of water. Chemical Properties of Industrial Liquor Ethanol or ethyl alcohol is a volatile, colorless, flammable oxygenated hydrocarbon. It has a characteristic odor and acts as a central nervous system depressant in humans. Chemically it is an aliphatic alcohol with a molecular formula C2H5OH. Industrial liquor has a molecular weight of 46.07 g/mol and an octanol-water partition coefficient value of -0.35. It is completely miscible with water and other polar organic compounds. However, it is not miscible in non-polar solvents like hydrocarbons. Industrial ethanol has a flash point of 78°F or 26°C. Uses in Chemical Industry A key use of industrial alcohol is as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals. It is used in the synthesis of ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, glycol ethers, chloroform, ethyl amines among others. These derived chemicals in turn find applications as solvents, resins, synthetic fibers, detergents, cosmetics etc. Various ethyl esters produced from ethanol also serve as important solvents or artificial fruit essences. Industrial ethanol also acts as a denaturant for other alcohols like isopropyl alcohol to deter human and animal consumption. Fuels Applications Transportation fuels like gasohol utilize industrial ethanol as a gasoline octane booster and oxygenate. E10 gasoline blends comprise 10% anhydrous ethanol with 90% gasoline. Higher ethanol-gasoline blends are also gaining popularity as alternative fuels. Industrial ethanol further serves as a feedstock for production of ethyl tert-butyl ether, an anti-knock additive used with unleaded petrol. Ethanol can also be mixed with natural gas to create motor vehicle fuels. With advances in flexible fuel vehicles, high ethanol gasoline blends up to E85 are being increasingly used. Industrial Solvent Demand Owing to its low toxicity and cost effectiveness, industrial ethanol finds wide application as a solvent and extractant. It is used for cleaning and degreasing applications in many industries including metal treatment, electronics manufacturing, precision instruments etc. It is also used as an extraction solvent in the food industry to produce flavors, colors, essences etc. from plant materials. Pharmaceutical, cosmetic and personal care sectors utilize ethanol as an emollient or solubilizer for creams and ointments. It is also commonly employed as a solvent for resins, gums, waxes and fats. Use in Chemical Production of Dyes, Inks and Coatings Ethanol serves as an important co-reactant in chemical production processes. It is used as a starting material in manufacturing various dyes and pigments. In paint, ink and coating industries as well, it acts as a co-reactant and solvent. With advances in flexo and digital printing technologies, the demand for high-purity industrial ethanol as a carrier solvent for inks and coatings has risen substantially. Continuous introduction of new coating, laminating and printing processes by various industries will also boost its future consumption.

[chemicalsectorupdates]

Unlocking the Potential of Bio-based Industrial Alcohol: Market Analysis

Industrial Alcohol: Uses, Production Processes and Trends Uses of Industrial Alcohol Industrial alcohol has a wide variety of applications across many industries. Some of its major uses are: Fuel Production Industrial alcohol is commonly used in the production of fuels such as gasohol, which is a blend of gasoline and ethanol. Ethanol contains oxygen that helps gasoline burn cleaner. As concerns about fossil fuel dependence and air pollution increase, ethanol is seeing more use as a gasoline additive or replacement. Chemical Production Alcohol is used as a raw material and solvent in the chemical industry. It acts as an antifreeze in coolants, solvent in paints and lacquers, and precursor to other organic compounds. Industries like pharmaceuticals rely on industrial alcohol to produce medications, drugs and other products. Personal Care Products Ethanol serves as an emollient, solvent and preservative in cosmetics, fragrances, mouthwashes and hand sanitizers. Its ability to dissolve oils and kill microbes make it suitable for use in personal care items. Industrial Processes Processes like sterilization, cleaning and materials processing use industrial alcohol as a disinfectant or solvent. It helps clean surfaces in food manufacturing equipment and disinfect medical instruments. Production of Industrial Alcohol Industrial alcohol is mainly produced from agricultural feedstocks like grains, sugarcane and cellulosic biomass through fermentation and distillation processes. Fermentation Starchy or sugary plant matter such as corn or sugarcane is mashed to extract fermentable sugars. Yeast is then added to convert the sugars to ethanol and carbon dioxide through anaerobic respiration. Distillation The fermented mash is distilled to separate and purify the alcohol from other dissolved compounds and biomass. Continuous or batch distillation systems are used to thermally fractionate the vapor-liquid mixture based on boiling points, yielding 95.6% anhydrous ethanol. Further Purification Additional purification steps may be performed on distilled alcohol if very high purity is required. These include dehydration to produce absolute or 100% ethanol, and molecular sieves or azeotropic distillation to remove trace water content. Trends in Industrial Alcohol Production and Use With growing environmental and sustainability concerns globally, renewable sources of industrial alcohol like corn and sugarcane are becoming more popular. Cellulosic ethanol derived from agricultural residues or fast-growing plants also holds promise. Rising demands from chemical, fuel and consumer goods industries are driving capacity expansions at alcohol plants. Companies are investing in advanced distillation and fermentation technologies to increase yields and lower production costs. International trade of industrial alcohol is also on the rise. Regional deficits and surpluses are balanced through exports and imports between major producers and consumers worldwide. Developing economies represent new markets for industrial alcohol suppliers. Biofuel mandates and blending targets adopted by various countries to reduce vehicle emissions and oil dependency have boosted ethanol consumption substantially. However, some argue that using prime farmland to grow corn for fuel negatively impacts global food security. Overall, industrial alcohol will continue playing a significant role in industry and transportation as long as current trends persist.

[frigmairesengineer]

Alkyd Resin Plants: Nurturing Innovation in Coating Solutions.

Raw materials from the storage Alkyd Resin Plants tanks are pumped into the Reactor. The Reactor is heated to a temp of 240-250 degrees C after which a catalyst is added to the heated oil. This is mixed for some time after which polyols are introduced into the reaction. The temperature is then controlled between 240–260-degree C. The batch is then cooled to approx. 200 degrees C and the process of azeotropic distillation is started.