#august 18th 1936

[xiscthulhu]

Romance sonámbulo (Federico García Lorca)

Verde que te quiero verde. Verde viento. Verdes ramas. El barco sobre la mar y el caballo en la montaña. Con la sombra en la cintura, ella sueña en su baranda, verde carne, pelo verde, con los ojos de fría plata. Verde que te quiero verde. Bajo la luna gitana, las cosas la están mirando y ella no puede mirarlas.

Verde que te quiero verde. Grandes estrellas de escarcha vienen con el pez de sombra que abre el camino del alba. La higuera frota su viento con la lija de sus ramas, y el monte, gato garduño, eriza sus pitas agrias. Pero ¿quién vendrá? ¿Y por dónde?… Ella sigue en su baranda, verde carne, pelo verde, soñando en la mar amarga. —Compadre, quiero cambiar mi caballo por su casa, mi montura por su espejo, mi cuchillo por su manta. Compadre, vengo sangrando, desde los puertos de Cabra. —Si yo pudiera, mocito, este trato se cerraba. Pero yo ya no soy yo, ni mi casa es ya mi casa. —Compadre, quiero morir decentemente en mi cama. De acero, si puede ser, con las sábanas de holanda. ¿No ves la herida que tengo desde el pecho a la garganta? —Trescientas rosas morenas lleva tu pechera blanca. Tu sangre rezuma y huele alrededor de tu faja. Pero yo ya no soy yo, ni mi casa es ya mi casa. —Dejadme subir al menos hasta las altas barandas; —¡Dejadme subir! dejadme hasta las verdes barandas, Barandales de la luna por donde retumba el agua.

Ya suben los dos compadres hacia las altas barandas. Dejando un rastro de sangre. Dejando un rastro de lágrimas. Temblaban los tejados farolillos de hojalata. Mil panderos de cristal herían la madrugada.

Verde que te quiero verde, verde viento, verdes ramas. Los dos compadres subieron. El largo viento, dejaba en la boca un raro gusto de hiel, de menta y de albahaca. ¡Compadre! ¿Dónde está, dime, dónde está tu niña amarga? ¡Cuántas veces te esperó! ¡Cuántas veces te esperara cara fresca, negro pelo, en esta verde baranda!

Sobre el rostro del aljibe se mecía la gitana. Verde carne, pelo verde, con ojos de fría plata. Un carámbano de luna la sostiene sobre el agua. La noche se puso íntima como una pequeña plaza. Guardias civiles borrachos en la puerta golpeaban. Verde que te quiero verde. Verde viento. Verdes ramas. El barco sobre la mar. Y el caballo en la montaña.

Romancero gitano, 1928

[quietcalligraphy]

Federico Garcia Lorca's last letter to his lover Juan Ramírez de Lucas, written during the Spanish Civil War. Exactly one month later, Garcia Lorca was seized by Francoists, imprisoned, and executed the next day: August 19th, 1936 — 87 years ago.

“In your letter there are things that you shouldn’t, that you can’t, think. You are worth so much, and you will be rewarded.

Think about what you can do, and let me know straight away so that I can help you in whatever way, but be very careful. I am very worried, but knowing you, I am also sure that you will overcome every obstacle because you are overflowing with enough energy, grace, and happiness, as we flamencos say, to stop a train."

(Federico García Lorca. Letter to Juan Ramírez de Lucas, July 18th, 1936)

[sodascherrycola]

Instagram Intros (Steven Roger’s Kids)

Alexander Joseph Rogers

DOB: August 7th 1936 DOD: June 18th 1959 (23 years old) Hometown: Brooklyn, New York Nicknames: Alex, Al S/O: Nancy Graham Kids: Eric and Allison Best Friend(s): Samuel Davidson and James Barnes Jr. Aesthetic: Very mature for his age, helped his parents with his younger siblings. Reminds many people of James Barnes Sr. when he was young. Very respectful and kind. Sadly was killed in the Vietnam War when he was only 23, leaving behind his young wife and two very young children Eric and Allison.

Sarah Florence Rogers

DOB: May 15th 1940 Age: 83 years old Hometown: Brooklyn, New York Nicknames: Sare S/O: Dennis Rowling Kids: Everett and Wesley Best Friend(s): Margaret Fitzgerald Aesthetic: The sweetest soul you’ll ever know. She was extremely close to her father and thought he was Superman (close enough). Her mother taught her how to cook and clean and do all that she would need to know to be a good housewife, however, she became a Lawyer instead. She was big into feminism in the 1960s. And yes, she burned her bras, and yes, her mother wasn’t happy. Her father was proud though.

Phillip James Rogers

DOB: July 24th 1942 Age: 81 years old Hometown: Brooklyn, New York Nicknames: Phil, Philly, PJ S/O: Kimberly Donaldson Kids: Daniel, Michael, Elise, Julian, and May Best Friend(s): Thomas Barnes, Peter Oswald, and Joseph Williamson Aesthetic: Phillip was his parent’s wild child. Always running crazy down the streets of Brooklyn. His parents often worried about him and when he was 14 years old they got him a job at his Uncle Bucky’s garage. He became obsessed with cars from then on. He even got gifted a red cadillac for his 16th birthday.

John Howard Rogers

DOB: April 16th 1944 Age: 79 years old Hometown: Brooklyn, New York Nicknames: Howie S/O: Maria St.Clair Kids: Ella and Jude Best Friend(s): Chandler Atkins Aesthetic: Howie was a total suck up to his parents (especially his mother) and would always snitch on his older siblings, until he had younger siblings who would snitch on him. His mother always adored him so, he was a very sweet boy to everyone. Never complained about putting a tie on for church or sitting patiently at the dinner tables, always saying his prayers. When he was a teenager he had all the girls, some during the same time, his father had to sit him down and have a talk. That’s when he met Maria and stuck with her.

Robert Nicholas Rogers

DOB: June 12th 1946 Age: 77 years old Hometown: Brooklyn, New York Nicknames: Rob, Robbie S/O: Susan Berry Kids: Marcus, Allen, Louis, and Michelle Best Friend(s): Matthew Barnes and Kenneth Baker Aesthetic: He was the cool kid from the very beginning, quite literally. When he was 3 he fell into a frozen lake and almost died, gave his mama a heart attack. He was obsessed with Elvis Presley and begged him daddy to teach him how to gel his hair like his, and he kept his hair like that until he was well into his twenties. Robbie always would dance in front of the television with Elvis, while his little sister would sit and stare. Grew up to be a singer just like him. Almost cried when he died.

Clara Jo Rogers

DOB: November 5th 1950 Age: 73 years old Hometown: Paterson, New Jersey Nicknames: Clare, CJ S/O: Harry Marx Kids: Russell, Rose, and Shelia Best Friend(s): Russell Barnes and Denise Lewis Aesthetic: Like her older brother, was also obsessed with Elvis. She was in love from the moment she saw him on the Ed Sullivan show in 1956. Her father wasn’t too happy but couldn’t do anything about it. She was always a girly girl which her mother adored. Since Sarah never wanted to do anything with her mama, Clara kindly stepped in. Loved going shopping with her mama at the mall, baking, and playing mom with her little brothers. Thought she was going to marry Elvis, but ended up meeting and falling in love with his roadie, Harry Marx. She met Elvis and freaked out, she was speechless and stuttering over her words.

Scott Ivan Rogers

DOB: December 19th 1951 DOD: December 18th 1969 (18 years old) Hometown: Paterson, New Jersey Nicknames: Scotty S/O: Maryann Mulder Kids: None Best Friend(s): David Barker and Peggy Moore Aesthetic: Scott was the pretty boy in his family. Not so smart but very good-lookin’. Girls were always following him since he was young. When he was 17 he was drafted into the Vietnam War, similar to his older brother he never met. His mother sobbed her eyes, while his father held him, the two crying themselves. They didn’t understand. There was a non-written rule that no two children could be drafted to the same war. It was just unfair. Turns out the president wanted to send Scotty to war to see if the super-serum passed down from his father. When his father found this out he beat himself over it. Never got over it after his death.

Timothy Leonard Rogers

DOB: February 18th 1956 Age: 67 years old Hometown: Paterson, New Jersey Nicknames: Tim, Timmy, and Leo S/O: Valerie Pratt Kids: Georgia, Whitney, Bethany, Ryder, and Ethan Best Friend(s): Jesse Barnes and Rodney Heffer Aesthetic: He was a surprise baby. Wasn’t planned whatsoever and it showed. His parents were getting older and was the glass child of his family. Because of this he was pretty close with his older sister, Clara. She loved him like a mother. She always looked out for him and whenever he got teased or picked on at school, you know damn straight she would hear and deal with it. Many suspensions later and they are still as tight as that.

[usafphantom2]

Supermarine Spitfire | Classic Warbirds

As the Royal Air Force entered the 1930s biplane fighters were still considered the way forward by the Air Ministry. So when on the 1st October 1931 they issued Specification F.7/30 it was to be Gloster's Gladiator biplane design that would be ordered into production. The aircraft Supermarine submitted was the Type 224, a monoplane design with fixed undercarriage which was powered by a Rolls-Royce Goshawk engine. Its top speed was only 228 mph, 22 mph slower than the top speed of 250 mph which the Specification called for. Despite the disappointing performance of the aircraft, the experience and data gathered would prove beneficial for Supermarine's next design.

Supermarine submitted their new design, the Supermarine Type 300, produced under the leadership of Reginald Joseph Mitchell, and this would also be powered by the Rolls-Royce Goshawk engine. Despite the improvements no order was forthcoming from the Air Ministry. However, a change of engine to the Rolls-Royce PV.12, later to become the Merlin, saw a prototype ordered on the 1st December 1934 with Specification F.37/34 issued on the 3rd January 1935 for the prototype to be built.

The prototype Spitfire was powered by a 900-hp Rolls-Royce Merlin 'C' engine and Captain Joseph Summers piloted the aircraft on its maiden flight on the 5th March 1936. The 26th March 1936 saw the Spitfire prototype arrive at the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment at Martlesham Heath. 310 Spitfire Mk Is were ordered on the 3rd June 1936. Fifteen days later on the 18th June 1936 in front of three hundred invited guests the aircraft made its first appearance during an open day at Vickers. This was followed on the 27th June 1936 when the public got their first taste of this new aircraft at the RAF Display, Hendon, with the 28th July 1936 seeing the aircraft officially named the Spitfire. Sadly the following year on the 11th June 1937 Reginald Joseph Mitchell passed away, with development of the Spitfire given to Joe Smith.

The maiden Spitfire Mk I first flew on the 14th May 1938 and was powered by the 1,030-hp Rolls-Royce Merlin II engine, giving it a top speed of 364 mph, range of 425 miles and a service ceiling of 34,500 ft. Initially only half of the intended eight 0.303-in machine-guns were fitted due to supply shortages and when Spitfires with eight machine-guns did appear they were designated as Spitfire Mk IAs. A small number of Spitfire Mk IBs with two 20mm cannons appeared in 1940 for operational trials, but as the cannon kept jamming as a result of having to be fitted on their side due to the Spitfire's thin wing, which led to cartridge cases not dispersing properly in certain situations, these were withdrawn.

The first Spitfire Mk I entered service 26 months after the initial order was placed, when No. 19 Squadron, based at RAF Duxford, received the first on the 4th August 1938. A further eight squadrons would be equipped with the type by the time the Second World War (1939 – 1945) started in September 1939. The next month would see the Spitfire score its first victories, when on the 16th October 1939, two Junkers Ju 88 A-1s of I./KG 30 were shot down over the Firth of Forth, one by No. 602 Squadron and the other by No. 603 Squadron, these were the first German aircraft shot down over Britain in the Second World War. The following month saw a Spitfire PR Mk IA deployed to France followed by a Spitfire PR Mk IB, but these would serve in the reconnaissance role only, it wouldn't be until the 12th May 1940 that a fighter version of the Spitfire would operate over Europe with its first engagement against the Messerschmitt Bf 109 occurring eleven days later on the 23rd May 1940 when Nos. 54 and 74 Squadron engaged Bf 109Es of I./JG 27. As the Battle of Britain (10th July 1940 - 31st October 1940) loomed, during July 1940 a total of nineteen squadrons were now equipped with the Spitfire. Alongside the Hawker Hurricane the pair formed a formidable partnership.

Serving as a prototype of the Spitfire Mk II, a Spitfire Mk I was fitted with a 1,150-hp Rolls-Royce Merlin XII engine, with the 24th September 1939 seeing the first flight. The production Spitfire Mk II was powered by the 1,175-hp Rolls-Royce Merlin XII which enabled a top speed of 370 mph, range of 500 miles and a service ceiling of 32,500 ft. Armament was eight 0.303-in machine-guns and this made its operational debut on the 31st August 1940. Some Spitfire Mk IIBs had the same two 20mm cannon armament of the Spitfire Mk IB, with the addition of blisters in the wings to help overcome the jamming issues. When Fighter Command started their offensive fighter sweeps, known as Rhubarbs, over Europe on the 20th December 1940 it was with No. 66 Squadron and a pair of their Spitfire Mk IIs. Spitfires would also take part in the first Royal Air Force Circus operation on the 10th January 1941. They would be part of a force of fighters escorting six Bristol Blenheims of No. 114 Squadron when they attacked an ammunition dump at Foret de Guines, France.

The Spitfire Mk III was the next in the lineage but would never progress past a single prototype. This intended version would have a number of improvements such as clipped wings, by 2 ft on each wing, stronger undercarriage, retractable tail wheel and a type 'C' universal wing able to take different armament and a internal laminated bullet-proof windscreen. The prototype was a converted Spitfire Mk I which was powered by a 1,240-hp Rolls-Royce Merlin XX and this flew on the 15th March 1940. Although an order was placed for the Spitfire Mk III it would later be cancelled due to a shortage of available Rolls-Royce Merlin XX engines. Despite not entering service a number of the features from the Spitfire Mk III would appear on later Spitfires.

The next version was the Spitfire Mk V, with the 26th December 1940 seeing the prototype make its first flight. This was intended to be a stopgap measure but would go on to be the most produced and used Spitfire variant. Powered by the 1,470-hp Rolls-Royce Merlin 45 engine which gave it a top speed of 375 mph, a range of 470 miles and a service ceiling of 35,500 ft. Armament was four 0.303-in machine-guns and two 20mm cannons. The Spitfire Mk V began to enter service during February 1941 with No. 92 Squadron based at RAF Biggin Hill being the first to receive the type. The Spitfire Mk VB would be the first of the type to serve overseas as fighters, when Malta received fifteen which were flown from HMS Eagle (94) on the 7th March 1942. Tropicalised Spitfire Mk VBs which had an air intake filter under the nose were sent to the Middle East during May 1942. With the arrival of No. 54 Squadron based at RAAF Station Darwin in January 1943 they became the first to use Spitfire Mk Vs in the Pacific. 1943 also saw some Spitfire LF Mk Vs appear with clipped wings and these were powered by a 1,585-hp Rolls-Royce Merlin 45M engine for low altitude operations.

During December 1939 the use of a Rolls-Royce Griffon to power the Spitfire was conceived, but engine development delays meant it would be a further two years before a prototype could be ordered. A tailored Specification F.4/41 was written for the aircraft which was given the designation Spitfire Mk IV, and two prototypes were ordered on the 26th May 1941, and on the 23rd August 1941 750 were ordered. Only one prototype was built in the end and this was powered by a 1,445-hp Rolls-Royce Griffon RG 25M IIB engine and had a top speed of 423 mph and was to be armed with up to six 20mm cannons, and this flew on the 27th November 1941 for the first time with Jeffrey Quill at the controls. In the end the aircraft would not enter production with the 750 Spitfire Mk IVs ordered being built as either Spitfire Mk VB or Spitfire Mk VCs instead. The Spitfire Mk IV prototype would be renamed to Spitfire Mk XX, to avoid confusion with a Spitfire photo reconnaissance version which was renamed to Spitfire Mk IV, before becoming the prototype Spitfire Mk XII.

To counteract German bombers operating at high altitude the Spitfire HF Mk VI appeared with a Spitfire Mk VB used as a base with the introduction of a 1,415-hp Rolls-Royce Merlin 47, giving the aircraft a top speed of 364 mph, range of 475 miles and able to operate at 40,000 ft, extended wing tips, by about 4 ft on each wing, a pressurised Cabin and two 20mm Hispano cannons. The prototype making its first flight on the 26th June 1941. The Spitfire HF Mk VI entered service during April 1942 with No. 616 Squadron at RAF Kings Cliffe and scored its first aerial victory on the 25th May 1942, shooting down a Dornier Do 217, and was used as an interim aircraft until the Spitfire HF Mk VII appeared which was the first variant to be designed to take the two-stage Rolls-Royce Merlin 60 engine. This featured a number of modifications and was in fact powered by the 1,565-hp Rolls-Royce Merlin 61 engine, giving it a top speed of 416 mph and these entered operational service during March 1943 with No. 124 Squadron based at RAF North Weald.

The Spitfire Mk VIII was essentially the same as its predecessor, but without a pressurised cockpit. The aircraft had a top speed of 408 mph, a range of 680 miles with a service ceiling of 43,000 ft. Armament consisted of four 0.303-in machine guns and two 20mm cannons. The first Spitfire Mk VIII flew during November 1942 and the type would first enter service with Nos. 125 and 145 Squadron based at RAF Luqa in Malta during June 1943.

When the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 appeared during August 1941 it was to prove superior to aircraft in service with the Royal Air Force at the time. In an effort to match the Fw 190's performance a Spitfire Mk VC was modified and fitted with a 1,660-hp Rolls-Royce Merlin 61 and this variant, known as the Spitfire Mk IX, made its maiden flight on the 26th February 1942. It had a top speed of 408 mph, a range of 434 miles, a service ceiling of 43,000 ft and armament consisted of two 20mm cannons and four 0.303-in machine-guns. It was with No. 64 Squadron, RAF Hornchurch that the Spitfire Mk IX made its operational debut on the 28th July 1942. The month before the aircraft entered service, the RAF had been able to test the type against a captured Fw 190A-3, and found the aircraft evenly matched against the Luftwaffe's latest fighter. The Spitfire Mk IX claimed its first victory over a Fw 190 on the 30th July 1942. When a Spitfire Mk IX of the Special Service (High Altitude) Flight based at RAF Northolt intercepted a Junkers Ju 86R in the skies above Southampton two months later on the 12th September 1942 at 43,000ft it would be the highest aerial battle of the Second World War.

On the 10th June 1944 at the Advanced Landing Ground B3, Sainte-Croix-sur-Mer, France a Spitfire Mk IX of No. 144 (Canadian) Wing, RAF, made up of Nos. 441, 442 and 443 Squadrons, Royal Canadian Air Force, touched down, becoming the first aircraft of the RAF to be stationed on mainland France since June 1940. It would also be a Spitfire Mk IX, this time from No. 401 Squadron, RCAF, that on the 5th October 1944 claimed the first Messerschmitt Me 262 to be shot down by an Allied aircraft. Although intended as an interim Spitfire, the aircraft would still be in service at the end of hostilities in Europe during May 1945.

The next two variants were both photo reconnaissance examples. The Spitfire PR Mk X was powered by the 1,710-hp Rolls-Royce Merlin 64 engine which gave the aircraft a top speed of 417 mph, range of 1,370 miles with a service ceiling of 43,000 ft. No armament was fitted. May 1944 would see the Spitfire PR Mk X enter service with the Royal Air Force when Nos. 541 and 542 Squadron received the first deliveries of the aircraft. The Spitfire PR Mk XI followed and whilst its top speed matched the Spitfire PR Mk X its range was slightly less at 1,200 miles and its service ceiling higher at 44,000 ft. It was also unarmed. This would make its maiden flight on the 21st November 1942 and No. 541 Squadron, RAF Benson would receive the first examples the following month.

A Spitfire Mk IA would provide the basis for the Spitfire PR Mk XIII prototype which flew for the first time on the 16th February 1943. Two months later in April 1943 No. 542 Squadron at RAF Benson would receive the first examples. Powered by the 1,645-hp Rolls-Royce Merlin 32 engine the Spitfire PR Mk XIII had a top speed of 342 mph, range of 700 miles with a service ceiling of 35,000 ft. Although used for photo reconnaissance it was armed with four 0.303-in machine-guns.

Up next was the Spitfire Mk XIV and the prototype made its maiden flight on the 20th January 1943. It would enter service the following year on the 4th January 1944 when No. 610 Squadron, RAF Exeter began to take delivery of the type. Powered by the 2,035-hp Rolls-Royce Griffon 65 engine the Spitfire Mk XIV had a top speed of 439 mph, range of 465 miles with a service ceiling of 43,000 ft. Armament was a pair of 0.50-in machine-guns and a pair of 20mm cannons with 500lb bombs or rocket projectiles. During November 1942 thoughts had started to turn to a successor for the Spitfire and this would see a Spitfire Mk XIV fitted with a laminar flow wing. This would fly for the first time during June 1944 and would be known as the Supermarine Spiteful. In the end only a small number were built and it would never enter operational service.

With the development of a new wing, with the plan to use a Spitfire Mk 22 as the basis for the Spitfire Mk 23, aimed at improving diving and high speed performance, fitted to a Spitfire Mk VIII in July 1944 testing began. The results from these were disappointing, so a Spitfire Mk 21 prototype would form the basis of a new Spitfire Mk 23 prototype. Once again the results were unsatisfactory, so the aircraft, which was to have been called the Supermarine Valiant, was scrapped.

A two-seater Spitfire was considered as a possible aircraft for the export market and during 1944 a small team was formed to convert the design into a two-seater configuration. Despite planning to build 48 aircraft, which would be designated Spitfire Mk TR 8, only a sole example was built. Some of the Spitfires supplied to the Soviet Union were modified into two-seaters during the Second World War. These were to train Soviet pilots on the type. In January 1946 Supermarine converted 25 Spitfire Mk IXs, designated either Spitfire TR 9 or Spitfire T Mk IX, into two-seaters and these would be sold to the Netherlands, India, Ireland and Egypt.

The idea of a naval version of the Spitfire was first raised in 1938, but it wouldn't be until December 1941 that the idea was looked at again. This would lead to the Supermarine Seafire being developed for the Fleet Air Arm. A Spitfire floatplane was also produced, five Spitfires would be modified and fitted with floats before the idea was scrapped.

The Spitfire would remain in service with the Royal Air Force until 1957. The fighter version made its last operation on the 1st January 1951 when a Spitfire Mk XVIII of No. 60 Squadron attacked targets in Malaya. The very last operational use of the Spitfire was on the 1st April 1954 by a Spitfire PR XIX of No. 81 Squadron, Malaya with a Spitfire Mk XIX of the Temperature and Humidity Flight at RAF Woodvale performing the last flight by an RAF Spitfire in active service on the 10th June 1957. This wasn't the end of the Spitfire story in the Royal Air Force as during 1963 a Spitfire PR XIX would be brought out of retirement to take part in trials against the English Electric Lightning. This was so tactics against piston-engined aircraft could be developed as there was a chance the Lightning may come up against the North American P-51 Mustangs being used by the Indonesian Air Force during the Indonesia – Malaysian Confrontation (1963 – 1966).

In total over 30 countries would use the Spitfire in various guises. They would see action with the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front and the United States Army Air Force and Free French Air Force would also use the aircraft. Post-war saw the type serve with the Swedish Air Force.

The last Spitfire to be built was a Spitfire F.24, and this made its first flight on the 24th February 1948, bringing an end to Spitfire production which had began in May 1938 and saw a total of 20,334 built. It was the only Allied fighter already in production at the start of the Second World War to remain in production throughout the war.

Technical Details

Click on the aircraft image to view a larger version.

Top Speed Range Service Ceiling Armament

Spitfire Mk I 364 mph 425 miles 34,500 ft eight 0.303-in machine-guns

Spitfire Mk I side profile image

Spitfire Mk II 370 mph 500 miles 32,800 ft eight 0.303-in machine-guns

Spitfire Mk IIA side profile image

Spitfire Mk III Single aircraft converted from a Mk I then converted to a Mk V then to the Mk IX prototype.

Spitfire Mk V 375 mph 470 miles 35,500 ft four 0.303-in machine-guns

two 20mm cannons

Spitfire Mk VB side profile image

Spitfire Mk IV Powered by the 1,445-hp Rolls-Royce Griffon RG 25M IIB engine, only one built.

Renamed later on as Mk XX before becoming the Mk XII prototype

Spitfire Mk VI 364 mph 475 miles 40,000 ft four 0.303-in machine-guns

two 20mm cannons

Spitfire Mk VII 416 mph 424 miles 45,100 ft four 0.303-in machine-guns

two 20mm cannons

Spitfire Mk VIII 408 mph 680 miles 43,000 ft four 0.303-in machine-guns

two 20mm cannons

Spitfire Mk IX 408 mph 434 miles 43,000 ft four 0.303-in machine-guns

two 20mm cannons

Spitfire Mk X 417 mph 1,370 miles 43,000 ft none

Spitfire Mk XI 417 mph 1,200 miles 44,000 ft none

Spitfire PR Mk XI side profile image

Spitfire Mk XII 397 mph 493 miles 40,000 ft two 20mm cannons

500lb bombs

Spitfire Mk XIII 342 mph 700 miles 35,000 ft four 0.303-in machine-guns

Spitfire Mk XIV 439 mph 465 miles 43,000 ft two 0.50-in machine-guns

two 20mm cannons

and 500lb bombs or

rocket projectiles

Spitfire Mk XVI 405 mph 430 miles 40,500 ft two 20mm cannons

four 0.303-in machine-guns

1,000lb bombs

Spitfire Mk XVI side profile image

Spitfire Mk XVIII 437 mph 460 miles 41,000 ft two 20mm cannons

two 0.303-in machine guns

and either 1,500lb bombs or

rocket projectiles

Spitfire Mk XIX 445 mph 1,500 miles 42,600 ft none

Spitfire Mk 21 455 mph 580 miles 42,800 ft four 20mm cannons

Spitfire Mk 21 side profile image

Spitfire Mk 22 449 mph 580 miles 45,500 ft four 20mm cannons

and either 1,500lb bombs or

rocket projectiles

Spitfire Mk 23 None produced but would have been known as the Supermarine Valiant.

Spitfire Mk 24 454 mph 965 miles 43,000 ft four 20mm cannons

rocket projectiles

[amberfaber40]

photos by Robert Capa

photos by Robert Capa

Pablo Picasso and Françoise Gilot and Picasso's nephew, Javier Vilato. Spain, Barcelona. January 1939. Watching an air raid over the city. Barcelona was being heavily bombed by fascist planes, as General Franco's troops rapidly approached (left). Nüremberg, 20th April 1945. The city after the…

First Look: Robert Capa’s Stunning Color Photographs

Bikinis in Biarritz to skiing in the Alps.

20 Of The Most Iconic Photographs And The Cameras That Captured Them

They say a picture is worth a thousand words. Some pictures, however, are worth at least a million. I’m talking about the iconic pictures that nearly everyone recognizes and that will forever be etched into our shared history. Even though these historical photos might be known by all, far from everyone knows about the superstar photographers who took them. Even less know about the film photography cameras they used to capture history in the making. Buckle up, amigos, you’re about to become photography buffs!

Pablo Picasso and Françoise Gilot and Picasso's nephew, Javier Vilato.Spain, Barcelona. January 1939. Watching an air raid over the city. Barcelona was being heavily bombed by fascist planes, as General Franco's troops rapidly approached (left). Nüremberg, 20th April 1945. The city after the Allied bombing. Spain, Madrid. Winter 1936-1937. After an Italo-German air raid. The Nationalist offensive on Madrid, which lasted from November 1936 to February 1937, was one of the fiercest of the Civil War. During this period Italy and Germany started helping the Nationalist forces, and the USSR the Popular Front government. France, Paris. August 25th, 1944. Members of the French Resistance during the liberation of the city. France, Chartres. August 18th, 1944. A mother (dark dress) and her daughter (white dress), accused of collaboration, have their hair shaved, as a sign of humiliation. The daughter is holding a baby conceived with a German soldier. August, 1945. An American soldier selling a watch to a Russian soldier. After the entry of the French 2nd Armored Division, numerous pockets of German snipers had to be rooted out in street fighting. Many French civilians and members of the Resistance helped the French troops in this fighting. This photograph shows a French civilian who was unable to contain his wrath against a German soldier who had surrendered. Paris. August 25th, 1944. Soldiers of the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division. Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte, France, June 16, 1944. Running for shelter during an air raid Bilbau, May 1937. Just after the liberation of the town, a French woman who had had a baby with a German soldier was punished by having her head shaved. Chartres, Eure-et-Loir, France, 18 August 1944. Immigrants from Europe Arriving in Haifa, Israel. Tour de France bicycle race, France, July 1939. Watching the Tour de France in front of the bicycle shop owned by Pierre Cloarec, one of the cyclists in the race, Pleyben, Brittany, France, July 1939. Watching the Tour de France in front of the bicycle shop owned by Pierre Cloarec, one of the cyclists in the race, Pleyben, Brittany, France, July 1939. Galilee. Near Gedera (south of Tel Aviv). November-December, 1950. Village for blind immigrants (victims of trachoma) and their families, founded by a Pole. Three men are led to the community dining hall. Haifa, Israel, 1950. Italy, Naples. Funeral of 20 teenage partisans of the Liceo Sannazaro, in the Vomero district. Led by one of their teachers, the boys had fought against the Germans for 4 days before the arrival of the Allies. October 2nd, 1943. Landing of the American troops on Omaha Beach. Normandy. June 6th, 1944. Nuremberg, Germany, April 20, 1945, (right). Gary Cooper, 1942. Spain, Madrid. November-December 1936. A member of the International Brigades. Pablo Picasso in his studio at the Rue des Grands-Augustins, Paris. Gary Cooper, 1942. American soldier (left) interrogating an Italian prisoner of war. Sicily, Italy, August 1943. Truman Capote, Italy, 1953. Henri Matisse, France. Israel, Tel Aviv. May, 1949. Armon Café, on Hayarkan Street. France, Eure-et-loir. Chartres. August 18th, 1944. Shortly after the liberation of the city, a French woman who had a baby with a German soldier has her head shaved, as a sign of humiliation. Her mother (left) suffered the same treatment. Spain, April 1935, (left). Spain, Barcelona. January 1939. Little girl resting during the evacuation of the city. A member of the American Medical Corps treats a German prisoner of war. Italy, July 1943. France, Eure-et-Loir. Chartres. August 18th, 1944. Shortly after the liberation of the city, a French woman who had collaborated with the Germans has her hair shaved at police headquarters as a sign of humiliation. Ernest Hemingway and his son Gregory. Sun Valley, October 1941. Ernest Hemingway. Spain, Madrid. November-December 1936. After the Italo-German air raids. The Nationalist offensive on Madrid, which lasted from November 1936 to February 1937, was one of the fiercest of the Civil War. During this period Italy and Germany started helping the Nationalist forces, and the USSR the Popular Front government. The civilians were severely affected by the bombings. Members of the International Brigades, engaged in a house to house fight around the slaughterhouse, near the university campus, in the western outskirts of the capital. Madrid. November-December 1936. Death of a loyalist militiaman. Spain, Cordoba front. September, 1936. Near Nicosia, July 28th, 1943. An Italian soldier straggling behind a column of his captured comrades , marching towards a Prisoner Of War camp. Ernest Hemingway. France, near Chartres. August, 1944. Resistance fighters take a German paratroop officer prisoner. Republican Soldier and Gerda Taro, near Cordoba, Spain 1936. Haifa, May/June, 1950. Immigrants from Europe arriving to settle in Israel. Berlin. Jewish New Year. Paris, Les Champs ELysées. August 26th, 1944. Members of the French Resistance and soldiers of the French Army celebrating the liberation of the city. Italy, Cefalu. Two days after the liberation of the city. July 26th, 1943. France, Paris. August 26th, 1944. General Charles de Gaulle leading the parade down the Avenue des Champs-Elysées to celebrate the liberation of the city. France Paris. June 1936. Employees of the department store "Galeries Lafayette" on the rooftop terrace during a sit-in strike, (right). Spain, Barcelona. January 13, 1939. Man with two women and a baby preparing for mobilization as General Franco's troops approached the city. Spain, Barcelona. August 1936. Republican militiamembers.

[amst248carcerality]

The Forgotten Blues Legend: Buddy Moss

This photograph is titled Jailhouse Rock and was taken in a convict camp in Greene County, Georgia, in May 1941 by Jack Delano.  The guitarist was later identified as Eugene “Buddy” Moss, a blues guitarist, singer, songwriter, and harmonica player. Moss is considered to be “the most influential of all the Atlanta blues musicians” by blues historians despite his dying legacy today. 

Buddy Moss was born in Jewell, Georgia sometime around 1914 as one of 12 children in a sharecropping family. When his family moved to August, Georgia, he picked up the harmonica and taught himself to play so that he could perform for people at parties. Later at the age of 16, he followed other Black artists to Atlanta who desired to showcase their talents. Historians say “Decatur Street, right in the heart of Atlanta’s African American community, would have rivaled New Orleans Storyville, Beale Street in Memphis, or 18th & Vine in Kansas City for its profligate night life.” There, Barbecue Bob Hicks and Curley Weaver and was immediately recognized his great proficiency with the harmonica and started recording with him as the Georgia Cotton Pickers, producing songs including “I’m on My Way Down Home” and “She Looks So Good”. By 1933, he was self-taught on the guitar and shortly began playing with Blind WIllie McTell. Moss continued to collaborate with other artists in the Blues scene and produced a prolific amount of tracks. In 1934, his career reached a peak in the south and overshadowed big-name artists of the time like McTell.

Like many other Black blues artists, Moss’s career was hindered by criminal charges. In 1936 at the age 21 Moss was convicted of a crime and was put behind bars.  Some claim he murdered his wife, others that he killed one of his rivals. Even at the time the reasoning for Moss’s arrest was questioned but never given a concrete answer. 

7 years later, he was released on account of good behavior and the requests of future sponsor and recording manager James Baxter (JB) Long. In Long’s custody, he moved to Long’s home in Elon College in North Carolina where he spent 10 years “working in the fields during the weekdays and in Long's store on the weekends.” During this time he met other artists managed by Long including Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, whom he recorded with in New York under Columbia’s label. Moss’s time in prison seemed to only enhance his skills and he felt like he could make a comeback. However, events of World War II lead to the banning of shellac material used for record discs and the entire industry collapsed, halting blues recording productions. Subsequently, only a handful of songs that he recorded in Columbia were ever published.  

Though he continued to perform locally in areas like Richmond, Virginia; Durham, North Carolina; and even Atlanta, Georgia, Moss could no longer make a living off of his musical talents and was forced into working various medial jobs such as tobacco farming, truck driving, and elevator conducting for the next 20 or so years.

His career lived a short revival in 1964 when he came into contact with Josh White at Emory College. There, he was recognized for his prior work and was invited to play for the college and nearby festivals over the next several years. However, the recordings from this time were not published until years later by Biograph Records. 

In 1951 Moss returned to Atlanta, Georgia. Though he would play for parties from time to time, his musical career had reached a halt. He died in Atlanta on October 19th, 1984. 

Despite being one of the most prolific and influential blues musician of all time, Buddy Moss has unfortunately been largely forgotten. Blues historians primarily attribute this to the fact that his career was interrupted by his time in jail and did not maintain enough momentum to remain popular during the music industry’s downswing during World War II. Biograph Records made an effort to publicize Moss’s music in 1970, releasing a majority of his recorded work from 1930-1941.

Moss’s life raises the question that can be asked about many incarcerated Black artists; what would his life and career have been like if he was not arrested? Why was there no justification for his conviction? Why did was a white male sponsor able to get him out of jail? What did this do to Moss’s spirit? 

Prior to finding this image, I have never heard of Buddy Moss. It is a shame that his legacy is not greater, and I hope this information inspires someone to give his music a listen. 

-Miranda

Sources: 

All Music

Kansas Blues Society

Last.fm

[legends-of-time]

The Strength of a High and Noble Hill (Outlander Story) Timeline - 19th and 20th Centuries

Thought I would a timeline here as my timeline is a mix of my own stuff and the show/books. This will be getting updated as I go along. This is also for our own sanity to look back at. Advice is not to read if not up to date with current story as spoilers. Been split into two.

Masterlist

(17th and 18th Centuries)

4 March 1889 to 4 March 1893 - Benjamin Harrison as 23rd US President

1891 - Julia Moriston is born

4 March 1893 to 4 March 1901 - Grover Cleveland as 24th US President and William McKinley as 25th US President

22 January 1901 - Queen Victoria dies and her son succeeds her as Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India

14 September 1901 to 4 March 1909 - Theodore Roosevelt as 26th US President

1906 - Frank Randall is born

4 March 1909 to 4 March 1913 - William Howard Taft as 27th US President

6 May 1910 - King Edward VII dies and his son succeeds him as George V, King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India

4 March 1913 to 4 March 1921 - Woodrow Wilson as 28th US President

4 August 1914 - WWI begins

20 October 1918 - Claire Elizabeth Beauchamp is born (Julia/Henry)

11 November 1918 - WWI ends

1921 - Jeremiah Walter MacKenzie is born

4 March 1921 to 2 August 1923 - Warren G. Harding as 29th US President

1923 - Claire’s parents Julia Moriston and Henry Montmorency Beauchamp die in a car crash 

2 August 1923 to 12 April 1945 - Calvin Coolidge as 30th US President, Herbert Hoover as 31st US President and Franklin D. Roosevelt as 32nd US President

1936 - On 20 January George V dies and his son succeeds him as Edward VIII, King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India. Then on 11 December Edward VIII abdicates and his brother succeeds him as George VI, King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India

1937 - Claire Beauchamp marries Frank Randall

1 September 1939 - WWII begins and Claire becomes a field nurse and Frank works for the British secret service

1941 - Roger Jeremiah Wakefield MacKenzie is born (Jeremiah/Marjorie) and Jeremiah goes MIA

3 March 1943 - Jeremiah and Marjorie MacKenzie die in the war and Roger is adopted by Reverend Wakefield

12 April 1945 to 20 January 1961 - Harry S. Truman as 33rd US President and Dwight D. Eisenhower as 34th US President

8 May 1945 - WWII ends in Europe

2 May 1945 - Claire travels through the stones at Craigh na Dun to 1743

2 September 1945 - WWII ends in the Pacific

16 April 1948 - Brian almost 2 arrives in future with Claire (2 months pregnant) through the stones at Craigh na Dun

After April 1948 - Move to Boston US

23 November 1948 - Ellen Julia Randall is born

6 February 1952 - George VI dies and his daughter succeeds him as Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms

1957 - Ellen almost gets hit by a car

1958 - Brian sees painting of his grandmother in National Gallery in London and Claire graduates from medical school

20 January 1961 to 22 November 1963 - John F. Kennedy as 35th US President

June 1961 - Brian’s first kiss at end of grade 9 school dance with David Mills

22 November 1963 to 20 January 1969 - Lyndon B. Johnson as 36th US President

1964 - Vietnam War develops into full scale war with American involvement

September 1964 - Brian attends Boston University to do journalism

December 1964 - First nationwide protests against Vietnam War - Brian attends one in Bosto

August, 1965 - President Johnson signs a law making it a federal crime to destroy or mutilate [draft] cards.

15 October 1965 - David Miller publicly burns his draft card, becoming the first person to be prosecuted under that law and a symbol of the growing movement against the war.

November 1965 - Brian joins his friends in burning draft cards - gets into trouble but Frank gets him out of it

January 1966 - Frank dies

March 1966 - Second “Days of Protest” - Brian attends demonstrations in Boston

September 1966 - Ellen attends Harvard University to do history

August 1967 - Brian graduates and begins working at the Boston Globe

1968 - Tet Offensive has multiple phases from January to September

April 1968 - Brian, Ellen and Claire arrive in Scotland for Rev Wakefield's funeral and meet Roger - learns the truth

1 May 1968 - Gillian Edgars/Geillis Duncan travels through the stones at Craigh na Dun to 1733

Summer 1968 - Roger comes with the news that he’s found Jamie

November 1968 - Ellen switches majors to mechanical engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Claire goes through stones at Craigh na Dun to 1766

20 January 1969 to 9 August 1974 - Richard Nixon as 37th US President

July 1969 - Brian, Ellen and Roger attend Celtic Festival and watch moon landing

December 1969 - Brian and Ellen spend Christmas in Scotland

Spring 1971 - Ellen graduates

May 1971 - Brian and Ellen find the news clipping of Claire and Jamie dying and go through stones at Craigh na Dun

June 1971 - Roger travels through the stones at Craigh na Dun

[cryptid-quest]

On This Day in Cryptid History

August 18th: In the year prior, between 1936 & 1937, people around Boonville, Indiana claimed to have seen a giant sloth creature, which they called the Beast of Boonville. On this day, a man barged into a local newspaper and claimed he brought the sloth to the town after an expedition to Mexico.

[queenofnabooty]

TBA - dates (personal life)

“No one ever opens it. They only look in the front, for the births, the marriages and the deaths.”

Because of the content, many spoilers under the cut

-UPDATED/CORRECTED AS OF JAN 2022-

in chronological order

Early 1870s, button factory is built

Avilion is built in 1889

Liliana is born in 1896

Reenie is born in 1900

Richard is born in the first half of 1900

Callista Fitzsimmons is born in 1900

Benjamin commissions the Chase Industries book in 1903

Liliana’s mother dies in 1905

Winifred is born in 1906 or 1907

Alex is born in 1909 or 1910**

Adelia dies of cervical cancer in 1913

Norval and Liliana are married in July 1914

Norval and Liliana conceive Iris in a Halifax motel room in August 1915

Iris is born in early June 1916 (a Gemini)

Percy is killed in Ypres Salient 1916

Eddie is killed at the Somme 1916

Benjamin dies from effects of stroke in August 1916

Norval returns from WWI in 1918

Laura is born in November 1919

Liliana dies of a miscarriage in 1925-26

The Weary Soldier is debuted in November 1928

Alex enters the Chase family life, Labor Day 1934

Alex hides in attic mid-December 1934 to first week of January 1935

Iris’ bridal party on April 6th, 1935

Iris and Richard marry in May 1935

Laura runs away and is found in August 1935

Iris and Alex reunite August 1935

Myra is born in 1936

Norval drinks himself to death 1935

Xanadu Ball in February 1936

Queen Mary cruise in early summer 1936

Aimee is conceived in a Toronto motel room in July 1936

Richard commits Laura to BellaVista Sanctuary in February 1937

Aimee is born in May 1937 (a Taurus)

Alex is killed in Holland in November, 1944

Laura dies by suicide on May 18th, 1945

Richard dies by suicide “several days” before June 4th, 1947

Sabrina is born in 1971*

Aimee dies from a fall in August, 1975

Winifred gets custody of Sabrina in August, 1975

Winifred dies of illness on February 18th or 19th, 1998

Iris dies of heart failure on May 26, 1999

*likely conceived in a motel room in August of 1970 to continue the tradition

What we know about unknown dates:

Adelia was 23 when she got married to Benjamin, who was 40. It was before 1889

Myra is born sometimes between Iris’ wedding and the return to Avilion

Callista Fitzsimmons is 28 when she comes to Avilion

Richard was born in a month before June

(Bigger) Guesses

How old is Norval?

He is called a “young man” when he proposed to Liliana. And a “young husband” when she sends him off to war. It is also noted that Norval and Liliana have known each other for years and they were cast as love interests in fair plays. Also said that when his mother died, him and his brothers were “mostly grown up.” It is likely that Norval was in his early 20s at the time of proposing.

**What is Alex’s age?

When Iris first sees Alex, she compares him to a “young man” or “university student.” She emphasizes that he is “not a boy, a man.”

He’s called a pal of Callie’s, who would be 34 on this meeting

Iris finds 30 (the youngest age she thinks Richard could be when she sees him the same day. She later calls him “well on the other side of being interesting” in terms of romantic interest).

He dropped out of the ministry, before he changed his mind relatively recently. Norval thought he was still preparing to go. If Catholic, minimum age for this is 25. If Anglican, minimum age is 23. Methodist tends to also fall in this range.

Iris’ uses information Alex told her for the book. He had an professor who said he had a diamond-hard intellect, implying that he must have already been in university.

Alex was found alone during WWI after his parents died. We don’t know if this was near the beginning or end of the war, but was likely 1914 or 1915. He doesn’t really have memories of this. His first real memories start at the orphanage. He had to be at least 2 years old.

All the above considered, it is most likely Alex was born somewhere between 1909 or 1910 making him 24-25 when Iris & Laura meet him.

[fixy8ed4xys]

Spanish poet, Federico García Lorca, born 5th of June 1898, executed by fascists on the 18th or 19th of August, 1936, during the Spanish Civil War

top:  with his brother Francisco(right)

bottom: with American lover Philip Cummings, Vermont, 1929

Lorca in Vermont: The Untold Story

[hieromonkcharbel]

In July 1936 the Spanish Civil War broke out. Between July 1936 and March 1937 there was a terrible onslaught of violence against the Church and thousands of people were killed. By the end of the war 6,832 priests and religious had been killed, including 12 bishops and 283 religious sisters. On the 18th July there was a military uprising against the republican government. Two days later the city of Lerida was in the hands of republican forces who burned the cathedral and the churches of the city. In only a few months eighty per cent of the priests of the diocese were killed. The last photograph of Mgr. Huix taken in June 1936 shows him flanked by the priests he had just ordained. Within a month all but one of those new priests were dead, together with their bishop. One of his young seminarians (about fifteen years old) was given a mock trial. The crowd shouted for his death and the so-called judge went through the motions of washing his hands before condemning the seminarian to death. The boy was beaten, stripped, and nailed to a beam where he died.On the night of the 21st July, after republicans had burned the cathedral, they turned their attention to the episcopal residence. Whilst they were beating down the doors, Bishop Huix, his secretary, the porter and the porter’s daughter, confessed, consumed the Blessed Sacrament, and escaped by the back door. It seems the bishop had expected something of the sort to happen and had kept a suitcase packed and ready. At first he took refuge in the house of his gardener, but realising the danger to which he was exposing the gardener and his family he gave himself up to the police. He said ‘I am the bishop of Lerida and I place myself under your protection.’ The police promptly handed him over to the republicans who imprisoned him. Many of the leading people of the city and a number of the clergy were already in the prison. All were struck by the bishop’s cheerfulness and his continuing care for his flock. On the feast of St.James he celebrated Mass using vessels that had been smuggled into the prison. He administered Holy Communion and heard confessions.Early in the morning on the 5th August (the feast of Our Lady of the Snows) the bishop and twenty others were told that they were going to be taken for trial at Barcelona. Outside the city the lorries stopped by the cemetery and the prisoners were told to get out. Realising they were about to be killed, the group asked their bishop for his blessing. He blessed them saying ‘Be brave, for within the hour we shall be reunited in the presence of the Lord.’ They recited the Credo together and were made to dig their own graves. Mgr.Huix was offered the chance of saving his life if he would abjure the faith. He refused, but asked as a favour that he might be the last to die. As each was killed, the bishop blessed them. One of the militia men objected to that blessing and shot him through the hand, so he continued to bless them with his left hand. In a subsequent written testimony the man who administered the final shots to those who were killed recounted what a quantity of blood was spilt, and that the sinews of the bishop’s arms were exposed through having been shot a number of times. Bishop Salvio was not the only priest of the Oratory to lose his life in the Spanish Civil War. Four priests from the Barcelona Oratory were killed, five more from the Gracia Oratory, and the provost of Vic. Those priests are the proto-martyrs of the Congregation of the Oratory. Bishop Salvio Huix Miralpeix was martyred for the faith and showed himself a true pastor in caring for his flock until the very end. He was beatified in Tarragona cathedral on Sunday 13th October 2013. His feast is to be celebrated each year on 6th November.

[xtruss]

GURLITT COLLECTION: GERMANY'S MOST INFAMOUS NAZI-LOOTED ART TROVE

Carl Spitzweg, 'Playing the Piano,' ca. 1840! This drawing by Carl Spitzweg was seized in 1939 from Jewish music publisher Heinri Hinrichsen, who was killed at the Auschwitz death camp in 1942. It was acquired by Nazi art dealer Hildebrand Gurlitt — and later found among the spectacular collection of works hoarded by his son, Cornelius Gurlitt. The work was auctioned by Christie's at the request of Hinrichsen's heirs.

Max Beckmann, 'Zandvoort Beach Cafe,' 1934! The watercolor by the Jewish painter Max Beckmann entered Gurlitt's collection only in 1945. Held by the allied occupation forces at the Central Collecting Point in Wiesbaden from 1945-1950, it was returned to Hildebrand Gurlitt in 1950. Before working for the Nazi regime, Gurlitt had collected and exhibited modern art, curating Beckmann's last exhibition in 1936 before the artist fled Germany.

Otto Griebel, 'Veiled Woman,' 1926! This work was owned by lawyer and art collector Fritz Salo Glaser. Artists of Dresden's avant-garde scene were his guests in the 1920s — as was the young Hildebrand Gurlitt. It is not known how Gurlitt came to possess the painting. It was confiscated in 1945 and later returned. Of Jewish heritage, Glaser only narrowly avoided deportation to the Theresienstadt concentration camp in 1945.

Claude Monet, 'Waterloo Bridge,' 1903! This painting by the famous impressionist is not suspected to have been looted. The artist sold it to the Durand Ruel Gallery in 1907. The Jewish art merchant and publisher Paul Cassirer is said to have given it to Marie Gurlitt as a present, and she left it to her son Hildebrand Gurlitt in 1923.

Thomas Couture, 'Portrait of a Seated Young Woman,' 1850! A short handwritten note allowed provenance researchers to identify this work by the French painter as a looted work of art. The picture was seized from the collection of Jewish politician and resistance leader Georges Mandel, who was executed by French fascists near Paris in 1944. German Culture Minister Monika Grütters (right) handed over the work to Mandel's heirs in January 2019.

Paul Signac, 'Quai de Clichy,' 1887! The activist group Provenance Research Gurlitt identified this painting by French neo-impressionist Paul Signac as stolen Jewish property in October 2018. Gaston Prosper Levy fled Nazi-occupied France in 1940. Occupying soldiers are believed to have looted his art collection shortly before his escape. The painting was returned to Levy's family in 2019.

Auguste Rodin, 'Crouching Woman,' approx. 1882! Hildebrand Gurlitt must have acquired this work by the French sculptor between 1940 and 1945. Previously belonging to the Frenchman Eugene Rudier, it entered circulation in 1919 at an auction by Octave Henri Marie Mirbeau, who is said to have received it as a present from the artist.

Albrecht Dürer, Knight, Death and Devil, 1513! This copper engraving by Albrecht Dürer once belonged to the Falkeisen-Huber Gallery in Basel. It is not known how it got there or how long it was there however. In 2012 the engraving turned up in Cornelius Gurlitt's collection. "Old masters" like Dürer were very important to the National Socialists' view of art and were often exploited for propaganda.

Edvard Munch, 'Ashes II,' 1899! The provenance of this drawing is completely unknown. It is certain, however, that Hitler considered Norwegian artist Edvard Munch's work "degenerate art." Some 82 pieces by Munch were confiscated in German museums in 1937.

Francois Boucher, 'Male Nude,' undated! Hitler venerated 18th-century French painting. He secured exceptional paintings for his own collection by targeting the collection of the Rothschild Family after the annexation of Austria. Hildebrand Gurlitt supplemented them with drawings by renowned French painters. He acquired this work by Boucher from a Parisian art merchant in 1942.

[mydailyvintagephotos]

The Year I Was Born 1936,1937,1938,1939

Born 1936

Ursula Andress, March 19 1936 ~ age 86

Robert Redford, August 18th 1936 ~ age 85 old

Born 1937

Shirley Bassey January 8th 1937~ 85 years old

Billy Dee Williams April 6th 1937 ~ 85 years old

Born 1938

Claudia Cardinale April 15th 1938 ~ 84 years old

Christopher Lloyd October 22nd 1938 ~ 83 years old

Born 1939

Lily Tomlin September 1st 1939 ~ 82 years old

Ian McKellen May 25 1939 ~ 83 years old

[catherinesboleyn]

Every Queen of England Ever

I was curious and looked up “every queen of England” and was expecting to find some sort of list, but I didn’t. So, I decided to do the research and make my own. Here is every queen of England to ever exist (that was recorded anyway), the consorts and the rulers.

Judith of Flanders: Queen consort of Wessex when she married Æthelwulf of Wessex from October 1st of 856 to January 13th of 858. She was queen again when she married her stepson, Æthelbald, from 858 to December 20th of 860.

Wulfthryth of Wessex: Queen consort of Wessex from ? - ? wife of Æthelred I.

Ealhswith: Queen consort of Wessex from April 23rd of 871 to October 26th of 899, wife of Alfred the Great.

Ecgwynn: Queen consort of Wessex from ? - ? wife of Edward the Elder.

Ælfflæd: Queen consort of Wessex from ? - ? wife of Edward the Elder.

Eadgifu of Kent: Queen consort of Wessex from ? - ? wife of Edward the Elder.

Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury: Queen consort of England from 939 to 944, wife of Edmund I.

Æthelflæd of Damerham: Queen consort of England from 944 to May 26th of 946, wife of Edmund I.

Ælfgifu: Queen consort of England from November 23rd of 955 to October 1st of 959, wife of Eadwig.

Ælfthryth: Queen consort of England from 964 or 965 to July 8th of 975, wife of Edgar.

Ælfgifu of York: Queen consort of England from the 980s to 1002, wife of Æthelred the Unready.

Emma of Normandy: Queen consort of England from 1002 to 1013, wife of Æthelred the Unready.

Ealdgyth: Queen consort of England from April 23rd of 1016 to November 30th of 1016, wife of Edmund Ironside.

Ælfgifu of Northampton: Queen consort of England from ? - ? wife of Cnut the Great.

Emma of Normandy: Queen consort of England again from July 1017 to November 12th of 1035, wife of Cnut the Great.

Edith of Wessex: Queen consort of England from 1045 to January 5th of 1066, wife of Edward the Confessor.

Ealdgyth of Mercia: Queen consort of England from January 4th of 1066 to October 14th of 1066, wife of Harold II.

Matilda of Flanders: Queen consort of England from December 25th of 1066 to November 2nd of 1083, wife of William the Conquerer.

Matilda of Scotland: Queen consort of England from November 11th of 1100 to May 1st of 1118, wife of Henry I.

Adeliza of Louvain: Queen consort of England from January 24th of 1121 to December 1st of 1135, wife of Henry I.

Matilda of Boulogne: Queen consort of England from December 22nd of 1135 to May 3rd of 1152, wife of Stephen.

Eleanor of Aquitaine: Queen consort of England from December 19th of 1154 to July 6th of 1189, wife of Henry II.

Berengaria of Navarre: Queen consort of England from May 12th of 1191 to April 6th of 1199, wife of Richard I.

Isabella of Angoulême: Queen consort of England from August 24th of 1200 to October 19th of 1216, wife of John.

Eleanor of Provence: Queen consort of England from January 14th of 1236 to November 16th of 1272, wife of Henry III.

Eleanor of Castile: Queen consort of England from November 20th of 1272 to November 28th of 1290, wife of Edward I.

Margaret of France: Queen consort of England from September 8th of 1299 to July 7th of 1307, wife of Edward I.

Isabella of France: Queen consort of England from January 25th of 1308 to January 25th of 1327, wife of Edward II.

Philippa of Hainault: Queen consort of England from January 24th of 1328 to August 15th of 1369, wife of Edward III.

Anne of Bohemia: Queen consort of England from January 20th of 1382 to June 7th of 1394, Wife of Richard II.

Isabella of Valois: Queen consort of England from October 31st of 1396 to September 30th of 1399, wife of Richard II.

Joan of Navarre: Queen consort of England from February 7th of 1403 to March 20th of 1413, wife of Henry IV.

Catherine of Valois: Queen consort of England from June 2nd of 1420 to August 31st of 1422, wife of Henry V.

Margaret of Anjou: Queen consort of England from April 23rd of 1445 to March 4th of 1461, wife of Henry VI.

Elizabeth Woodville: Queen consort of England from May 1st of 1464 to October 3rd of 1470, wife of Edward IV.

Margaret of Anjou: Queen consort of England again from October 3rd of 1470 to April 11th of 1471.

Elizabeth Woodville: Queen consort of England again from April 11th of 1471 to April 9th of 1483.

Anne Neville: Queen consort of England from June 26th of 1483 to March 16th of 1485, wife of Richard III.

Elizabeth of York: Queen consort of England from January 18th of 1486 to February 11th of 1503, wife of Henry VII.

Catherine of Aragon: Queen consort of England from June 11th of 1509 to May 23rd of 1533, wife of Henry VIII.

Anne Boleyn: Queen consort of England from May 28th of 1533 to May 17th of 1536, wife of Henry VIII.

Jane Seymour: Queen consort of England from May 30th of 1536 to October 24th of 1537, wife of Henry VIII.

Anne of Cleves: Queen consort of England from January 6th of 1540 to July 9th of 1540, wife of Henry VIII.

Katherine Howard: Queen consort of England from July 18th of 1540 to November 23rd of 1541, wife of Henry VIII.

Katherine Parr: Queen consort of England and Ireland from July 12th of 1543 to January 28th of 1547, wife of Henry VIII.

Lady Jane Grey: Queen of England and Ireland from July 10th of 1553 to July 19th of 1553.

Mary I: Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 to November 17th of 1558.

Elizabeth I: Queen of England and Ireland from November 17th of 1558 to March 24th of 1603.

Anne of Denmark: Queen consort of England and Ireland from March 24th of 1603 to March 2nd of 1619, wife of James VI and I.

Henrietta Maria: Queen consort of England, Scotland and Ireland from June 13th of 1625 to January 30th of 1649, wife of Charles I.

Catherine of Braganza: Queen consort of England, Scotland and Ireland from April 23rd of 1662 to February 6th of 1685, wife of Charles II.

Mary of Modena: Queen consort of England, Scotland and Ireland from February 6th of 1685 to December 11th of 1688, wife of James II.

Mary II: Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland along with her husband William III and II from 1689 to December 28th 1694.

Anne: Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland from March 8th of 1702 to May 1st of 1707.

Caroline of Ansbach: Queen consort of Great Britain and Ireland from June 11th of 1727 to November 20th of 1737, wife of George II.

Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz: Queen consort of Great Britain and Ireland from September 8th of 1761 to November 17th of 1818, wife of George III.

Caroline of Brunswick: Queen consort of the United Kingdom and Hanover from January 29th of 1820 to August 7th of 1821, wife of George IV.

Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen: Queen consort of the United Kingdom and Hanover from June 26th of 1830 to June 20th of 1837, wife of William IV.

Victoria: Queen of the United Kingdom from June 20th of 1837 to January 22nd of 1901.

Alexandra of Denmark: Queen consort of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions from January 22nd of 1901 to May 6th of 1910, wife of Edward VII.

Mary of Teck: Queen consort of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions from May 6th of 1910 to January 20th of 1936, wife of George V.

Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon: Queen consort of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions from December 11th of 1936 to February 6th of 1952, wife of George VI.

Elizabeth II: Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms from February 6th of 1952 to present.

[greatworldwar2]

• Hugh Dowding

Air Chief Marshal Hugh Caswall Tremenheere Dowding, 1st Baron Dowding, GCB, GCVO, CMG was an officer in the Royal Air Force. He was Air Officer Commanding RAF Fighter Command during the Battle of Britain and is generally credited with playing a crucial role in Britain's defence.

Dowding was born at St. Ninian's Boys' Preparatory School in Moffat, Dumfriesshire, on April 24th, 1882 the son of Arthur John Caswall Dowding and Maud Caroline Dowding. Dowding was educated at St Ninian's School and Winchester College. He trained at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich before being commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Garrison Artillery on August 18th, 1900. Promoted to lieutenant in May 1902, Dowding served with the Royal Garrison Artillery at Gibraltar, in Ceylon and in Hong Kong before being posted to No. 7 Mountain Artillery Battery in India in 1904. After returning to the United Kingdom, he attended the Army Staff College 1912 before being promoted to captain in August 1913 and being posted with the Royal Garrison Artillery on the Isle of Wight later that year. After becoming interested in aviation, Dowding gained Aviator's Certificate no. 711 on December 19th, 1913 in a Vickers biplane at the Vickers School of Flying, Brooklands. He then attended the Central Flying School, where he was awarded his wings. Although added to the Reserve List of the Royal Flying Corps (RFC), Dowding returned to the Isle of Wight to resume his Royal Garrison Artillery duties. However, this arrangement was short lived and in August 1914, he joined the RFC as a pilot on No. 7 Squadron.

Dowding transferred to No. 6 Squadron in October 1914 and then, after two weeks as a staff officer in France, became a Flight Commander, first with No. 9 Squadron and then with No. 6 Squadron. He became commanding officer of the Wireless Experimental Establishment at Brooklands in March 1915 and went on to be commanding officer of No. 16 Squadron in July 1915. After the Battle of the Somme, Dowding clashed with General Hugh Trenchard, the commander of the RFC, over the need to give pilots some rest and recuperation. Promoted to major on December 30th, 1915, Dowding was recalled to England in January 1916, and, having been promoted to temporary lieutenant colonel on February 1st, 1916 was given command of 7 Wing at Farnborough later that month. He transferred to the command of 9 wing at Fienvillers in June 1916. Returning to England, he was promoted to temporary colonel on January 1st, 1917 on appointment as commander of the Southern Group Command and promoted to temporary brigadier-general on June 23rd, 1917 before being given command of the southern training brigade in August 1917. He was sent to York as chief staff officer to the RAF's senior administrative officer in the area in April 1918. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in January 1919. Dowding was given a permanent commission in the RAF on August 1st, 1919 with the rank of group captain. He commanded No. 16 Group from October 1919 and then No. 1 Group from February 1920 where he was responsible for organising two of the annual air displays at Hendon. He was promoted to air commodore on January 1st, 1922, and served as chief staff officer at Inland Area headquarters at Uxbridge from February 1922 before being appointed Chief Staff Officer for RAF Iraq Command in August 1924. Dowding was an accomplished skier, winner of the first ever National Slalom Championship, and president of the Ski Club of Great Britain from 1924 to 1925. In May 1926 Dowding was appointed director of training at the Air Ministry. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on January 2nd, 1928 and promoted to air vice-marshal in January 1929.

Trenchard sent him to Palestine and Transjordan to study security problems caused by Arab–Jewish unrest: his reports, which gained Trenchard's approval, were a cause of further career advancement. Dowding became Air Officer Commanding Fighting Area, Air Defence of Great Britain in December 1929 and then joined the Air Council as Air Member for Supply and Research in September 1930. Dowding's time in this office coincided with a period of rapid development in aircraft design and a growing fear that another major war was on the horizon. Although without scientific or technical training, he displayed a great capacity for understanding technical matters. He was promoted to air marshal in January 1933 and advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in June 1933. In July 1936 Dowding was appointed commanding officer of the newly created RAF Fighter Command, and was perhaps the one important person in Britain, and perhaps the world, who did not agree with British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin's 1932 declaration that "The bomber will always get through". He conceived and oversaw the development of the "Dowding system". This consisted of an integrated air defence system which included radar (whose potential Dowding was among the first to appreciate), human observers (including the Royal Observer Corps), who filled crucial gaps in what radar was capable of detecting at the time (the early radar systems, for example, did not provide good information on the altitude of incoming German aircraft), raid plotting, and radio control of aircraft. The whole network was linked in many cases by dedicated telephone cables buried sufficiently deeply to provide protection against bombing. The network had its centre at RAF Bentley Priory, a converted country house on the outskirts of London. The system as a whole later became known as Ground-controlled interception (GCI). Dowding also introduced modern aircraft into service during the pre war period, including the eight gun Spitfire and Hurricane. He is also credited with having fought the Air Ministry so that fighter planes were equipped with bullet proof wind shields. He was promoted to air chief marshal on January 1st, 1937 and appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order in January 1937.

At the time of his retirement in June 1939, Dowding was asked to stay on until March 1940 because of the tense international situation. He was again permitted to continue through the Battle of Britain, first until July and finally until November 1940. In 1940, Dowding, nicknamed "Stuffy" by his men for his alleged lack of humour, proved unwilling to sacrifice aircraft and pilots in the attempt to aid Allied troops during the Battle of France. He, along with his immediate superior Sir Cyril Newall, then Chief of the Air Staff, resisted repeated requests from Winston Churchill to weaken the home defence by sending precious squadrons to France. When the Allied resistance in France collapsed, he worked closely with Air Vice-Marshal Keith Park, the commander of 11 Fighter Group, in organising cover for the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force at Dunkirk. Through the summer and autumn of 1940 in the Battle of Britain, Dowding's Fighter Command resisted the attacks of the Luftwaffe. Beyond the critical importance of the overall system of integrated air defence which he had developed for Fighter Command, his major contribution was to marshal resources behind the scenes (including replacement aircraft and air crew) and to maintain a significant fighter reserve, while leaving his subordinate commanders' hands largely free to run the battle in detail. Dowding was known for his humility and great sincerity. Fighter Command pilots came to characterise Dowding as one who cared for his men and had their best interests at heart. Dowding often referred to his "dear fighter boys" as his "chicks": indeed his son Derek was one of them. Because of his brilliant detailed preparation of Britain's air defences for the German assault, and his prudent management of his resources during the battle, Dowding is today generally given the credit for Britain's victory in the Battle of Britain.

Dowding's subsequent downfall has been attributed by some to his singlemindedness and perceived lack of diplomacy and political savoir faire in dealing with intra-RAF challenges and intrigues, most obviously the still, even now, hotly debated Big Wing controversy in which a number of senior and active service officers had argued in favour of large set-piece air battles with the Luftwaffe as an alternative to Dowding's successful Fabian strategy. Another reason often cited for his removal, but characterised by some contemporary commentators more as a pretext, was the difficulty of countering German nighttime bombing raids on British cities. Dowding himself showed that he had a good grasp of night fighter defence and was planning a defence system against night bombing in a letter he wrote some time after the Battle of Britain. However, there was great political and public pressure during the Blitz for something to be done, and Fighter Command's existing resources without, as yet, airborne radar, proved woefully inadequate. Dowding was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in October 1940. He unwillingly relinquished command on November 24th, 1940 and was replaced by Big Wing advocate Sholto Douglas. Churchill tried to soften the blow by putting him in charge of the British Air Mission to the US, responsible for the procurement of new aircraft types. After leaving Fighter Command, Dowding was sent on special duty to the United States for the Ministry of Aircraft Production, but there he made himself unpopular with his outspokenness. On his return he headed a study into economies of RAF manpower before retiring from the Royal Air Force in July 1942. He was elevated to the peerage, as Baron Dowding of Bentley Priory on June 2nd, 1943.

Later in life, because of his belief that he was unjustly treated by the RAF, Dowding became increasingly bitter. He approved Robert Wright's book Dowding and the Battle of Britain which argued that a conspiracy of Big Wing proponents, had engineered his sacking from Fighter Command. In the wake of the debate that followed, the RAF passed him over for promotion to Marshal of the Royal Air Force. In his retirement, Dowding became actively interested in Spiritualism, both as a writer and speaker. His first book on the subject, Many Mansions, was written in 1943, followed by Lychgate (1945), The Dark Star and God's Magic. Rejecting conventional Christianity, he joined the Theosophical Society which advocated belief in reincarnation. He wrote of meeting dead "RAF boys" in his sleep – spirits who flew fighters from mountain-top runways made of light. In 1951, Dowding laid the foundation stone of the Chapel of St George at RAF Biggin Hill, now London Biggin Hill Airport, in memory of fallen airmen. Dowding and his second wife Baroness Dowding were both anti-vivisectionists and in 1973 Britain's National Anti-Vivisection Society founded the Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research in his honour. Dowding became a vegetarian, based on his beliefs as a theosophist and spiritualist. Although he was a vegetarian, he believed that "animals will be killed to satisfy human needs for many a long day to come", and he made several appeals in the House of Lords for the humane killing of animals intended for food. He was also a member of the Fairy Investigation Society. Although he knew that people considered him a crank for his belief in fairies, Dowding believed that fairies "are essential to the growth of plants and the welfare of the vegetable kingdom". Dowding died at his home in Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent, on February 15th, 1970 at the age of 87. His body was cremated and its ashes were placed below the Battle of Britain Memorial Window in the Royal Air Force chapel in Westminster Abbey. Dowding's son Derek inherited his titles.

[eugene-my-love]

Happy 83rd Birthday Charles Robert Redford Jr.!

Born August 18th, 1936