#archibald garrod

[tenth-sentence]

Physicians paid little attention to the medical conditions arising from Garrod's inborn errors because they were thought to be rare and, consequently, unimportant diseases.

"In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity" - Daniel J. Kevles

[patricia-von-arundel]

Man, some folks need to read a book or two on the history of medicine.

Try Roy Porter, Carole Rawcliffe, or Steven Cherry. There are also great articles often available for free on Pubmed. If not, email the first author - they'll get it to you.

(Hey, did you know the debate about whether consciousness was stored in the heart or the brain continued until the 18th century? And that the father of neuroscience, Santiago Ramón y Cajal, lived until the 1930s? That an understanding of Mendelian genetic inheritance in humans - an "inborn error of metabolism" - was postulated based on a family in London with Alkaptonuria, aka "black urine disease," and that that research was not published until 1902 (by Archibald Garrod). Between 1902 and the present, basically everything we know about chromosomal-level genetic inheritance and mutation was discovered? Did you know that the reason calico and tortoiseshell cats are always female is due to the presence of Barr bodies, which is an inactive X chromosome, and this can also be seen in humans, including in males with Klinefelter Syndrome [XXY] and in sterile male calico/tortoiseshell cats? And that even more rarely, a male calico/tortie is not sterile?)

(Do you know why the Hippocratic Oath is called the Hippocratic Oath? Who Galen is? The age of the oldest known eyeglasses? The four humors, and what they were believed to represent? Why medicine stagnated during the first few centuries of Christian dominance in Europe? What the link is between sickle cell anemia and resistance to malaria? What is the modern treatment for bubonic plague? Who Phineas Gage was? What animal Luigi Galvani used to study the role of electricity in neural connections? Who frickin' Rosalind Franklin is???)

Seeing that post about arguing against there not being enough research into hormonal and surgical treatments for trans men and women... Man. That one hurt my head.

Since 1990, we've learned how to keep HIV all but dormant and to stop it passing from a parent to child. Chemotherapy for cancer treatment was first developed in the 1940s, and radiation is actually older than chemotherapy. Hemophilia B can be treated now quite simply by injections and transfusions to introduce Factor IX, a clotting factor, when before the 1950s it was a death sentence. The structure of DNA wasn't discovered until 1953 - now, students in basic biology labs can play around with splicing and inserting sequences into genetic codes!

My point is... a lot of what we understand about medicine has, for various reasons, only become established and accepted in the last 200 years or so. And with gene therapy, it's likely to explode again.

Read up on the history of medicine. Especially if you question its use in certain people to help them physically become who their conscious mind knows they are. You might learn something!

And honestly, the history of medicine is insanely grim-and-gross fun. If you're into that. 😉 The Mütter Museum is also out there!

[doueverwonder]

i'm going to fucking kill gregor mendel and archibald garrod

[incredibleanswers]

Bio Genetic

answer some multiple choice questions about genetics

. Genes encode proteins, including enzymes.

2. Genes work in sets to accomplish biochemical

pathways.

3. Genes often work in cooperation with other genes.

4.These discoveries are the foundation of modern

molecular genetics

In 1902, Archibald Garrod provided the fifirst evidence of a

specifific relationship between genes and enzymes, his

hypothe…

[fantasticallyfactualforensics]

Human DNA: A history

DNA is an important part of modern crime evidence, but it is important to know when DNA is actually used in history, and the experiments it took to actually get DNA to be the robust science it is today. Hopefully this is helpful for your writing needs!

DNA Timeline

1866 – Gregor Mendel determines the principles of genetic inheritance

1902 – Sir Archibald Edward Garrod associated Mendel’s theories with human disease alkaptonuria (black urine or black bone disease, genetic disorder where the body cannot process the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine)

1944 – Oswald Avery, working with MacLeod and McCarty determines DNA as the “transforming principle”, while working with Streptococcus pneumoniae (bacteria causing pneumonia), it was determined that dead/heat-killed S-strain (which is lethal) can “transform” living R-strain (which is non-lethal) into lethal bacteria

1950 - Chargaff’s rules was developed by Edwin Chargaff, it basically states that there is a 1:1 ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases, that adenine = thymine, and guanine = cytosine, an important rule for base pairings and the DNA double helix structure

1952 – Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase experimented with T2 phage and elemental isotopes; phosphorus-32 labelled DNA while sulfur-35 labelled the proteins; the progeny infected unlabelled bacteria, and since phosphorus-32 showed up, it confirmed that DNA is the genetic material

1952 – Rosalind Franklin uses X-ray crystallography to photograph DNA fibres

1953 – James Watson and Francis Crick uses Franklin’s crystallography and previous research material to determine the double helix structure of DNA

1959 – an extra chromosome 21 is linked to Down’s syndrome

1965 – Marshall Nirenberg worked with E.coli bacteria cells to determine how DNA is involved with RNA and protein expressions, he helped decipher the codons of the genetic code

1977 – Frederick Sanger develops a technique for rapid DNA sequencing, the Sanger sequencing is also known as chain termination method based on selectively incorporating chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs)

1984 – Sir Alec Jeffreys developed the multi-locus RFLP probes, a method to compare the variations in DNA of different individuals, leading way to genetic fingerprinting

1986 – The first use of DNA testing in a forensic case, using Jeffreys’ multi-locus RFLP probes for DNA typing to catch Colin Pitchfork, who sexually assaulted and murdered Lunda Mann in 1983 and Dawn Ashworth in 1986

1990 – the Human Genome Project begins, with the goal of mapping all of the 3.3 billion bases of the human genome, and the genome of other organisms, this project costed about $2.7 billion (this amount wasn’t calculated for inflation) and took almost 15 years to complete, compare that to now where it will take about $1000 to sequence the human genome and it will take about a day to do so

2013 – it was discovered that identical (monozygotic) twins actually have differences in their genetic make-up, with differences/mutations called Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs)

[ftsharp]

In 1909, Archibald Garrod first attributed a disease to an inherited defect that affects the metabolism. Poetry by Tom Sharp.

[zoomgenetics]

Gene Interaction – Problems And Solutions

Question-1: In Mirabilis Jalapa flower, the crossing of two pink flowers gives the phenotypic ratio as: (A) 3 red : 1 pink (B) 1 white : 2 red : 1 pink (C) 1 white : 2 pink : 1 red (D) 3 white : 1 red

Question-2: Mirabilis Jalapa (4 O`clock flower) and Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) show the following: (A) Complete Dominance (B) Incomplete Dominance (C) Co-Dominance (D) Multiple Alleles

Question-3: ABO Blood group system is an example of (A) Complete dominance and multiple allele (B) Complete dominance and Lethal genes (C) Co-dominance and multiple allele (D) Incomplete dominance and multiple allele

Question-4: Which of the following is FALSE, if DA = Dominant Allele RA = Recessive Allele CA = Co-Dominant Allele DP = Dominant Phenotype RP = Recessive Phenotype (A) DA + RA = DP (B) CA + RA = DP (C) CA + RA = RP (D) RA + RA = RP

Question-5: Human skin color is a Polygenic character, as shown by Davenport and is due to at least ____ separate genes. (A) Seven (B) Five (C) three (D) Two

Question-6: ABO Blood grouping has three alleles and four phenotypes (A, B, AB, and O). How many genotypes are possible? (A) Three (B) Four (C) Five (D) Six

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Question-7: Fourth blood group (AB) was discovered by: (A) Lucien Claude Marie & Julien Cuenot (B) Alfred von deCastello & Adriano Sturli (C) Sir Francis Galton (D) Dr. and Mrs. Charles Davenport

Question-8: Who discovered Incomplete dominance and Cytoplasmic dominance (A) Carl Correns (B) Regnier de Graaf (C) Carl Wilhelm von Nageli (D) Archibald Garrod

Question-9: Who first discovered Lethal Genes (A) Carl Correns (B) Regnier de Graaf (C) Lucien Claude Marie & Julien Cuenot (D) Archibald Garrod

Question-10: Who coined the term `Eugenics` and the phrase `nature versus nature` (A) Carl Correns (B) Sir Francis Galton (C) Lucien Claude Marie & Julien Cuenot (D) Archibald Garrod

Question-11: Who discovered the three blood groups in humans – A, B, and O (A) Carl Correns (B) Sir Francis Galton (C) Lucien Claude Marie & Julien Cuenot (D) Karl Landsteiner

Question-12: When two different genotypes due to different environmental conditions, give rise to the same phenotype, the one is said to be the _______ of the other. (A) Allele (B) Clone (C) Twin (D) Phenocopy

Question-13: 100% ability of an allelic combination to produce the expected phenotype is called: (A) Complete Dominance (B) Complete Penetrance (C) Complementary genes (D) Supplementary genes

Question-14: Example of `Incomplete Penetrance` is (A) Sickle cell anemia (B) Diabetes mellitus (C) Color Blindness (D) Huntington`s disease.

Question-15: In F2 generation, we observe the phenotypic ratio = 3 : 1. Which of the following conclusion would be correct? (A) Trait = 2, Dominance = Complete (B) Trait = 1, Dominance = Incomplete (C) Trait = 1, Dominance = Complete (D) Trait = 2, Dominance = Incomplete

Question-16: In F2 generation, we observe the phenotypic ratio = 1 : 2 : 1. Which of the following conclusion would be correct? (A) Trait = 2, Dominance = Complete (B) Trait = 1, Dominance = Incomplete (C) Trait = 1, Dominance = Complete (D) Trait = 2, Dominance = Incomplete

Question-17: In an F2 generation, we observe the phenotypic ratio = 9 : 7. Which of the following conclusion would be correct? (A) Dominant Epistasis (B) Polymeric genes (C) Complementary genes (D) Recessive Epistasis

Question-18: In an F2 generation, we observe the phenotypic ratio of 9 : 3 : 4. Which of the following conclusion would be correct? (A) Dominant Epistasis (B) Supplementary genes (C) Complementary genes (D) Dihybrid

Question-19: In a cross between black (CCaa) and albino (AAcc) guinea pig, F2 exhibits 9 (agouti) : 3 (black) : 4 (albino). Which of the following conclusion would be correct? (A) Dominant Epistasis (B) Duplicate genes (C) Complementary genes (D) Recessive Epistasis

Question-20: If F2 exhibits 15 : 1 ratio. Which of the following conclusion would be correct? (A) Dominant Epistasis (B) Duplicate genes (C) Complementary genes (D) Recessive Epistasis

Question-21: If F2 exhibits 9 : 6 : 1 ratio. Which of the following conclusion would be correct? (A) Dominant Epistasis (B) Duplicate genes (C) Polymeric Gene (D) Recessive Epistasis

Question-22: If F2 exhibits 1 : 4 : 6 : 4 : 1 ratio. Which of the following conclusion would be correct? (A) Dominant Epistasis (B) Duplicate genes (C) Polymeric genes (D) Polygenic genes

Question-23: If F2 exhibits 1 : 6 : 15 : 20 : 15 : 6 : 1 ratio. Which of the following conclusion would be correct? (A) Dominant Epistasis (B) Duplicate genes (C) Polymeric genes (D) Polygenic genes

Question-24: The phenomenon wherein a gene affects many aspects of phenotype (controls several phenotypes) is called: (A) Epistasis (B) Polymorphism (C) Pleiotropy (D) Sub-Lethality

Question-25: Albinism in corn is due to: (A) Epistasis (B) Polymorphism (C) Pleiotropy (D) Lethal genes

Question-26: In Delayed Lethality due to lethal genes, an individual dies after: (A) Birth (B) Conception (C) Sexual Maturity (D) completing the life cycle

Question-27: In Sub-Lethality due to lethal genes, an individual dies: (A) before birth (B) before reproductive maturity (C) after birth (D) after sexual maturity

Question-28: One of the possible origins of polygenes may be: (A) deletion of part of chromosome (B) translocation of part of chromosome (C) duplication of part of chromosome (D) inversion of part of chromosome

Question-29: One of the possible origins of polygenes may be: (A) polyploidy (B) monosomy (C) substitution gene mutation (D) frameshift mutation

Question-30: An example of Intragenic gene interaction is: (A) Inhibitory genes (B) Duplicate genes (C) Pleiotropic genes (D) Lethal Genes

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Question-31: An example of Intragenic gene interaction is:

(A) Inhibitory genes (B) Co-Dominance (C) Pleiotropic genes (D) Polymeric Genes

Question-32: An example of Intragenic gene interaction is: (A) Supplementary genes (B) Epistasis (C) Multiple alleles (D) Polymeric Genes

Question-33: An example of Intergenic gene interaction (Non-Allelic) is: (A) Lethal genes (B) Epistasis (C) Multiple alleles (D) Co-Dominance

Question-34: ABO Blood group system is a case of (A) Epistasis (B) Multiple Allele (C) Multiple Allele & Co-dominance (D) Epistasis & Co-dominance

Question-35: A phenotypic ratio of 9 : 6 : 1 (eg. in Cucurbita pepo) is indicative of the gene-interaction, _______ (A) Incomplete dominance (B) Dominant Epistasis (C) Recessive Epistasis (D) Polymeric gene

Question-36: A phenotypic ratio of 9 : 3 : 4 (eg. Coat color in mice) is indicative of the gene-interaction, _______ (A) Incomplete dominance (B) Dominant Epistasis (C) Recessive Epistasis (D) Supplementary gene

Question-37: A phenotypic ratio in F2, of 1 : 2 : 1 is indicative of the gene-interaction, _______ (A) Complete dominance (B) Incomplete dominance (C) Recessive Epistasis (D) Supplementary gene

Question-38: A phenotypic ratio in F2, of 9 : 7 is indicative of the gene-interaction, _______ (A) Complete dominance (B) Incomplete dominance (C) Complementary gene (D) Supplementary gene

Question-39: A phenotypic ratio of 12 : 3 : 1 (eg. Fruit color in Cucurbita) is indicative of the gene-interaction, _______ (A) Incomplete dominance (B) Dominant Epistasis (C) Recessive Epistasis (D) Supplementary gene

Question-40: A phenotypic ratio in F2, of 9 : 3 : 4 is indicative of the gene-interaction, _______ (A) Incomplete dominance (B) Dominant Epistasis (C) Recessive Epistasis (D) Duplicate gene

Question-41: A phenotypic ratio in F2, of 15 : 1 is indicative of the gene-interaction, _______ (A) Incomplete dominance (B) Dominant Epistasis (C) Recessive Epistasis (D) Duplicate gene

Question-42: A phenotypic ratio in F2, of 13 : 3 is indicative of the gene-interaction, _______ (A) Incomplete dominance (B) Dominant Epistasis (C) Recessive Epistasis (D) Suppressor gene

Question-43: Dominant Epistasis will give a phenotypic ratio in F2 of _________ (A) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 (B) 9 : 7 (C) 12 : 3 : 1 (D) 9 : 3 : 4

Question-44: Duplicate gene interaction will give a phenotypic ratio in F2 of _________ (A) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 (B) 15 : 1 (C) 12 : 3 : 1 (D) 9 : 3 : 4

Question-45: Complementary gene interaction will give a phenotypic ratio in F2 of _________ (A) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 (B) 15 : 1 (C) 12 : 3 : 1 (D) 9 : 7

Question-46: Recessive Epistasis gene interaction will give a phenotypic ratio in F2 of _________ (A) 9 : 3 :4 (B) 15 : 1 (C) 12 : 3 : 1 (D) 9 : 7

Question-47: Polymeric gene interaction (duplicate genes with cumulative effect) will give a phenotypic ratio in F2 of _________ (A) 9 : 3 :4 (B) 15 : 1 (C) 12 : 3 : 1 (D) 9 : 6 : 1

Question-48: Duplicate genes will give a phenotypic ratio in F2 of _________ (A) 9 : 3 :4 (B) 15 : 1 (C) 12 : 3 : 1 (D) 9 : 6 : 1

Question-49: If two genes present on different loci produce the same effect, when present alone, but interact to form a new trait when present together, then this gene interaction is called __________ (A) Epistasis (B) Complementary gene (C) Supplementary gene (D) Duplicate gene

Question-50: When a gene affects many aspects of phenotype or controls several phenotypes, it is called __________ (A) Pleiotropic gene (B) Complementary gene (C) Supplementary gene (D) Duplicate gene

Question-51: Which of these gene interactions is not an Intergenic (non-allelic) interaction (A) Pleiotropic gene (B) Complementary gene (C) Supplementary gene (D) Lethal gene

Question-52: Which of these gene interactions is not an Intergenic (non-allelic) interaction (A) Polymeric gene (B) Polygenic gene (C) Epistasis (D) Co-dominance

Question-53: Which of these gene interactions is not an Intragenic (allelic) interaction (A) Polymeric gene (B) Multiple allele (C) Lethal gene (D) Co-dominance

Question-54: Insulin is released every ___________ from the pancreas. (A) 30 to 60 minutes (B) 3 to 4 hours (C) 3 to 6 minutes (D) 12 hours

Answers to Epistasis Problems (Gene Interaction)

Ans-1:(C) [1 white : 2 pink : 1 red] Ans-2:(B) Ans-3:(C) Ans-4:(C) Ans-5:(C) Ans-6:(D) Six: IAIA, IAIB, IAi, IBIB, IBi, ii (3! – Three Factorial = 3 x 2 x 1 = 6) Ans-7:(B) Ans-8:(A) Ans-9:(C) Ans-10:(B) Ans-11:(D) Ans-12:(D) Ans-13:(B) Ans-14:(B) Ans-15:(C) Trait = 1, Dominance = Complete (Monohybrid Cross) Ans-16:(B) Trait = 1, Dominance = Incomplete (Example: Mirabilis Jalapa) Ans-17:(C) Complementary Genes

(Dominant of both genes are required for expression). If (A, B - dominant alleles; a, b = recessive alleles), and also 1 means expression and 0 means non-expression). The punnett square would be: AB Ab aB ab AB 1 1 1 1 Ab 1 0 1 0 aB 1 1 0 0 ab 1 0 0 0 --------------------------- 9 expressions : 7 non-expressions

Ans-18:(B) Supplementary genes.

A always expresses (expression = 1); B expresses when A is present (expression = 2); ab, aB = non-expression (expression = 0) AB Ab aB ab AB 2 2 2 2 Ab 2 1 2 1 aB 2 2 0 0 ab 2 1 0 0

Ans-19:(D) Recessive Epistasis = Supplementary genes

C always expresses (expression = 1, black); A expresses when C is present (expression = 2, agouti) aA, ac = non-expression (expression = 0, albino) F1: CaAc F2: CA Cc aA ac CA 2 2 2 2 Cc 2 1 2 1 aA 2 2 0 0 ac 2 1 0 0

Ans-20:(B) Duplicate genes;

A and B produces same effect, even when present together; ab = non-expression F2: AB Ab aB ab AB 1 1 1 1 Ab 1 1 1 1 aB 1 1 1 1 ab 1 1 1 0

Ans-21:(C) Polymeric Gene;

A and B produces same effect (expression = 1), If together produces new effect (expression = 2); ab = non-expression (expression = 0) F2: AB Ab aB ab AB 2 2 2 2 Ab 2 1 2 1 aB 2 2 1 1 ab 2 1 1 0

Ans-22:(D) Polygenic genes; Example: Kernel color in wheat Gene pairs controlling the trait = 2 Number of phenotypes = 7 Ans-23:(D) Polygenic genes; Example: Human Skin Color Gene pairs controlling the trait = 3 Number of phenotypes = 7 Ans-24:(C) Pleiotropy Ans-25:(D) Lethal genes Ans-26:(C) Sexual Maturity Ans-27:(B) before reproductive maturity. Example: sickle-cell anaemia Ans-28:(C) duplication of part of chromosome Ans-29:(A) polyploidy Ans-30:(D) Lethal Genes Ans-31:(B) Co-Dominance Ans-32:(C) Multiple alleles Ans-33:(B) Epistasis Ans-34:(C) Multiple Allele & Co-dominance Ans-35:(D) Polymeric gene Ans-36:(D) Supplementary gene Ans-37:(B) Incomplete dominance Ans-38:(C) Complementary gene. (eg. Lathyrus odoratus) Ans-39:(B) Dominant Epistasis Ans-40:(C) Recessive Epistasis Ans-41:(D) Duplicate gene Ans-42:(D) Suppressor gene or Inhibitor gene, eg. Leaf color in rice. Ans-43:(C) 12 : 3 : 1 Ans-44:(B) 15 : 1 Ans-45:(D) 9 : 7 Ans-46:(A) 9 : 3 :4 Ans-47:(D) 9 : 6 : 1 Ans-48:(B) 15 : 1 Ans-49:(B) Complementary gene Ans-50:(A) Pleiotropic gene Ans-51:(D) Lethal gene Ans-52:(D) Co-dominance Ans-53:(A) Polymeric gene Ans-54:(C) 3 to 6 minutes

[lindahall]

Archibald Garrod – Scientist of the Day

Archibald Garrod, an English physician, died Mar. 28, 1936 at the age of 78.  

read more...

[byosis]

Archibald Garrod

In 1908 he concluded that Alkaptonuria is caused by an inborn error of metabolism

[tenth-sentence]

A third definition of the gene starts in 1902 with De Vries's contemporary, the English doctor Archibald Garrod, who rather ingeniously identified the first single-gene disease, an obscure ailment called alkaptonuria.

"Nature via Nurture: Genes, Experience, and What Makes Us Human" - Matt Ridley

[zoomgenetics]

MCQ on "Mendelian Genetics"

Q-01: What is also called `Law of Purity of Gametes` (A) Law of Dominance (B) Law of Segregation (C) Law of Independent Assortment (D) None of the above Q-02: Mendel conducted hybridization experiments on: (A) Mirabilis Jalapa (B) Antirrhinum majus (C) Pisum Sativum (D) Pneumococcus Q-03: Two or more alternate forms of a gene, which occupy identical loci on homologous chromosomes are called: (A) Telomeres (B) Chromatids (C) Nucleosomes (D) Allelomorphs Q-04: Which of the following sentences is False. (A) An allele is a particular variation of a gene. (B) An allele can express if it is dominant (C) A gene can be dominant or recessive (D) An allele can be dominant or recessive. Q-05: A dominant allele synthesizes the protein, when it occurs in: (A) Heterozygous condition (alone) (B) Homozygous condition (in pair) (C) Both (D) None Q-06: Self-fertilization in plants can be prevented by removing anthers before pollen grains mature. This process is called (A) Castration (B) Sterilization (C) Emasculation (D) Polyploidization Q-07: `Inflated` pod shape in pea plant is a (A) Co-dominant allele (B) Dominant allele (C) Recessive allele (D) Multiple allele Q-08: A genotype of (tTaa) in pisum sativum is (A) Tall plant and Terminal flowers (B) Tall plant and Axial flowers (C) Dwarf plant and Terminal flowers (D) Dwarf plant and Axial flowers Q-09: What are exceptions to Mendel`s law of dominance? (A) Incomplete dominance (B) Co-dominance (C) both (D) none Q-10: The exception to the Mendel`s Law of Independent Assortment is: (A) Co-Dominance (B) Pleiotropy (C) Linkage (D) Crossing-Over Q-11: The genes controlling the seven characters studied by Mendel are located on four chromosomes. These chromosomes are: (A) 5, 9, 11 and 12 (B) 7, 8, 12 and 13 (C) 4, 5, 6 and 7 (D) 1, 4, 5 and 7 Q-12: If G. J. Mendel is called `Father of Genetics`, then who is called `Father of Human Genetics` (A) Wilhelm Johannsen (B) Regnier de Graaf (C) Carl Wilhelm von Nageli (D) Archibald Garrod Q-13: Who proposed distinction between phenotype and genotype in 1911 and also coined the term `Pure Line` (A) Wilhelm Johannsen (B) Sir Francis Galton (C) Lucien Claude Marie & Julien Cuenot (D) Karl Landsteiner Q-14: Hybrid Vigor - the superiority of hybrid over either of its parents in one or more traits is also known as: (A) Heredity (B) Mutation (C) Heterosis (D) Variation Q-15: Hybrid vigour is more in (A) Self cross (B) Test cross (C) Back cross (D) Out cross Q-16: To `concentrate` the desirable character of a parent, while keeping the other desirable characters of the hybrid intact, we have to do: (A) Reciprocal cross (B) Back cross (C) Test Cross (D) Out cross Q-17: 13 pairs of ribs instead of normal 12 pairs is an example of: (A) Quantitative variation (B) Qualitative variation (C) Meristic variation (D) Group variation Q-18: 6 arms of starfish instead of normal 5 is an example of: (A) Quantitative variation (B) Qualitative variation (C) Meristic variation (D) Group variation Q-19: Variations in spots, colors or stripes is an example of: (A) Quantitative variation (B) Qualitative variation (C) Meristic variation (D) Group variation Q-20: Weak individual due to malnutrition is an example of: (A) Quantitative variation (B) Qualitative variation (C) Meristic variation (D) Somatogenic variation Q-21: Well developed muscles of a wrestler is an example of: (A) Quantitative variation (B) Qualitative variation (C) Meristic variation (D) Somatogenic variation Q-22: Alkaptonuria is an example of: (A) Quantitative variation (B) Blastogenic variation (C) Meristic variation (D) Somatogenic variation Q-23: Snowshoe hare is an example of: (A) Quantitative variation (B) Blastogenic variation (C) Meristic variation (D) Seasonal variation Q-24: Haploid unfertilized egg laid by queen honey bee: (A) dies (B) matures into a queen bee (C) matures into a drone bee (D) matures into a worker bee Q-25: After nuptial flight of drone honey bee and virgin queen honey bee, (A) queen bee dies (B) drone bee dies (C) both returns home (to the hive) (D) drone bee alone return home Q-26: Diploid fertilized egg laid by queen honey bee does not: (A) matures into a queen bee (B) matures into a drone bee (C) matures into a worker bee (D) matures into a virgin queen bee Q-27: Drone male honey bee is (A) Haploid (n = 16) (B) Diploid (2n = 16) (C) Haploid (n = 32) (D) Diploid (2n = 32) Q-28: An unfertilized egg develops as a male drone honey bee by means of (A) Fertilization (B) Meiosis (C) Parthenogenesis (D) polyploidization Q-29: Continuous variation is also called: (A) Mutation (B) Somatogenic variation (C) Blastogenic variation (D) Clinal variation

Ans-01:(B) Ans-02:(C) Ans-03:(D) Alleles or Allelomorphs Ans-04:(C) A gene cannot be dominant or recessive. However, it can have many alleles which may be dominant or recessive. For example: Seed color is a gene; Yellow (Y) = dominant allele and Green (y) = recessive allele of that gene. Ans-05:(C) It synthesizes, irrespective of whether it occurs alone or in pair. Ans-06:(C) Ans-07: (B) Ans-08: (A) {tT will give tall height; aa will give terminal flower position} Ans-09:(C) Ans-10:(C) Linkage Ans-11:(D) Ans-12:(D) Ans-13:(A) Ans-14:(C) Ans-15:(D) Out cross Ans-16:(B) Back cross Ans-17:(C) Meristic variation are those variations that can be counted. Ans-18:(C) Meristic variation are those variations that can be counted. Ans-19:(B) Qualitative variation Ans-20:(D) Somatogenic variation Ans-21:(D) Somatogenic variation Ans-22:(B) Blastogenic variation = Germinal variation = Genetic Variation Its a hereditary disease. Ans-23:(D) Seasonal variation. Snowshoe hare`s fur become white in winter and brown in summer. Its a nature`s way of camouflaging. Ans-24:(C) matures into a drone bee Ans-25:(B) drone bee dies Ans-26:(B) matures into a drone bee Ans-27:(A) Haploid (n = 16) Ans-28:(C) Parthenogenesis Ans-29:(D) Clinal variation