#atropine of mode of action

[forensicfield]

Atropine Poisoning

Atropine is a prescription medication used to treat symptoms of low heart rate (bradycardia), to minimise salivation and bronchial secretions before to surgery, and as an antidote for cholinergic drug overdose or mushroom poisoning. Atropine can be used..

(more…)

[demi-shoggoth]

2022 Reading Log pt 6

26. Fuzz: When Nature Breaks the Law by Mary Roach. The release of a new book by Roach is always cause for celebration. This is about wildlife management, mostly mammals and birds. It starts with very serious cases—deaths caused by animals, both in the USA and India—and then gets to smaller, weirder cases. How to prevent bird strikes on airplanes? Why are some poisonous plants regulated, and others are garden staples? Does the Pope’s anti seagull laser security system actually work? As usual for a Roach book, she talks to people who have very interesting jobs most people have probably never thought of, and has a good sense of humor about the whole thing. Highly recommended, but then, so are all of her books.

27. The Dictionary of Obscure Sorrows by John Koenig. Koenig was the guy who coined the word “sonder” about a decade ago as part of his website, and this book collects similar emotionally-themed neologisms. Most of the new words just get simple definitions and etymologies (most are remixed versions of words from other languages, punning portmanteaus, or both), whereas some get a few pages of prose poem on the theme. Despite the title, “sorrows” isn’t quite right. Most of the words reflect some sort of alienation, from self, from others, from the world. As you can imagine from a book about subjective experiences, I found some of the emotional states described very familiar, and others somewhat baffling. A few were even generally moving. I enjoyed this book, but I probably would have enjoyed it more as something to pick up and read a few words out of at a time, rather than cover-to-cover as I had to (I got this book from the library; due dates and all).

28. The Vampire: Origins of a European Myth by Thomas M. Bohn. This is an academic text (I finally have a university library card again!) about the development of the vampire legend. Bohn’s thesis is that “vampires” exist as more a literary than folkloric monster—folkloric vampires have more in common with revenants than with Dracula, and posing them as something else is a xenophobic tactic to distinguish us from them: West vs. East, Orthodox vs. Catholic, and so on. The main attraction of the book is dozens upon dozens of accounts from various times and cultures of undead attacks; some with more ghost-like aspects, some intended for comedy rather than horror, and some that are truly bizarre (like the stillborn, boneless mulo of the Roma).

29. Worlds in Shadow: Submerged Lands in Science, Memory and Myth by Patrick Nunn. This book is about sea level rise, land subsidence, tectonic activity, and other things that cause land to disappear into the oceans. Specifically, it is about how these have left an impact on the oral tradition, and how science should take most stories of sunken land more seriously. Note that this is “most”—Nunn is focusing on land loss in places like the British coast and the islands of the Pacific, and takes the time to debunk Lemuria, Atlantis and Mu. This feels something like a précis for a longer text, which in some ways it is: this is a Bloomsbury Sigma book intended for general audiences, and Nunn has written several more academic texts on the same theme.

30. A Taste for Poison by Neil Bradbury, PhD. I am a sucker for books about poison. And this is a good one. Nunn covers eleven different poisons as his focus—seven organic molecules and four elements—discussing their modes of action, crimes in which they were used, and the medical applications to which they have been placed. Oftentimes, multiple crimes will be covered under the same topic. For example, the chapter on atropine also discusses the use of Novochek in an attempted assassination of Russian defectors, because atropine as heart medication saved their lives. I would have liked maybe a more even mix of organic and inorganic poisons (no mercury? thallium?), but that’s a minor quibble.

[healthcare-market]

Antidotes Market : Global Industry Revenue and Share by Manufacturers

Antidotes are medicines, chelating drugs, or pharmaceutical ingredients that neutralize the effect of poison or another drug. Paracetamol poisoning is the major concern all over the world as it is the most common drug taken in intentional overdose. Opioid poisoning, cyanide poisoning, benzodiazepine poisoning and other toxins can be neutralized using antidotes. Different types of antidotes are available to neutralize the effect of one particular drug and to reduce the toxicity of many drugs. There are antidotes that are 100% effective, while some can cause fatalities. Examples of antidotes are pralidoxime for poisoning by anti-cholinesterase nerve agents, naloxone for opioid overdose, methylene blue for drug-induced methemoglobinemia, flumazenil for benzodiazepine overdose, dimercaprol for arsenic, gold, or inorganic mercury poisoning, digoxin immune fab for digoxin toxicity, atropine for organophosphates and carbamates, activated charcoal for most poisons, and acetylcysteine for acetaminophen poisoning.

Read Report Overview: https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/antidotes-market.html

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 5 million people across the world suffer from snake bites each year, and nearly 100,000 of these develop severe sequela. Mortality rate in developing countries in Asia Pacific such as India was approximately 30,000, whereas in developed countries in North America such as the U.S. it was 50,000 cases of bites, of which 7,000 were by venomous snakes.

Increase in awareness and studies regarding the identification of toxins of venomous bites by companies and governments to increase the knowledge of antidotes and drugs is projected to drive the global antidotes market during the forecast period. Rise in prevalence of the medical conditions associated with antidotes such as trichotillomania, toxoplasmosis prophylaxis, smoking cessation, reversal of sedation, reversal of opioid sedation, pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis, and opioid overdose drives demand for antidotes. However, rise in prices of anti-venoms is anticipated to restrain the global antidotes market during the forecast period.

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The global antidotes market can be segmented based on antidote type, dosage form, mode of action, and region. In terms of antidote type, the market can be categorized into chemical antidotes, physical antidotes, and pharmacological antidotes. Based on dosage form, the global antidotes market can be bifurcated into oral and injectable. Oral dosage can be divided into capsules or tablets, and syrup. Based on mode of action, the market can be segmented into poison, drug, and toxin.

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Geographically, the global antidotes market can be segmented into Latin America, Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, and Middle East & Africa. North America held the largest market share in 2016, due to increase in research and development on antidotes in the region. Europe held the second largest market share in 2016, due to technological advancements in antidotes. The market in Asia Pacific is anticipated to grow at a rapid pace during the forecast period owing to increase in prevalence of medical conditions associated with antidotes such as nerve agent poisoning, methotrexate rescue, methanol poisoning, mercury poisoning, lead poisoning, and gold poisoning. The market in Latin America and Middle East & Africa is anticipated to be driven by rise in government initiatives regarding antidotes.

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Key players in the global antidotes market include ADAPT Pharma, Inc., Baxter International, Inc., Cumberland Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc., Graceway Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Luitpold Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Novartis AG, Protherics, Inc., ApoPharma USA, Inc., Apotex, Inc., and Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

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[juniperpublishersanatomy-blog]

Alleviation of Acute Poisoning of Organophosphates in Humans-Juniper Publishers

Organophosphates (OPs) are used as pesticides and developed as warfare nerve agents. Exposure to an organophosphate could be lethal resulting in death due to respiratory failure. The mechanism of organophosphate poisoning includes inhibition of the acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) via phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group of serine present at the active site of the enzyme. The inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) results in the accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh) at cholinergic receptor sites, producing continuous stimulation throughout the nervous systems. Several therapeutic agents have been developed and used in the treatment of poisoning with OPs. For example, pyridiniumoximes have been developed as therapeutic agents for the treatment of poisoning by OPs. The mode of action of pyridiniumoximes is by the reactivation of inhibited acetyl cholinesterase. However, the universal broad spectrum oximes capable of protecting against all known OPs, is still have to be investigated. Presently, a combination of an antimuscarinic agent, e.g. atropine, an AChE reactivators i.e. oximes and diazepam are used for the treatment of organophosphate poisoning in humans. In spite of enormous efforts devoted to the development of new AChEreactivators as antidotes against poisoning with organophosphates, only four compounds so far have been found their applications in human medicine. This article presents an updated account of the available reports concerning the treatment of OP poisoning and its alleviation. Keywords:  Pesticides; Organophosphate Poisoning; Antidote; Acetyl cholinesterase; Cholinergic; Alleviation

Abbreviations:  OP: Organophosphate; AChE: Acetylcholinesterase; ChE: Cholinesterases; Ach: acetylcholin

Introduction

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (EC 3.1.1.7) is the primary cholinesterase belongs to carboxylesterase family . It is an acetylhydrolase, found in many types of conducting tissues. AChE is also found on the red blood cell membranes and blood plasma (EC 3.1.1.8, ChE) [1]. The function of AChE is the termination of ACh at the junctions of the various cholinergic nerve endings with their post-synaptic sites which catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine that function as neurotransmitters with very high catalytic activity. The turn over number for AChE has been found to be about 25000 molecules of acetylcholine (ACh) hydrolysed per second [2]. The AChE activity is higher in motor neurons than in sensory neurons [3,4]. AChE exists in multiple molecular forms with different oligomeric assembly but having the same catalytic activities. The enzyme has been reported to be membrane bound [5-7]. The active site of AChE has two sub sites - anionic site and esteraticsubsite. The esteraticsubsite contains the catalytic triad of three amino acids: serine 200, histidine 440 and glutamate 327 similar to the triad in other serine proteases except that the glutamate is the third member rather than aspartate, where acetylcholine is hydrolyzed to acetate and choline [8]. The hydrolysis reaction of the carboxyl ester forms an acyl-enzyme and free choline. Then, the acyl-enzyme undergoes nucleophilic attack by a water molecule, assisted by the histidine 440 group, liberating acetic acid and regenerating the free enzyme [9,10]. The mechanism of action of AChE has been elucidated in (Figure 1). The anionic sub site accommodates the positive quaternary amine of acetylcholine and other cationic substrates and inhibitors. The cationic substrates are not bound by interaction of 14 aromatic amino residues [11], which are highly conserved across different species [12]. Among these aromatic amino acids the substitution of tryptophan 84 with alanineresults in a 3000-fold decreased reactivity [13]. During neurotransmission, ACh is released from presynaptic neuron into synaptic cleft and binds to ACh receptors on the post-synaptic membrane, relaying the signal. AChE, also located on the post-synaptic membrane, terminates the signal transmission by hydrolyzingACh. The liberated choline is taken up again by the pre-synaptic neuron and ACh is synthesized by combining with acetyl-CoA through the action of choline acetyltransferase [14] (Figure 2).

Organophosphates (OPs), the esters of phosphoric acid, are a class of irreversible AChE inhibitors. The cleavage of OP by AChE leaves a phosphoryl group in the esteratic site, which is slow to be hydrolyzed and can bound covalently. Carbamates, esters of N-methyl carbamic acid, are reversible inhibitors of AChE that hydrolyze in hours and occupy the esteratic site for short periods of time (Figure 3). Presently, a combination of AChE reactivators such as atropine and diazepam are used for the treatment of OP poisoning. The drugs donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine used in alzheimer disease are inhibitors of AChE [9,15]. It has also been reported that some phytochemicals such as tetrahydrocannabinol, the active ingredient of cannabis, is a competitive inhibitor of AChE [16]. This article presents an updated account of the reports available concerning the alleviation of OP poisoning by some antidotes including atropine and oximes.

Interaction of cholinesterases with organophosphates

The physiological role of AChE in blood is not understood, but it was proposed that ChE may have roles in neurotransmission and involved in other nervous system functions and in neurodegenerative disorders [17]. In the presence of OPs, AChE becomes progressively inhibited and is not further capable of hydrolyzing ACh [18]. Consequently, ACh accumulates at cholinergic receptor sites and produces excessive stimulation of cholinergic receptors throughout the nervous systems. Both substrate and inhibitors react covalently with the esterase in essentially the same manner, because acetylation of the serine residue at AChE catalytic site is analogous to phosphorylation. Inhibited enzyme can be spontaneously reactivated at different rates depending on the inhibitor. The variations in the acute toxicity of OP are the result of their different chemical structures and rates of spontaneous reactivation and aging. The aging has the major clinical importance and an imperative problem in the treatment of pesticide poisoning because aged form of phosphorylated AChE is resistant to both spontaneous and oxime-induced reactivation. Hence, recovery of inactivated AChE function depends on relatively slow resynthesis of AChE during aging thereby exerting higher level of toxicity as compared to those at younger age.

Clinical presentation of OP poisoning

According to World Health Organization (WHO), in cases of intoxication the signs and symptoms of acute poisoning with OPs are predictable from their levels of AChE activity [19]. These clinical features include sweating, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, and abdominal cramps, salivation, respiratory difficulties, dyspnea, cough, wheezing, fasciculations, bradycardia, change in ECG, cyanosis, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, involuntary urination and defecation, accompanied by dizziness, tremulousness, confusion, ataxia, headache, tremors, constriction sensation in the chest, twitching of facial muscles and tongue, and fatigability finally into death. It has been reported that even after survival of the patient with OP poisoning, there would be mood swings, personality changes, aggressive events and psychotic episodes [20,21]. Diagnosis is relatively based on medical history, exposure circumstances, clinical presentation, and laboratory tests. Erythrocyte AChE is identical to the enzyme present in the target synapses and its levels are assumed to reflect the effects of OPs in target organs. Thus, erythrocyte AChE may be considered as a biomarker of neurotoxicity. Due to pharmacokinetic reasons, it is difficult to know exactly, how closely the AChE inhibition in erythrocytes reflects to that in the nervous system since access to blood is always easier than brain. Thus, erythrocytes AChE inhibition may reflect altogether a different message from that in brain [18].

Treatment of acute poisoning with Organophosphorus pesticides

Treatment of OP pesticide poisoning should begin with decontamination and care must be taken not to contaminate others.

Atropine

Atropine acts through blocking the effects of excess concentrations of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses following OP inhibition of AChE. It has been reported that atropine may prevent development of convulsions and brain damage induced by certain OP [22]. The trial dose of atropine is 0.05 mg/kg intravenously, should be given slowly over 3 min, and then repeated every 5–10 min. In symptomatic children, intravenous dose of 0.015–0.05 mg/kg atropine should be administered at interval of every 15 min. Atropine may then be repeated at 15– 30 min intervals until the patient is atropinized (dilated pupils, dry skin, and skin flushing) which should be maintained during further treatment.

Diazepam

Benzodiazepines are central nervous system (CNS) depressants, anxiolytics (antipanic or antianxiety agent) and muscle relaxants. Marrs [23] in has reported that benzodiazepines, including diazepam, alter GABA binding in an allosteric fashion. The recommended dose of diazepam in cases of OP poisoning is 5–10mg intravenously in the absence of convulsions and 10–20mg intravenously in cases with convulsions [22].

Oximes

The antidotal potency of pyridiniumoximes is primarily attributed to their ability to reactivate phosphorylated cholinesterases. Reactivation proceeds through the formation of intermediate Michaelis-Menten complex leading to the formation of stable phosphoryl residue bound to the hydroxyl group of serine present at active site of AChE. The rate of reactivation depends on structure of phosphoryl moiety bound to the enzyme, source of the enzyme, rate of post inhibitory dealkylation and concentration of oxime [24,25]. Pyridiniumoximes are effective in the peripheral nervous system, but also have a penetration across the blood–brain barrier [26] and therefore enable passage of higher oxime concentrations into brain [27]. Pralidoxime is not sufficiently effective in the treatment of OP pesticide poisoning [28]. The inadequate initial treatment with oximes may not be sufficiently effective in OP poisoning because oximes are rapidly cleared from the body. Among the many classes of oximes investigated with clinical application can be divided in following groups: monopyridinium (PAM-2, pralidoxime), bispyridiniumoximes (TMB-4, trimedoxime), obidoxime (LuH-6, Toxogonin) and asoxime (HI-6).

Pralidoxime (PAM-2)

Sidell and Groff (1971) have shown that the pralidoxime administered to human at a dose of 10 mg/kg by intramuscular route, produced a plasma concentration of >4 mg/L within 5–10 min and maintained levels above this threshold for an hour [29]. The PAM-2 iodide was given in combination with atropine and diazepam, in the treatment of the victims of Tokyo sarin attack victims in 1995 [30]. However, PAM-2 should not be recommended against poisoning with warfare nerve agents due to its lack of efficacy [31].

Obidoxime

Obidoxime when administered to humans by intramuscular route, it produced a plasma concentration >4 mg/L, from 5 min after injection to 3 h [32]. Following high doses of obidoxime in severely OP poisoned patients; occasional hepatotoxic effects have been observed including increased serum transaminases and jaundice [33].

Asoxime (HI-6)

Asoxime is considered to be a very promising bispyridiniumoxime in treatment following exposure to most nerve agents. Studies showed that Asoxime dosed by intramuscular route reached plasma concentrations >4 mg/L in 4–6 min [34]. According to Jovanovi´c et al. [35] asoxime did not show any adverse effect on humans. The only disadvantage of asoxime compared to other available oximes is its lack of stability in aqueous solutions. Asoxime was considered to be an effective antidote in treatment of patients poisoned with OP insecticides [34].

Conclusion

The management of acute Organophosphate pesticide poisoning in humans includes general (decontamination and supportive measures) and specific treatment with atropine, oximes (pralidoxime, trimedoxime, obidoxime, and asoxime) and diazepam. Since the introduction of the antidotes in treating the patients poisoned with OPs, there is still no agreement on how these substances should be given for the best result following treatment. While the use of atropine and diazepam in humans have been widely accepted throughout the world., Pyridiniumoximes were successful in the treatment of most cases of OP poisoning, when given with atropine and diazepam. However, some reports indicate that treatment with pralidoxime was not sufficiently beneficial. These problems of effectiveness of oxime treatment may be solved in randomized clinical trial(s) comparing the WHO-recommended regimen with a placebo to assess the value of pralidoxime, and other oximes (obidoxime, trimedoxime, and Asoxime) as well, in acute poisoning with OPs.

Acknowledgement

Vivek Kumar Gupta is grateful to the University Grant Commission, New Delhi, for providing financial assistance in the form of a Research Fellowship.

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[greatestlcve]

Toplexil Syrup Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Precautions

Drug Online

Toplexil Syrup Generic drug of the therapeutic class: Allergology active ingredients: Oxomemazine

Important to know about Toplexil Syrup ?

It is recommended to calm dry coughs and irritation coughs in adults and children over 2 years of age, especially when they occur in the evening or at night.

Toplexil Syrup Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Precautions

what is toplexil Syrup used for and indication?

Symptomatic treatment of troublesome nonproductive coughs, especially at night.

Toplexil Syrup Dosage

RESERVED FOR ADULTS AND CHILDREN OVER 2 YEARS.

toplexil dosage for adults

10 ml per dose, 4 times a day.

Pediatric population

toplexil dosage for children

the daily dosage depends on the weight of the child (1 ml of syrup per kg of body weight per day), which is indicative:

Child from 13 to 20 kg (ie 2 to 6 years): 5 ml per dose, 2 to 3 times a day,

Child from 20 to 30 kg (6 to 10 years): 10 ml per dose, 2 to 3 times a day,

Child from 30 to 40 kg (10 to 12 years): 10 ml per dose, 3 to 4 times a day

Child over 40 kg (12 years old): 10 ml per dose, 4 times a day.

The catches are to be renewed when necessary and spaced at least 4 hours apart.

Administration mode

Oral way.

 Use the measuring cup.

Evening intake should be favored because of the sedative effect, especially at the beginning of treatment, of oxomemazine.

Contraindications

Oxomemazine hypersensitivity

Infant less than 2 years old

History of agranulocytosis

Urethroprostatic disorders at risk of urinary retention

Risk of narrow-angle glaucoma

Sun exposure

Fructose intolerance

Glucose galactose malabsorption syndrome

Sucrase / isomaltase deficiency

Alcohol consumption

Pregnancy 1st trimester

Feeding with milk

This drug is CONTRAINDICATED in the following cases:

Hypersensitivity to any component, including antihistamines,

Due to the presence of oxomemazine

 infant (less than 2 years) (see section Warnings and precautions for use),

history of agranulocytosis,

risk of urinary retention linked to urethro-prostatic disorders,

risk of glaucoma by closing the angle,

In association with cabergoline and quinagolide (see Interactions with other drugs and other forms of interaction).

How it works Toplexil Syrup

Pharmacotherapeutic group: ANTIHISTAMINE FOR SYSTEMIC USE, ATC code: R06AD08 (R: Respiratory system).

Oxomemazine : antihistamine H1, phenothiazine with aliphatic side chain, which is characterized by:

A marked sedative effect at the usual doses, of histaminergic and central adrenolytic origin,

 An anticholinergic effect causing peripheral adverse effects,

A peripheral adrenolytic effect, which may have a hemodynamic effect (risk of orthostatic hypotension).

Antihistamines have in common the property of opposing, by more or less reversible competitive antagonism, the effects of histamine especially on the skin, the bronchi, the intestine, and the vessels.

Toplexil Syrup Side Effects

Toplexil Syrup Side Effects

The pharmacological characteristics of the oxomemazine molecule cause undesirable effects of unequal intensity and linked or not to dose (see section Pharmacodynamic properties ):

· Neurovegetative effects:

 sedation or drowsiness, more marked at the beginning of treatment;

 anticholinergic effects such as dryness of the mucous membranes, constipation, accommodation disorders, mydriasis, heart palpitations, risk of urinary retention;

orthostatic hypotension;

balance disorders, dizziness, memory loss or concentration (more common in the elderly);

motor incoordination, tremors;

mental confusion, hallucinations;

more rarely, effects like excitation: agitation, nervousness, insomnia.

· Awareness Reactions:

erythema, eczema, pruritus, purpura, possibly giant urticaria,

edema, more rarely angioedema,

anaphylactic shock,

photosensitization;

· Hematological disorders:

leukopenia, neutropenia, exceptional agranulocytosis ;

thrombocytopenia,

Hemolytic anemia.

Due to the presence of glycerol, risk of digestive disorders and diarrhea.

Toplexil Syrup Interactions

Drugs lowering the epileptogenic threshold :

The joint use of proconvulsant drugs, or lowering the epileptogenic threshold, should be carefully weighed, because of the severity of the risk involved. These drugs are represented by most antidepressants (imipramines, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), neuroleptics (phenothiazines and butyrophenones), mefloquine, chloroquine, bupropion, tramadol.

Atropine drugs :

It must be taken into account that atropine substances can add their adverse effects and more easily result in urinary retention, acute glaucoma, constipation, dryness of the mouth, etc.

The various atropine drugs are represented by imipramine antidepressants, most atropine H1 antihistamines, antiparkinsonian anticholinergics, atropine antispasmodics, disopyramide, phenothiazine neuroleptics and clozapine.

Sedative drugs :

It must be taken into account that many drugs or substances can add their depressant effects of the central nervous system and help reduce alertness.

These are morphine derivatives (analgesics, antitussives and substitution treatments), neuroleptics, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, anxiolytics other than benzodiazepines (eg meprobamate), hypnotics, sedative antidepressants (amitriptyline, doxepin , mianserine, mirtazapine, trimipramine), sedative H1 antihistamines, central antihypertensives, baclofen and thalidomide.

Associations contraindicated :

· Dopaminergics, excluding Parkinson’s (cabergoline, quinagolide): Reciprocal antagonism of the dopaminergic agonist and neuroleptics.

Associations advised against :

·Other sedative drugs  : Potentiation of the sedative effect of H1 antihistamines.

·Alcohol consumption  : Alcohol enhancement of the sedative effect of these substances. Impairment of alertness can make driving and using machines dangerous. Avoid taking alcoholic drinks and drugs containing alcohol.

Associations subject to precautions for use :

·Gastrointestinal topicals, antacids and anthrax  : Decreased digestive absorption of phenothiazine neuroleptics. Take gastrointestinal topicals and antacids away from phenothiazinic neuroleptics (more than 2 hours, if possible).

Associations to consider :

·Antihypertensive drugs  : Increase the risk of hypotension, including orthostatic.

·Beta-blockers (except esmolol and sotalol)  : Vasodilator effect and risk of hypotension, especially orthostatic (additive effect).

·Beta-blockers in heart failure (bisoprolol, carved idol, metoprolol, nebivolol��): Vasodilator effect and risk of hypotension, particularly orthostatic (additive effect).

·Nitrate and related derivatives  : Increased risk of hypotension, especially orthostatic.

Toplexil Syrup Warnings and Precautions

Special warnings :

The productive coughs, which are a fundamental element of bronchopulmonary defense, must be respected.

It is illogical to associate an expectorant or mucolytic with this antitussive drug.

Before prescribing antitussive therapy, cough causes that require specific treatment should be investigated.

If the cough is resistant to an antitussive given at a usual dosage, the doses should not be increased, but the clinical situation should be reconsidered.

Precautions for use:

RELATED TO THE PRESENCE DOXOMEMAZINE:

Since phenothiazines have been considered as hypothetical risk factors in the occurrence of sudden infant death, loxomemazine should not be used in children under 2 years of age.

Surveillance (clinical and possibly electrical) should be reinforced in epileptics because of the possibility of lowering the epileptogenic threshold.

Loxomemazine should be used with caution:

· In the elderly subject with:

greater sensitivity to orthostatic hypotension, vertigo and sedation,

chronic constipation (paralytic diluted risk),

a possible prostatic hypertrophy.

· In subjects with certain cardiovascular diseases, because of the tachycardic and hypertensive effects of phenothiazines.

· In case of severe hepatic and / or renal insufficiency (due to the risk of accumulation).

If used in children, bronchial asthma or gastroesophageal reflux should be eliminated before using loxomemazine as a cough suppressant.

Taking alcoholic beverages or alcohol-containing medicines (see section 4.5) is strongly discouraged during the course of treatment.

Given the photosensitizing effect of phenothiazines, it is best not to expose to the sun during treatment.

H1 antihistamines should be used with caution because of the risk of sedation. Association with other sedating medicinal products should be discouraged (see section 4.5).

This medicine contains sucrose. It is not recommended for use in patients with fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsorption or sucrase / isomaltase deficiency.

This medicine contains 3.7 g of sucrose per 5 ml dose and 7.3 g per 10 ml dose, which should be taken into account in the daily ration in case of low sugar diet or diabetes.

This medicine contains sodium. This medicine contains 8.25 mg of sodium per 5 ml of syrup and 16.50 mg of sodium per 10 ml of syrup: to be taken into account in people on a strict sodium diet.

Drive and use machines

Attention is drawn to the risks of drowsiness associated with the use of this drug, especially in the case of vehicle drivers and machine users , especially at the beginning of treatment.

This phenomenon is accentuated by the intake of alcoholic beverages or drugs containing alcohol.

Toplexil Syrup and Pregnancy / Breastfeeding

The presence of oxomemazine determines the course of action during pregnancy and lactation.

toplexil for pregnant

Malformative aspect

There is no reliable data on teratogenesis in animals.

There are currently no data of sufficient relevance to evaluate the possible malformative or foetotoxic effect of oxomemazine when administered during pregnancy.

Fetotoxic appearance

In neonates of long-term mothers treated with high doses of anticholinergic drugs have been rarely described digestive signs related to atropine properties (abdominal distention, meconium ileus, delay in emission of meconium, difficulty of getting started). of food, tachycardias, neurological disorders …).

Given these data, the use of this drug is not recommended during the first trimester of pregnancy. It should only be prescribed if necessary thereafter, limiting the 3 rd quarter, a one-time use.

If the administration of this drug took place at the end of pregnancy, it seems justified to observe a period of surveillance of the neurological and digestive functions of the newborn.

Breastfeeding

The passage of oxomemazine in breast milk is not known. Given the possibilities of sedation or paradoxical excitement of the newborn, and even more risks of sleep apnea evoked with phenothiazines, this drug is not recommended when breastfeeding.

What should I do if I miss a dose?

Do not take a double dose to make up for the dose you forgot to take.

Toplexil Syrup overdose

What happens if I overdose from Toplexil Syrup ?

Immediately consult your doctor or pharmacist

What is  Forms and Composition ?

FORMS and PRESENTATIONS

0.33 mg / ml syrup:   150 ml bottle, with measuring cup graduated to 5 ml and 10 ml. 0.33 mg / ml sugar-free

oral solution, sweetened with acesulfame potassium:   150 ml vial, with measuring cup graduated to 5 ml and 10 ml.

COMPOSITION

Syrup:p 5 mlp 10 mloxomemazine1.65 mg3.3 mg

Excipients: sodium benzoate, glycerol, citric acid monohydrate, sodium citrate, caramel compound flavor (caramel, fenugreek resin, methylcyclopentenolone hydrate, maltol, butyric acid, piperonal, diacetyl, ethyl vanillin, vanillin, propylene glycol, distilled water), caramel ( E150), sucrose solution, purified water.

Excipients with known effect: sucrose (3.7 g / 5 ml, 7.3 g / 10 ml), sodium (8.25 mg / 5 ml, 16.5 mg / 10 ml), glycerol.

Drinkable solution :p 5 mlp 10 mloxomemazine1.65 mg3.3 mg

Excipients: sodium benzoate, glycerol, citric acid monohydrate, sodium citrate, caramel compound flavor (mainly heliotropine [piperonal], vanilla, propylene glycol, alcohol, maltol, water), liquid maltitol, acesulfame potassium, purified water.

Excipients with known effect: maltitol, sodium (8.26 mg / 5 ml, 16.53 mg / 10 ml), glycerol.

NOT’s

Edrug-online contains comprehensive and detailed information about drugs available in the medical field, and is divided into four sections:

general information:

Includes a general description of the drug, its use, brand names, FAQs, and relevant news and articles

Additional information:

General explanation about dealing with the medicine: how to take the medicine, the doses and times of it, the start and duration of its effectiveness, the recommended diet during the period of taking the medicine, the method of storage and storage, recommendations in cases for forgetting the dose and instructions to stop taking the drug and take additional doses.

Special warnings:

For pregnant and breastfeeding women, the elderly, boys and drivers, and use before surgery.

Side effects:

It treats possible side effects and drug interactions that require attention and its effect on continuous use.

The information contained in this medicine is based on medical literature, but it is not a substitute for consulting a doctor.

The post Toplexil Syrup Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Precautions appeared first on Drug Online.

from Drug Online https://bit.ly/31sENGt via Edrug Online from Faculty of Medicine https://bit.ly/2QkeEms via Internal Medicine

[thesittingduck]

Rhinofluimucil spray nasal Uses,Dosage,Side Effects&Precautions

Drug Online

rhinofluimucil spray nasal Generic drug of the Therapeutic class: Otorhinolaryngology active ingredients: Acetylcysteine , Tuaminoheptane , Benzalkonium chloride

This drug is indicated for the short-term, local symptomatic treatment of rhinopharyngeal (colds, rhinitis), with excessive secretion of the mucosa of adults and adolescents over 15 years of age.

Rhinofluimucil indication and Uses

Short-term symptomatic local treatment of nasopharyngeal conditions with excessive secretion of the mucosa of adults and adolescents over 15 years of age.

rinofluimucil spray nasal Dosage

RESERVED FOR ADULTS AND ADOLESCENTS OVER 15 YEARS OLD.

Adults and adolescents over 15 years: 2 sprays in each nostril, 3 to 4 times a day.

The maximum duration of treatment is 3 to 5 days.

Administration mode

Nasal sprays are done with the bottle upright, the head slightly bent forward, to avoid swallowing the product.

Contraindications

Benzalkonium hypersensitivity

Acetylcysteine ​​hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity tuaminoheptane sulfate

Child

History of stroke

Risk of stroke

Severe hypertension

Poorly balanced high blood pressure

Severe coronary artery disease

Angle closure glaucoma

Urinary retention linked to urethroprostatic disorders

History of convulsion

Pregnancy

Feeding with milk

This medication is contraindicated in the following cases:

Hypersensitivity to the active substances or to any of the excipients listed in section composition.

Child under 15 years old.

Stroke of history or risk factors that increase the risk of stroke, because of the alpha sympathomimetic vasoconstrictor activity.

Severe arterial hypertension or not well balanced by the treatment.

  Severe coronary insufficiency.

Glaucoma Risk of angle closure.

Urinary retention risk related to urethroprostatic disorders.

History of seizures.

 In association with sympathomimetics with indirect action: vasoconstrictors intended to decongest the nose, whether they are administered orally or nasally [phenylephrine (alias neosynephrine), pseudoephedrine, ephedrine…] as well as methylphenidate, because of the risk of vasoconstricition and / or hypertensive surges (see section Interactions with other medicinal products and other forms of interactions).

The combination of two decongestants is contraindicated, whatever the route of administration (oral and / or nasal): such a combination is unnecessary and dangerous and corresponds to misuse.

How it works Rhinofluimucil

Pharmacotherapeutic group: SYMPATHOMIMETICS IN COMBINATION, EXCEPT CORTICOIDS , ATC code: R01AB08.

This drug contains alpha sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor decongestant nasally, tuaminoheptane sulfate, antiseptic, benzalkonium chloride, and a mucolytic, N-acetylcysteine.

RHINOFLUIMUCIL Side Effects

Related to the presence of the vasoconstrictor = tuaminoheptane :

Cardiac disorders

· Palpitations.

· Tachycardia.

· Myocardial infarction.

Visual disorders

· Glaucoma crisis by closing the angle.

Gastrointestinal disorders

· Dry mouth.

· Nausea

· Vomiting.

Nervous system disorders

· Hemorrhagic stroke, exceptionally in patients who have used pseudoephedrine hydrochloride proprietary medicinal products; these cerebrovascular accidents have occurred during overdose or misuse in patients with vascular risk factors.

· Ischemic vascular accidents.

· Headache.

· Convulsions.

Psychiatric disorders

· Anxiety.

· Agitation.

· Behavioral disorders.

· Hallucinations.

· Insomnia.

A fever, an overdose, a drug combination likely to reduce the epileptogenic threshold or to promote an overdose, have often been found and seem to predispose to the occurrence of such effects.

Urinary disorders

· Dysuria (especially in cases of urethroprostatic disorders).

· Urinary retention (especially in cases of urethroprostatic disorders).

Skin disorders

· Sweats.

· Exanthema.

· Pruritus.

· Urticaria.

Vascular disorders

· Hypertension (hypertensive thrust).

Local Effects:

· Sensation of nasal dryness. Exceptionally, local allergic manifestations.

Rhinofluimucil Interactions

Related to the presence of the vasoconstrictor = tuaminoheptane :

Associations contraindicated

+ Indirect Sympathomimetics:

[Phenylephrine (aka neosynephrine), pseudoephedrine, ephedrine and methylphenidate]

Risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive relapses.

Associations advised against

Non-selective MAOIs (iproniazide):

Hypertensive crises (inhibition of the metabolism of pressurized amines). Due to the long action of MAOIs, this interaction is still possible 15 days after the cessation of the MAOI.

Alkaloids of ergot dopaminergic rye (Bromocriptine, cabergoline, lisuride, pergolide):

Risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive relapses.

Alkaloids of the ergot of vasoconstrictor rye (Dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine, methysergide):

Risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive relapses.

RHINOFLUIMUCIL Warnings and Precautions

Special warnings

Due to the presence of tuaminoheptane :

Do not swallow.

Do not use for prolonged periods due to risk of rebound and iatrogenic rhinitis.

As soon as the packaging is opened, and even more so the first time a nasal preparation is used, microbial contamination is possible.

Repeated and / or prolonged instillations can lead to a significant systemic change in the active ingredients.

It is imperative to strictly adhere to the dosage, the duration of treatment of 3 to 5 days, the contraindications (see section Contraindications ).

Patients should be informed that the occurrence of high blood pressure, tachycardia, palpitations or cardiac arrhythmias, nausea, or any neurological signs (such as the onset or increase of headache) treatment.

Similarly, treatment monitoring should be strengthened in cases of high blood pressure, heart disease, hyperthyroidism, psychosis or diabetes.

This drug is not recommended because of the risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive flares related to its sympathomimetic alpha activity, with the following drugs (see section Interactions with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction ):

· Non-selective MAOIs (iproniazide);

· Alkaloids of dopamine ergot (bromocriptine, cabergoline, lisuride or pergolide) or vasoconstrictors (dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine or methysergide).

Neurological disorders such as seizures, hallucinations, behavioral disturbances, agitation, and insomnia have been reported following administration of systemic vasoconstrictors, particularly during febrile episodes or during overdoses.

Therefore, it is appropriate in particular:

· Not to prescribe this treatment in combination with drugs likely to lower the epileptogenic threshold such as: terpene derivatives, clobutinol, atropine substances, local anesthetics … or in case of convulsive antecedents;

· In all cases, to respect the recommended dosage, and to inform the patient of the risks of overdose when combined with other drugs containing vasoconstrictors.

Due to the presence of benzalkonium chloride, this drug can cause edema of the nasal mucosa, especially in the case of long-term use, and respiratory discomfort.

Precautions for use

Athletes’ attention is drawn to the fact that this specialty containing tuaminoheptane can induce a positive reaction of the tests performed during anti-doping tests.

Drive and use machines

Not applicable.

RHINOFLUIMUCIL and PREGNANCY / BREAST FEEDING / FERTILITY

Pregnancy

There is no reliable data on teratogenesis in animals.

In clinical practice, the use of tuaminoheptane sulfate in a limited number of pregnancies has apparently not revealed any particular malformative or fetotoxic effect to date. However, further studies are needed to assess the consequences of exposure during pregnancy.

As a result and because of possible neonatal effects related to the potent vasoconstrictor properties of this molecule, the use of tuaminoheptane is not recommended during pregnancy.

Breastfeeding

The passage of tuaminoheptane into breast milk is not known.

Therefore, it is not recommended to administer tuaminoheptane during the breastfeeding period.

Immediately consult your doctor or pharmacist.

What is  Forms and Composition RHINOFLUIMUCIL?

FORMS 

Solution for nasal spray:   10 ml bottle (200 doses) + nebulizer.

COMPOSITION

  p bottle Acetylcysteine ​​(INN) or N-acetylcysteine 100 mg Tuaminoheptane (DCI) sulfate 50 mg Benzalkonium chloride (DCI) 1.25 mg

Excipients: hypromellose, disodium edetate, monosodium phosphate dihydrate, disodium phosphate dodecahydrate, dithiothreitol, 70% sorbitol, mint oil, 96% ethanol, sodium hydroxide, purified water.

NOT’s

Edrug-online contains comprehensive and detailed information about drugs available in the medical field, and is divided into four sections:

general information:

Includes a general description of the drug, its use, brand names, FAQs, and relevant news and articles

Additional information:

General explanation about dealing with the medicine: how to take the medicine, the doses and times of it, the start and duration of its effectiveness, the recommended diet during the period of taking the medicine, the method of storage and storage, recommendations in cases for forgetting the dose and instructions to stop taking the drug and take additional doses.

Special warnings:

For pregnant and breastfeeding women, the elderly, boys and drivers, and use before surgery.

Side effects:

It treats possible side effects and drug interactions that require attention and its effect on continuous use.

The information contained in this medicine is based on medical literature, but it is not a substitute for consulting a doctor.

The post Rhinofluimucil spray nasal Uses,Dosage,Side Effects&Precautions appeared first on Drug Online.

from Drug Online https://bit.ly/3fAMOxc via Edrug Online from faculty of medicine https://bit.ly/2Qkh7gu via Faculty of Medicine

[colinfitzpatrick]

Rhinofluimucil spray nasal Uses,Dosage,Side Effects&Precautions

Drug Online

rhinofluimucil spray nasal Generic drug of the Therapeutic class: Otorhinolaryngology active ingredients: Acetylcysteine , Tuaminoheptane , Benzalkonium chloride

This drug is indicated for the short-term, local symptomatic treatment of rhinopharyngeal (colds, rhinitis), with excessive secretion of the mucosa of adults and adolescents over 15 years of age.

Rhinofluimucil indication and Uses

Short-term symptomatic local treatment of nasopharyngeal conditions with excessive secretion of the mucosa of adults and adolescents over 15 years of age.

rinofluimucil spray nasal Dosage

RESERVED FOR ADULTS AND ADOLESCENTS OVER 15 YEARS OLD.

Adults and adolescents over 15 years: 2 sprays in each nostril, 3 to 4 times a day.

The maximum duration of treatment is 3 to 5 days.

Administration mode

Nasal sprays are done with the bottle upright, the head slightly bent forward, to avoid swallowing the product.

Contraindications

Benzalkonium hypersensitivity

Acetylcysteine ​​hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity tuaminoheptane sulfate

Child

History of stroke

Risk of stroke

Severe hypertension

Poorly balanced high blood pressure

Severe coronary artery disease

Angle closure glaucoma

Urinary retention linked to urethroprostatic disorders

History of convulsion

Pregnancy

Feeding with milk

This medication is contraindicated in the following cases:

Hypersensitivity to the active substances or to any of the excipients listed in section composition.

Child under 15 years old.

Stroke of history or risk factors that increase the risk of stroke, because of the alpha sympathomimetic vasoconstrictor activity.

Severe arterial hypertension or not well balanced by the treatment.

  Severe coronary insufficiency.

Glaucoma Risk of angle closure.

Urinary retention risk related to urethroprostatic disorders.

History of seizures.

 In association with sympathomimetics with indirect action: vasoconstrictors intended to decongest the nose, whether they are administered orally or nasally [phenylephrine (alias neosynephrine), pseudoephedrine, ephedrine…] as well as methylphenidate, because of the risk of vasoconstricition and / or hypertensive surges (see section Interactions with other medicinal products and other forms of interactions).

The combination of two decongestants is contraindicated, whatever the route of administration (oral and / or nasal): such a combination is unnecessary and dangerous and corresponds to misuse.

How it works Rhinofluimucil

Pharmacotherapeutic group: SYMPATHOMIMETICS IN COMBINATION, EXCEPT CORTICOIDS , ATC code: R01AB08.

This drug contains alpha sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor decongestant nasally, tuaminoheptane sulfate, antiseptic, benzalkonium chloride, and a mucolytic, N-acetylcysteine.

RHINOFLUIMUCIL Side Effects

Related to the presence of the vasoconstrictor = tuaminoheptane :

Cardiac disorders

· Palpitations.

· Tachycardia.

· Myocardial infarction.

Visual disorders

· Glaucoma crisis by closing the angle.

Gastrointestinal disorders

· Dry mouth.

· Nausea

· Vomiting.

Nervous system disorders

· Hemorrhagic stroke, exceptionally in patients who have used pseudoephedrine hydrochloride proprietary medicinal products; these cerebrovascular accidents have occurred during overdose or misuse in patients with vascular risk factors.

· Ischemic vascular accidents.

· Headache.

· Convulsions.

Psychiatric disorders

· Anxiety.

· Agitation.

· Behavioral disorders.

· Hallucinations.

· Insomnia.

A fever, an overdose, a drug combination likely to reduce the epileptogenic threshold or to promote an overdose, have often been found and seem to predispose to the occurrence of such effects.

Urinary disorders

· Dysuria (especially in cases of urethroprostatic disorders).

· Urinary retention (especially in cases of urethroprostatic disorders).

Skin disorders

· Sweats.

· Exanthema.

· Pruritus.

· Urticaria.

Vascular disorders

· Hypertension (hypertensive thrust).

Local Effects:

· Sensation of nasal dryness. Exceptionally, local allergic manifestations.

Rhinofluimucil Interactions

Related to the presence of the vasoconstrictor = tuaminoheptane :

Associations contraindicated

+ Indirect Sympathomimetics:

[Phenylephrine (aka neosynephrine), pseudoephedrine, ephedrine and methylphenidate]

Risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive relapses.

Associations advised against

Non-selective MAOIs (iproniazide):

Hypertensive crises (inhibition of the metabolism of pressurized amines). Due to the long action of MAOIs, this interaction is still possible 15 days after the cessation of the MAOI.

Alkaloids of ergot dopaminergic rye (Bromocriptine, cabergoline, lisuride, pergolide):

Risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive relapses.

Alkaloids of the ergot of vasoconstrictor rye (Dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine, methysergide):

Risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive relapses.

RHINOFLUIMUCIL Warnings and Precautions

Special warnings

Due to the presence of tuaminoheptane :

Do not swallow.

Do not use for prolonged periods due to risk of rebound and iatrogenic rhinitis.

As soon as the packaging is opened, and even more so the first time a nasal preparation is used, microbial contamination is possible.

Repeated and / or prolonged instillations can lead to a significant systemic change in the active ingredients.

It is imperative to strictly adhere to the dosage, the duration of treatment of 3 to 5 days, the contraindications (see section Contraindications ).

Patients should be informed that the occurrence of high blood pressure, tachycardia, palpitations or cardiac arrhythmias, nausea, or any neurological signs (such as the onset or increase of headache) treatment.

Similarly, treatment monitoring should be strengthened in cases of high blood pressure, heart disease, hyperthyroidism, psychosis or diabetes.

This drug is not recommended because of the risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive flares related to its sympathomimetic alpha activity, with the following drugs (see section Interactions with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction ):

· Non-selective MAOIs (iproniazide);

· Alkaloids of dopamine ergot (bromocriptine, cabergoline, lisuride or pergolide) or vasoconstrictors (dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine or methysergide).

Neurological disorders such as seizures, hallucinations, behavioral disturbances, agitation, and insomnia have been reported following administration of systemic vasoconstrictors, particularly during febrile episodes or during overdoses.

Therefore, it is appropriate in particular:

· Not to prescribe this treatment in combination with drugs likely to lower the epileptogenic threshold such as: terpene derivatives, clobutinol, atropine substances, local anesthetics … or in case of convulsive antecedents;

· In all cases, to respect the recommended dosage, and to inform the patient of the risks of overdose when combined with other drugs containing vasoconstrictors.

Due to the presence of benzalkonium chloride, this drug can cause edema of the nasal mucosa, especially in the case of long-term use, and respiratory discomfort.

Precautions for use

Athletes’ attention is drawn to the fact that this specialty containing tuaminoheptane can induce a positive reaction of the tests performed during anti-doping tests.

Drive and use machines

Not applicable.

RHINOFLUIMUCIL and PREGNANCY / BREAST FEEDING / FERTILITY

Pregnancy

There is no reliable data on teratogenesis in animals.

In clinical practice, the use of tuaminoheptane sulfate in a limited number of pregnancies has apparently not revealed any particular malformative or fetotoxic effect to date. However, further studies are needed to assess the consequences of exposure during pregnancy.

As a result and because of possible neonatal effects related to the potent vasoconstrictor properties of this molecule, the use of tuaminoheptane is not recommended during pregnancy.

Breastfeeding

The passage of tuaminoheptane into breast milk is not known.

Therefore, it is not recommended to administer tuaminoheptane during the breastfeeding period.

Immediately consult your doctor or pharmacist.

What is  Forms and Composition RHINOFLUIMUCIL?

FORMS 

Solution for nasal spray:   10 ml bottle (200 doses) + nebulizer.

COMPOSITION

  p bottle Acetylcysteine ​​(INN) or N-acetylcysteine 100 mg Tuaminoheptane (DCI) sulfate 50 mg Benzalkonium chloride (DCI) 1.25 mg

Excipients: hypromellose, disodium edetate, monosodium phosphate dihydrate, disodium phosphate dodecahydrate, dithiothreitol, 70% sorbitol, mint oil, 96% ethanol, sodium hydroxide, purified water.

NOT’s

Edrug-online contains comprehensive and detailed information about drugs available in the medical field, and is divided into four sections:

general information:

Includes a general description of the drug, its use, brand names, FAQs, and relevant news and articles

Additional information:

General explanation about dealing with the medicine: how to take the medicine, the doses and times of it, the start and duration of its effectiveness, the recommended diet during the period of taking the medicine, the method of storage and storage, recommendations in cases for forgetting the dose and instructions to stop taking the drug and take additional doses.

Special warnings:

For pregnant and breastfeeding women, the elderly, boys and drivers, and use before surgery.

Side effects:

It treats possible side effects and drug interactions that require attention and its effect on continuous use.

The information contained in this medicine is based on medical literature, but it is not a substitute for consulting a doctor.

The post Rhinofluimucil spray nasal Uses,Dosage,Side Effects&Precautions appeared first on Drug Online.

from Drug Online https://bit.ly/3fAMOxc via Edrug Online

[coolluminaryland-blog1]

Antidotes Market Poised to Expand at a Robust Pace by 2025

Antidotes are medicines, chelating drugs, or pharmaceutical ingredients that neutralize the effect of poison or another drug. Paracetamol poisoning is the major concern all over the world as it is the most common drug taken in intentional overdose. Opioid poisoning, cyanide poisoning, benzodiazepine poisoning and other toxins can be neutralized using antidotes. Different types of antidotes are available to neutralize the effect of one particular drug and to reduce the toxicity of many drugs. There are antidotes that are 100% effective, while some can cause fatalities. Examples of antidotes are pralidoxime for poisoning by anti-cholinesterase nerve agents, naloxone for opioid overdose, methylene blue for drug-induced methemoglobinemia, flumazenil for benzodiazepine overdose, dimercaprol for arsenic, gold, or inorganic mercury poisoning, digoxin immune fab for digoxin toxicity, atropine for organophosphates and carbamates, activated charcoal for most poisons, and acetylcysteine for acetaminophen poisoning.

Read Report Overview: https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/antidotes-market.html

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 5 million people across the world suffer from snake bites each year, and nearly 100,000 of these develop severe sequela. Mortality rate in developing countries in Asia Pacific such as India was approximately 30,000, whereas in developed countries in North America such as the U.S. it was 50,000 cases of bites, of which 7,000 were by venomous snakes.

Increase in awareness and studies regarding the identification of toxins of venomous bites by companies and governments to increase the knowledge of antidotes and drugs is projected to drive the global antidotes market during the forecast period. Rise in prevalence of the medical conditions associated with antidotes such as trichotillomania, toxoplasmosis prophylaxis, smoking cessation, reversal of sedation, reversal of opioid sedation, pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis, and opioid overdose drives demand for antidotes. However, rise in prices of anti-venoms is anticipated to restrain the global antidotes market during the forecast period.

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The global antidotes market can be segmented based on antidote type, dosage form, mode of action, and region. In terms of antidote type, the market can be categorized into chemical antidotes, physical antidotes, and pharmacological antidotes. Based on dosage form, the global antidotes market can be bifurcated into oral and injectable. Oral dosage can be divided into capsules or tablets, and syrup. Based on mode of action, the market can be segmented into poison, drug, and toxin.

Geographically, the global antidotes market can be segmented into Latin America, Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, and Middle East & Africa. North America held the largest market share in 2016, due to increase in research and development on antidotes in the region. Europe held the second largest market share in 2016, due to technological advancements in antidotes. The market in Asia Pacific is anticipated to grow at a rapid pace during the forecast period owing to increase in prevalence of medical conditions associated with antidotes such as nerve agent poisoning, methotrexate rescue, methanol poisoning, mercury poisoning, lead poisoning, and gold poisoning. The market in Latin America and Middle East & Africa is anticipated to be driven by rise in government initiatives regarding antidotes.

Request For TOC : https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/sample/sample.php?flag=T&rep_id=42023

Key players in the global antidotes market include ADAPT Pharma, Inc., Baxter International, Inc., Cumberland Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc., Graceway Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Luitpold Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Novartis AG, Protherics, Inc., ApoPharma USA, Inc., Apotex, Inc., and Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

About us:

Transparency Market Research (TMR) is a U.S.-based provider of syndicated research, customized research, and consulting services. TMR’s global and regional market intelligence coverage includes industries such as pharmaceutical, chemicals and materials, technology and media, food and beverages, and consumer goods, among others. Each TMR research report provides clients with a 360-degree view of the market with statistical forecasts, competitive landscape, detailed segmentation, key trends, and strategic recommendations.

Contact us:

Transparency Market Research 90 State Street, Suite 700, Albany NY – 12207 United States Tel: +1-518-618-1030 USA – Canada Toll Free 866-552-3453 Email: sales@transparencymarketresearch.com Website: http://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/

[healthcare-research-report-blog]

Anticholinergic Drugs Market Pegged for Robust Expansion by 2025

Nephrology and urology disorders are common complications of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Certain drugs and unhealthy food habits are also known to cause nephrological and urological diseases. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive & Kidney Diseases approximately 26 million individuals in the U.S. suffer from chronic kidney diseases. Statistics also shows that about 87,000 patients die of kidney failure every year. Some of the commonly used drug classes for treating nephrological and urological disorders include diuretics, anti-hypertensive drugs, phosphate binders, and anti-cholinergic drugs, and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors. Anticholinergic drugs block the action of acetylcholine, a chemical messenger that sends signals to brain and eventually triggers abnormal bladder contractions associated with overactive bladder. Acetylcholine controls several functions of the body that are not under voluntary control such as sweating, pupil dilation, contraction of bladder muscles, digestion, and salivation. With regard to nephrological and urological disorders, anticholinergic drugs are mostly used for treating overactive bladder.

Anticholinergic drugs are recommended for a wide range of conditions including overactive bladder, Parkinson’s disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, vomiting, nausea, psychosis, and depression. Certain drugs such as oxybutynin and hyoscine are prescribed for their anticholinergic effect. Others exhibit anticholinergic activity not related to their primary mode of action, for example, ranitidine and carbamazepine. Increasing prevalence of neurological disorders drives the global Anticholinergic Drugs Market. However, there has been keen interest in the harm caused by drugs with anticholinergic effect. Certain side-effects of these drugs such as dry mouth, constipation, blurry vision, sedation, decreased sweating, difficulty urinating, decreased saliva, and memory impairment restrain the global anticholinergic drugs market.

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The global market for anticholinergic drugs, especially those used in nephrology and urology, is expected to expand at a moderate pace from 2017 to 2025. Some of the commonly prescribed anticholinergic drugs are Detrol (tolterodine) by Pfizer, Enablex (darifenacin) by Actavis, Vesicare (solifenacin) by Astellas Pharma US, Inc., Sanctura (trospium) by Allergan, Toviaz (fesoterodine) by Pfizer, and Ditropan XL (oxybutynin) by Janssen Pharmaceuticals. Recently, in July 2014, a research study conducted by the University of East Anglia revealed that long-term use of anticholinergic drugs could impact common physical functions of the patient.

The global anticholinergic drugs market can be segmented based on drugs into natural and synthetic or semisynthetic drugs. Natural anticholinergic drugs include Atropine and Hyoscine (Scopolamine). Based on mechanism of action, the global anticholinergic drugs market can be segmented into mydriatic, anti-spasmodic, anti-parkinson, anti-ulcer, anti-asthmatic, pre-anesthetic, drugs for motion sickness, and drugs for urinary incontinence. Based on distribution channel, the global anticholinergic drugs market can be segmented into hospital pharmacies, clinics, hospitals, retail pharmacies, and online pharmacies.

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Geographically, the global anticholinergic drugs market can be segmented into five major regions: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific (APAC), Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. Asia Pacific held the leading market share, followed by North America, in 2016. These two regions are expected to retain their positions from 2017 to 2025. Rising prevalence of neurological complications and increasing government initiatives that appear to be moving toward shorter periods of patent exclusivity for new drug applications are some of the factors driving the market in these regions. Moreover, large population, increasing disposable income, and growing awareness among patients are a few factors driving the market in Asia Pacific. Europe and Middle East & Africa are likely to present significant growth opportunities to the anticholinergic drugs market during the forecast period. This is attributable to increasing geriatric population in these regions.

Key players operating in the global anticholinergic drugs market are Pfizer, Inc., Astellas Pharma US, Inc., Allergan plc, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals (a Johnson & Johnson company).

[saltyloverrebel]

Schwabe German Tonsiotren Tablets, Homeopathic Treatment of Tonsillitis

Schwabe German Tonsiotren Tablets, Homeopathic Treatment of Tonsillitis for acute and chronic inflammation of the tonsils. Relieves pain and reduces local swelling.   Clinical indications of Schwabe German Tonsiotren Tablets Tonsillitis Difficulty in swallowing Sore Throat   Composition of Schwabe German Tonsiotren Tablets Schwabe German Tonsiotren Tablets contains Atropin Sulph 5x 12.5Mg, Hepar…

[greatestlcve]

Rhinofluimucil spray nasal Uses,Dosage,Side Effects&Precautions

Drug Online

rhinofluimucil spray nasal Generic drug of the Therapeutic class: Otorhinolaryngology active ingredients: Acetylcysteine , Tuaminoheptane , Benzalkonium chloride

This drug is indicated for the short-term, local symptomatic treatment of rhinopharyngeal (colds, rhinitis), with excessive secretion of the mucosa of adults and adolescents over 15 years of age.

Rhinofluimucil indication and Uses

Short-term symptomatic local treatment of nasopharyngeal conditions with excessive secretion of the mucosa of adults and adolescents over 15 years of age.

rinofluimucil spray nasal Dosage

RESERVED FOR ADULTS AND ADOLESCENTS OVER 15 YEARS OLD.

Adults and adolescents over 15 years: 2 sprays in each nostril, 3 to 4 times a day.

The maximum duration of treatment is 3 to 5 days.

Administration mode

Nasal sprays are done with the bottle upright, the head slightly bent forward, to avoid swallowing the product.

Contraindications

Benzalkonium hypersensitivity

Acetylcysteine ​​hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity tuaminoheptane sulfate

Child

History of stroke

Risk of stroke

Severe hypertension

Poorly balanced high blood pressure

Severe coronary artery disease

Angle closure glaucoma

Urinary retention linked to urethroprostatic disorders

History of convulsion

Pregnancy

Feeding with milk

This medication is contraindicated in the following cases:

Hypersensitivity to the active substances or to any of the excipients listed in section composition.

Child under 15 years old.

Stroke of history or risk factors that increase the risk of stroke, because of the alpha sympathomimetic vasoconstrictor activity.

Severe arterial hypertension or not well balanced by the treatment.

  Severe coronary insufficiency.

Glaucoma Risk of angle closure.

Urinary retention risk related to urethroprostatic disorders.

History of seizures.

 In association with sympathomimetics with indirect action: vasoconstrictors intended to decongest the nose, whether they are administered orally or nasally [phenylephrine (alias neosynephrine), pseudoephedrine, ephedrine…] as well as methylphenidate, because of the risk of vasoconstricition and / or hypertensive surges (see section Interactions with other medicinal products and other forms of interactions).

The combination of two decongestants is contraindicated, whatever the route of administration (oral and / or nasal): such a combination is unnecessary and dangerous and corresponds to misuse.

How it works Rhinofluimucil

Pharmacotherapeutic group: SYMPATHOMIMETICS IN COMBINATION, EXCEPT CORTICOIDS , ATC code: R01AB08.

This drug contains alpha sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor decongestant nasally, tuaminoheptane sulfate, antiseptic, benzalkonium chloride, and a mucolytic, N-acetylcysteine.

RHINOFLUIMUCIL Side Effects

Related to the presence of the vasoconstrictor = tuaminoheptane :

Cardiac disorders

· Palpitations.

· Tachycardia.

· Myocardial infarction.

Visual disorders

· Glaucoma crisis by closing the angle.

Gastrointestinal disorders

· Dry mouth.

· Nausea

· Vomiting.

Nervous system disorders

· Hemorrhagic stroke, exceptionally in patients who have used pseudoephedrine hydrochloride proprietary medicinal products; these cerebrovascular accidents have occurred during overdose or misuse in patients with vascular risk factors.

· Ischemic vascular accidents.

· Headache.

· Convulsions.

Psychiatric disorders

· Anxiety.

· Agitation.

· Behavioral disorders.

· Hallucinations.

· Insomnia.

A fever, an overdose, a drug combination likely to reduce the epileptogenic threshold or to promote an overdose, have often been found and seem to predispose to the occurrence of such effects.

Urinary disorders

· Dysuria (especially in cases of urethroprostatic disorders).

· Urinary retention (especially in cases of urethroprostatic disorders).

Skin disorders

· Sweats.

· Exanthema.

· Pruritus.

· Urticaria.

Vascular disorders

· Hypertension (hypertensive thrust).

Local Effects:

· Sensation of nasal dryness. Exceptionally, local allergic manifestations.

Rhinofluimucil Interactions

Related to the presence of the vasoconstrictor = tuaminoheptane :

Associations contraindicated

+ Indirect Sympathomimetics:

[Phenylephrine (aka neosynephrine), pseudoephedrine, ephedrine and methylphenidate]

Risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive relapses.

Associations advised against

Non-selective MAOIs (iproniazide):

Hypertensive crises (inhibition of the metabolism of pressurized amines). Due to the long action of MAOIs, this interaction is still possible 15 days after the cessation of the MAOI.

Alkaloids of ergot dopaminergic rye (Bromocriptine, cabergoline, lisuride, pergolide):

Risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive relapses.

Alkaloids of the ergot of vasoconstrictor rye (Dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine, methysergide):

Risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive relapses.

RHINOFLUIMUCIL Warnings and Precautions

Special warnings

Due to the presence of tuaminoheptane :

Do not swallow.

Do not use for prolonged periods due to risk of rebound and iatrogenic rhinitis.

As soon as the packaging is opened, and even more so the first time a nasal preparation is used, microbial contamination is possible.

Repeated and / or prolonged instillations can lead to a significant systemic change in the active ingredients.

It is imperative to strictly adhere to the dosage, the duration of treatment of 3 to 5 days, the contraindications (see section Contraindications ).

Patients should be informed that the occurrence of high blood pressure, tachycardia, palpitations or cardiac arrhythmias, nausea, or any neurological signs (such as the onset or increase of headache) treatment.

Similarly, treatment monitoring should be strengthened in cases of high blood pressure, heart disease, hyperthyroidism, psychosis or diabetes.

This drug is not recommended because of the risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive flares related to its sympathomimetic alpha activity, with the following drugs (see section Interactions with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction ):

· Non-selective MAOIs (iproniazide);

· Alkaloids of dopamine ergot (bromocriptine, cabergoline, lisuride or pergolide) or vasoconstrictors (dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine or methysergide).

Neurological disorders such as seizures, hallucinations, behavioral disturbances, agitation, and insomnia have been reported following administration of systemic vasoconstrictors, particularly during febrile episodes or during overdoses.

Therefore, it is appropriate in particular:

· Not to prescribe this treatment in combination with drugs likely to lower the epileptogenic threshold such as: terpene derivatives, clobutinol, atropine substances, local anesthetics … or in case of convulsive antecedents;

· In all cases, to respect the recommended dosage, and to inform the patient of the risks of overdose when combined with other drugs containing vasoconstrictors.

Due to the presence of benzalkonium chloride, this drug can cause edema of the nasal mucosa, especially in the case of long-term use, and respiratory discomfort.

Precautions for use

Athletes’ attention is drawn to the fact that this specialty containing tuaminoheptane can induce a positive reaction of the tests performed during anti-doping tests.

Drive and use machines

Not applicable.

RHINOFLUIMUCIL and PREGNANCY / BREAST FEEDING / FERTILITY

Pregnancy

There is no reliable data on teratogenesis in animals.

In clinical practice, the use of tuaminoheptane sulfate in a limited number of pregnancies has apparently not revealed any particular malformative or fetotoxic effect to date. However, further studies are needed to assess the consequences of exposure during pregnancy.

As a result and because of possible neonatal effects related to the potent vasoconstrictor properties of this molecule, the use of tuaminoheptane is not recommended during pregnancy.

Breastfeeding

The passage of tuaminoheptane into breast milk is not known.

Therefore, it is not recommended to administer tuaminoheptane during the breastfeeding period.

Immediately consult your doctor or pharmacist.

What is  Forms and Composition RHINOFLUIMUCIL?

FORMS 

Solution for nasal spray:   10 ml bottle (200 doses) + nebulizer.

COMPOSITION

 p bottleAcetylcysteine ​​(INN) or N-acetylcysteine100 mgTuaminoheptane (DCI) sulfate50 mgBenzalkonium chloride (DCI)1.25 mg

Excipients: hypromellose, disodium edetate, monosodium phosphate dihydrate, disodium phosphate dodecahydrate, dithiothreitol, 70% sorbitol, mint oil, 96% ethanol, sodium hydroxide, purified water.

NOT’s

Edrug-online contains comprehensive and detailed information about drugs available in the medical field, and is divided into four sections:

general information:

Includes a general description of the drug, its use, brand names, FAQs, and relevant news and articles

Additional information:

General explanation about dealing with the medicine: how to take the medicine, the doses and times of it, the start and duration of its effectiveness, the recommended diet during the period of taking the medicine, the method of storage and storage, recommendations in cases for forgetting the dose and instructions to stop taking the drug and take additional doses.

Special warnings:

For pregnant and breastfeeding women, the elderly, boys and drivers, and use before surgery.

Side effects:

It treats possible side effects and drug interactions that require attention and its effect on continuous use.

The information contained in this medicine is based on medical literature, but it is not a substitute for consulting a doctor.

The post Rhinofluimucil spray nasal Uses,Dosage,Side Effects&Precautions appeared first on Drug Online.

from Drug Online https://bit.ly/3fAMOxc via Edrug Online from Faculty of Medicine https://bit.ly/31nNami via Internal Medicine

[thesittingduck]

Rhinofluimucil spray nasal Uses,Dosage,Side Effects&Precautions

Drug Online

rhinofluimucil spray nasal Generic drug of the Therapeutic class: Otorhinolaryngology active ingredients: Acetylcysteine , Tuaminoheptane , Benzalkonium chloride

This drug is indicated for the short-term, local symptomatic treatment of rhinopharyngeal (colds, rhinitis), with excessive secretion of the mucosa of adults and adolescents over 15 years of age.

Rhinofluimucil indication and Uses

Short-term symptomatic local treatment of nasopharyngeal conditions with excessive secretion of the mucosa of adults and adolescents over 15 years of age.

rinofluimucil spray nasal Dosage

RESERVED FOR ADULTS AND ADOLESCENTS OVER 15 YEARS OLD.

Adults and adolescents over 15 years: 2 sprays in each nostril, 3 to 4 times a day.

The maximum duration of treatment is 3 to 5 days.

Administration mode

Nasal sprays are done with the bottle upright, the head slightly bent forward, to avoid swallowing the product.

How it works Rhinofluimucil

Pharmacotherapeutic group: SYMPATHOMIMETICS IN COMBINATION, EXCEPT CORTICOIDS , ATC code: R01AB08.

This drug contains alpha sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor decongestant nasally, tuaminoheptane sulfate, antiseptic, benzalkonium chloride, and a mucolytic, N-acetylcysteine.

RHINOFLUIMUCIL Side Effects

Related to the presence of the vasoconstrictor = tuaminoheptane :

Cardiac disorders

· Palpitations.

· Tachycardia.

· Myocardial infarction.

Visual disorders

· Glaucoma crisis by closing the angle.

Gastrointestinal disorders

· Dry mouth.

· Nausea

· Vomiting.

Nervous system disorders

· Hemorrhagic stroke, exceptionally in patients who have used pseudoephedrine hydrochloride proprietary medicinal products; these cerebrovascular accidents have occurred during overdose or misuse in patients with vascular risk factors.

· Ischemic vascular accidents.

· Headache.

· Convulsions.

Psychiatric disorders

· Anxiety.

· Agitation.

· Behavioral disorders.

· Hallucinations.

· Insomnia.

A fever, an overdose, a drug combination likely to reduce the epileptogenic threshold or to promote an overdose, have often been found and seem to predispose to the occurrence of such effects.

Urinary disorders

· Dysuria (especially in cases of urethroprostatic disorders).

· Urinary retention (especially in cases of urethroprostatic disorders).

Skin disorders

· Sweats.

· Exanthema.

· Pruritus.

· Urticaria.

Vascular disorders

· Hypertension (hypertensive thrust).

Local Effects:

· Sensation of nasal dryness. Exceptionally, local allergic manifestations.

Rhinofluimucil Interactions

Related to the presence of the vasoconstrictor = tuaminoheptane :

Associations contraindicated

+ Indirect Sympathomimetics:

[Phenylephrine (aka neosynephrine), pseudoephedrine, ephedrine and methylphenidate]

Risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive relapses.

Associations advised against

+ Non-selective MAOIs (iproniazide):

Hypertensive crises (inhibition of the metabolism of pressurized amines). Due to the long action of MAOIs, this interaction is still possible 15 days after the cessation of the MAOI.

+ Alkaloids of ergot dopaminergic rye (Bromocriptine, cabergoline, lisuride, pergolide):

Risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive relapses.

+ Alkaloids of the ergot of vasoconstrictor rye (Dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine, methysergide):

Risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive relapses.

RHINOFLUIMUCIL Warnings and Precautions

Special warnings

Due to the presence of tuaminoheptane :

Do not swallow.

Do not use for prolonged periods due to risk of rebound and iatrogenic rhinitis.

As soon as the packaging is opened, and even more so the first time a nasal preparation is used, microbial contamination is possible.

Repeated and / or prolonged instillations can lead to a significant systemic change in the active ingredients.

It is imperative to strictly adhere to the dosage, the duration of treatment of 3 to 5 days, the contraindications (see section Contraindications ).

Patients should be informed that the occurrence of high blood pressure, tachycardia, palpitations or cardiac arrhythmias, nausea, or any neurological signs (such as the onset or increase of headache) treatment.

Similarly, treatment monitoring should be strengthened in cases of high blood pressure, heart disease, hyperthyroidism, psychosis or diabetes.

This drug is not recommended because of the risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive flares related to its sympathomimetic alpha activity, with the following drugs (see section Interactions with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction ):

· Non-selective MAOIs (iproniazide);

· Alkaloids of dopamine ergot (bromocriptine, cabergoline, lisuride or pergolide) or vasoconstrictors (dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine or methysergide).

Neurological disorders such as seizures, hallucinations, behavioral disturbances, agitation, and insomnia have been reported following administration of systemic vasoconstrictors, particularly during febrile episodes or during overdoses.

Therefore, it is appropriate in particular:

· Not to prescribe this treatment in combination with drugs likely to lower the epileptogenic threshold such as: terpene derivatives, clobutinol, atropine substances, local anesthetics … or in case of convulsive antecedents;

· In all cases, to respect the recommended dosage, and to inform the patient of the risks of overdose when combined with other drugs containing vasoconstrictors.

Due to the presence of benzalkonium chloride, this drug can cause edema of the nasal mucosa, especially in the case of long-term use, and respiratory discomfort.

Precautions for use

Athletes’ attention is drawn to the fact that this specialty containing tuaminoheptane can induce a positive reaction of the tests performed during anti-doping tests.

Drive and use machines

Not applicable.

RHINOFLUIMUCIL and PREGNANCY / BREAST FEEDING / FERTILITY

Pregnancy

There is no reliable data on teratogenesis in animals.

In clinical practice, the use of tuaminoheptane sulfate in a limited number of pregnancies has apparently not revealed any particular malformative or fetotoxic effect to date. However, further studies are needed to assess the consequences of exposure during pregnancy.

As a result and because of possible neonatal effects related to the potent vasoconstrictor properties of this molecule, the use of tuaminoheptane is not recommended during pregnancy.

Breastfeeding

The passage of tuaminoheptane into breast milk is not known.

Therefore, it is not recommended to administer tuaminoheptane during the breastfeeding period.

Immediately consult your doctor or pharmacist.

What is  Forms and Composition RHINOFLUIMUCIL?

FORMS 

Solution for nasal spray:   10 ml bottle (200 doses) + nebulizer.

COMPOSITION

  p bottle Acetylcysteine ​​(INN) or N-acetylcysteine 100 mg Tuaminoheptane (DCI) sulfate 50 mg Benzalkonium chloride (DCI) 1.25 mg

Excipients: hypromellose, disodium edetate, monosodium phosphate dihydrate, disodium phosphate dodecahydrate, dithiothreitol, 70% sorbitol, mint oil, 96% ethanol, sodium hydroxide, purified water.

NOT’s

Edrug-online contains comprehensive and detailed information about drugs available in the medical field, and is divided into four sections:

general information:

Includes a general description of the drug, its use, brand names, FAQs, and relevant news and articles

Additional information:

General explanation about dealing with the medicine: how to take the medicine, the doses and times of it, the start and duration of its effectiveness, the recommended diet during the period of taking the medicine, the method of storage and storage, recommendations in cases for forgetting the dose and instructions to stop taking the drug and take additional doses.

Special warnings:

For pregnant and breastfeeding women, the elderly, boys and drivers, and use before surgery.

Side effects:

It treats possible side effects and drug interactions that require attention and its effect on continuous use.

The information contained in this medicine is based on medical literature, but it is not a substitute for consulting a doctor.

The post Rhinofluimucil spray nasal Uses,Dosage,Side Effects&Precautions appeared first on Drug Online.

from Drug Online https://bit.ly/3fAMOxc via Edrug Online from faculty of medicine https://bit.ly/2Ot9Z0j via Faculty of Medicine

[colinfitzpatrick]

Rhinofluimucil spray nasal Uses,Dosage,Side Effects&Precautions

Drug Online

rhinofluimucil spray nasal Generic drug of the Therapeutic class: Otorhinolaryngology active ingredients: Acetylcysteine , Tuaminoheptane , Benzalkonium chloride

This drug is indicated for the short-term, local symptomatic treatment of rhinopharyngeal (colds, rhinitis), with excessive secretion of the mucosa of adults and adolescents over 15 years of age.

Rhinofluimucil indication and Uses

Short-term symptomatic local treatment of nasopharyngeal conditions with excessive secretion of the mucosa of adults and adolescents over 15 years of age.

rinofluimucil spray nasal Dosage

RESERVED FOR ADULTS AND ADOLESCENTS OVER 15 YEARS OLD.

Adults and adolescents over 15 years: 2 sprays in each nostril, 3 to 4 times a day.

The maximum duration of treatment is 3 to 5 days.

Administration mode

Nasal sprays are done with the bottle upright, the head slightly bent forward, to avoid swallowing the product.

How it works Rhinofluimucil

Pharmacotherapeutic group: SYMPATHOMIMETICS IN COMBINATION, EXCEPT CORTICOIDS , ATC code: R01AB08.

This drug contains alpha sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor decongestant nasally, tuaminoheptane sulfate, antiseptic, benzalkonium chloride, and a mucolytic, N-acetylcysteine.

RHINOFLUIMUCIL Side Effects

Related to the presence of the vasoconstrictor = tuaminoheptane :

Cardiac disorders

· Palpitations.

· Tachycardia.

· Myocardial infarction.

Visual disorders

· Glaucoma crisis by closing the angle.

Gastrointestinal disorders

· Dry mouth.

· Nausea

· Vomiting.

Nervous system disorders

· Hemorrhagic stroke, exceptionally in patients who have used pseudoephedrine hydrochloride proprietary medicinal products; these cerebrovascular accidents have occurred during overdose or misuse in patients with vascular risk factors.

· Ischemic vascular accidents.

· Headache.

· Convulsions.

Psychiatric disorders

· Anxiety.

· Agitation.

· Behavioral disorders.

· Hallucinations.

· Insomnia.

A fever, an overdose, a drug combination likely to reduce the epileptogenic threshold or to promote an overdose, have often been found and seem to predispose to the occurrence of such effects.

Urinary disorders

· Dysuria (especially in cases of urethroprostatic disorders).

· Urinary retention (especially in cases of urethroprostatic disorders).

Skin disorders

· Sweats.

· Exanthema.

· Pruritus.

· Urticaria.

Vascular disorders

· Hypertension (hypertensive thrust).

Local Effects:

· Sensation of nasal dryness. Exceptionally, local allergic manifestations.

Rhinofluimucil Interactions

Related to the presence of the vasoconstrictor = tuaminoheptane :

Associations contraindicated

+ Indirect Sympathomimetics:

[Phenylephrine (aka neosynephrine), pseudoephedrine, ephedrine and methylphenidate]

Risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive relapses.

Associations advised against

+ Non-selective MAOIs (iproniazide):

Hypertensive crises (inhibition of the metabolism of pressurized amines). Due to the long action of MAOIs, this interaction is still possible 15 days after the cessation of the MAOI.

+ Alkaloids of ergot dopaminergic rye (Bromocriptine, cabergoline, lisuride, pergolide):

Risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive relapses.

+ Alkaloids of the ergot of vasoconstrictor rye (Dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine, methysergide):

Risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive relapses.

RHINOFLUIMUCIL Warnings and Precautions

Special warnings

Due to the presence of tuaminoheptane :

Do not swallow.

Do not use for prolonged periods due to risk of rebound and iatrogenic rhinitis.

As soon as the packaging is opened, and even more so the first time a nasal preparation is used, microbial contamination is possible.

Repeated and / or prolonged instillations can lead to a significant systemic change in the active ingredients.

It is imperative to strictly adhere to the dosage, the duration of treatment of 3 to 5 days, the contraindications (see section Contraindications ).

Patients should be informed that the occurrence of high blood pressure, tachycardia, palpitations or cardiac arrhythmias, nausea, or any neurological signs (such as the onset or increase of headache) treatment.

Similarly, treatment monitoring should be strengthened in cases of high blood pressure, heart disease, hyperthyroidism, psychosis or diabetes.

This drug is not recommended because of the risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive flares related to its sympathomimetic alpha activity, with the following drugs (see section Interactions with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction ):

· Non-selective MAOIs (iproniazide);

· Alkaloids of dopamine ergot (bromocriptine, cabergoline, lisuride or pergolide) or vasoconstrictors (dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine or methysergide).

Neurological disorders such as seizures, hallucinations, behavioral disturbances, agitation, and insomnia have been reported following administration of systemic vasoconstrictors, particularly during febrile episodes or during overdoses.

Therefore, it is appropriate in particular:

· Not to prescribe this treatment in combination with drugs likely to lower the epileptogenic threshold such as: terpene derivatives, clobutinol, atropine substances, local anesthetics … or in case of convulsive antecedents;

· In all cases, to respect the recommended dosage, and to inform the patient of the risks of overdose when combined with other drugs containing vasoconstrictors.

Due to the presence of benzalkonium chloride, this drug can cause edema of the nasal mucosa, especially in the case of long-term use, and respiratory discomfort.

Precautions for use

Athletes’ attention is drawn to the fact that this specialty containing tuaminoheptane can induce a positive reaction of the tests performed during anti-doping tests.

Drive and use machines

Not applicable.

RHINOFLUIMUCIL and PREGNANCY / BREAST FEEDING / FERTILITY

Pregnancy

There is no reliable data on teratogenesis in animals.

In clinical practice, the use of tuaminoheptane sulfate in a limited number of pregnancies has apparently not revealed any particular malformative or fetotoxic effect to date. However, further studies are needed to assess the consequences of exposure during pregnancy.

As a result and because of possible neonatal effects related to the potent vasoconstrictor properties of this molecule, the use of tuaminoheptane is not recommended during pregnancy.

Breastfeeding

The passage of tuaminoheptane into breast milk is not known.

Therefore, it is not recommended to administer tuaminoheptane during the breastfeeding period.

Immediately consult your doctor or pharmacist.

What is  Forms and Composition RHINOFLUIMUCIL?

FORMS 

Solution for nasal spray:   10 ml bottle (200 doses) + nebulizer.

COMPOSITION

  p bottle Acetylcysteine ​​(INN) or N-acetylcysteine 100 mg Tuaminoheptane (DCI) sulfate 50 mg Benzalkonium chloride (DCI) 1.25 mg

Excipients: hypromellose, disodium edetate, monosodium phosphate dihydrate, disodium phosphate dodecahydrate, dithiothreitol, 70% sorbitol, mint oil, 96% ethanol, sodium hydroxide, purified water.

NOT’s

Edrug-online contains comprehensive and detailed information about drugs available in the medical field, and is divided into four sections:

general information:

Includes a general description of the drug, its use, brand names, FAQs, and relevant news and articles

Additional information:

General explanation about dealing with the medicine: how to take the medicine, the doses and times of it, the start and duration of its effectiveness, the recommended diet during the period of taking the medicine, the method of storage and storage, recommendations in cases for forgetting the dose and instructions to stop taking the drug and take additional doses.

Special warnings:

For pregnant and breastfeeding women, the elderly, boys and drivers, and use before surgery.

Side effects:

It treats possible side effects and drug interactions that require attention and its effect on continuous use.

The information contained in this medicine is based on medical literature, but it is not a substitute for consulting a doctor.

The post Rhinofluimucil spray nasal Uses,Dosage,Side Effects&Precautions appeared first on Drug Online.

from Drug Online https://bit.ly/3fAMOxc via Edrug Online

[greatestlcve]

Rhinofluimucil spray nasal Uses,Dosage,Side Effects&Precautions

Drug Online

rhinofluimucil spray nasal Generic drug of the Therapeutic class: Otorhinolaryngology active ingredients: Acetylcysteine , Tuaminoheptane , Benzalkonium chloride

This drug is indicated for the short-term, local symptomatic treatment of rhinopharyngeal (colds, rhinitis), with excessive secretion of the mucosa of adults and adolescents over 15 years of age.

Rhinofluimucil indication and Uses

Short-term symptomatic local treatment of nasopharyngeal conditions with excessive secretion of the mucosa of adults and adolescents over 15 years of age.

rinofluimucil spray nasal Dosage

RESERVED FOR ADULTS AND ADOLESCENTS OVER 15 YEARS OLD.

Adults and adolescents over 15 years: 2 sprays in each nostril, 3 to 4 times a day.

The maximum duration of treatment is 3 to 5 days.

Administration mode

Nasal sprays are done with the bottle upright, the head slightly bent forward, to avoid swallowing the product.

How it works Rhinofluimucil

Pharmacotherapeutic group: SYMPATHOMIMETICS IN COMBINATION, EXCEPT CORTICOIDS , ATC code: R01AB08.

This drug contains alpha sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor decongestant nasally, tuaminoheptane sulfate, antiseptic, benzalkonium chloride, and a mucolytic, N-acetylcysteine.

RHINOFLUIMUCIL Side Effects

Related to the presence of the vasoconstrictor = tuaminoheptane :

Cardiac disorders

· Palpitations.

· Tachycardia.

· Myocardial infarction.

Visual disorders

· Glaucoma crisis by closing the angle.

Gastrointestinal disorders

· Dry mouth.

· Nausea

· Vomiting.

Nervous system disorders

· Hemorrhagic stroke, exceptionally in patients who have used pseudoephedrine hydrochloride proprietary medicinal products; these cerebrovascular accidents have occurred during overdose or misuse in patients with vascular risk factors.

· Ischemic vascular accidents.

· Headache.

· Convulsions.

Psychiatric disorders

· Anxiety.

· Agitation.

· Behavioral disorders.

· Hallucinations.

· Insomnia.

A fever, an overdose, a drug combination likely to reduce the epileptogenic threshold or to promote an overdose, have often been found and seem to predispose to the occurrence of such effects.

Urinary disorders

· Dysuria (especially in cases of urethroprostatic disorders).

· Urinary retention (especially in cases of urethroprostatic disorders).

Skin disorders

· Sweats.

· Exanthema.

· Pruritus.

· Urticaria.

Vascular disorders

· Hypertension (hypertensive thrust).

Local Effects:

· Sensation of nasal dryness. Exceptionally, local allergic manifestations.

Rhinofluimucil Interactions

Related to the presence of the vasoconstrictor = tuaminoheptane :

Associations contraindicated

+ Indirect Sympathomimetics:

[Phenylephrine (aka neosynephrine), pseudoephedrine, ephedrine and methylphenidate]

Risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive relapses.

Associations advised against

+ Non-selective MAOIs (iproniazide):

Hypertensive crises (inhibition of the metabolism of pressurized amines). Due to the long action of MAOIs, this interaction is still possible 15 days after the cessation of the MAOI.

+ Alkaloids of ergot dopaminergic rye (Bromocriptine, cabergoline, lisuride, pergolide):

Risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive relapses.

+ Alkaloids of the ergot of vasoconstrictor rye (Dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine, methysergide):

Risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive relapses.

RHINOFLUIMUCIL Warnings and Precautions

Special warnings

Due to the presence of tuaminoheptane :

Do not swallow.

Do not use for prolonged periods due to risk of rebound and iatrogenic rhinitis.

As soon as the packaging is opened, and even more so the first time a nasal preparation is used, microbial contamination is possible.

Repeated and / or prolonged instillations can lead to a significant systemic change in the active ingredients.

It is imperative to strictly adhere to the dosage, the duration of treatment of 3 to 5 days, the contraindications (see section Contraindications ).

Patients should be informed that the occurrence of high blood pressure, tachycardia, palpitations or cardiac arrhythmias, nausea, or any neurological signs (such as the onset or increase of headache) treatment.

Similarly, treatment monitoring should be strengthened in cases of high blood pressure, heart disease, hyperthyroidism, psychosis or diabetes.

This drug is not recommended because of the risk of vasoconstriction and / or hypertensive flares related to its sympathomimetic alpha activity, with the following drugs (see section Interactions with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction ):

· Non-selective MAOIs (iproniazide);

· Alkaloids of dopamine ergot (bromocriptine, cabergoline, lisuride or pergolide) or vasoconstrictors (dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine or methysergide).

Neurological disorders such as seizures, hallucinations, behavioral disturbances, agitation, and insomnia have been reported following administration of systemic vasoconstrictors, particularly during febrile episodes or during overdoses.

Therefore, it is appropriate in particular:

· Not to prescribe this treatment in combination with drugs likely to lower the epileptogenic threshold such as: terpene derivatives, clobutinol, atropine substances, local anesthetics … or in case of convulsive antecedents;

· In all cases, to respect the recommended dosage, and to inform the patient of the risks of overdose when combined with other drugs containing vasoconstrictors.

Due to the presence of benzalkonium chloride, this drug can cause edema of the nasal mucosa, especially in the case of long-term use, and respiratory discomfort.

Precautions for use

Athletes’ attention is drawn to the fact that this specialty containing tuaminoheptane can induce a positive reaction of the tests performed during anti-doping tests.

Drive and use machines

Not applicable.

RHINOFLUIMUCIL and PREGNANCY / BREAST FEEDING / FERTILITY

Pregnancy

There is no reliable data on teratogenesis in animals.

In clinical practice, the use of tuaminoheptane sulfate in a limited number of pregnancies has apparently not revealed any particular malformative or fetotoxic effect to date. However, further studies are needed to assess the consequences of exposure during pregnancy.

As a result and because of possible neonatal effects related to the potent vasoconstrictor properties of this molecule, the use of tuaminoheptane is not recommended during pregnancy.

Breastfeeding

The passage of tuaminoheptane into breast milk is not known.

Therefore, it is not recommended to administer tuaminoheptane during the breastfeeding period.

Immediately consult your doctor or pharmacist.

What is  Forms and Composition RHINOFLUIMUCIL?

FORMS 

Solution for nasal spray:   10 ml bottle (200 doses) + nebulizer.

COMPOSITION

 p bottleAcetylcysteine ​​(INN) or N-acetylcysteine100 mgTuaminoheptane (DCI) sulfate50 mgBenzalkonium chloride (DCI)1.25 mg

Excipients: hypromellose, disodium edetate, monosodium phosphate dihydrate, disodium phosphate dodecahydrate, dithiothreitol, 70% sorbitol, mint oil, 96% ethanol, sodium hydroxide, purified water.

NOT’s

Edrug-online contains comprehensive and detailed information about drugs available in the medical field, and is divided into four sections:

general information:

Includes a general description of the drug, its use, brand names, FAQs, and relevant news and articles

Additional information:

General explanation about dealing with the medicine: how to take the medicine, the doses and times of it, the start and duration of its effectiveness, the recommended diet during the period of taking the medicine, the method of storage and storage, recommendations in cases for forgetting the dose and instructions to stop taking the drug and take additional doses.

Special warnings:

For pregnant and breastfeeding women, the elderly, boys and drivers, and use before surgery.

Side effects:

It treats possible side effects and drug interactions that require attention and its effect on continuous use.

The information contained in this medicine is based on medical literature, but it is not a substitute for consulting a doctor.

The post Rhinofluimucil spray nasal Uses,Dosage,Side Effects&Precautions appeared first on Drug Online.

from Drug Online https://bit.ly/3fAMOxc via Edrug Online from Faculty of Medicine https://bit.ly/3j844Mo via Internal Medicine

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Toplexil Syrup Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Precautions

Drug Online

Toplexil Syrup Generic drug of the therapeutic class: Allergology active ingredients: Oxomemazine

Important to know about Toplexil Syrup ?

It is recommended to calm dry coughs and irritation coughs in adults and children over 2 years of age, especially when they occur in the evening or at night.

Toplexil Syrup Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Precautions

what is toplexil Syrup used for and indication?

Symptomatic treatment of troublesome nonproductive coughs, especially at night.

Toplexil Syrup Dosage

RESERVED FOR ADULTS AND CHILDREN OVER 2 YEARS.

In adults  :

10 ml per dose, 4 times a day.

Pediatric population

In children  :

the daily dosage depends on the weight of the child (1 ml of syrup per kg of body weight per day), which is indicative:

Child from 13 to 20 kg (ie 2 to 6 years): 5 ml per dose, 2 to 3 times a day,

Child from 20 to 30 kg (6 to 10 years): 10 ml per dose, 2 to 3 times a day,

Child from 30 to 40 kg (10 to 12 years): 10 ml per dose, 3 to 4 times a day

Child over 40 kg (12 years old): 10 ml per dose, 4 times a day.

The catches are to be renewed when necessary and spaced at least 4 hours apart.

Administration mode

Oral way.

 Use the measuring cup.

Evening intake should be favored because of the sedative effect, especially at the beginning of treatment, of oxomemazine.

How it works Toplexil Syrup

Pharmacotherapeutic group: ANTIHISTAMINE FOR SYSTEMIC USE, ATC code: R06AD08 (R: Respiratory system).

Oxomemazine  : antihistamine H1, phenothiazine with aliphatic side chain, which is characterized by:

A marked sedative effect at the usual doses, of histaminergic and central adrenolytic origin,

 An anticholinergic effect causing peripheral adverse effects,

A peripheral adrenolytic effect, which may have a hemodynamic effect (risk of orthostatic hypotension).

Antihistamines have in common the property of opposing, by more or less reversible competitive antagonism, the effects of histamine especially on the skin, the bronchi, the intestine, and the vessels.

Toplexil Syrup Side Effects

Toplexil Syrup Side Effects

The pharmacological characteristics of the oxomemazine molecule cause undesirable effects of unequal intensity and linked or not to dose (see section Pharmacodynamic properties ):

· Neurovegetative effects:

 sedation or drowsiness, more marked at the beginning of treatment;

 anticholinergic effects such as dryness of the mucous membranes, constipation, accommodation disorders, mydriasis, heart palpitations, risk of urinary retention;

orthostatic hypotension;

balance disorders, dizziness, memory loss or concentration (more common in the elderly);

motor incoordination, tremors;

mental confusion, hallucinations;

more rarely, effects like excitation: agitation, nervousness, insomnia.

· Awareness Reactions:

erythema, eczema, pruritus, purpura, possibly giant urticaria,

edema, more rarely angioedema,

anaphylactic shock,

photosensitization;

· Hematological disorders:

leukopenia, neutropenia, exceptional agranulocytosis ;

thrombocytopenia,

Hemolytic anemia.

Due to the presence of glycerol, risk of digestive disorders and diarrhea.

Toplexil Syrup Interactions

Drugs lowering the epileptogenic threshold :

The joint use of proconvulsant drugs, or lowering the epileptogenic threshold, should be carefully weighed, because of the severity of the risk involved. These drugs are represented by most antidepressants (imipramines, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), neuroleptics (phenothiazines and butyrophenones), mefloquine, chloroquine, bupropion, tramadol.

Atropine drugs :

It must be taken into account that atropine substances can add their adverse effects and more easily result in urinary retention, acute glaucoma, constipation, dryness of the mouth, etc.

The various atropine drugs are represented by imipramine antidepressants, most atropine H1 antihistamines, antiparkinsonian anticholinergics, atropine antispasmodics, disopyramide, phenothiazine neuroleptics and clozapine.

Sedative drugs :

It must be taken into account that many drugs or substances can add their depressant effects of the central nervous system and help reduce alertness.

These are morphine derivatives (analgesics, antitussives and substitution treatments), neuroleptics, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, anxiolytics other than benzodiazepines (eg meprobamate), hypnotics, sedative antidepressants (amitriptyline, doxepin , mianserine, mirtazapine, trimipramine), sedative H1 antihistamines, central antihypertensives, baclofen and thalidomide.

Associations contraindicated :

· Dopaminergics, excluding Parkinson’s (cabergoline, quinagolide): Reciprocal antagonism of the dopaminergic agonist and neuroleptics.

Associations advised against :

·Other sedative drugs  : Potentiation of the sedative effect of H1 antihistamines.

·Alcohol consumption  : Alcohol enhancement of the sedative effect of these substances. Impairment of alertness can make driving and using machines dangerous. Avoid taking alcoholic drinks and drugs containing alcohol.

Associations subject to precautions for use :

·Gastrointestinal topicals, antacids and anthrax  : Decreased digestive absorption of phenothiazine neuroleptics. Take gastrointestinal topicals and antacids away from phenothiazinic neuroleptics (more than 2 hours, if possible).

Associations to consider :

·Antihypertensive drugs  : Increase the risk of hypotension, including orthostatic.

·Beta-blockers (except esmolol and sotalol)  : Vasodilator effect and risk of hypotension, especially orthostatic (additive effect).

·Beta-blockers in heart failure (bisoprolol, carved idol, metoprolol, nebivolol ): Vasodilator effect and risk of hypotension, particularly orthostatic (additive effect).

·Nitrate and related derivatives  : Increased risk of hypotension, especially orthostatic.

Toplexil Syrup Warnings and Precautions

Special warnings :

The productive coughs, which are a fundamental element of bronchopulmonary defense, must be respected.

It is illogical to associate an expectorant or mucolytic with this antitussive drug.

Before prescribing antitussive therapy, cough causes that require specific treatment should be investigated.

If the cough is resistant to an antitussive given at a usual dosage, the doses should not be increased, but the clinical situation should be reconsidered.

Precautions for use:

RELATED TO THE PRESENCE DOXOMEMAZINE:

Since phenothiazines have been considered as hypothetical risk factors in the occurrence of sudden infant death, loxomemazine should not be used in children under 2 years of age.

Surveillance (clinical and possibly electrical) should be reinforced in epileptics because of the possibility of lowering the epileptogenic threshold.

Loxomemazine should be used with caution:

· In the elderly subject with:

greater sensitivity to orthostatic hypotension, vertigo and sedation,

chronic constipation (paralytic diluted risk),

a possible prostatic hypertrophy.

· In subjects with certain cardiovascular diseases, because of the tachycardic and hypertensive effects of phenothiazines.

· In case of severe hepatic and / or renal insufficiency (due to the risk of accumulation).

If used in children, bronchial asthma or gastroesophageal reflux should be eliminated before using loxomemazine as a cough suppressant.

Taking alcoholic beverages or alcohol-containing medicines (see section 4.5) is strongly discouraged during the course of treatment.

Given the photosensitizing effect of phenothiazines, it is best not to expose to the sun during treatment.

H1 antihistamines should be used with caution because of the risk of sedation. Association with other sedating medicinal products should be discouraged (see section 4.5).

This medicine contains sucrose. It is not recommended for use in patients with fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsorption or sucrase / isomaltase deficiency.

This medicine contains 3.7 g of sucrose per 5 ml dose and 7.3 g per 10 ml dose, which should be taken into account in the daily ration in case of low sugar diet or diabetes.

This medicine contains sodium. This medicine contains 8.25 mg of sodium per 5 ml of syrup and 16.50 mg of sodium per 10 ml of syrup: to be taken into account in people on a strict sodium diet.

Drive and use machines

Attention is drawn to the risks of drowsiness associated with the use of this drug, especially in the case of vehicle drivers and machine users , especially at the beginning of treatment.

This phenomenon is accentuated by the intake of alcoholic beverages or drugs containing alcohol.

Toplexil Syrup and Pregnancy / Breastfeeding

The presence of oxomemazine determines the course of action during pregnancy and lactation.

toplexil for pregnant

Malformative aspect

There is no reliable data on teratogenesis in animals.

There are currently no data of sufficient relevance to evaluate the possible malformative or foetotoxic effect of oxomemazine when administered during pregnancy.

Fetotoxic appearance

In neonates of long-term mothers treated with high doses of anticholinergic drugs have been rarely described digestive signs related to atropine properties (abdominal distention, meconium ileus, delay in emission of meconium, difficulty of getting started). of food, tachycardias, neurological disorders …).

Given these data, the use of this drug is not recommended during the first trimester of pregnancy. It should only be prescribed if necessary thereafter, limiting the 3 rd quarter, a one-time use.

If the administration of this drug took place at the end of pregnancy, it seems justified to observe a period of surveillance of the neurological and digestive functions of the newborn.

Breastfeeding

The passage of oxomemazine in breast milk is not known. Given the possibilities of sedation or paradoxical excitement of the newborn, and even more risks of sleep apnea evoked with phenothiazines, this drug is not recommended when breastfeeding.

What should I do if I miss a dose?

Do not take a double dose to make up for the dose you forgot to take.

Toplexil Syrup overdose

What happens if I overdose from Toplexil Syrup ?

Immediately consult your doctor or pharmacist

What is  Forms and Composition Toplexil Syrup ?

FORMS and PRESENTATIONS

0.33 mg / ml syrup:   150 ml bottle, with measuring cup graduated to 5 ml and 10 ml. 0.33 mg / ml sugar-free

oral solution, sweetened with acesulfame potassium:   150 ml vial, with measuring cup graduated to 5 ml and 10 ml.

COMPOSITION

Syrup:p 5 mlp 10 mloxomemazine1.65 mg3.3 mg

Excipients: sodium benzoate, glycerol, citric acid monohydrate, sodium citrate, caramel compound flavor (caramel, fenugreek resin, methylcyclopentenolone hydrate, maltol, butyric acid, piperonal, diacetyl, ethyl vanillin, vanillin, propylene glycol, distilled water), caramel ( E150), sucrose solution, purified water.

Excipients with known effect: sucrose (3.7 g / 5 ml, 7.3 g / 10 ml), sodium (8.25 mg / 5 ml, 16.5 mg / 10 ml), glycerol.

Drinkable solution :p 5 mlp 10 mloxomemazine1.65 mg3.3 mg

Excipients: sodium benzoate, glycerol, citric acid monohydrate, sodium citrate, caramel compound flavor (mainly heliotropine [piperonal], vanilla, propylene glycol, alcohol, maltol, water), liquid maltitol, acesulfame potassium, purified water.

Excipients with known effect: maltitol, sodium (8.26 mg / 5 ml, 16.53 mg / 10 ml), glycerol.

NOT’s

Edrug-online contains comprehensive and detailed information about drugs available in the medical field, and is divided into four sections:

general information:

Includes a general description of the drug, its use, brand names, FAQs, and relevant news and articles

Additional information:

General explanation about dealing with the medicine: how to take the medicine, the doses and times of it, the start and duration of its effectiveness, the recommended diet during the period of taking the medicine, the method of storage and storage, recommendations in cases for forgetting the dose and instructions to stop taking the drug and take additional doses.

Special warnings:

For pregnant and breastfeeding women, the elderly, boys and drivers, and use before surgery.

Side effects:

It treats possible side effects and drug interactions that require attention and its effect on continuous use.

The information contained in this medicine is based on medical literature, but it is not a substitute for consulting a doctor.

The post Toplexil Syrup Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Precautions appeared first on Drug Online.

from Drug Online https://bit.ly/31sENGt via Edrug Online from Faculty of Medicine https://bit.ly/3gepJ3a via Internal Medicine

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Antidotes Market Size, Status and Forecast to 2025

Antidotes are medicines, chelating drugs, or pharmaceutical ingredients that neutralize the effect of poison or another drug. Paracetamol poisoning is the major concern all over the world as it is the most common drug taken in intentional overdose. Opioid poisoning, cyanide poisoning, benzodiazepine poisoning and other toxins can be neutralized using antidotes. Different types of antidotes are available to neutralize the effect of one particular drug and to reduce the toxicity of many drugs. There are antidotes that are 100% effective, while some can cause fatalities. Examples of antidotes are pralidoxime for poisoning by anti-cholinesterase nerve agents, naloxone for opioid overdose, methylene blue for drug-induced methemoglobinemia, flumazenil for benzodiazepine overdose, dimercaprol for arsenic, gold, or inorganic mercury poisoning, digoxin immune fab for digoxin toxicity, atropine for organophosphates and carbamates, activated charcoal for most poisons, and acetylcysteine for acetaminophen poisoning.

Read Report Overview: https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/antidotes-market.html

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 5 million people across the world suffer from snake bites each year, and nearly 100,000 of these develop severe sequela. Mortality rate in developing countries in Asia Pacific such as India was approximately 30,000, whereas in developed countries in North America such as the U.S. it was 50,000 cases of bites, of which 7,000 were by venomous snakes.

Increase in awareness and studies regarding the identification of toxins of venomous bites by companies and governments to increase the knowledge of antidotes and drugs is projected to drive the global antidotes market during the forecast period. Rise in prevalence of the medical conditions associated with antidotes such as trichotillomania, toxoplasmosis prophylaxis, smoking cessation, reversal of sedation, reversal of opioid sedation, pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis, and opioid overdose drives demand for antidotes. However, rise in prices of anti-venoms is anticipated to restrain the global antidotes market during the forecast period.

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The global antidotes market can be segmented based on antidote type, dosage form, mode of action, and region. In terms of antidote type, the market can be categorized into chemical antidotes, physical antidotes, and pharmacological antidotes. Based on dosage form, the global antidotes market can be bifurcated into oral and injectable. Oral dosage can be divided into capsules or tablets, and syrup. Based on mode of action, the market can be segmented into poison, drug, and toxin.

Geographically, the global antidotes market can be segmented into Latin America, Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, and Middle East & Africa. North America held the largest market share in 2016, due to increase in research and development on antidotes in the region. Europe held the second largest market share in 2016, due to technological advancements in antidotes. The market in Asia Pacific is anticipated to grow at a rapid pace during the forecast period owing to increase in prevalence of medical conditions associated with antidotes such as nerve agent poisoning, methotrexate rescue, methanol poisoning, mercury poisoning, lead poisoning, and gold poisoning. The market in Latin America and Middle East & Africa is anticipated to be driven by rise in government initiatives regarding antidotes.

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Key players in the global antidotes market include ADAPT Pharma, Inc., Baxter International, Inc., Cumberland Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc., Graceway Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Luitpold Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Novartis AG, Protherics, Inc., ApoPharma USA, Inc., Apotex, Inc., and Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

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Transparency Market Research (TMR) is a U.S.-based provider of syndicated research, customized research, and consulting services. TMR’s global and regional market intelligence coverage includes industries such as pharmaceutical, chemicals and materials, technology and media, food and beverages, and consumer goods, among others. Each TMR research report provides clients with a 360-degree view of the market with statistical forecasts, competitive landscape, detailed segmentation, key trends, and strategic recommendations.

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