#anti kbr

[aaronwarner]

this is so out of the blue but i saw your post from ages ago about coballoway and their sex life and i completely agree idek if you care about them anymore but i can't deal w everyone acting like kbr are such great writers i wish they were written by someone who can actually you know write well because even things like rose's ocd and connor being a "genius" had their cringe moments

omg.... YES. I'm literally down to talk about this and many aspects about their writing and characters WHENEVER, so you're welcome to come any time.

I had to dig up for that post to remind myself what I wrote, but I think you mean this one?

It's not clear to me if you're coming from a place of love or hate for coballoway, but from me it's love. They're my fave couple and characters from the series. And tbh to me they were pretty amazing, iconic and awe-inspiring since the beginning. But then, when they got their own book, these terrible authors just didn't know what to do with them so they leaned hard on what they thought made them "quirky", and became really repetitive, because that's all they know how to do. Rose is an ice queen with a feminist heart of gold? we'll make 70% of her dialogues remind you that. Connor is a narcissistic genius who's often complaining that God takes credit from him? BRILLIANT! That's what our readers liked about them so make sure to repeat that every two pages so they don't forget for a second-

Don't get me wrong, those traits were what i loved about them and there were many other layers that were shown about them (less often, for sure, and not done as well as they SHOULD HAVE), and that's why, in spite of the shitty stuff, I still love them too much, but these authors just fucking upped the level up to 150% on repeating all those same "traits" scene by scene bc they don't know how to create decent content aside from what they've initially established. And don't even get me started on how their actual important traits are brushed off like Rose's ocd and connor's sexuality.

And to that.... we add the fact that rose and connor are into b*sm and dom/sub shit. And how that was supposed to be "iconic" bc they're rose and connor and that's "hot". Let's always emphazise how "groundbreaking" (not) it is that we have a female protagonist that is a boss bitch in life but a sub in the bedroom. And don't forget that damn dirty talk bc every time they have sex, connor will remind the reader that he's a narcissistic asshole so they "fuck like winners". Well, fuck no, my guy. Cringy af.

Literally if they had just had the repetitive personality traits stuff I would've given it a pass. But the damn cringy sex quotes that literally every coballoway fan quotes??? hell no, burn that shit down.

I'm also never gonna give it a pass bc i know these authors gave less shits about these two characters than anything else, so instead of actually working hard on thinking how their sex life could add more layers to their already-deep, developing relationship, they just decided to go the easy route and make them even more quirky just for a shock factor and smut. No, it's not hot, it's not iconic, it's just lazy writing.

[dungeonmeshi-confessions]

all of these anti kbms confessions are so funny because 99% of the time I have run into lbr works that feature extremely similar things to what they're whining about. those work gave me the ick, but I don't generalize lbr because I understand that I don't have the full picture if I'm not in the community. meanwhile they're on this blog complaining about how awful kbms and its shippers are because they saw some top kbr kbms art

.

[kazifatagar]

AADK Aims for 75% Reduction in High-Risk Drug Areas by 2025

The National Anti-Drug Agency (AADK) has identified 155 priority locations under its High-Risk Areas (KBT) Reduction Initiative, part of the AADK Strategic Plan for 2021 to 2025. AADK director-general Datuk Ruslin Jusoh said the initiative aims to reduce 117 KBTs, representing 75% of the total, by upgrading 39 areas to Low-Risk (KBR) status, maintaining 39 areas at current levels, and focusing…

[commercialwindowshieldo]

HITT Retains CWS For RF Shielding Film Installation Project

KING OF PRUSSIA, Pa. -- HITT Builders have retained Commercial Window Shield for a radio frequency [RF] shielding film installation project.

HITT will be renovating one floor in a building occupied by KBR, an international science, technology and engineering solutions company headquartered in Houston, Texas. Within the revamped floor a sensitive compartmented information facility [SCIF] will be constructed.

SCIFs involve the processing of classified information related to U.S. military, national security and defense, and the country’s intelligence network. With the installation of the RF film by Commercial Window Shield on the SCIF glass, a full-proof method of preventing electronic eavesdropping and theft of secure and classified information from computers, cell phones and other technical equipment will be obtained.

Alarmingly, this has become a serious issue in high-security office buildings and in offices with computers storing vital information, either for the federal government or the private sector. In recent years, Commercial Window Shield has become the go-to installer of radio frequency [RF] shielding film.

The project is expected to begin in winter, 2024. As usual, Commercial Window Shield installers will coordinate schedules with other HITT contractors.

The company’s major focus has been security and solar control window film installation. But in addition to RF and blast films, the company also is expert in installing decorative/privacy, switchable smart and anti-bird strike films as well as polycarbonate protective glass systems.

The company has had a close working relationship with HITT since 2008, having completed numerous window film installation projects. In addition to HITT, Commercial Window Shield works with other top general contractors, including DAVIS, Rand Construction, DPR Construction, D/Watts, Harvey-Cleary and Gilbane Building Co.

Commercial Window Shield clients have included the U.S. Capitol, FBI headquarters, the Pentagon, all House of Representative and Library of Congress buildings, Grand Central Terminal, Merrill Lynch headquarters, the United Nations, the Willis [former Sears] Tower, O’Hare and Seattle international airports, and the Philadelphia and Denver mints.

Source URL:- https://truth-digital.com/hitt-retains-cws-for-rf-shielding-film-installation-project/

[hskbrchemical]

Application of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde in cosmetics

p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is an important organic compound that has been widely used in the medical field. As people's demand for beauty products continues to increase, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde is being adopted by more and more cosmetic manufacturers as an effective beauty ingredient. This article will introduce the application of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde in cosmetics and discuss the advantages of this ingredient in beauty.

1. Efficacy of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde

p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has various antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. In the field of beauty, it protects skin cells from damage by the external environment mainly by inhibiting the generation of free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. At the same time, it can also adjust the skin's photosensitivity, reduce the damage to the skin caused by ultraviolet radiation, and make the skin healthier.

2. Application of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde in cosmetics

Skin care products

p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde can be used as an effective antioxidant and is often added to skin care products. For example, adding an appropriate amount of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde to skin care products can reduce oxidative damage to cells and inhibit the skin aging process. In addition, it can improve the skin's moisturizing ability, making the skin softer and moisturized.

whitening products

p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is also widely used in whitening products. Research shows that it can inhibit the production and deposition of pigment and reduce the formation of melanin, thereby achieving a whitening effect. At the same time, it can also promote the renewal and metabolism of skin cells, improve the problem of uneven skin tone, and make the skin fairer.

sunscreen products

p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde also has potential applications in sunscreen products. It absorbs UV rays and converts them into harmless heat energy, thus acting as sun protection. At the same time, it can also reduce the damage of ultraviolet rays to the skin and prevent skin aging and skin cancer.

3. Advantages of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde

Compared with other beauty ingredients, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde has the following advantages:

Low irritation

p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a low-irritation compound that does not cause excessive burden on the skin.

Efficiency

p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde can inhibit the generation of free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, and has efficient antioxidant effects. At the same time, it can also promote cell renewal and metabolism, making the skin healthier.

safety

It has been scientifically proven that the use of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde in cosmetics is safe and reliable.

If you don't know how to buy high-quality PHBA, you may consider contacting KBR. They are a well-known supplier of high-quality PHBA products and can provide relevant technical support and services to meet customer needs. You can get more information about purchasing quality PHBA through their official website or contact them directly.

p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is an excellent cosmetic ingredient with wide application value in the field of cosmetics. It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and whitening effects, and is also very effective in combination with other ingredients. Choosing cosmetics containing p-hydroxybenzaldehyde can make your skin healthier, younger and more beautiful.

[roxannekotovaruiz]

I know I haven't been on this blog in awhile, I want to try to change that, but I just wanted to come on here and make my stance on one of the characters perfectly clear: this is an anti Johnathan Hale zone. I hate that man. I hate how everyone justifies his literal abuse of Lo and treats him like "a good guy who has made some mistakes, but loves his family." And I think it's borderline reckless and irresponsible that KBR decided that's how they wanted to portray him. Like, I think it's really telling that a lot of people in this fandom are willing to say that Samantha Calloway is a piece of shit (she is) but won't say the same for Johnathan.

Anyway, rant over. I'll hopefully be back with more eloquent posts soon. Maybe the Raisy one i hinted at? But idk.

[titsthedamnseason]

Are kbr problematic authors?

i’m not going to lie, i really hate this question. and it isn’t your fault, more society’s fault for creating this narrative of problematic v unproblematic. there’s no spectrum for forgiveness or learning and the very nature of it is so subjective. how do you know if what i see as problematic is the same that you see as problematic? it’s like when people put “basic dni criteria” in their carrds. like. WHAT IS THAT??? that is so beyond dumb to me.

but anyway, to answer your question….no? again, being “problematic” isn’t black and white so there’s plenty of people who would answer this question with yes, this is just my opinion. if you’re asking whether they have representation in the addicted series, the answer is no. if you’re asking whether the representation in the like us series is particularly good, i would also say no (although it does exist). if you’re asking whether they’ve ever done anything worth “cancelling” then the answer is no, not to my knowledge. and also, a lot of people think they’re portrayals of mlm relationships in the like us series reads like fetishization, but i’ve never really thought so 🤷🏼‍♀️

again, it’s a spectrum. they aren’t perfect but i think it’s more out of a lack of representation in their books than out of an active problematic stance on racism, homophobia, etc (basic cancel criteria 🤪)

you could also argue on the other hand that while they might lack racial diversity in the addicted series, they tackle a lot of issues regarding mental health (addiction, depression, ocd, (social) anxiety, etc) and really normalize getting help and going to therapy. they also do technically have lgbtqia+ rep, and while it’s only one main character, it is one of my favorite forms lgbtqia+ representation in any book bc of the way the character identifies. so while they lack in numbers, i really appreciate that they included it in the narrative

sorry that this was so unnecessarily long but i love talking and again, the question as it stands kind of bothers me in its broadness. do i think the addicted series worth a chance? yes, but i’m also highly biased bc i love it (plus, i epubed it the first to around so i didn’t really see it as “supporting” them especially bc i didn’t expect to like it so much. also, i now have all the addicted books not including the calloway sisters and semi-regularly pay for their patreon so that was down the drain for me)

(side note: i somehow forgot to talk about raisy here? arguably their most problematic act. i hate raisy and pretend they don’t exist but it is an age gap romance that started when the girl was a minor so that’s like the biggest point in the anti-kbr column imo. the book community should never have let them get away w that and should not still be letting raisy be as popular as it is)

[adambrown275]

Tertiary Butylamine (CAS 75-64-9): A Comprehensive Overview

Summary – Tertiary Butylamine is an intermediate for manufacturing a range of products. Learn about its preparation technique and applications.

Tert.-Butylamine is primarily an aliphatic amine. Its application is for producing accelerators in the rubber industry. However, you can also use it in your agricultural and pharmaceutical industries. Look for reliable manufacturers to buy Tertiary Butylamine. Make sure that the purity level of the chemical is at least 99.5%. You may purchase Tert.-Butylamine in bulk.

What are the applications of Tert.-Butylamine?

Tertiary Butylamine is useful in different ways. You can use it as an effective solvent to remove capping agents (like KBr) and surfactants (PVP) from nanoparticle surfaces. A combination of amino acid, TBA, and platinum can trigger anti-tumor activities. The aziridination of some components (such as 2-aryl ethenyl(diphenyl)sulfonium salt) needs a base. You can choose Tertiary Butylamine for this purpose. It helps in the creation of the N-tert-butylaziridine.

There are also several industrial applications of tert butylamine. Pharmaceutical industries use intermediate for manufacturing drugs Rifampicin, Perindopril Erbumine, agrochemical rubber accelerants, Diafenthuiron, dyestuffs, fungicides, insecticides, and oil additives. A proper blend of other chemicals with tert butylamine helps in the flawless production of pharmaceuticals.

How do you identify Tertiary Butylamine?

The Molecular formula of the chemical compound is C4H11N. Tertiary butylamine, also known as TB Amine is a colorless and clear liquid substance. You can smell an ammonia-like odor. Butane has 4 isomeric amines, and Tertiary butylamine is one of them. The boiling point of TB Amine ranges from 43 to 47 ° C. The vapor density is 2.5 (Air=1), while the density is 0.696 g/mL. So, you must know about these properties before using Tertiary Butylamine 75-64-9 for your industrial purposes.

Soluble in chloroform, this liquid needs to be handled carefully because it is flammable. You can also blend it with water, ether, and alcohol. Tertiary butylamine remains in the best condition for 24 months. You must store it at room temperature.

What is the way of manufacturing tert Butylamine?

Isobutylene undergoes a direct amination process to turn out Tertiary Butylamine. The process is acceptable in almost every commercial sector. In the case of the small-scale production process, 2,2-dimethylethylenimine hydrogenolysis helps in making TB Amine. Another process chosen by manufacturers is a combination of sulfuric acid with isobutylene. Then, hydrogen cyanide is added to it to generate tertiary butylformamide. The hydrolysis process is effective in yielding Tertiary butylamine.

 You can buy Tertiary butylamine in packs of different sizes, ranging from 100mL to 1 L. So, you may place your order based on your needs. A bulk purchase will make your deal cost-effective. 

Choose the best manufacturers and distributors to buy genuine chemical components without impurities. They can provide you with the highest-grade organic compounds and chemicals. You will find the desired results in the industrial manufacturing processes. 

Resource box - Vinati Organics is a well-known manufacturer and vendor of different organic chemicals. It provides you with authentic chemical compounds needed for your industrial purposes. 

[yogi-inmediatries]

Potassium bromide, or KBr, has been used in human and veterinary medicine as an anti-seizure medication. Phenobarbital, or PB, has also been used for years to treat seizures. Despite both drugs' long history of common use, neither is approved by FDA to treat seizures in people or animals.

[cyberdelusiondream]

Cep Torik : Bima Arya Jangan Mempermainkan Orang Sunda

Cep Torik : Bima Arya Jangan Mempermainkan Orang Sunda

Bogor, BERANTAS Buntut Protes keras Aliansi Sunda anti GLOW KBR berlanjut, dengan Surat Pernyataan Sikap kepada Walikota Bogor Bima Arya tentang kemelut Kebun Raya Bogor (KRB) karena Walikota dianggap tidak tegas. Persoalan diserahkannya pengelolaan KRB kepada pihak Swasta sebagai tempat wisata malam dengan pancaran sinar lampu dipepohonan/Glow, dinilai akan berdampak pada perusakan ekosistem…

[juniperpublishersna]

Synthetic N-(Alkyl/Aralkyl)-N-(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-Benzodioxin-6-Yl)-4-Methylbenzenesulfonamides as Acetyl cholinesterase Inhibitors-Juniper Publishers

JUNIPER PUBLISHERS-OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF DRUG DESIGNING & DEVELOPMENT

Abstract

The current research effort involved the reaction of 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-amine (1) with 4-methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (2) in the presence of 10% Na2CO3 under dynamic pH control to obtain N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (3) which was further coupled with a series of alkyl/aralkyl halides (4a-n) to attain N-alkyl/aralkyl-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)- 4-methylbenzenesulfonamides (5a-n), using polar aprotic solvent; DMF and catalytic amount of lithium hydride as base. The structural characterization of these newly synthesized compounds was done by IR, 1H-NMR and EIMS spectral data. All these compounds were assessed for their acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory potentials and were found to be moderate inhibitors of this enzyme. Two molecules, 5f and 5n displayed excellent to effective inhibitory potential respectively while the other showed moderate inhibitory potential against acetyl cholinesterase enzyme.

Keywords:  2,3-Dihydro-1; 4-Benzodioxin-6-amine; Sulfonamides; Spectral analysis; Acetyl cholinesterase   

Introduction

The basic sulfonamide group SO2NH is found in numerous biological active compounds including antiviral, anticancer, anti-thyroid, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antibiotics drugs along with inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase [1]. Because of their less cost, less toxicity and astonishing activity, these are extensively used as antibacterial agents [2-6]. Furthermore, sulfonamides are also employed as, anti-leprotic, diuretics, antitumor agents, tuberculostatics and oral hypoglycemic drugs [7-8]. Aliphatic sulfonamide derivatives act as antifungal agents [9]. Sulfonamide based antibiotics are utilized as veterinary medicines to treat infections in livestock herds [10]. Compounds bearing benzodioxane ring system exhibits different biological activities such as anti-oxidant [11], anti-hepatotoxic and anti-inflammatory [12,13]. Aryl sulfonamides having benzodioxane moiety have been recognized as inhibitors of ExoU [14]. Because of their non-interaction to defence mechanism of host and broad spectrum activity some effective derivatives of sulfonamides are widely used to treat gastrointestinal and urinary tract infections [15]. Some sulfonamides were also found to be potent carbonic anhydrase, COX-2 and caspase inhibitors [16-18].

Acetyl cholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) belongs to serine hydrolases class of enzymes. This enzyme system is accountable for the termination of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses. The main function of AChE is to catalyze the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and termination of the nerve impulse in cholinergic synapses [19]. The inhibitors of this enzyme are the targets for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease [20]. Biological literature review on sulfonamides displayed that little modification in the structure of sulfonamides can cause remarkable changes in biological activity. These outcomes stimulated us to focus on synthesis of variety of N-alkyl/aralkyl-N-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-4- methylbenzenesulfonamides. Recent research work was a successful attempt to synthesize new therapeutic agents for the inhibition of cholinesterase enzyme.   

Experimental

Measurements and materials

All of the essential chemicals/solvents were of analytical grade and procured from authorized suppliers, Merck and Alfa Aeser branded. The pre-coated silica gel G-25-UV254 plates were applied for TLC to monitor the completion of reactions using various percentages of n-hexane and ethyl acetate as mobile phase. Open capillary tubes were used in Gallon kamp melting point apparatus to record the melting points. Developed TLC visualized under 254nm UV lamp and UV inactive substances were identified with the spray of ceric sulfate solution. Infrared spectra were noted in KBr pellet on a Jasco-320-A spectrophotometer. 1H-NMR spectra were recorded by Bruker spectrometer in CDCl3 operating at 400MHz at 25 °C. The chemicals shifts (5) were observed in ppm and coupling constants (δ) were noted in Hertz (Hz). The abbreviations used in 1HNMR spectral analysis were; s=singlet, d=doublet, dd=doublet of doublet, t=triplet, br.t=broad triplet, q=quartet, quint=quintet, sex=sextet, sep=septet, m=multiplet. Mass spectra (EIMS) were taken on Finngen Mass Spectrometer.

Synthesis of N-(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4- methylbenzenesulfonamide (3)

2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-amine (1.22mL;0.01mol;1) and 4-methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (0.90g; 0.01mol; 2) were poured into a 250ml round bottom flask having 30ml of distilled water. The pH of the suspension was maintained at 9.0 by introducing 10% Na2CO3 solution at room temperature. The content of reaction was stirred for 2-3 hours and progress of the reaction was examined by TLC time to time till single spot confirm the completion of reaction. The product was obtained by the slow addition of concentrated HCl at pH 2-3 as brown coloured precipitates. These were filtered, washed with distilled water and air-dried to afford pure N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4- methylbenzenesulfonamide (3); Yield: 82%, IR (KBr, cm-1): vmax: 3284 (N-H stretching), 2970 (C-H stretching of aromatic ring], 1650 C=C stretching of aromatic ring), 1410 (SO2 stretching), 1175 (C-O-C stretching of ether); 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 400MHz, δ in ppm): 9.87 (s, -NH, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=8.4Hz, 2H, H-2' & H-6'), 7.32 (d, J=8.0Hz, 2H, H-3' & H-5'), 6.68 (d, J=8.4Hz, 1H, H-8), 6.55 (d, J=2.0Hz, 1H, H-5), 6.50 (dd, J=2.4, 6.5Hz 1H, H-7), 4.14 (s, 4H, H-2 & H-3), 2.33 (s, 3H, H-1''); EI-MS (m/z): 305 (M+; C15H15NO4S), 304 (C15H14NO4S)+, 277 (C13H11NO4S)+, 241 (C15H15NO2)+, 213 (C8H7NO4S)+, 155 (C7H7SO2)+, 150 (C8H8NO2)+,, 135(C8H7O2)+,, 107 (C6H3O2)+, 91 (C7H7)+, 81 (C4HO2)+, 65 (C6H5)+, 51 (C4H3)+.

General procedure for the synthesis of N-substituted derivatives 5a-n

Compound 3 (0.1g; 0.3mmol) solubilised in 10ml of N, N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) aprotic solvent in 100ml round bottom flask. Lithium hydride (0.004g) was mixed in the reaction mixture to activate the reaction followed by stirring for 2-3 hours at room temperature. Then various alkyl/aralkyl halides (4a-n) were introduced and stirring was continued for further 3-4 hours. Completion of reaction was assured by TLC displaying single spot. Then reaction content was quenched with ice cold distilled water along with vigorous shaking to get the precipitates of N-alkyl/aralkyl-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin- 6-yl)-4-methylbenzenesulfon-amides (5a-n) which were left for some time undisturbed and collected by the filtration or solvent extraction (using CHCl3) depending upon the nature of the derived compound.

Spectral analysis

The spectral analysis of 5b, 5g, 5h, 5j and 5l has already been reported by our group [21] while that of other compounds is given hereby.

N-(2-Chloroethyl)-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6- yl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (5a): Off white powder; Yield: 95 %; m.p: 142 °C; Molecular formula: C17H18ClNO4S; Molecular weight: 371g mol-1; IR (KBr, cm-1): vmax: 2976 (C-H stretching of aromatic ring), 1657 (C=C stretching of aromatic ring), 1395 (-SO2 stretching), 1140 (C-O-C stretching of ether); 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 400MHz, δ in ppm): 5 7.50 (d, J=8.5Hz, 2H, H-2' & H-6'), 7.40 (d, J=8.4Hz, 2H, H-3' & H-5'), 6.66 (d, J=7.6Hz, 1H, H-8), 6.50 (dd, J=2.5, 8.2Hz, 1H, H-7), 6.42 (d, J=2.6Hz, 1H, H-5),4.28 (br.s, 4H, CH2-2 & CH2-3), 3.60 (t, J=6.5Hz, 2H, CH2-2"), 3.46 (t, J=7.4Hz, 2H, CH2-1"), 2.34 (s, 3H, CH3-7'); EI-MS (m/z): 371 (M+ C17H18CINO4S), 340 (C15H14ClNO4S)+, 304 (C15H14NO4S)+, 300 (C12H11ClNO4S)+,, 237 (C12H11ClNO2)+, 213 (C10H11ClNO2)+, 155 (C7H7SO2+, 135(C8H7O2)+,  107(C6H3O2)+, 91(C7H7)+, 81(C4HO2)+.

N-(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-N-(2-Iodoethyl)- 4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (5c): Greyish white solid; Yield: 95%; m.p: 132 °C; Molecular formula: C17H18INO4S; Molecular weight: 459g mol-1; IR (KBr, cm-1): vmax: 2989 (C-H stretching of aromatic ring), 1660 (C=C stretching of aromatic ring), 1379 (-SO2 stretching), 1168 (C-O-C stretching of ether); 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 400MHz, δ in ppm): 5 7.50 (d, J=7.4Hz, 2H, H-2' & H-6'), 7.42 (d, J=8.5Hz, 2H, H-3' & H-5'), 6.68 (d, J=6.68Hz, 1H, H-8), 6.54 (d, J=2.5Hz, 1H, H-5), 6.40 (dd, J=2.5, 8.5Hz, 1H, H-7), 4.26 (br.s, 4H, CH2-2 & CH2-3), 3.72 (t, J=7.5Hz 2H, CH2-1''), 3.36 (t, J=6.8Hz, 2H, CH2-2"), 2.36 (s, 3H, CH3-7'); EI-MS (m/z): 459 [M+ C17H18IO4S], 431 (C15H14INO4S)+, 395 (C17H18INO2)+, 368(C10HuINO4S)+,, 326 (C10H10INO2)+, 304 (C15H14NO4S)+, 155 (C7H7SO2)+, 135 (C8H7O2)+, 107 (C6H3O2)+, 91 (C7H7)+, 81 (C4HO2)+.

N-(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4-methyl-N-(1-propyl)benzenesulfonamide (5d): Dark brown powder; Yield: 88%; mp: 136 °C; Molecular formula: C18H21NO4S; Molecular weight: 347g mol-1; IR (KBr, cm-1): vmax: 2988 (C-H stretching of aromatic ring), 1662 (C=C stretching of aromatic ring), 1374 (SO2 stretching), 1148 (C-O-C stretching of ether); 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 400MHz, δ in ppm): 5 7.46 (d, J=8.2Hz, 2H, H-2' & H-6'), 7.34 (d, J=8.5Hz, 2H, H-3' & H-5'), 6.68 (d, J=7.5Hz, 1H, H-8),6.40 (d, J=2.5Hz, 1H, H-5), 6.22 (dd, J=2.6, 8.4Hz, 1H, H-7), 4.28 (br.s, 4H, CH2-2 & CH2-3), 3.10 (t, J=7.5Hz, 2H, CH2-1''), 2.34 (s, 3H, CH3-7'), 1.60-1.56 (m, 2H, CH2-2''), 1.05 (t, J=7.4Hz, 3H, CH3-3''); EI-MS (m/z): 347 (M+ C18H21NO4S), 319 (C16H17NO4S)+, 304 (C15H14NO4S)+, 283 (C18H21No2)+, 256 (C11H14NO4S)+, 178 (C11H14NO2)+, 155 (C7H7SO2)+, 135 (C8H7O2)+, 107 (C6H3O2)+, 91 (C7H7)+, 81 (C4HO2)+.

N-(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4-methyl-N-(1-pentyl)benzenesulfonamide (5e): Brown powder; Yield: 85%; m.p: 114 °C; Molecular formula: C20H25NO4S; Molecular weight: 375g mol-1; IR (KBr, cm-1): vmax: 2984 (C-H stretching of aromatic ring), 1678 (C=C stretching of aromatic ring), 1376 (SO2 stretching), 1142 (C-O-C stretching of ether); 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz, δ in ppm): 5 7.40 (d, J=8.4Hz, 2H, H-2' & H-6'), 7.34 (d, J=8.5Hz, 2H, H-3' & H-5'), 6.66, (d, J=7.8Hz, 1H, H-8), 6.44 (dd, J=2.7, 8.5Hz, 1H, H-7), 6.28 (d, J=2.6Hz, 1H, H-5), 4.28 (br.s, 4H, CH2-2 & CH2-3), 3.20 (t, J=7.5Hz, 2H, CH2-1''), 2.34 (s, 3H, CH3-7'), 1.40-134 (m, 6H, CH2-2" to CH2-4"), 0.90 (t, J=7.6Hz, 3H, CH3-5"); EI-MS (m/z): 375 (M + C20H25NO4S), 347 (C18 H21NO4S)+, 311 (C20H25NO2)+, 304 (C15H14NO4S)+, 284 (C13H18NO4S)+, 220 (C13H18NO2)+, 155 (C7H7SO2)+, 135 (C8H7O2)+, 107 (C6H3O2)+, 91 (C7H7)+, 81 (C4HO2)+, 71 (C5H2+.

N-(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4-methyl-N-(2-pentyl)benzenesulfonamide (5f): Brown solid; Yield: 92%; m.p: 124 °C; Molecular formula: C20H25NO4S; Molecular weight: 375g mol-1; IR (KBr, cm-1): vmax: 2994 (C-H stretching of aromatic ring), 1660 (C=C stretching of aromatic ring), 1372 (-SO2 stretching), 1144 (C-O-C stretching of ether); 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 400MHz, δ in ppm): 57.44 (d, J=8.5Hz, 2H, H-2' & H-6'), 7.30 (d, J=8.6Hz, 2H, H-3' & H-5'), 6.64, (d, J=8.6Hz, 1H, H-8), 6.54 (dd, J=2.6, 8.8Hz, 1H, H-7), 6.30 (d, J=2.5Hz, 1H, H-5), 4.28 (br.s, 4H, CH2-2 & CH2-3), 2.84-2.80 (m, 1H, H-2"), 2.34 (s, 3H, CH3-7'), 1.51-1.50 (m, 2H, CH2-3"), 1.34 (Sext., J=7.4Hz, 2H, CH2-4"), 0.90 (t, J=7.5Hz, 3H, CHr5"); EI-MS (m/z): 375 (M+; C20H25NO4S), 347 (C18 H21NO4S)+, 311 (C20H25NO2)+, 304 (C15H14N04S)+, 284(C13H18NO4S)+, 220 (C13H18NO2)+, 155 (C7H7SO2)+, 135 (C8H7O2)+,107 (C6h3O2+, 91 (C7H7)+, 81 (C4HO2)+, 71 (CSHU)+.

N-(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4-methyl-N-(2-methybenzyl)benzenesulfonamide (5i): Brown powder; Yield: 88%; m.p: 160 °C; Molecular formula: C23H23NO4S; Molecular weight: 409g mol-1; IR (KBr, cm-1): vmax: 2998 (C-H stretching of aromatic ring), 1680 (C=C stretching of aromatic ring), 1374 (-SO2 stretching), 1162 (C-O-C stretching of ether); 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz, δ in ppm): 5 7.44 (d, J=8.4Hz, 2H, H-2' & H-6'), 7.38 (d, J=7.7Hz, 2H, H-3' & H-5'), 7.34-7.28 (m, 4H, H-3'' to H-6''), 6.60, (d, J=7.5Hz, 1H, H-8), 6.50 (dd, J=2.5, 8.5Hz, 1H, H-7), 6.25 (d, J=2.6Hz, 1H, H-5), 4.38 (s, 2H, CH2-7''),4.28 (br.s, 4H, CH2-2 & CH2-3), 2.34 (s, 3H, CH3-7'), 2.26 (s, 3H, CHr8"); EI-MS (m/z): 409 (M+; C23H23N04S), 381 (C21H19NO4S)+, 345 (C23H23NO2)+, 318 (C16H16NO4S)+, 304 (C15H14NO4S)+, 155 (C7H7SO2)+, 135 (C8H7O2)+, 105 (C8H9)+, 107 (C6H3O2)+, 91(C7H7)+, 81 (C4HO2)+.

N-(3-Chlorobenzyl)-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (5k): Grey powder; Yield: 96%, m.p: 152 °C; Molecular formula: C22H20ClNO4S; Molecular weight: 429gmol 1; IR (KBr, cm-1): vmax: 3010 (C-H stretching of aromatic ring), 1672 (C=C stretching of aromatic ring), 1382 (-SO2 stretching), 1090 (C-O-C stretching of ether); 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz, δ in ppm): 5 7.50 (br.s, 1H, H-2"), 7.42 (d, J=8.8Hz, 2H, H-2' &H-6'), 7.36 (d, J=8.5Hz, 2H, H-3' & H-5'), 7.30-7.25 (m, 3H, H-4" to H-6'"), 6.66, (d, J=6.5Hz, 1H, H-8), 6.52 (dd, J=2.6, 8.5Hz, 1H, H-7), 6.18 (d, J=2.6Hz, 1H, H-5), 4.42 (s, 2H, CH2-7''), 4.28 (br.s, 4H, CH2-2 & CH2-3), 2.36 (s, 3H, CH3- 7'); EI-MS (m/z): 429 (M+; C22H20ClNO4S), 402 (C20H16ClNO4S)+, 365 (C22H20ClNO2)+, 338 (C15H13ClNO2)+, 304 (C15H14N04S)+, 274 (C15H13ClNO2)+, 155 (C7H7SO2)+, 135 (C8H7O2)+, 171 (C7H6Cl)+, 107 (C6H3O2)+, 91 (C7H7)+, 81 (C4HO2)+.

N-(2-Bromobenzyl)-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (5m): Brown powder; Yield: 96%; m.p: 168 °C; Molecular formula: C22H20BrNO4S; Molecular weight: 475gmol-1; IR (KBr, cm-1): vmax: 3010 (C-H stretching of aromatic ring), 1670 (C=C stretching of aromatic ring), 1366 (-SO2 stretching), 1156 (C-O-C stretching of ether); 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 400MHz, δ in ppm): 57.50 (br.d, J=6.8Hz, 1H, H-3''), 7.42 (d, J=8.5Hz, 2H, H-2' &H-6'), 7.36 (d, J=8.5Hz, 2H, H-3' & H-5'), 7.28-7.24 (m, 4H, H-4'' to H-6"), 6.62, (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H, H-8), 6.48 (dd, J=2.5, 8.6Hz, 1H, H-7), 6.20 (d, J=2.8Hz, 1H, H-5),4.41 (s, 2H, H-7"), 4.28 (br.s, 4H, CH2-2 & CH2-3), 2.34 (s, 3H, CH3- 7'); EI-MS (m/z): 475 [M+; C22H20BrNO2], 447 (C20H16BrNO4S)+, 411 (C22H20BrNO2)+, 320 (C15Hl3BrN0l)+, 304 (C15H14NO4S)+, 384 (C15H13BrNO4S)+, 171 (C7H6Br)+, 155 (C7H7SO2)+, 135 (C8H7O2)+, 107 (C6H0l)+, 91 (C7H7)+.

N-(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4-methyl-N-(4-fluorobenzyl)benzenesulfonamide (5n): Light grey powder; Yield: 90%, m.p: 122 °C; Molecular formula: C22H20FN04S; Molecular weight: 413g mol 1; IR (KBr, cm-1): vmax: 2994 (C-H stretching of aromatic ring), 1686 (C=C stretching of aromatic ring), 1380 (-SO-, stretching), 1195 (C-F stretching), 1086 (C-O-C stretching of ether); 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 400MHz, δ in ppm): 57.44 (d, J = 8.6Hz, 2H, H-2' & H-6'), 7.34 (d, J = 7.5Hz, 2H, H-3' & H-5'), 7.38 (dd, J=5.3, 8.5Hz, 2H, H-2” & H-6”, multiplicity due to coupling of F19), 7.14 (br.t, J=8.6, 2H, H-3” & H-5”, due to coupling of F19), 6.62, (d, J=7.5Hz, 1H, H-8), 6.50 (dd, J=2.5, 7.8Hz, 1H, H-7), 6.20 (d, J=2.5Hz, 1H, H-5), 4.36 (s, 2H, CHr7"),4.28 (br.s, 4H, CH2-2 & CH2-3), 2.32 (s, 3H, CH3-7'); EI-MS (m/z): 413 (M+; C22H20FNO4S), 385 (C20H16FNO4S)+, 349 (C22H20FNO2)+, 322 (C15H13FNO4S)+, 304 (C15H14NO4S)+, 155 (C7H7SO2)+, 135 (C8H7O2)+, 109 (C7H6F)+, 107 (C6H3O2)+, 91 (C7H7)+, 81 (C4HO2)+, 65 (C6H5)+, 51(C4H3)+.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay

The inhibition activity of acetylcholinesterase was performed by according to a reported method [22] with little modifications. Total volume of the reaction mixture was 100μL and it also contained 60μL Na2HPO4, which acts as buffer having 50mm concentration (pH 7.7). Ten μL test compound 0. 5mm well-1, followed by the addition of 10μl (0.5 unit well-1) enzyme. The reaction contents was agitated well and read prior at the wavelength 405nm. Then mixture was pre-incubated at 37 °C for 10 minute. The reaction was started by adding 10μl of 0.5mm well-1 substrate (acetylthiocholine iodide) followed by the addition of 10μl DTNB (0.5mm well-1). After 15 min of incubation at 37 °C, absorbance was recorded at 405nm using 96-well plate reader Synergy HT (BioTek, USA). Each and every experiment was carried out with their particular controls in triplicate. Eserine (0.5mm well-1) was act as positive control. The equation that was used to calculate % inhibition was:

Inhibition (%)=(Control-Test)/Controlx100

IC50 values (concentration at which there is 50% enzyme inhibition) of compounds were calculated using EZ-Fit Enzyme kinetics software (Perella Scientific Inc. Amherst, USA).

Statistical analysis

All the measurements were done in triplicate and statistical analysis was performed by Microsoft Excel 2010. Results are presented as mean ± SEM.

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[xtruss]

End of an Era? Afghanistan Is Now Graveyard of Contractors, Too.

They formed their own shadow army, some 90,000 in the country at its peak, but their problematic predomination is coming to an end.

— Kelley Vlahos | May 3, 2021 | Anti-Empire

The golden post-9/11 years of the war contractor — the providers of food and transportation, fuel, construction, maintenance, IT, not to mention security and interrogation services for the U.S. military — appear to be drawing down.

With the (hopeful) withdrawal of the remaining 3,600 troops in Afghanistan by September, attention is also on the nearly 17,000 contractors on the U.S. payroll there, 6,147 of whom are American citizens.

“The U.S. contractors will come out as we come out. That is part of the planned withdrawal we have in place right now,” said CENTCOM Commander Gen. Kenneth McKenzie, in a briefing with reporters last week.

Despite earlier reports that the government has numerous contracts with companies stretching far beyond the deadline to leave, it would appear the thrust of U.S. operations in Afghanistan is diminishing, and the withdrawal has begun. Even if that takes a while, or the United States manages to keep some presence in the country after Sept. 11, the private sector footprint will never be as big as it was at its height in 2011, when there were over 90,000 contractors in Afghanistan. At times, including now, contractors outnumbered uniformed personnel.

To put it into perspective, there were 155,000 contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan, compared to 145,000 active duty service members, in 2011. Contractors made up 62 percent of the workforce. The money paid to contractors is even more daunting: $104 billion for services in Afghanistan alone since 2002, nearly $9 billion just in the last five years.

With so much dependence on contractors, came trouble. Huge companies like Halliburton, with subsidiaries such as KBR, took advantage. Not only were companies overcharging and caught engaging in fraud during the early salad days, but worse, they cut corners to make more money. Who could forget the flimsy, defective showers and electrical systems electrocuting troops throughout Iraq? The unsafe drinking water on bases? Spoiled food?

Then there are the contractors who helped torture inmates at Abu Ghraib, and massacred civilians at Nisour Square. Armed mercenaries who rolled with our CIA in secret, trained troops, guarded dignitaries.

Many died with no mention in the papers, came home injured and sick with none of the benefits of Pentagon health care or VA. They were a shadow army really, a massive experiment in how Uncle Sam could wage war across several countries cheaper and longer by leaning on the private sector to do it. But it wasn’t cheaper, and the cost not just in dollars: for every positive thing contractors did in-country, there is a school or a hospital or some facility that literally won’t stand after we’re gone. Afghan security forces that won’t be able to challenge the Taliban, bridges and infrastructure that will crumble. The largesse was corruptible and it was corrupted.

Halliburton and KBR and Blackwater are names of the past. But they got their gold, they care not about “the graveyard of empires.” Others, like Fluor Group, which provides logistical support to the military currently in Afghanistan, are going to see an end to the lush days, and they’re feeling it.

“The timetable to do this properly is already too tight,” said David Berteau, president of the Professional Services Council representing 400 government contractors, many working in Afghanistan. “We don’t have years, we have only months.”

All good things must come to end, right?

— Source: Responsible Statecraft

[koreaunderground]

(2021/04/15) Biden's Claim To Be Ending America's Longest War Misleading

[covertactionmagazine.com][1]

�� [1]: <https://covertactionmagazine.com/2021/04/15/bidens-claim-to-be-ending-americas-longest-war-misleading/>

# Biden's Claim To Be Ending America's Longest War Misleading - CovertAction Magazine

Jeremy Kuzmarov

13-17 minutes

* * *

![American soldiers from the 101st Airborne Division at Bagram Air Base in 2013.][2]U.S. soldiers at Bagram air base in Afghanistan. [Source: [nytimes.com][3]]

  [2]: https://i0.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/american-soldiers-from-the-101st-airborne-division.jpeg?resize=600,413&ssl=1   [3]: <https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/12/world/asia/Bagram-military-base.html?action=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article>

## **Special Forces, Pentagon Contractors and Intelligence Operatives Will Remain**

On Wednesday April 14th, President Joe Biden announced that he would end the U.S.’s longest war and [withdraw U.S. troops from Afghanistan on the 20th anniversary of the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks][4].

  [4]: <https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/14/politics/joe-biden-afghanistan-announcement/index.html>

Over [6,000 NATO troops will also be withdrawn][5] by that time.

  [5]: <https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/14/world/asia/nato-afghanistan-troops-withdrawal.html>

[“War in Afghanistan was never meant to be a multigenerational undertaking,”][6] Biden said during his remarks from the White House Treaty Room, the same location from which President George W. Bush had announced the war was beginning in October 2001. [“We were attacked. We went to war with clear goals. We achieved those objectives. Bin Laden is dead and al Qaeda is degraded in Afghanistan and it’s time to end the forever war.”][7]

  [6]: <https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/14/politics/joe-biden-afghanistan-announcement/index.html>   [7]: <https://covertactionmagazine.com/2021/04/15/bidens-claim-to-be-ending-americas-longest-war-misleading/"We were attacked. We went to war with clear goals. We achieved those objectives," Biden went on. "Bin Laden is dead and al Qaeda is degraded in Afghanistan and it's time to end the forever war.">

![Livestream: Biden Speech On Afghanistan Troop Withdrawal : NPR][8]Biden announcing troop withdrawal on April 14th. [Source: [npr.org][9]]

  [8]: https://i0.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/livestream-biden-speech-on-afghanistan-troop-with.jpeg?resize=696,522&ssl=1   [9]: <https://www.npr.org/2021/04/14/986955659/biden-to-announce-he-will-end-americas-longest-war-in-afghanistan>

Biden’s claim that he is ending the forever war is misleading. As _The New York Times_ reported, the United States would remain after the formal departure of U.S. troops with a “shadowy combination of clandestine Special Operations Forces, Pentagon contractors and covert intelligence operatives.”

Their mission will be to “find and attack the most dangerous Qaeda or Islamic state threats, current and former American officials said.”[[1]][10]

  [10]: <https://covertactionmagazine.com/2021/04/15/bidens-claim-to-be-ending-americas-longest-war-misleading/#post-16546-footnote-1>

_The Times_ further reported that the United States maintains a constellation of air bases in the Persian Gulf region as well as in Jordan, and a major air headquarters in Qatar, which could provide a launching pad for long-range bomber or armed drone missions into Afghanistan.[[2]][11]

  [11]: <https://covertactionmagazine.com/2021/04/15/bidens-claim-to-be-ending-americas-longest-war-misleading/#post-16546-footnote-2>

![Muwaffaq Air Base][12]U.S. Air Base in Jordan [Source: [enroyanews.tv][13]]

  [12]: https://i2.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/muwaffaq-air-base.jpeg?resize=696,464&ssl=1   [13]: <https://en.royanews.tv/news/12665/US-Air-Force-eyes-up-Jordan-for-new-regional-hub>

Matthew Hoh, a disabled combat veteran who resigned from the State Department in 2009 in protest of the war, stated that a [genuine peace process in Afghanistan is “dependent upon foreign forces leaving Afghanistan.”][14]

  [14]: <https://accuracy.org/release/the-u-s-government-will-not-withdraw-forces-from-afghanistan/>

Further, Hoh said that “Regardless of whether the 3500 acknowledged U.S. troops leave Afghanistan, the U.S. military will still be present in the form of thousands of special operations and CIA personnel in and around Afghanistan, through dozens of squadrons of manned attack aircraft and drones stationed on land bases and on aircraft carriers in the region, and by hundreds of cruise missiles on ships and submarines.”

## **Mercenaries R Us**

The meaninglessness of President Biden’s announcement becomes apparent when we consider that the Pentagon employs [more than seven contractors for every serviceman or woman in Afghanistan][15]; an increase of [one contractor for every serviceman or woman a decade ago][15].

  [15]: <https://www.stripes.com/news/middle-east/troop-levels-are-down-but-us-says-over-18-000-contractors-remain-in-afghanistan-1.659040>

As of January, [more than 18,000 contractors remained in Afghanistan, according to a Defense Department report, when official troop totals had been reduced to 2,500][16].

  [16]: <https://www.stripes.com/news/middle-east/troop-levels-are-down-but-us-says-over-18-000-contractors-remain-in-afghanistan-1.659040>

![mercenaries][17]The Dogs of War: Mercenaries in Afghanistan. [Source: [isiria.wordpress.com][18]]

  [17]: https://i0.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/mercenaries.jpeg?resize=501,377&ssl=1   [18]: <https://isiria.wordpress.com/2009/06/10/private-contractors-250000-mercenaries-fighting-the-wars-in-iraq-and-afghanistan/>

These totals reflect the U.S. government’s strategy of outsourcing war to the benefit of private mercenary corporations, and as a means of [distancing the war][19] from the public [and averting dissent, since relatively few Americans are directly impacted by it][19].

  [19]: <https://apjjf.org/2014/12/52/Jeremy-Kuzmarov/4241.html>

Most of the mercenaries are ex-military veterans, though a percentage are third-country nationals who are paid meager wages to perform menial duties for the military.

One of the biggest mercenary companies is DynCorp International of Falls Church Virginia, which has [received over $7 billion in government contracts to train the Afghan army and manage military bases in Afghanistan][20].

  [20]: <https://www.dyn-intl.com/media-center/press-releases/dyncorp-international-awarded-9-month-extension-to-continue-supporting-u-s-army-in-afghanistan/>

>From 2002-2013, DynCorp [received 69 percent of all State Department funding][21]. _Forbes Magazine_ called it [“one of the big winners of the Iraq and Afghan Wars;”][22] the losers being almost everyone else.

  [21]: <https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-real-winner-of-the-afghan-war-is-this-shady-military-contractor>   [22]: <https://www.forbes.com/2009/07/30/dyncorp-kbr-afghanistan-business-logistics-dyncorp.html?sh=3fe6bbc82cbb>

![A group of people posing for a photo Description automatically generated][23]DynCorp International’s Afghanistan Operations team, which supports almost all its programs in Afghanistan. [Source: [dyn-intl.com][24]]

  [23]: https://i1.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/a-group-of-people-posing-for-a-photo-description.jpeg?resize=696,252&ssl=1   [24]: <https://www.dyn-intl.com/inside-di/dyncorp-international-afghanistan-operations-team/>

A blueprint for U.S. strategy in Afghanistan is the 1959-1975 secret war in Laos, where the CIA worked with hundreds of civilian contractors who flew spotter aircraft, ran ground bases and operated radar stations in civilian clothes while raising its own private army among the Hmong to fight the pro-communist Pathet Lao.[[3]][25]

  [25]: <https://covertactionmagazine.com/2021/04/15/bidens-claim-to-be-ending-americas-longest-war-misleading/#post-16546-footnote-3>

![He towers over a couple of his Montagnard commandos while serving in Laos during the "Secret War" of the early 1970s. The little commando on his right was Poole's radio operator. The commando on his left was his interpreter. Photo provided][26]CIA officer Tom Poole with two Hmong soldiers who were trained as part of the CIA’s Hmong clandestine army. [Source: [donmooreswartales.com][27]]

  [26]: https://i1.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/he-towers-over-a-couple-of-his-montagnard-commando.jpeg?resize=676,644&ssl=1   [27]: <https://donmooreswartales.com/2013/11/11/tom-poole/>

The CIA and Special Forces have again attempted to recruit tribal elements in Afghanistan and, like in Laos, have become enmeshed in inter-tribal and sectarian feuds.[[4]][28]

  [28]: <https://covertactionmagazine.com/2021/04/15/bidens-claim-to-be-ending-americas-longest-war-misleading/#post-16546-footnote-4>

![PHOTO: Former Special Forces Maj. Jim Gant, center, insisted that his troops dress like locals in eastern Afghanistan to better win their trust. ][29]American Special Forces under the direction of Jim Gant dress as locals in an attempt to recruit them for anti-Taliban operations. [Source: [abcnews.go.com][30]]

  [29]: https://i0.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/photo-former-special-forces-maj-jim-gant-center.jpeg?resize=696,392&ssl=1   [30]: <https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/jim-gant-top-green-beret-officer-forced-resign/story?id=24266710>

For years, U.S. Special Forces operatives have also been training Afghan security forces as a proxy army and running Phoenix-style snatch and grab and assassination missions, which are poised to continue—despite the formal troop withdrawal.

## **What Uncle Sam Really Wants in Afghanistan**

Republican war hawk James Inhofe (R-OK) lambasted Biden’s withdrawal plan, stating that this was a “reckless and dangerous decision. Arbitrary deadlines would likely put our troops in danger, jeopardize all the progress we’ve made, and lead to civil war in Afghanistan—and create a breeding ground for international terrorists.”[[5]][31]

  [31]: <https://covertactionmagazine.com/2021/04/15/bidens-claim-to-be-ending-americas-longest-war-misleading/#post-16546-footnote-5>

![][32]James Inhofe [Source: [defensenews.com][33]]

  [32]: https://i2.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/a-person-in-a-suit-and-tie-description-automatica-2.jpeg?resize=653,447&ssl=1   [33]: <https://www.defensenews.com/congress/2018/12/13/inhofe-bought-defense-stocks-before-calling-for-budget-hike/>

Inhofe’s assessment is flawed because, among other reasons, the U.S. has not made much progress in 19 years of war—[the Taliban, according to the Council on Foreign Relations, is stronger than at any point since 2001 and controls about one fifth of Afghanistan][34]—and Afghanistan was never really a breeding ground for international terrorists. The 9/11 hijackers mostly came from Saudi Arabia and the Taliban agreed to turn over Osama Bin Laden to an international court after the 9/11 attacks, which they never supported.

  [34]: <https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/taliban-afghanistan>

![Members of the Taliban in Laghman Province last year.][35]Members of the Taliban in Laghman Province. [Source: [nytimes.com][36]]

  [35]: https://i2.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/members-of-the-taliban-in-laghman-province-last-ye.jpeg?resize=600,400&ssl=1   [36]: <https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/14/world/asia/afghanistan-troop-withdrawal.html>

The Afghan War will go on indefinitely not because of the threat of terrorism—which is accentuated by the U.S. military presence—but because the United States will not concede ground in the Middle East.

The U.S. has announced intentions to [retain at least two military bases in Afghanistan after the official troop drawdown][37], and set up over one thousand bases during the war.

  [37]: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sXht2BlqeR8>

![US soldiers at an army base in Afghanistan. Donald Trump’s announcement that all US troops in the country would return home by Christmas surprised the Pentagon][38]U.S. troops at one of many U.S. military bases in Afghanistan. [Source: [ft.com][39]]

  [38]: https://i2.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/us-soldiers-at-an-army-base-in-afghanistan-donald.jpeg?resize=696,392&ssl=1   [39]: <https://www.ft.com/content/9716b3b8-5c35-4632-84c7-2016bf098a15>

Uncle Sam also covets Afghans mineral wealth. A 2007 United States Geological Service survey discovered nearly [$1 trillion in mineral deposits, including huge veins of iron, copper, cobalt, gold and critical industrial metals like lithium][40], which is used in the manufacture of batteries for laptops and blackberries. An internal Pentagon memo stated that Afghanistan could become the [“Saudi Arabia of lithium.”][40]

  [40]: <https://www.mining.com/1-trillion-motherlode-of-lithium-and-gold-discovered-in-afghanistan/>

In 2001, when the U.S. first invaded Afghanistan, it was [in the process of expanding its military infrastructure in Central Asia. Afghanistan provided a key way-station to this new “oil dorado,” which holds as much as 200 billion barrels of oil][41]—about ten times the amount found in the North Sea, and a third of the Persian Gulf’s total reserves.

  [41]: <https://covertactionmagazine.com/2020/12/26/americas-longest-war-an-afghans-perspective/>

Afghanistan was further valued at the time as a key location for an oil pipeline that would transport Central Asian oil to the Indian Ocean while bypassing Russia.

![Map Description automatically generated][42]Pipeline route. [Source: [iakal.wordpress.com][43]]

  [42]: https://i1.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/map-description-automatically-generated.png?resize=696,426&ssl=1   [43]: <https://iakal.wordpress.com/2016/07/01/the-afghan-oil-pipeline-and-the-us-negotiations-with-the-taliban/>

In the 1990s, the Southern California oil company, Unocal, began taking steps to build the pipeline, even courting the Taliban. In 2018, ground was broken on a [new pipeline project backed by the United States that will carry oil from Turkmenistan to northern India. ][44]

  [44]: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan_Oil_Pipeline>

The U.S. ruling establishment’s greatest fear is that a complete U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan might result in the [U.S. losing a strategic foothold to its main geopolitical rivals, China and Russia, in Afghanistan][45]

  [45]: <https://eurasiantimes.com/us-fears-losing-strategic-foothold-in-afghanistan-to-china-russia-analysis/>

China [has recently increased its trade and investment in Afghanistan][46]—with which it shares a border—and has [sought to cultivate better relations with the Afghan government and Taliban][46].

  [46]: <https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/china-ramps-up-role-in-afghanistan-ahead-of-u-s-withdrawal-/30594555.html>

![FILE: Afghan President Ashraf Ghani with his Chinese counterpart Xi Jinping in Kyrgyzstan in June 2019.][47]Chinese Premier Xi Jingping and Afghan President Ashraf Ghani in Kyrgyzstan in June 2019. [Source: [gandhara.rferl.org][48]]

  [47]: https://i0.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/file-afghan-president-ashraf-ghani-with-his-chine.jpeg?resize=696,391&ssl=1   [48]: <https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/china-ramps-up-role-in-afghanistan-ahead-of-u-s-withdrawal-/30594555.html>

Russia, meanwhile, [reopened a cultural center in Kabul in 2014][49], [rebuilt an abandoned Soviet friendship center][50], [expanded its embassy staff][50], expanded economic investment, and provided 10,000 [Kalashnikov rifles to the Afghan government][49]. It also [supported Afghan housing projects][51] and [took advantage of contacts in Kabul to renew ties with ethnic power brokers in the North while quietly courting the Taliban][49].

  [49]: <https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/bounties-or-not-russia-has-worked-expand-its-clout-afghanistan-n1232529>   [50]: <https://www.rand.org/blog/2017/07/while-americans-fight-the-taliban-putin-is-making-headway.html>   [51]: <https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-moscow-invests-in-future/25315632.html>

![Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov and his Afghan counterpart Salahuddin Rabbani shake hands after their meeting in Moscow, Russia, February 7, 2017][52]Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov and his Afghan counterpart Salahuddin Rabbani shake hands after their meeting in Moscow, Russia, February 7, 2017\. [Source: [rand.org][53]]

  [52]: https://i0.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/russian-foreign-minister-sergei-lavrov-and-his-afg.jpeg?resize=696,365&ssl=1   [53]: <https://www.rand.org/blog/2017/07/while-americans-fight-the-taliban-putin-is-making-headway.html>

[As a previous CAM article documented][54], the current Afghan government led by Ashraf Ghani is largely a [creation of the United States][54]. Its military is funded by the United States at a cost of around [$4 billion per year][55]. This support is going to continue—unless Congress cuts it off—alongside large-scale U.S. foreign aid programs that amount to [nearly one billion per year][56].

  [54]: <https://covertactionmagazine.com/2020/12/26/americas-longest-war-an-afghans-perspective/>   [55]: <https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/14/world/asia/afghanistan-troop-withdrawal.html>   [56]: <https://www.concernusa.org/story/foreign-aid-by-country/>

The U.S. wants to keep Ghani in power, or replace him with another proxy that can help it win the geopolitical competition with Russia and China, which is little different from the 19th century “great game” between Great Britain and Russia.

As long as the U.S. empire remains intact, the war as such will go on, and on—and on.

![][57]

  [57]: https://i2.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/CAM-5.jpg?resize=30,20&ssl=1

* * *

 1. Helen Cooper, Thomas Gibbons-Neff and Eric Schmitt, “Biden Sets End Date for Nation’s Longest War,” _The New York Times_ , April 14, 2021, A1, A13. [↑][58]

  [58]: <https://covertactionmagazine.com/2021/04/15/bidens-claim-to-be-ending-americas-longest-war-misleading/#post-16546-footnote-ref-1>

 2. Cooper, Gibbons-Neff, Schmitt, “Biden Sets End Date for Nation’s Longest War,” A13. [↑][59]

  [59]: <https://covertactionmagazine.com/2021/04/15/bidens-claim-to-be-ending-americas-longest-war-misleading/#post-16546-footnote-ref-2>

 3. See Fred Branfman, _Voices from the Plain of Jars: Life Under an Air War_ , revised edition, with new foreword by Alfred W. McCoy (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2013). [↑][60]

  [60]: <https://covertactionmagazine.com/2021/04/15/bidens-claim-to-be-ending-americas-longest-war-misleading/#post-16546-footnote-ref-3>

 4. See Ann Scott Tyson, _American Spartan: The Promise, The Mission, and the Betrayal of Special Forces Major Jim Gant_ (New York: William Morrow, 2014). Gant promoted a strategy of “tribal engagement.” In Kunar province, he met with an Afghan chief, Malik Noorafzhal whom he nicknamed “Sitting Bull” after the Indian chief of the age of the 19th century Indian Wars. Jim Gant, “One Tribe at a Time: A Strategy for Success in Afghanistan,” https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2009/2009_one_tribe_at_a_time.pdf [↑][61]

  [61]: <https://covertactionmagazine.com/2021/04/15/bidens-claim-to-be-ending-americas-longest-war-misleading/#post-16546-footnote-ref-4>

 5. Cooper, Gibbons-Neff, Schmitt, “Biden Sets End Date for Nation’s Longest War,” A13. Inhofe it should be noted is a war profiteer. [He invested in Raytheon stocks at the same time he was calling for an increase in the defense budget as Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee][62]. Raytheon is a leading arms manufacturer. [↑][63]

  [62]: <https://www.defensenews.com/congress/2018/12/13/inhofe-bought-defense-stocks-before-calling-for-budget-hike/>   [63]: <https://covertactionmagazine.com/2021/04/15/bidens-claim-to-be-ending-americas-longest-war-misleading/#post-16546-footnote-ref-5>

[hskbrchemical]

What is hydrogenated silicone oil & its uses

Hydrogenated silicone oil, also known as silicone compound, is an organic polymer composed of silicon and hydrogen atoms. It has a wide range of applications and is widely used in many industrial and consumer products.

Hydrosilicone fluid has many unique properties that make it a versatile chemical. First, it has excellent lubricating properties. Hydrogenated silicone oil can provide excellent lubrication under different temperatures and pressures, reducing friction and wear between mechanical parts. Therefore, it is often used as lubricant and is widely used in automobiles, aviation, manufacturing and other fields.

Secondly, hydrogenated silicone oil also has excellent anti-stick properties. It forms a film between two surfaces, preventing them from sticking together. This makes hydrogenated silicone fluids an important component in industries such as coating production, plastics processing and adhesive manufacturing.

In addition to lubrication and anti-sticking, hydrogenated silicone oil also has good insulating properties. It can effectively isolate the current and prevent short circuit and leakage between electrical appliances and electronic equipment. This makes hydrogenated silicone oil an essential material for cable insulation and transformer insulation in the power industry and electronics industry.

In addition, hydrogenated silicone oil can also be used as an additive to improve the performance and quality of the product. For example, adding hydrogenated silicone oil to paint can improve the weather resistance and water resistance of the coating; adding hydrogenated silicone oil to cosmetics can increase the lubricity and moisture retention of the product; in the pharmaceutical field, hydrogenated silicone oil is often used as drug coating material, Protect medications from moisture and light.

In addition, hydrogenated silicone oil also has good high temperature resistance and chemical stability, making it ideal for high temperature lubricants, sealants and anti-corrosion agents.

With the continuous development of science and technology, the application prospect of hydrogenated silicone oil will be broader. For example, it can be used in the optical field for lubrication and anti-reflection treatment of optical lenses; in battery manufacturing, hydrogenated silicone oil can be used as an electrolyte additive to improve battery performance; in the textile industry, hydrogenated silicone oil can be used as waterproofing for textiles treatment agent.

As a multifunctional chemical substance, hydrogenated silicone oil has demonstrated its outstanding performance and excellent characteristics in many fields. As a leader in the field of hydrogenated silicone oil, KBR will continue to provide customers with better products and better services in the process of continuous innovation and development.

[expressnewshyderabad]

'Love Hyderabad' sculpture in KBR Park #JubileeHills Another sculpture, 'Love Hyderabad', was inaugurated at KBR National Park on Wednesday. It will serve as a visitors' attraction and also a landmark in the State capital. This is the second of its kind; the first was set up as a tourist attraction on the banks of Hussainsagar lake. Principal Secretary, Municipal Administration and Urban Development (MA&UD) Arvind Kumar, along with badminton star Jwala Gutta, inaugurated the sculpture. He said that it would be an added attraction in the western part of the City. " Visitors to the park would take a selfie in front of the sculpture", Kumar remarked. As part of corporate social responsibility (CSR), the sculpture has been installed by the owners of Chicha's, a City-based restaurant, Qutub Alam Khan and Fauzan Khan. Fauzan Khan said the restaurant has adopted the space to develop the site into a comfortable place for people, who visit the park."To curb anti-social activities, we have also installed eight CCTV cameras and street lights for the safety of people,"he stated. https://www.instagram.com/p/CNqmVLXL125/?igshid=122gq7b7zv5rc

[lupine-publishers-aoics]

Lupine Publishers | Experimental Approach, Computational DFT Investigation and a Biological Activity in the Study of an Organic Heterocyclic Compound

https://lupinepublishers.com/chemistry-journal/pdf/AOICS.MS.ID.000177.pdf

Abstract

The title compound TZ1 was synthesized by N-alkylation reaction, and its structure was confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and IR, it was screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity by the agar well diffusion method against four bacteria, Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The molecule was studied with the density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6–31G (d,p) level in order to determine the relationship between the molecular structure and the antibacterial inhibition behavior. The molecular geometry, frontier molecular orbitals and Mulliken atomic charge of the compound are investigated to get a better insight of the molecular properties. The molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) for a compound was determined to check their electrophilic or nucleophilic reactivity. The theoretical parameters offer significant assistance to understand the antibacterial inhibition mechanism indicated by the molecule and are in full agreement with the experimental results.

Keywords:5-Chlorosatin derivatives; N-alkylation reaction; antibacterial activity; DFT; Molecular electrostatic potential

 Introduction

The 5-Chloroisatin is well documented as an important heterocyclic compound in the field of medicinal chemistry. My recently published book and review [1,2] contain a special chapter, dedicated to the chemistry of 5-Chloroisatin and their derivatives.

The 5-chloro-1H-indole-2 3-dione structure is a heterocyclic compound which easily participates in chemical reactions. Its bonding sites are analogous to pyrrole. As shown in Scheme 1, 5-Chloroisatin is reactive at four different positions including the carbon atom 3, nitrogen atom 1, the C2–C3 p-bond and the C2–N sigma bond.

This moiety of 5-Chloroisatin and their derivatives possess pharmacological and chemotherapeutic properties such as anti- cancer [3], anti-diabetic [4], anti-inflammatory [5], anti-malarial [6], anti-bacterial [7], anti-fungal [8], anti-viral [9] and others drugs for treatment of several diseases [10].

Density functional theory (DFT) has become a convenient method to decipher experimental results, in antibacterial activity; this technique makes it possible to accurately predict the inhibition efficiency of organic compounds on the basis of electronic and molecular properties as well as reactivity indexes [11]. The objective of current study is to explore relationship amongst structure and electronic properties of the synthesized 5-chloro-1- (2- (dimethylamino) ethyl) indoline-2,3-dione (TZ1) using DFT. Then, the evaluation of its antibacterial activity. (Scheme1)

 Experimental Details

Chemistry

Melting points were determined using the kofler bench apparatus and uncorrected. The spectra of 1H NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl3 on the Brucker Avance-300 spectrometer, operating at 300MHz and at 75MHz for 13C-NMR using TMS as an internal standard and Spin resonances are reported as chemical shifts (d) in parts per million (ppm). Infrared Spectra were run on AVATAR 320 AEK0200713 spectrometer and frequencies are reported in cm-1. The purity of the synthesized compound was confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), performed on Silica gel 60 coated plates. UV light was used for the visualization of TLC spots [12].

General procedure

The 5-Chloroisatin derivatives TZ1 was prepared by mixing 0.2g (1.1 mmol) of 5-chloro-1H-indole-2,3-dione, (0.23g, 1.16mmol) of potassium carbonate in 15mL of N-N dimethylformamide (DMF) and (0.035g, 0.10mmol) of BTBA, then, the reagent is slowly added, the mixture is left at room temperature for 48 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated by using rota vapor. The solid was separated out by filtration. It was carefully checked by thin layer chromatography. The compound was isolated by column chromatography by using different fractions of n-hexane and ethyl acetate [13-16].

Yield=89%; mp: 114 °C ; 1H NMR (CDCl3) δppm 7.53-7.54 (m, H, HAr); 7.51 (d, H, HAr, J=9Hz); 6.90 (d, H, HAr, J=9Hz); 3.85 (t, 2H, CH2, J=9Hz); 3.75 (t, 2H, CH2, J=9Hz); 2.15 (m, 6H, CH3). 13C NMR (CDCl3) δppm: 184.59 (C=O); 164.45 (N-C=O); 146.22, 141.13, 110.39 (Cq); 138.59, 126.08, 113.36 (CHAr); 55.90, 46.79 (CH2); 45.09 (CH3). Infra Red (KBr) cm-1: 3565, 3174, 30815 (C-H), 2975, 1720 (C=O), 1607 (NC=O), 1445, 1472 (C=C) 1185,1123 (N-C), 654 (C-Cl).

Antibacterial screening

Synthesized compound TZ1 was screened for their antibacterial activity against two Gram positive (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) and two Gram negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria by the agar well diffusion method, using LB medium (Luria Bertani medium: yeast extract 5.0g, peptone 10.0g, sodium chloride 5.0g, distilled water 1000mL). This technique was recommended by CLSI [17].

A sterile paper disk was placed on the surface of each plate and impregnated with 5μL of the TZ1 solution at a final concentration of 10mg/mL. Then, the plates were incubated at 4 °C for 2 hours to permit good diffusion before incubation at 37±2 °C for 24 hours. The diameters of the inhibition zones were measured in mm with the caliper. A disc impregnated with 2% dimethylsulfoxide as a negative control was made the experiment was carried out in triplicate.

In order to determine the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, we started by the dilution of the TZ1 was prepared in a Mueller Hinton broth supplemented with bacteriological agar, to reach a final concentration between 5mg/mL and 0.004mg/ mL, 50μL of bacterial inoculum was added to each well at a final concentration of 106CFU/mL. DMSO (2%) was used as a negative control. The final concentration of our product was between 5mg mL-1 (3rd well) and 0.019mg mL-1 (well 11). Plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. After 2 hours of a subsequent incubation, bacterial growth was revealed by reduction of blue dye resazurin to pink resorufin [18].

Including, the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) which is the last step in the protocol, a bactericidal control is carried out 24 hours earlier by streaking on a platelet agar, after microdilution to the broth by spreading 5μL of the negative wells on Luria Bertani agar plates.

Theoretical calculations

The computational studies of compound TZ1 were performed using the GAUSSIAN 09W [19] program package and visualized with the Gauss View on a personal computer using density functional theory (DFT) method with 6−31G (d,p) as the basis set [20]. The using HOMO and LUMO orbital energies, the ionization energy and electron affinity can be expressed as: IP = -EHOMO, EA = -ELUMO, respectively. The total hardness, η and electronegativity χ were given by the following relations: [21].

Result and Discussion

Synthesis of 5-chloro-1-(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl) indoline- 2,3-dione (TZ1) is outlined in Scheme 2, it was prepared according to a similar previous procedure [22]. 5-chloroisatin was used as a starting material for the synthesis of various substituted indole derivatives [23-27].

The (TZ1) was synthesized by the N-alkylation reaction of 5-chloro-1H-indole-2,3-dione in DMF, a base K2CO3 and a TBAB catalyst was added to a stirred solution at room temperature, Chloro-N,N-dimethylethanamine was added dropwise to the mixture under conditions of catalysis by phase transfer for 48 hours, the reaction was monitored by thin layer chromatography. After this time, the mixture was filtered and concentrated and dried under vacuum to afford the required product. The complex was obtained in good yield, stable in air, and is colored solid, soluble in methanol, chloroform, DMF, and DMSO.

The 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and IR were used to assign the structure of synthesized compound. (Scheme 2)

Antibacterial activity

The In vitro antimicrobial screening tests of synthesized compound TZ1 was carried out as an antibacterial activity. the tested compound showed biological activity against different types of Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli), it showed zones of inhibition of MIC/MBC values ranging from 0.156/0.156 to 0.313/0.313mm against the Gram-positive bacteria and between 0.625/0.625 and 1.25/1.25mm against Gram-negative bacteria.

Coordination enhances the antibacterial activity and the TZ1 in the present study are more active against Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria [28]. On the other hand, it should also be noted that the presence of nitrogen and oxygen atoms which are the highest values of the negative charge on the molecule TZ1 suggesting that these centers have the maximum electron density and would preferentially interact with the micro-organisms Gram positive then increases the antibacterial potential.

Computational details

Frontier orbital energy analysis and other global reactivity descriptors: The all optimized structures along with the numbering scheme of TZ1 at DFT/B3LYP level using the 6-31+G (d,p) basis are shown in Figures 1-3.

The HOMO-LUMO orbitals help to characterize the chemical reactivity and kinetic stability of the molecule.

The analysis of the HOMO highlights the areas of the molecule that can donate electrons to electrophilic species while the analysis of the LUMO predicts the regions of the molecule with high affinity to accept electrons from nucleophilic species. The calculated HOMO–LUMO energy gap value is found to be 3.1673 eV.

The dipole moment (μ(debye= 5.6982) tells about the polarity of the molecule. The higher value of dipole moment in case of TZ1 molecule is mainly attributed to an overall imbalance in charge from one side of a molecule to the other side is also evident from the MESP plot. DFT calculation gives an idea about the substance reactivity and site selectivity of the frameworks. By the computed value of HOMO and LUMO energy values for the TZ1, the electronegativity (χ), total hardness (η), Softness (σ), can be calculated. The significance of (η) and (σ) is to evaluate both the reactivity and stability [31].

Molecular electrostatic potential (esp) map: The molecular electrostatic potential mapped surfaces show the charge distributions of molecules three dimensionally which give clear and special signature of the interactions of the compounds [31].

The molecular electrostatic potential is related to the electronic density and a very useful descriptor for determining sites for electrophilic attack and nucleophilic reactions as well as hydrogenbonding interactions [32].

The MEP mapped surface of the compound TZ1 was calculated by DFT/B3LYP at 6 31G (d,p) basis set and MEP surface are plotted in Figure 6. Red, blue and green colors represent regions of the most electro negative, most electro positive electrostatic and zero potential, respectively [33].

Mulliken charges analysis

The Mulliken atomic charges have a significant role in the application of quantum chemical calculations to molecular systems, by determining the electron population of each atom as defined by the basis function [34]. Table 3 exhibits the calculated mulliken atomic charges except for atoms H by DFT/B3LYP at 6 31G (d,p) basis set. Also, the color range in the scale of positive and negative charge and graphical representation for Mulliken atomic charges of TZ1 is shown in Figure 7.

From the listed tabulated values (Table 3) of atomic charge, we can summary that the charge on the carbon atom (C6) is greater than other carbon atoms in the all compounds because it is connected to electronegative chloride atom (Cl10). Then, all nitrogen and oxygen atoms (N13, N22, O14 and O15) are the most negatively charged ones, suggesting that these centers have the maximum electron density, which can interact with the positively charged part of the receptor easily.

Conclusion

In summary, we report the synthesis and characterization of 5-chloro-1- (2- (dimethylamino) ethyl) indoline-2,3-dione (TZ1) in excellent yield. The antibacterial activity of TZ1 has been explored experimentally and by quantum calculations. The frontier orbital energy analysis, mulliken atomic charges and electrostatic potential were also studied by using the DFT method at B3LYP/6–31G (d,p). The antibacterial bioassay showed that it possessed excellent activity.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank all the people who helped to carry out this work such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, and for antibacterial activity.

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