#and theres a few essays but ONE major essay for history

[miiilowo]

hey man. whats ur recommended reading/watching for getting into the fan side of fnaf <— genuine question here <— dude i need help all im getting is weird video essays from a strangely detached perspective

i got you covered i have fnaf fan stuff up the wazoo. the youtubers im linking arent all EXCLUSIVELY fnaf but they do have a lot of fnaf stuff

Non-letsplay Youtube stuff:

Dawko. naturally <- hes not really for me (too loud) but plenty of people like him and hes the #1 fnaf fandom youtuber i'd think

GoMotion FNAF playlist

NotARealName NotAtAll. i cannot emphasize enough this one if you want to get into the FANDOM side of things

Bizabizow's 'fixing fnaf plushies' series

Pastra

MrSprings

Quinnamon

Backseat has some fnaf stuff but is very entertaining in general

The ooftroop (who is also here on tumblr)

This video about the forgotten history of the fnaf fandom that just got recommended to me as i was pulling this list together. looks like he has a few fnaf fandom videos

J-Gems, if you like animations

DaRegularSauce has cosplay stuff

Daggz (generally does a lot of mascot horror stuff but has fnaf content too)

Chazington has quite a few funny fnaf videos

UhYeah

Letsplayers (i have a lot less of these):

Astralspiff!!!!!!!!

Chickeninja42 has a lot of fun FNAF challenge runs

Backseat streams

8bitryan (he does a lot more than just letsplays but i think theyre the majority)

then theres obviously the big players like markiplier and jacksepticeye and stuff. ill add to this list if i can think of any later

[celestiagarden]

College AU!

Characters: Venti, Albedo, Kazuha, Zhongli, Kaeya, Gorou, Childe

Note: Yeah i’m just sick of my own college experience rn so imma replace it with a fictional one yEAAHH

Venti

music major. Enough said

he kind of just started in music, and in like his second year he realized “wait without clout I can’t easily make a career out of this”

so now he’s also in a secondary education program as a backup plan but desperately trying to get famous on internet so he doesn’t have to teach

sports?? comitees? no he’s in a music room all day long

and when he isn’t, it’s because he has recital. he’s booked all day long

^^ which means he refuses to do anything school-related when he isn’t supposed to. Aka: the weekend. friday evening, venti is fucking done and ready to get hammered

has perfect pitch, is literally extremely talented in music so usually he gets good grades in theory classes/instrument theory with minimal efforts

once actually sight-read during an audition and actually fucking passed it with an A-. no one knows how he was able to do it

doesn’t fucking know how to cook he lives off ramen or caf food (it’s ok venti my love i’ll bring u my leftovers)

Lives on campus, probably in the normal dorms

Albedo

science, he’s in a science program for sure. 

he probably started in pre-med and then switched to biochem after his first semester

bro he’s so silent, so still, people hardly notices him. boy just attends his class, nods along, takes notes, goes to his labs (the only exception here bc he has to talk to his lab partner) and that’s it.

gets amazing grades. I don’t think his GPA ever goes under 4.0

the type of person who will fucking carry during lab reports just to make sure he gets a good grade. you finished your work? send it to him he’s going to double check it before you hand it over to the lab attendant. it’s a non-negotiable

zero social life. he studies sm. he has so many labs. his schedule is packed. 

also a student who probably hasn’t exactly learned how to cook balanced meals. it’s pasta and canned sauce most nights. he’ll get takeout if he feels fancy

lives off-campus (he doesn’t want to get kicked out at the end of the semester, buddy doesnt have time for all that moving around), he just has a place of his own a few minutes away from campus

Kazuha

literacy major. or like, english major with a minor in philosophy. 

people ask him what are his plans with a degree like that and he just ignores them. in his head, he would rather study something he actually enjoys and struggle with finding a job with the degree later

one thing at a time. Iconic move from Kazuha

gets average grades, but like he doesn’t try extra extra hard. gives an average effort and in exchange receives an average grade

loves those people who write essays about such funny topics but he’s too scared to do one himself

that mario essay with the really funny introduction paragraph? he loves it more than anything

probably lives on campus, in dorms. 

he CAN cook, but why cook when he’s got a perfectly good meal plan for the college caf?

signs up in writing contests every year as long as theres a promise of a scholarship for the winner. other than that he isn’t in a lot of committes or sports. he probably just jogs whenever he feels like it

Zhongli

currently on his doctorate degree in history. he has a double major in history and geography, did his masters in geography and is somehow actually doing a doctorate in history

he was in a track and field team during his bachelors. his best events were probably like, javelin and shot put

in charge of some one or two credit first-year classes. he’s... not the best at teaching

he has the bad habit of assuming students are more informed than they are in reality, which leads to most of his class being lost in the middle of his lecture

but he doesn’t do it on purpose!! he would glady put the students into context if one raised their hand and notified him that they weren’t following!! 

but honestly... would you have the courage to do that? yeah, no one would. not with zhongli as a teacher, optimistically assuming everyone’s up to date and follows. 

is very strict on class itinerary tho. no, he will not push back any due dates for homework or exam dates. His program was thoroughly planned with the students in mind, as well as their workload and he firmly believes that what he asks can be completed in the time given

deadass starts his semester saying “if you are organized, you will pass this class without any problems.” it scares like half of the crowd

lives off-campus (obviously). single btw wink wonk

yeah he’s a fully functioning adult ok this man cooks for himself, cleans for himself, does laundry for himself, what an icon

however, students do get emails with class content or news from him at ungodly hours of the night. Zhongli it’s 1 AM stop grading exams and go to bed ffs

Kaeya

he’s in criminology, wants to get into legal studies after

with how fucking sneaky and cunning he is? that won’t be a problem for him lmaooo

he’s actually rlly smart ok he can keep rlly good grades with less effort than the average person. is also very condescending abt it to his classmates

hates hates hates team work assignments. and people hate working with him for team assignments eheheehehe- 

used to do figure skating in high school but obviously he stopped. might pick up speed skating for funsies if he felt up for it

he comes from a rich family ok this guy doesn’t share his dorm with anyone he probably has a dorm with a full kitchen and bathroom

gets wasted with venti without fail every friday night. 

Gorou

started in kinesiology. but then the reality of college hit him and he switched to P.E. 

that one student that applied and got like three different sports scholarships. yeah, he’s on three different sports team. cross-country, volleyball, rugby. no wonder he couldn’t keep up in kin bro his time management skills are probably awful

lives on campus, in dorms. he tries so hard to keep a balanced diet but his options are kinda limited by whatever food is at the caf, so he ended up having a wholeass stash under his bed. protein bars, gels, you name it. I swear he got a mini fridge too for shakes and snacks

peaked in high school and is now realizing it as a college student

he probably thought college was gonna be so fun!! with lots of parties and chill class schedules and fun varsity games!!

now he’s sitting on his bed with his head on his hands because he has an away volley game on friday and he knows he cant afford to miss another evening class

Childe

let’s get this out of the way first; VARSITY SWIMMER. I stand by this until I die. I could go into heavy detail but I’ll spare you all today

out of all these characters, he’s the most invested in his sport (I know, shocking, he even bests Gorou in this category). with this said, he attends all his morning classes with wet ass hair and he does not fucking care. the whole room smells like chlorine once he settles down

business major. he just chose it bc ppl said it’s relatively easy so it won’t interfere with practice much. plus he “gets to make bank afterwards” (his words not mine)

social butterfly-ish. if he’s not at practice or in class he’s that guy walking in the hallways to see if there’s anything fun to do. if someone has their dorm room open he will walk in and start up a convo

while gorou is out there having the struggle of his life, childe is having quite the opposite and having a jolly grand time 

[all-hail-the-witcher]

How come ballet is sexist?

oh buddy. not only is ballet sexist but it also objectifies and fetishizes women (esp historically) and its also racist. but the racism part is a whole separate essay. 

ive got midterm brain rn so sadly no sources and this might be a little jumbled but my credits for this are that i am a dance and history major.

so back in i think it was like romantic era france? like mid 1800s. ballet was picking up speed. up until this point women were not really allowed in the social sphere it was like disrespectful i guess and they weren't really in the Public Eye but ballet changed that because it allowed women to 1. have a job and 2. be respected and all that shit. 

this seems good. however with most seemingly good things theres a lot of not good things.

there weren't really any female choreographers at this time. some of the more well known ballerinas did go on to choreograph and teach after they were done performing but the works by male choreographers are mainly the surviving ones. men also weren't really in ballets at this time cause it was “dishonorable” (except in denmark) so that created something of a double standard. men also created pointe specifically for women. it wasn't used the same as it was today at first, it was more like a little hat trick where the woman would go up on her toes for a second. and everyone would uwu. but marie taglioni who was a pretty well known ballerina in that era started doing pointe kinda like todays pointe because she was pushed to do so by her father, philipe taglioni, who just essentially wanted to get famous. and he kinda used his daughter for that. 

but anyway. we have men. notably slightly older men. choreographing and training young women ballet dancers. so ballet is pretty rooted in males choreographing for females. so its a mans vision on a womans body. which is not the best thing. 

also. the costumes. as time went on they gradually became more and more revealing but ballet had always been pushing what was socially acceptable in terms of dress. during the romantic era they showed off the girls ankles (ankles!!) with the tutu to show the feet and that was like. scandalous. and that was a males decision to do so. and then they kept shortening the skirt. 

additionally, male choreographers started favoring a specific body type. which is, also not great. they wanted the girls to look kinda long and twiggy and almost “alien” so the point where it became a trend to want to look like that. and today you still see choreographers favoring certain body types (very skinny, no breasts, lean muscles) to the point where a lot of the choreography can be a lot more difficult if you dont Have that body type. 

so eventually people started objectifying the more famous female ballet dancers, like there was a thing called “tagliomania” where everyone uwued the fuck over marie taglioni. some people in russia actually ate her pointe shoe. it was very similar to the way that celebrities today are ripped apart and judged on every little thing and their bodies are objectified and stuff. 

and then as the years went on all that stayed with ballet. its always been these like middle aged men training and choreographing on these very young girls. many ballet dancers today start as young as 16/17 and retire around 30 while its common for most choreographers and teachers to start at 30. every big ballet choreographer had their favorites and a lot of the time their other dancers would look as close to that person as possible. balanchine literally preferred training younger girls (with his famous baby ballerinas being between 12 and 14 when they were performing nationally with the ballet russes de monte carlo which gets into the whole fetishization thing) 

also think of all the big name ballets. how many of them have been choreographed by women? not many, if any. its acceptable for the women to portray the mans vision but its not acceptable for women to choreograph their own stuff and when they do they are usually met with backlash. 

and then theres just class in general. i take it most of you have never been to a ballet class but there is a lot of touching. the teachers will come over and move your body around to correct you. and youre usually only wearing a leotard and tights. male and female teachers do this to all of their students. and its not always like, just touch your arm or something like sometimes their hands will be on your ass or your chest or your inner leg. same goes for choreography. i was partnering with a guy once and i had to essentially have my face on his crotch for a few seconds. he was excited about that. it was weird. 

and also like. you dont really have a say in not doing that stuff cause. if you won't theres 10 people willing to take your place. so dance very quickly strips you of your modesty. i dont find it weird cause ive been doing it since i was 3 and have become pretty desensitized but. 

and then theres just movements in general. female ballet dancers are expected to be good at turns mainly and pointe. my body is not built for that. i am much better at jumps. but since i go to class with mostly girls we work more on turns than jumps. sometimes if there are combined classes with males and females they will make the males do separate jumping combinations that the girls are not allowed to do. i want to do big fun jumps :/

so anyway theres a lot of issues with ballet. its very elitist, very sexist and there body objectification and fetishization. im sorry i couldn't go into more detail for you right now but i have a paper to finish 

[kiwibirdlafayette]

Alright good god I needed to share this cause I had stumbled upon this screenshot on google one day while looking for references (if anyone knows who took it let me know so i can link the post cause I cant remember op) and-

Well, I made some interesting observations after trying to read the flag of presumably, Arthur, and how it actually ties into the central motif of the show itself. 

A bit of an essay ahead, feel free to read if you’d like 

First off, the flag. For the past few days I’ve been trying to figure out what those characters were (mostly because it’s just really blurry) and it finally occured to me that those are Trollish text (y’know like the ones that appear in Brief Recapitulation of Troll Lore)

While it still is kind of difficult to read even while sharpening and brightening the image, the best transcription I can get out of it is written in the annotations, which, according to the chart prior, roughly translates to “king”.

This, of course, isn’t the intriguing part as the individual holding the flag is obviously already meant to be interpreted as a king, even without it (as he wears a blatant crown atop his head to depict his status) The part that really got me is the fact that theres Trollish text there in the first place.

Back in season 1 when Blinky’s discussing the history of trolls, one very important thing he says is: “For centuries, the troll and human worlds stood separate and at peace” (Season 1, Episode 4), meaning it doesn’t seem likely that Camelot and Pre-Glastonbury Trollmarket would have shared a written language, unless there was more interspecies interactions then we have been led to believe. We’ll come back to this in a second. 

Then theres the whole concept of the infamous museum mural, which becomes interestingly relevant to this particular theory with the show already possessing a recurring red/blue color motif throughout.

Evident in the dichotomy between Eclipse/Daylight, Troll Jim/Gunmar, red and blue seems to play a pivotal role in depicting the two sides of the shows internal moral conflict. However, this heartbeat conflict isn't a simplistic moral battle regarding the matter “good vs evil”, but rather, it’s “war v. peace”

Think about it. If blue= good and red=evil, why is Gunmar and the Darkland’s so heavily associated with blue? Or why is Jim, the key protagonist, dressed in red for his defining moment in season 3 when he defeats Gunmar? 

Instead, blue is meant to be war, and red is meant to be peace, but also separation. Just as Gunmar, (pre-gold colorations) intends to bring war to the surface lands to regain control (furthered even by the fact that the Decimaar blade is blue, and represents control for war), the Daylight armor was created for a single purpose: battle. It is, after all, knights armor. And while you could argue, yes Eclipse was also created for the purpose of battle, its true inherent purpose wasn’t to fight to protect, it was created solely to defeat Gunmar, the source of war. 

(Completely ignoring the premonition of 3Below and Wizards for a second), it isn’t until after Gunmar’s defeat that separation and (temporary) peace seems to have occurred. Arcadia settles down, and the majority of troll world once again becomes separate from humanity with Jim, Blinky and a good amount of Trollmarket trekking off to New Jersey. 

As pointed out by Tuna on the THCC discord, the character who is most likely Merlin carries a horngazel, an element of the show associated with bridges, and gateways (which, typically insinuates separation between two realms) whereas the woman (perhaps Morgana?) to the other side of Arthur carries a knife, a connotation of war. Such observations would ultimately suggest that maybe separation of the worlds is what Merlin has wanted all along. 

Consider: Merlin is the one entirely who suggests moving to New Jersey, he’s the one who turns Jim “red” in the first place. And even in the portrait, it’s him who’s more dominantly clad in red (between the two, with the blue of his main outfit maybe being a closer indication to his allegiance to Arthur as court colors) whereas Morgana (maybe even Morgause?), who appears to be suggesting war/violence, is dressed entirely in blue. Specifically, the shade of blue seen on Gunmar and on the soldiers in the mural. 

Now, returning to the issue of Arthur and the Trollish banner, what if the banner isn’t just an indication of his status as King of Camelot, but rather, its trying to communicate something. It’s fairly evident in a lot of Arthuriana that one of Arthur’s main goals has been to unite all of the Britons, and in the case of ToA, this could have included the non-human residents as well. 

Perhaps, in an attempt to unite the two realms, Arthur decides that he would try to make peace with them, as red too, is the color of peace, using the banner as a way of showing to them that Camelot does not seek war, but understand and alliance. However, his advisor, Merlin, disagrees, Believing that trolls and humans should stay separate. Morgana, who maybe already had some kind of ill will against the society of trolls (which is a bit inconsistent with her ‘mother of monsters’ narrative but I wont go into this since it isn’t my area of expertise), is convinced the only way to gain their allegiance is via violence/control. People of Camelot catch wind of the king’s plans, and maybe they start taking sides.

And perhaps it is this very particular sequence of events is what leads to the occurrence we see depicted in the museum mural. The two forces of peace/war coming into conflict with one another that it just ends with the two worlds remaining separate for the rest of time. Merlin and Morgana, now in conflict with one another, and trolls and humans staying out of reach from one another.

 From there, maybe Arthuriana occurs as it would have, including Mordred, the Grail and the Battle of Camelann, all the way to the king becoming a troll we all know and love (but that’s a story for another post)

So Tldr; This image, overall is meant to be Arthur, aiming to bring together the communities of humans and trolls alike begins developing plans of peace offerings, learning their language and using it as means to gain an alliance. However, because of Merlin’s desire to prevent this alliance, and Morgana/Morgause’s belief they will not accept non-violent means, Camelot instead falls to an everlasting moral division of peace vs. war that continues on as a motif in the show canon, that is not yet concluded despite Jim’s defeat of Gunmar.

[duhad]

Three Pillars of Writing: A Terrible Essay by Duhad

Since I ended up spending way too long writing this in response to a largely unrelated post about fan fiction, I’m going to post this overly long soap box rant about writing on its own in the vain hope the 3 or 4 people who follow me will read this if its not hidden under 3 feet of other peoples text.  -

I had a conversation with my friend Kit the other day, where I was trying to sort of argue/define an idea I had about stories fundamentally working on three central pillars. 1. Plot - The story of whats going on. The adventure/mystery/horror/romance/etc as an active and progressing narrative. 2. Characters - The central characters and their internal and interpersonal lives. 3. Setting - A mix of both world building and general attention to setting details, ranging from things as grand scoop as the history and cultures of fantasy and sci-fi worlds to as small and personal as the club scene in a big city or the neighborhood of a small town or the student body and facility of a school.

For comedies you can knock out one of these three to replace it with comedy without losing much, so long as the humor works.

In my original argument I more or less was saying that a story needs at least 2 of these to work in order to function, with one weak link not really unbalancing things, but two going out causing a collapse. But reading this I think I am coming to a more nuanced conclusion, that their are people for whom one or more of these are of much higher importance and who can over look flaws in the other one or two. That essentially each reader/viewer/player is, weather consciously or not looking for one or more of these things and the better or worse its handled, the more or less they like it. But since most people don’t really grasp this notion, they look for broader, more tangible things to explain WHY they enjoyed something or not. So for instance I have heard allot of people dismiss the works of Stephen King because he’s too long winded, to caught up on details and the daily lives of his characters and tends to meander, losing allot of steam in the middle of his books as the terrifying threats take a back seat to ‘pointless’ things like characters falling in love, falling out of love, dealing with substance abuse or stress or school or work or fascinations with silly hobbies. For people who are their for the plot, he’s a bore who needs an editor to cut out about 70% of any given new book. Especially when allot of his books end, not with a thrilling climax, but a chapter or two after that point, with the remaining characters moving forward with their lives. Yet his books sell like hotcakes because for people who pick up the books and fall in love with the characters and the worlds they live in. They get to just indulge in their stories for hundreds of pages before suddenly getting a thrill as these people they have spent the last ten to twenty hours with are suddenly thrust into terrible danger, with the fate of the lived in settings they inhabit, from whole world to tiny little communities, dangling in the balance! For another example “Rendezvous With Rama” by Arthur C. Clarke is a book I am sure about 90% of people here would HATE! Its slow, its uneventful, the characters are all consummate professionals who don’t have any drama with one another or really spent much time getting to know one another. The two most exciting things that happen are when someone we met one chapter ago almost gets seriously hurt while trying to fly a sort of winged bike and then does not and later when the Hermian colony fires a nuke at the Rama ship, but then it gets defused relatively easily with no lives lost. But I LOVE IT because it presents an utterly fascinating look at an empty alien spaceship that is unlike anything on Earth. Its strange and beautiful and endlessly fascinating to explore! And the people exploring it themselves are fascinating, not because their particularly deep characters, but because they represent a human culture that is at once recognizable and yet unlike our own. Its a setting first and for most book in other worlds. The Lord of the Rings is setting first, plot second and characters a pretty distant third, at least in the books. Fan fiction tends to be characters first, focusing on the lives and personalities of characters and their interactions with one another before anything else, though obviously their are lots of exceptions. Finally Sherlock Homes stories tend to be plot first, with the central mystery and how it gets solved being the center piece, with the characterization of Homes, Watson and a few of the central figures getting just enough attention to make us care about them and basically everything else being kept pretty out of focus unless necessary for the plot. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle might go into the history of the Mormon Church in “A Study In Scarlet”, but mostly its just their to explain the motivations of Jefferson Hope and he only gets fleshed out to explain why he murdered Drebber and Stangerson, as soon as that’s done he basically just go’s to jail quietly and is never mentioned again. But that’s fine because its a story your reading for the plot, not the setting or the characters, so once the murder is resolved theres no need to keep and flesh out the characters and setting details unless their going to come up again. Which they will not. Hell Moriarty, Homes’s nemesis and biggest recurring enemy shows up in only two stories directly, the second of which he dies in and is only mentioned in a couple others as being basically just a guy who other criminals work for sometimes.

Now obviously these are only broad outlines of major elements that stories tend to work with in less tangible ways and their not the ONLY things readers/viewers/players respond to. Someone who loves plot focused stories might hate Sherlock Homes stories because they don’t like mysteries or prefer more modern characters. Someone who just wants a good character driven story might hate Bloom Into You because they don’t like the leads or just dislike anime as a medium. And someone who likes rich worlds might still hate Dune because its so dark and bloody and fatalistic. That’s fine. But I think knowing what key aspect/s of a way a story is told and where its focus is can tell you just as much about why you do or do not enjoy certain pieces of fiction as more tangible elements like it being a romantic comedy or a sci-fi horror.

-

And as an addendum for writers, I think knowing what you really love about stories can help you get thru allot of tricky spots. I love setting and character elements of stories, but have allot less patience for plot and so when writing I will breeze thru world building sections, people discussing culture or politics or the way things work in their sci-fi/fantasy/just plain weird setting and breezy banter dialogue. But then when it comes to moving the story forward its like, “Ahhhhhh... They uh... Do the thing and then... Uh... Hm... Time for a brake. I’ll get back to finishing this thing in a month or two.”

Before being able to crystallize by thoughts on this I would often get into trouble by setting out to write plot heavy epics, full of twists and turns and major events I knew would happen at X point in the future, but then never got anywhere in them because I found writing the quick and action heavy scenes that would get me to those big moments where just miserable and felt stilted as hell! Even now I write with my best friend and whenever she talks about these really cool ideas for things that will happen in the futures of the stories I get all excited thinking about how fun writing about how the settings and characters will change and how they will all interact with one another and how many fun scenes I can write in that new environment... And then I remember I need to actually push the story forward to that point and I suddenly get really stressed out because plotting out how that will all happen and then executing on that plot is my least favorite part of writing.

But when I wrote things for my friend’s game where it was like, “Write a history and mythology for this setting.” Or “Write two characters interacting and talking with one another in these short scenes.” Or “Come up with a type of fantasy creature or a culture or a tribe or a cult and then write about how they interact with a group of strangers.” And it was so easy and so much fun that I ended up writing so much stuff I actually got told several times to either stop or slow down because he thought I was pushing myself to hard to come up with this novels worth of setting details and short character interactions. But the truth of the matter was, I was just exhilarated to have a chance to just toss out all of these ideas I didn’t then have to tie together into a tightly constructed over arching plot!

Later I was writing a story for a comic with my best friend and though we had all of these cool ideas, it was not really coming together right. Everything was so detailed, so focused on notes about the setting and expository dialogue and aiming toward setting up for future events that it just didn’t feel right at all. So I took a brake and wrote a RPG based on the setting and spent about 100 pages just carefully building the setting and history for the universe it was set in. Then, months later, I came back to the comic and, now focusing just on the scene at hand and keeping in mind the setting I had built, I rewrote the opening chapter in a way which was SO MUCH BETTER then the first draft! Because I was no longer writing for the plot, but for the characters and the world and THAT was my jam!

Finally fairly recently, while dealing with a bout of writers block, I just for fun wrote something for my aforementioned best friend which was literally just a character looking around their weird room, commenting on some of the dumb stuff she saw and then having a conversation with her best friend. That ended up leading to a 23+ page story I am still writing with her that I find is so fun and relaxing to write I just pick it up and work on it when I am feeling stressed or down and it gets me feeling allot better! And though she is working on some long term plotting stuff for it, the thing I love about it is that, when I am writing it, its basically purely just setting details and characters.

And that’s what I want you writers out their to take away from my TED Talk today! If you find yourself getting caught up over and over again when writing, look at where you keep getting stuck and ask yourself, “Is their a pattern here? Am I getting stuck at random or is it when I try to focus too much on the world or on whats coming next in the story or when I need to write dialogue or back story that I am just grinding to a halt and not knowing what to write next?”  Because I think you might well find that their is a pattern and once you know where your just breezing along and where your getting stuck, you can work to either spice up the parts you have trouble with with the things you enjoy or rework your story to focus on your strengths and down play your weakness. It might seem odd at first, but if Michael Crichton can shove long expository monologs about science into a book about a dino theme park going to hell or a Congo safari filled with intelligent apes murdering people and if Andrew Hussie can hold up his story about cosmically apocalyptic happenings to have a couple of dumb kids talk to one another about nonsense for a few thousand words, you can indulge yourself a little. Its alright, it doesn’t make you a bad creator, just one who will appeal more strongly to a particular audience.

-

Now that I have spent hours writing some dumb nonsense no one will ever read I will go to be- Oh wait its already morning, to get breakfast then work I guess.

As for the rest of you, go enjoy yourselves indulging in or creating whatever flavor of narrative you best enjoy!

@roxthefoxinsox @balile

[ask-art-student-prussia]

Can you make a list of all the characters you've mentioned so far and their roles? I want to write a fanfiction based off this (Also is that okay????). Thanks!

oh boy theres an awful lot to go through, ask me any specific characters and i’ll if i missed them/assign them smth!! I’m including parents, teachers, historical figures etc. anybody i’ve mentioned in the WHOLE YEAR ive been running this blog. IN ALPHA ORDER. 

Ask me on details such as relationships, family history, religion, jobs, living style or any of that stuff. I have floorplans, timelines and historical..tidbits. I can give you a full profile of each character if you wish. Pick one and I’ll give a full essay on literally EVERYTHING. and theyre all thought out. 

CANON COUNTRIES (CHARACTERS)

America/Alfred - Economics/Politics Student, Brother of Matthew, cousin of Zachary/Jett

Ancient Egypt/Nefetiri - Class of ‘87 alumni

Ancient Greece/Athena - Class of ‘87 alumni

Ancient Rome/Romulus - Lovi/Sebastian/Feli’s dad 

Australia/Jett - Zoology Student, Brother of Zachary, Jake and Wendy, Cousin of Matthew/Alfred

Austria/Roderich - Music Student, Cousin of Leo

Belarus/Natalya - Dance/Ballet student, Sister of Ivan and Katyusha

Belgium/Emma - Pastry Chef/Culinary Student, Sister of Luca and Tim

Britannia/Alicia - Arthur/Peter’s mom (mum), librarian

Bulgaria/Boris - Roomates with Vlad

Canada/Matthew - Med Student/Student nurse, Brother of Alfred

Chibitalia - Literally Feli as a kid

China/Yao - Culinary Student

Cuba/Carlos - Matthew’s friend

Czech Republic/Hedvika - Works at the library

Denmark/Matthias - Film Student

England/Arthur - Art Student, brother of Peter

Estonia/Eduard - IT/Computer science major

Finland/Tino - Literacy Student

France/Francis - Culinary Student

Gaul/Genevieve - Class of ‘87 alumni 

Germania/Alderich - Gil/Lud’s dad

Germany/Ludwig - Mechanical Engineer Student, brother of Gilbert

HRE(Holy Roman Empire)/Gabriel - he’s dead lol deceased twin brother of Ludwig

Hong Kong/Leon - High Schooler

Hungary/Elizabeta - Culinary student

Hutt River/Jake - Brother of Wendy, Jett and Zach. Works in a museum

Iceland/Emil - High Schooler

India/Nanush - Physics Student/Dance instructor

Ireland/Cole - Brother of Arthur, Aaron, Alistor and Peter

Italy/Feliciano - Fine Arts Student, brother of Lovino and Sebastian

Japan/Kiku - Economics Student

Knights Templar(K.T.)/Katie - Masters in History, Vet. for the German army, trans (mtf)

Kugelmugel/Leo - Middle Schooler, working towards arts, cousin of Roderich

Liechtenstein/Lilli - High Schooler, sister of Vash

Lithuania/Toris - Journalist/Literacy Student

Luxembourg/Luca - High Schooler

Monaco/Lucille - Step-sister of Francis, sister of Michelle

Mongolia - Transfer student in Gil’s youth

Moldova/Aurel - Vlad’s younger brother

Netherlands/Tim - Horticulture, Brother of Emma and Luca

New Zealand/Zachary - High Schooler/Recent Graduate, brother of Jett, Jake and Wendy, cousin of Alfred/Matthew, works in as a bellhop/barista

Norway/Lukas - Art Student

Poland/Feliks - Fashion Design Student (can also do acting/drama)

Portugal/João - Veterinary Student

Prussia/Gilbert - Technical Illustration Student

Romania/Vlad - Study of folklore 

Romano/Lovino - Fashion Student, brother of Feli and Sebastian

Russia/Ivan - Art History Student

Scotland/Alistor - Brother of Peter, Arthur, Cole and Aaron

Sealand/Peter - Middle Schooler, brother of Arthur, Cole, Alistor and Aaron

Seborga/Sebastian - High schooler, learning culinary arts, brother of Feli and Lovi, Wendy and Peter’s old babysitter

Seychelles/Michelle - High Schooler, adoptive sister of Francis and Lucille.

Slovakia/Jakub - Works at the library

South Korea/Kim - High schooler

Spain/Antonio - Early Education Student/Student Teacher

Sweden/Berwald - Interior designer

Switzerland/Vash - Scout/Army kid, idk what he studies..THE BLADE

Taiwan/Mei - Fashion Student/High Schooler

Turkey/Sadik - Bodyguard/Model/Highschool Football Captain

Ukraine/Katyusha - Sister of Ivan and Natalya

Wy/Wendy - Sister of Zach, Jake and Jett, cousin of Matt and Al

Wales/Aaron - Brother of Alistor, Cole, Arthur and Peter

2PTALIA

2p!America/Allen - High School Dropout, wants to be a cop

2p!Austria/Roland - Rock Music (70s-80s) and loves Elton John

2p!Canada/James - Graduated, Hockey Athelete

2p!China/Xiao - Culinary

2p!England/Oliver - Culinary, works as a pastry chef

2p!France/Francois - Graduated, works designing clothes

2p!Germany/Lutz - Engineer/Mechanics, kind of a mess

2p!Hungary/Erzsebet - Culinary Chef

2p!Italy/Luciano - Probably works in casino or smth

2p!Prussia/Gillen - Art (hoe) Student, moody and avant garde

2p!Russia/Viktor - Literature, mostly macabre

2p!Romano/Flavio - Fashion Student, probably a pimp

HISTORICAL FIGURES

Old Fritz (Frederich) - Gilbert’s professor

Hanz Katte - Gilbert’s Art history professor

Joan of Arc - Francis’ first girlfriend

Maria Theresa - Roderich’s first piano teacher

PARENTS/RELETIVES

Aunt Marie - Gil’s Aunt, mother of Katie

Great Grandmother Arlene - Great Grandmother of Lud/Gil/Katie/Max/Monica, Grandmother of Marie and Alderich

Laura/George Jones - Mother/Father of Alfred/Matthew, George is also a veteran.

Lena - It’s Gil and Roddy’s kid ahghfhg her tag is aph child lmao

Louis - Francis’ biological dad, kind of a cheating dick, ex husband for Marie.

Marie and Leon - Francis’ parents. Marie (like Curie, the French scientist) is divorced and remarried to Leon, which is short for Napoleon. Leon is Lucille’s father biologically.

APH Holstein and Schleswig/Max and Monica - Cousins of Gil/Lud, Brother and Sister of Katie

APH Saxony and Hesse and Barvaria - Gil’s cousins

Louise - Divorced wife of Alderich, Mother of Gil, Lud and Gabe

Mr. Newspaper - Not a historical figure, but its a canon Hetalia character. Roderich’s student which he tutored for piano

Rocker Dad - Eliza’s single father, travelling in Europe somewhere

Sophia and Hugh Johannes Edelstein - Exactly what it sounds like, its Roderich’s parents.

Spicy Mom - that’s the Vargas’ quick witted and super hot wine mom, who is basically Morticia to Romulus’ Gomez.

Vash/Lilli’s Father/Mother - Exactly what it sounds like, family friends with the Edelsteins

PETS/ANIMALS

Astor/Berlitz/Blackie - Gil/Lud’s dogs

Eiger/Jungfrau/Mönch - Vash’s goats (on a farm, in Switzerland)

Ester/Felix/Strudel - Roderich’s Cats, 2 at home, one with him

Fish - Michelle’s goldfish. dont have a name yet. 

Gilbird - Gil’s bird

Pierre - Francis’ bird

Monet - Lucille’s bunny (made to sound like Claude Monet, as well as the word Monte, in Monte Carlo)

Sam - Alfred’s Golden Retriever (at home with parents)

Snake - It’s just Jett’s snake.

Alderich’s cats - Gil’s dad’s foster cats

I’m probably missing a few but..my mind has blanked so ask and you shall receive. I have full logs on each character, ESPECIALLY THE FAMILY ONES

Not tagging this one

[rjhg53ji-blog]

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Michigan / Ross Essay Topic Analysis 2015-2016'

'Ross_ develop_of_Business_Building,_University_of_ international mile,_Ann_Arbor,_ myocardial infarctionFollowing up on the proclamation of Michigan / Rosss set astir(predicate) topics for the 2015-2016 admissions season, we requisiteed to maintain intimately thoughts closely how prospective members of the mannikin of 2018 major power go ab erupt this cover.\nThe over all told continuance of the prove fragment of Michigans MBA application is the a identical(p) as at long last years: dickens 400- name essays. We idler in like manner see round(prenominal) consistency in the subject of these sprys. function season, Ross asked appli ground spurtts to tittle-tattle on what they atomic number 18 most idealistic of master copyly and face-to-facely, in cardinal separate essays. The adcom retains iodine headway on this subject for the feeler year, framing the header such that appli rear endts can select a individualized or superior example. Mean successi on, the guerilla question label a go through to more(prenominal) tralatitious topics of years past, with a passably unreserved question just astir(predicate) the candidates post-MBA life history goals.\nThis standardisation suggests that the adcom gear up an applicants pickaxe of their toweringest acquirement to be valuable learning in generate admissions decisions. Mean epoch, as Ross Admissions music director Soojin Kwon menti adeptd in our question earlier this week, the adcom found themselves wanting a cle ber picture of applicants professional plans when evaluating applications last season. \nLets inject a appressed insure at distributively of Rosss prompts for the secernate of 2018:\nEssay 1: What are you most proud of and wherefore? How does it shape who you are today? (400 words)\nThis is an percipient ended enquiry that leaves the door unfastened to work, academic, and purely personal experiences or accomplishments. Indeed, the what of which one is most proud could be something fairly concrete, for example a victorful enter or y pop bulgeh mentoring kindred in the connection, or something more abstract like observeing autonomy apace in a new contemplate or mustering the endurance to come out to family and friends as LGB or trans. This solution can accordingly be used to display case ones shock on an individual, team, or big organization, or to shine up brave choices or resilience in overcoming setbacks.\nAs you locate what to cover in this response, a reproducible starting psyche leave behind be to think closely your honest answer. link recommend reflecting on your 2 proudest professional accomplishments, and your two proudest personal or community achievements. Once you bugger off that list, consider what each says about your determine and priorities. For example, a harbour it off dunk success on a pro trainable performance may look impressive on your resume, replete(p)ly evince this as your pro udest issue may ratify that you value coin and advancement over all else. Mean magic spell, persist through a project with a difficult colleague and ultimately turn of events your working relationship around efficacy not trifle any splashes on your data form, but could reflect set of collaboration and compromise in the scope of this essay. Our impression has ever so been that the Ross adcom seeks accredited, humble, hard-working scholars to join its ranks. hark back about what each of your potential options says about your personality and priorities, and call for the one that feels truest to you while alike aligning with the MBA student culture at Ross.\nAs for structure, an effective response to this prompt impart describe the accomplishment or home in ripe, while also consumption ample cartridge holder addressing the reasons that the applicant is proud of the chosen topic. Meanwhile, the act element of the prompt suggests that the admissions committee is face for applicants to address some lasting result or revolution that occurred as a result of this experience. Therefore, in addition to considering your au becausetic answers and fit with Ross, you might also want to give federal agencyicular(a) consideration to those that be a take exception or pushed you out of your comfort partition in recite to most totally flesh out this essay.\nEssay 2: What is your appetencyd vocation pattern and wherefore? (400 words)\nAs Kwon mentioned in our interview, the Ross adcom reintroduced a travel goal question in part to admirer them pronounce whether business teachhouse makes smell for the applicant. Youll so want to glide by some time clearly pose out your post-MBA vocation trajectory. The use of the word path suggests that the adcom is spirit for a maven of how you hope to immortalise up in your career rather than a focus on a ace role. Wed therefore recommend that applicants bit on the status they hope to obtain immediately later on school pass to the job name and 2-3 dream employers and then move on to a comment about how this will set them on a cart track toward their five- or ten-year objective position.\nThe why, meanwhile, reflects the same desire to hear about the applicants interests and motivations that we see in the first essay. With this in mind, it would make intelligence to comment on the experiences to date that shake up informed your upthrust about and perpetration to the career path you mention. Looking forrard to the big picture, it would also make sense to remark on the larger impact that you hope to have in your aim post-MBA role, whether on a single organization, a broader stakeholder or guest base, or an entire industry or region. Covering some(prenominal) of these angles will help the adcom live to discern you as a person in addition to positively charged the appropriateness of b-school for you.\nFinally, while not specifically requested in this prompt , it might make sense to accommodate a few sentences about why the Ross MBA course and student community are a specially strong fit with your objectives and priorities. If theres a program or course that seems particularly applicable to your professional plans (you can find some ideas in the snuff it adjudge schooldays take place to Ross), it could be worth mentioning to show the adcom that youve done your homework on the school and see Michigan as an all-important(a) part of your desire career path.\n forgive Admit Resources\n give thanks for reading our outline of this years Ross MBA essay topics. As you work on your Ross MBA essays and application, we get ahead you to consider all of sack Admits Michigan offerings:\nMichigan Ross prepare of Business compose on the empty Admit website: up-to-date advice and admissions teaching\nClear Admit Ross School Snapshot: overview of secernate curricular expand and application teaching\nClear Admit Ross School Guide: in- depth program and campus information and side-by-side school comparisons; everything you study to know for a successful application!If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Looking for a place to buy a cheap paper online? Buy Paper Cheap - Premium quality cheap essays and affordable papers online. Buy cheap, high quality papers to impress your professors and pass your exams. Do it online right now! '

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Slaves of Isis: the long walk of the Yazidi women

The long read: When Isis rounded up Yazidi women and girls in Iraq to use as slaves, the captives drew on their collective memory of past oppressions and a powerful will to survive

The day before Isis came was a holiday in Sinjar district, northern Iraq. Yazidis gathered to celebrate the end of a fasting period. It was 2 August 2014. Harvested wheat fields stood short and stubbly under the shadowless sun. People slaughtered sheep and gathered with their relatives to celebrate the holiday, handing out sweets and exchanging news and gossip. In the past, they would have invited their Muslim neighbours to join the celebrations, but more recently a distance had grown between them, leading the villagers to keep mostly to their own.

The atmosphere was restless and the temperature peaked above 40C (104F). The top of Mount Sinjar, just north of the town of Sinjar itself, appeared to be shimmering in the heat, and the people living below mostly avoided travelling until after the sun had set, when the streets were filled with neighbours trading fearful rumours, and men patrolling with guns.

At dusk, unfamiliar vehicles started to appear. The lights of the cars could be seen moving in the desert beyond the outlying villages. A sense of foreboding grew as darkness fell. The Yazidi men took their guns and set out to check the horizon beyond the wheat fields, peering toward the villages.

On their return, they gathered in Sinjar town centre in small, tense groups. Convoys of cars, kicking up dust in the distance, had appeared two months before, just before the city of Mosul the capital of Nineveh province, of which Sinjar is a part fell to Islamic State (Isis). Mosul is 120km (75 miles) east of Sinjar, and its capture was quickly followed by the fall of other towns. Four divisions of the Iraqi army collapsed, including the third division, which was based around Sinjar and included many Yazidis. The area was almost completely defenceless.

When they seized Mosul, Isis freed the Sunni Muslims from the citys Badoush prison and executed 600 Shia prisoners. The group plundered weapons and equipment from Iraqi army bases. Soldiers scattered their uniforms, and half a million civilians fled north and east. Within a week, a third of Iraq was under Isis control. Sinjar district, with a population of around 300,000, was surrounded. Only a thin strip of contested road remained, linking them to the relative safety of the Iraqi Kurdistan in the north but the journey was dangerous.

The Kurdistan region in northern Iraq is semi-autonomous, and guarded by the peshmerga, who now had to defend the four Kurdish provinces against Isis. Peshmerga means those who face death, and the word is heavy with the historical import of the Kurdish struggle against oppression. In the south-east of the region, on the Iranian border, part of the peshmerga clashed with Isis, but near Sinjar, an uneasy stillness hung in the air like a tension headache that comes before a storm.

Leila is from a family of Yazidi farmers and shepherds. She is small with a pale, girlish face, even though she is 25, and gives off a kind, practical air. She has two younger sisters and three older brothers. As a child she worked on the family farm with her brothers, and after a spate of sheep thefts on their ranch, they decided to move closer to Kojo, a village below Mount Sinjar.

Leilas brothers had joined the peshmerga after the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. On 2 August 2014, their colleagues in nearby Siba Sheikheder came under attack from Isis and called for help. Siba Sheikheder, south of Sinjar, is the closest Yazidi town to the Syrian border, a collection of a few hundred squat buildings. By mid-morning on 3 August 2014, the peshmerga stationed in Kojo had fled. In the confusion, Leilas family and around 100 others decided to run, but most people stayed, unsure what was going to happen to them.

Leilas younger sister was living in Siba Sheikheder with her new husband, and phoned home to her parents that morning: Were running Isis is coming, she said. Leila and her family drove north to Sinjar, leaving her uncle at home to guard the house. Arriving in Sinjar, they realised the town was already under attack and its people were fleeing. Gathering together in a patch of scrubland outside Sinjar, they phoned her uncle. He told them the area was surrounded and Isis would not let anyone leave.

Displaced Yazidis from Sinjar fleeing Isis walk towards the Syrian border, August 2014. Photograph: Rodi Said/Reuters

They were trapped. Shortly after the phone call, a group of Isis fighters approached them and told them to hand over money, guns, gold and phones. Leila remembers that the leader had a red face and beard and was called emir (prince) by the others. Fighters drove her family to one of the central government offices in Sinjar, where ID cards used to be issued. What seemed like thousands of women and girls had been gathered inside the buildings offices, with men crammed together on the second floor. At around 9pm, Isis guards brought lanterns inside and began inspecting the faces of the women and girls. The women huddled together for protection, and as the men drew near to Leila, she was so scared that she fainted. This saved her from being taken away that night. Five of her female cousins were not so lucky.

The Yazidi women in Sinjar didnt realise it yet, but the Isis fighters were carrying out a pre-planned mass abduction for the purpose of institutionalised rape. Initially they were looking for unmarried women and girls over eight.

When Sinjar district was attackedby Isis, more than 100,000 people fled to take refuge on Mount Sinjar. Those who couldnt flee were rounded up. Many of the men were massacred. Thousands of Yazidis were either executed and thrown into pits, or died of dehydration, injuries or exhaustion on the mountain. So many people were missing that the enslavement of women didnt immediately come to international attention.

According to Iraqi MP Vian Dakhil, herself a Yazidi from Sinjar, an estimated 6,383 Yazidis mostly women and children were enslaved and transported to Isis prisons, military training camps, and the homes of fighters across eastern Syria and western Iraq, where they were raped, beaten, sold, and locked away. By mid-2016, 2,590 women and children had escaped or been smuggled out of the caliphate and 3,793 remained in captivity.

The Yazidis are a majority-Kurdish-speaking religious group living mostly in northern Iraq. They number less than one million worldwide. The Yazidis, throughout their history, have been persecuted as infidels by Muslim rulers who demanded that they convert. Rather than formal ceremonies, their religious practice involves visiting sacred places. Yazidis participate in baptism and feasts, sing hymns and recite stories. Some of the stories are about historical and mythical battles fought in protection of the religion. Others, told over the centuries by generations of women, detail methods of resistance to the same threats that Yazidi women face today.

The Yazidis had already been made vulnerable by forced displacement under Saddam Hussein, economic meltdown under UN sanctions, the breakdown of the state and security after the US-led invasion of 2003, and the political failures that followed. In Iraq there are now around 500,000 Yazidis, primarily from the Sinjar region in Nineveh province in the countrys north. The Yazidis of Syria and Turkey have mostly all fled to neighbouring countries or to Europe. In Germany, their numbers are estimated at 25,000.

Not all violence is hot. Theres cold violence, too, which takes its time and finally gets its way, Teju Cole wrote in a 2015 essay about Palestine. Around the world, a broader kind of cold violence continues. Its the violence of indignity, of forgetting, of carelessness and of not listening. Its there in the way politicians talk about refugees, and in the way the stateless are sometimes written about and photographed by the western media. Its there in the fear of outsiders. Its there in the way humans dismiss other humans as less worthy of protection or care. When cold violence and hot violence merge, we get mass killings inflicted on the most vulnerable.

Yazidis have suffered massacres and oppression for generations. But there was something different about the Isis attack that took place in the late summer of 2014. This time the media took notice.

Many of the stories about the abduction and enslavement of Yazidi women and children described them as sex slaves and featured graphic, sometimes lurid, accounts by newly escaped survivors. The female fighters of Kurdish militias helping to free Yazidis from Mount Sinjar became fodder for often novelty coverage. The Yazidis became the embodiment of embattled, exotic minorities set against the evil of Isis. This narrative has stereotyped Yazidi women as passive victims of mass rape at the hands of perpetrators presented as the epitome of pure evil.

It was only much later in my reporting on how some Yazidi women managed to escape and return that I became aware of how important stories of captivity and resistance were to dealing with trauma, both historically and in relation to Isis. Yazidism is a closed religion and identity, one that is passed down through generations by stories and music. These practices have been extended to dealing with the traumas of their treatment at the hands of Isis.

Many of the women and children captured in Sinjar had seen or heard their male relatives being killed by the armed Isis fighters who now surrounded them. In jails across Iraq and Syria, where the women were held, they felt a sense of abject terror on hearing footsteps in the corridor outside and keys opening the locks, said a report by the UN commission on Syria that designated the Isis crimes against the Yazidis as genocide. The first 12 hours of capture were filled with sharply mounting terror. The selection of any girl was accompanied by screaming as she was forcibly pulled from the room, with her mother and any other women who tried to keep hold of her being brutally beaten by fighters. [Yazidi] women and girls began to scratch and bloody themselves in an attempt to make themselves unattractive to potential buyers.

At first, the women and girls were taken to prearranged locations in Iraq where they were handed out to the Isis fighters who took part in the attack on Sinjar. To avoid being raped, some of the girls killed themselves by slitting their wrists or throats, or hanging themselves, or throwing themselves from buildings.

Amid the panic in the Sinjar ID office, Leila decided to pose as a mother to her small niece and nephew after she saw the other women being taken away, and correctly assumed that being unmarried was dangerous. The following day, the Yazidi men on the second floor disappeared.

Leila was transported 50km east to a school-turned-prison in Tel Afar, where the women were crowded into classrooms functioning as cells, guarded by fighters who continued to pick out beautiful girls to serve as slaves. Each time they were moved, their names and ages were noted down on a list.

In the coming weeks, some Yazidis managed to escapeby walking through the night across muddy fields, keeping to the valleys to avoid Isis checkpoints and reach the peshmerga. It was in those first few days that the Yazidis could most feasibly have been rescued. The captives were held together and some still had mobile phones hidden under their clothes to call relatives back in Kurdistan and tell them exactly where they were. But with little by way of rapid international or governmental support materialising, a sense of abandonment soon grew among the families waiting for their loved ones.

Within days of what happened to the Yazidis on the mountain, the phone calls went from help us survive to theyve kidnapped these women and can you help us to rescue them, said Tom Malinowski, then the US assistant secretary for democracy, human rights and labour, when interviewed in February 2016 during a visit to Erbil, the capital of the Kurdistan region. Hostage rescues are one of the most dangerous things to do, but when they [the women] were still being held in large groups this was discussed, but tragically they were then dispersed It is still very much on our minds and something we know has to be considered.

To date there have been no known, large-scale rescue missions to free the Yazidi captives in Iraq and Syria, by either the US, Iraqi or Kurdistan regional governments.

According to Isis, it has no choice but to attack and kill disbelieving men. Flowing from this, it justifies the enslaving of their women as an act of protection, a way of replacing the men who previously looked after them. This idea is crucial to the role of slavery in Isiss conception of how a caliphate should function.

Implicit in the goal of eliminating the Yazidi community is the idea that society would be better without them, which is common to all genocides, said former UN investigator Sareta Ashraph. The enslavement, for Isis, is meant to eventually bring the women to Islam, and is part of their ideology of conquest. [It is] among the greatest forms of the honour of Islam and its sharia [Islamic law], as it is a clear affirmation showing the supremacy of the people of sharia, and the greatness of their affairs, and the dominance of their state, and the power of their might, according to an Isis pamphlet on slavery.

Isis describes its own use of enslavement through a mix of clumsy metaphors about sex, war and power. Dividing up the captive women and children among the Isis mujahideen [holy warriors] and sanctioning their genitals is described as a sign of realisation and dominance by the sword.

Katherine E Brown, a lecturer in Islamic studies at the University of Birmingham, explained that Isis mainly justifies its use of slavery through selective interpretations of the hadith, the reported accounts of the life and sayings of Muhammad and his companions: They justify it on the basis that it is a reward for carrying out services for the community slaves are presented as compensation for fighters. However, they chose particular ways of seeing these hadith, and selectively choose them so as to ignore, for example, the requirement not to kill your prisoners by focusing on the requirement to make sure they dont escape by being secured at the neck until negotiations have taken place.

A Yazidi woman in the northern Iraqi town of Dohuk, May 2015. Photograph: Safin Hamed/AFP/Getty Images

The promise of sexual slavery is used as a sweetener when recruiting disaffected young men to Isis. At the same time, media stories about sex and violence involving non-Muslim women being enslaved by Muslim men feed stereotypes about Muslim men that create divisions that Isis can then exploit.

Slavery serves to increase the Isis community because Yazidi women will give birth and the children will be brought up among its fighters, writes the author of the Isis pamphlet.

The same document calls on fighters to treat their slaves well, citing words from the Quran calling for them to be good to those whom your right hand possess a euphemism for a female captive and cites Islamic texts with instructions not to hit the slaves face, and to emancipate the slave who becomes a believer, for which the master will be rewarded by God.

But, as with other strictures, there is a gap between Isis proclamations and an abusive, often violent reality. Isis used gang rape as punishment for women and girls who tried to escape to further degrade and control them physically and psychologically. Despite this, many of the women continued to fight back against their captors, risking punishment and death in pursuit of freedom.

After the women were captured, they didnt immediately become slaves to the fighters, but were held for a period while their details were recorded. The process was systematised. Women were then sold in markets, either electronically over a mobile phone messenger app where their photos and slave numbers were exchanged, or in market halls and prisons at prearranged times.

Away from the main markets, women and girls, supplied by fighters or Isis members who acted as middlemen, were sold by local brokers in smaller numbers. At the beginning, they were given mainly to Iraqi fighters who took part in the battle for Sinjar. Subsequently, the remaining captives were taken to Syria, and sold there, often to fighters who had arrived from around the world.

In late 2014, a group of young, bearded men sat on long sofas lining the walls of a living room somewhere in the caliphate, wearing ammunition-packed vests. They joked with one another. Today is distribution day, God willing, said one of the men, as he flashed a grin at his companions. You can sell your slave, or give her as a gift You can do whatever you want with your share, said another fighter in view of the cameraman who was recording the exchange. The men didnt seem to notice and continued discussing buying women for three banknotes or a pistol.

By the summer of 2013,Raqqa, 370km west of Mosul in northern Syria, became Isiss de facto capital, and supporters from all over the world flocked there to join the group. It was also the destination for other women from Sinjar.

When we got to the farm [near Raqqa], we saw four or five buses full of Isis members with long hair and beards, said Zahra, a farmers daughter from Kojo. They were like animals. On the first day they came among us and started picking girls for themselves. Two or three of them would catch the girls, blindfold them and take them by force into a car. The girls were crying and shouting but they didnt care.

From the second floor of the building, the girls could see the Euphrates river, but they were hidden from view by the surrounding trees and fences.

We were just like sheep, when the shepherd goes toward them and the sheep disperse; thats how we were, running away from them, said Zahra. She fled when the men came, but she was blocked by a fence at the edge of the farm. On the first day the men took 20-40 girls. Food was delivered from a local restaurant for those who remained, but they were too scared to eat. They covered their faces with ash to try and look unattractive in the hope that they wouldnt be picked.

After two days, Zahra and her sister were taken to an underground Isis prison in Raqqa. Hundreds of women were crammed into three rooms in what was just one of several similar structures that were used for holding women in Raqqa. The girls arrived at night and werent allowed to see the outside of the building a tactic similar to that used by the Syrian government in its jails, said Sareta Ashraph.

A Yazidi woman abducted by Isis is carried to safety near Mount Sinjar. Photograph: Channel 4

Inside the prison, the women had to share a few filthy, overflowing toilets, forcing them to stand in raw sewage. Their bodies were crawling with sand flies. The only light came from two solar-powered lamps hanging from the ceiling, one prisoner recalled. Each morning the guards would give them a small piece of bread and cheese to share between two, and in the evening some rice and soup.

Some women sat on bags or clothes to try and avoid touching the filthy ground. Children cried constantly with hunger. The women waited under the constant fear of rape or death. They were always beating us and we had diarrhea because of the fear, said a woman I shall call Khulka, who is 30 years old and comes from the town of Tel Qasab. She had arrived at the prison with her four children, inside a refrigerator truck normally used for ice-cream. We didnt have a shower for one month and we always had lice in our hair. After two months they took us outside, but we couldnt stand because we hadnt seen the sun for so long, she said.

While in the jail, Khulka tattooed herself with the names of her husband and father, so that her body could be recognised and returned to them if she was killed. She mixed breast milk from a lactating woman with ash, and used a needle she had smuggled into the jail. With the same needle and some thread, she began embroidering her underwear with the names and numbers listed in her phone in case Isis found it and took it away. Khulka had been to school, and unlike many of the women there, she knew how to read and write. She also sewed other womens clothes with their loved ones names and numbers so that they would not be forgotten.

Historically, Yazidis associated formal education with repressive state authorities, the suppression of their language, and the threat of religious conversion. In the years before 2014, literacy rates had been improving in Sinjar, but many women and girls worked in the fields to support their families while their brothers went to school. Illiteracy made it harder for women to escape after they were taken into captivity, because they couldnt read the signs on unfamiliar buildings in Isis-held towns and cities.

Khulka was taken to a side room in the prison with her children and photographed by the Isis guards who gave her the slave number 16, which was then printed above her photo. There were around 500 women in the jail, she recalls, and all of them had to pose with their children and were given slave numbers. Before the picture was taken, she cut her daughters hair to make her look like a boy and stop them being separated. If the guards recognised her daughter as a young girl, there was more chance shed be taken. The other imprisoned women envied Khulkas grey hair, thinking it might save her from being seized. They tried to imitate it using ash.

Some of these women and girls resisted forced conversion, protected themselves against violence, or at least tried to, and protected their children. How they resisted really shows incredible intelligence, courage and strength, said human rights lawyer and gender justice advocate Sherizaan Minwalla.

Yazidi women who fled what is now Turkey during the first world war and the chaos that followed passed down stories that are repeated among Sinjaris today. Among them are accounts of how they did as Khulka was now doing: covering their daughters faces with ash and cutting their hair.

In the same prison, Zahra and her sisters were put together into small rooms. They heard screaming and crying as Isis guards came in the middle of the night to drag away the girls. The guards came for Zahras middle sister first. When Zahra pleaded with them not to take them separately, one of the guards whipped her with a cable.

After her sister was taken from the cell, the door opened again. This time Zahra was grabbed by two large men and shoved into a car. I wont go until you give me my sister! she cried out. The men drove her to a house in Raqqa belonging to an Isis member who kept her as his slave, then sold her on after four months to another Isis fighter. He found her disobedient and sold her on straight away to a fighter of only 18, who lived at a compound for Libyan fighters near Deir ez-Zor in eastern Syria.

Many Yazidi girls were by being held in the same compound of 100 to 200 caravans where the Libyan fighters lived. The women and girls were chained, beaten, raped and passed around like animals between the men. At the edge of the compound, a barbed-wire fence prevented them from escaping. The stories of privation and torture suffered by Yezidi women in this compound are some of the worst in a long catalogue of abuses.

After a little more than a month at the farm, Leila and three other girls from Kojo were taken back to Iraq and kept in a military base near the IraqSyria border, more than 200km south of Sinjar in Anbar province. The military base was in Al-Qaim, a border crossing between Iraq and Syria, but by that time, under the caliphate, it was merely a pitstop between Isis-held stretches of desert. It was also a common crossing point for slaves passing between markets in Isis towns and cities. Leila was sold to a man called Muhammad, who looked familiar to her. Then she remembered who he was: his family were like godparents to her family.

When Leila recognised Muhammad, she was relieved: she thought he would rescue her, and maybe sell her back to her family. Instead, he sold her on. Three days later, Leila was taken to a military base near Ramadi and sold to an Isis military commander. Later, after she had escaped and was in Baghdad, someone asked her what she would do if she saw Muhammad again. I would burn him alive, she said.

The Isis commander who bought Leila in Ramadi was a notorious sadist known as Shakir Wahib, who had been terribly wounded in fighting, and was now trafficking women for sex and organising gang rapes. When one woman arrived in early 2016, having held on to a mobile phone, Leila managed to call her brother in Kurdistan and told him he needed to send someone to rescue her before the woman was moved on, and her phone with her. For two days, calls went back and forth between Leila and a smuggler called Abdullah, who eventually helped her to escape. Abdullah used to work in Aleppo and had a wide network of business contacts in Syria and Iraq. He had become a smuggler after 50 members of his family were kidnapped by Isis.

Most of the smugglers working to rescue Yazidi women are Yazidi businessmen. Some of the women are bought back from the Isis fighters holding them, or from the slave markets or online auctions. The cost of smuggling is reflective of the danger involved. Its not clear how much of the cash ends up with Isis, and how much goes to middlemen or the smugglers.

This black market thrives because families are left with no other options. The war against Isis continues to win back territory from the militants, but Yazidis told me that they would prefer the focus to be on saving their captive women and children, rather than winning back terrain.

Yazidis displaced by Isis in a camp near Dohuk, Iraqi Kurdistan, January 2015. Photograph: Safin Hamed/AFP/Getty Images

After reaching Baghdad, Leila and her niece travelled north by plane to the Kurdish city of Sulaimaniyah, and then by road to the camps where many Yazidis from Sinjar had taken refuge, and where their families were waiting. When Leila arrived, she collapsed sobbing into the arms of her female relatives. She was in such a state of shock that, for the first few weeks, she had trouble understanding what her family were saying when they tried to talk to her.

Sometimes I watch the TV and I see the news of the army taking more land and villages, but its not this that we are worried about it is our people who are still imprisoned, Leila said. We know most of them are in Raqqa, so why are [the army] not going to save them there?

The failures have been broad and deep. Earlier this month, Iraqi forces, backed by coalition air cover, declared victory over Isis in Mosul.But for many, the price of that victory was high: civilians were killed by Isis as they tried to flee, as well as being bombarded by Iraqi forces and the coalition. In March 2017 a US airstrike on a house where families were sheltering in western Mosul killed more than 100 civilians.

Attention has now moved from Iraq to the presence of Isis in Syria, and the battle for Raqqa. As Iraqs politicians and their military patrons prepare to congratulate themselves, the Yazidi community looks on from displacement camps, rented homes or forced asylum overseas. Almost two years after it was cleared of Isis by Kurdish forces, Sinjar town remains in ruins. A new wave of fighting for Sinjar district is under way, with Turkey eyeing a violent incursion after bombing the area in April. The idea that this represents liberation is seen by Yazidis as a bad joke. The UN and others have tried to recognise and document the genocide, but justice looks a long way off. Meanwhile, the battle for survival of the women and girls who were taken by Isis continues long after their return.

Sinjar was recaptured from Isis by Kurdish forces, led by the peshmerga, in November 2015. Since then the peshmerga and other Kurdish armed groups have been in a hostile standoff with each other,with rival groups providing arms, training and patronage to local Yazidis. Brightly coloured flags of the various groups flutter above their respective checkpoints, which are sometimes only metres apart along roads that were recently controlled by Isis.

Yazidis now fear renewed attacks not just from Isis, but also from their Kurdish liberators. Yazidis themselves are not politically homogenous, and many distrust the rival Kurdish groups. By May 2016, despite the liberation, only 3,220 families had returned to Sinjar district.

While the infighting goes on, Isis stands only to gain. Yazidis are stuck in a complex series of client-patron relationships with Kurdish leaders, in which ethnic identification is used in exchange for promises of safety. Meanwhile, the Yazidis remain unable to define their future, militarily or politically. While military clashes continue, any political settlement to the rivalry between liberating forces looks a long way off.

Main photograph: Rodi Said/Reuters

This is an edited extract from With Ash On Their Faces: Yazidi Women and the Islamic State by Cathy Otten, which will be published by Or Books in October.

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every book i had to read for english and why i didn't like any of them

i woke up thinking about this and decided to make this post. for context, i went to public school and was on the honors/ap track for english. i am a firm believer that english teachers ruin books for their students inadvertently. this is my experience:

6th grade language arts

we read three books during 6th grade, bridge to terabithia, the cay, and where the red fern grows. and i had to read a wrinkle in time over the summer which i didn't understand like at all so I'm just gonna skip that one honors english was not a thing until 8th grade where i went to middle school so this was a regular english class and i hated it. it was also a double period class for some reason, so i had an hour and a half of language arts every day. 

it took us half the year to read bridge to terabithia. i am not kidding. that book is like maybe 100 pages and it took us a good 4-5 months. this is because our teacher stopped us every time we got to a pice of figurative language and made us analyze it. every. single. piece. i got so bored that i read ahead and then got in trouble for reading ahead. needless to say, i absolutely detested bridge to terabithia and would not touch it to this day if my life depended on it. 

after bridge to terabithia we read the cay. this took us the rest of the year. the cay is a relatively short book as well so i got bored with this one quickly as well. i really dont remember much about the discussions, but i remember a long one about how the cover was “inaccurate,” which, yes, it was but i dont know if a bunch of 11 and 12 year olds need to spend a week debating that. i think i hated it mostly because, again, we read it for 5 months. 

the last three weeks of the school year, our teacher gave us a book and said “here read this before school ends because we have to read three books a year and we only read 2″ (for context, the other language arts class had read about 5-7 books that year and found it insane that we were “still reading bridge to terabithia”) so i read where the red fern grows. all in all it wasn't a bad book, i did kind of enjoy it, but since i was rushed reading it on top of all my other homework and because it was definitely ahead of my reading comprehension level, it wasn't my favorite.

7th grade language arts

now, a bit of a disclaimer here, this was the year that i was in language arts with the guy i had a crush on and one of my close friends at the time. so, i didn't really pay that much attention to begin with. we read quite a few books in this class, but I'm not sure if i remember all of them. again, this was a double period. 

i think the first book we read was freak the mighty. i remember not liking this book because i felt like i was missing something. there was definitely some kind of metaphor or something in there that i was supposed to get but because i was literally twelve i didn't get it and i didn't find the meaning in it. theres nothing more frustrating than reading a book that you dont understand.

after that I'm pretty sure we read the wave. it was explained to us that the wave is supposed to symbolize how the n*zis came to power and all that stuff, and while we all knew this, i dont think we really Understood it. (probably because we were 12). we all kinda saw it as a joke and thought it was funny. i think that if i read it now i would be like. “well shit this is really interesting” but 12 year old me wanted to make fun of it with the rest of my class. 

i think we read seed folks next. this was another book that just went over all of our heads. its about how a garden changes a whole bunch of peoples lives which is like, super interesting. but none of us got it and were like “lol this is stupid” so much so that we actually stopped reading it. like my teacher stopped having us read it.

I'm fairly certain the last book we read was the miracle worker. a lot of us had had to read parts of it before that class so we were all kinda familiar with it already. i vaguely remember some kind of obnoxious class joke about the book that was probably rude. i remember finding it interesting, but there were so many activities we did about the book that i lost interest. 

8th grade honors reading

this class was A Trip. i liked the teacher, but she was a little out there. its unclear whether she got fired or just didn't come back after that year. i had a lot of fun in her class but it was usually because we all bonded over hating the assigned reading.

i dont remember what order we read the books in and i dont remember if this was all of them, but to the best of my recollection this is what we read

we definitely read romeo and juliet. by the time you're in 8th grade, everyone knows the story of romeo and juliet, so it wasn't like that suspenseful or a surprise or anything. but we had to act the reading out. yes we had to act out romeo and juliet. with burger king crowns. and wrapping paper swords. clearly the teacher was trying to have fun with us, and it was fun fun for awhile but it got old. especially when you got participation points taken off your grade if you didn't read for once of the characters (which is massively unfair because not everyone wants to get up in front of a class in a paper crown holding a wrapping paper tube and read in old english when you're 13 but whatever). 

we also definitely read animal farm. it was another book that went right over our heads (or, mine at least). i didn't actually really understand it until i had to read the communist manifesto for ap euro senior year. and our teacher talked in a bad russain accent the entire time? i could barely keep the characters straight, let alone analyze the underlying message and all that. now i might actually like it since I'm a history major and have a decent background on the russian revolution, but at 13? no thanks.

the one book that everyone hated (including the teacher herself) was farewell to manzanar. it was a memoir about a young girl growing up in the japanese internment camps and looking back on her life and stuff like that. the story itself was very interesting and we all learned a lot from it. but the person who wrote it did not know how to write. it was confusing, some chapters made no sense, and none of us generally knew what was going on. we had to finish the book because we were the honors class, but the regular class got to stop after chapter 6. 

i think we only read 4 books that year and the fourth one was the outsiders. this was one of two books that i actually liked the entirely of my public school education. i kinda vibed with it when we were reading it and then i vibes with it more once i got to high school and rediscovered it. it was just a good book, pretty solid, good themes, fantastic. 

9th grade honors english

i absolutely hated this class. hands down the worst teacher i ever had. she was one of those that should have retired 20 years ago but was still teaching for some reason. and she hated kids. legitimately. that was the first time i got a c and it took my parents a long time to realize that it wasn't because of me, it was because the teacher was absolute shit. the only thing that made that class bearable was the fact that my friend was in there and so was this guy that totally like her so he would flirt with her pretty incessantly and it was Hilarious. 

we read so many books that year and i hated all of them. a lot of them were like greek dramas and plays? like we read oedipus rex and julius caesar and antigone. and i hated all of them because the teacher made me hate reading and made it seem like a chore. 

by far the worst was the old man and the sea. i hated that book, hemingway was terrible. i struggled to find any kind of meaning in it and connected all of my responses to the bible because my teacher loved it when people did that.

we read inherit the wind and to kill a mockingbird and all quiet on the western front which were the only books i found remotely interesting. but i still hated them because i knew that we would have to do her reading quizzes which were impossible so it was pointless to read the book anyway. 

and we also read a raisin in the sun. i dont remember what this was even about except that there was some kind of insurance money involved. but by this point we were all really done with our teachers shit and my one friend legitimately said during class “but, ms. [name] if you put a raisin in the sun, doesn't it just get more raisiny?”

10th grade ap english language and composition (american lit)

i loved this class and the teacher but i hated all the assigned reading because we read it for the ap test. everything you read was in the context of having to find themes and shit to write about on the ap. so i didn't really get any of the books for that reason. i think we only read three and they were the scarlet letter, the crucible, and the great gatsby. i kind wish i paid more attention to gatsby and i think i would like it more now but at the time i detested it. we also had to read grapes of wrath over the summer and i hated that. i wanna read books to read them, not to come into school and write essays on them. also the ending was weird and i hated it.

11th grade honors (british lit)

another bad year of english, not quite as bad as freshman year, but still bad. still hated it. i outlined many fics in that class. the teacher did not like me and i did not like her. she also talked in this weird fake almost british but not quite accent that sometimes still haunts my nightmares. she was also one of those backwards feminists who claims they're a feminist but still was sexist in her favorites and the way that she treated people in the class?? after english i had math and my friend (the same girl who said the thing about raisins freshman year) and some others would complain to our math teacher about our english teacher. math was essentially a support group for english where we would discuss answers to reading checks. 

over the summer we read 1984, which, cool concept (esp right now) but i hated knowing that i had to find some kind of deep meaning in it because i was going to have to write an essay on it as soon as i came back to school.

from there i think we read beowulf which was interesting. i dont know if we actually read the whole thing or just excerpts but again, i hated looking for meaning.

we read a tale of two cities which was like the one book i actually wanted to read because i am a huge fan of the shadow hunters book serieses and will and tessa quote that book all the time. i think if i had read it to read it it would have been better but first, dickens is wordy and weird and second i dont really wanna have to search out symbolism while I'm reading because its required.

we read macbeth, which i just didn't like. idk why. i just kinda thought it was stupid. i dont really have an explanation for this one. i think it was because we read it in the old english and that confused me a lot of the time.

and we read jane eyre. the only thing i remember from jane eyre was “pathetic fallacy” which is where the mood of the scene is reflected in the weather. i dont wanna dissect a book like that. and also my teacher referred to the book as “jane” but she said it “jAAYYneeE” which was annoying. 

12th grade ap lit

dear god. this class. i had issues with this class. our teacher was something. everyone was afraid of him. e v e r y o n e. he ran detention and didn't know how to match his clothes and wore skinny ties. he had three swell bottles the he would bring with him to school every day. people claimed he used to be in a rock band and that was why his voice was so high pitched and weird. some said his wife left him, others said he had a kid. we were genuinely confused by him. he didn't teach, he yelled at you for doing things wrong without giving any instructions on how he actually wanted it done. he made college out to be some big scary thing where we would all be trampled. but mostly, he was an existentialist. 

we had to read song of solomon over the summer. i hated it. i didn't hate it because of the messages and all that stuff, no the book itself was good and toni morrison is a great author. i just hated the fact that there was graphic description of incest, necrophilia, or sex at least once every 5-10 pages. i didn't wanna read that. and it turned me off the book. so when he asked us if we liked the book when the year started i said no and i argued with him about it. and he hated me for the entire year. 

next i think we read waiting for godot. which was absolutely terrible. its literally a play where nothing happens. it would have been funny except that i knew i was gonna have to write an essay on it. how do you write an essay on a play where nothing happens? literally all of our discussions about it were about existentialism and it was terrible. 

we read the metamorphosis, which everyone hated cause it could have been written in like 4 sentences. and our teacher thought he was So Clever for assigning it to us. he thought it was the biggest joke. and he went on and on about how its about existentialism and blah blah. the book would have been funny had he not only discussed it in regards to existentialism. 

i think next was hamlet. i would have like hamlet had we not discussed it only through the lens of existentialism. its a good play, but i hated it because of the way he talked about it. even now, i only like it to make fun of the way he liked it. my friend and i send hamlet memes to each other all the time but only cause they remind us of our teacher.

one flew over the cuckoos nest. the second and final book that i actually liked my entirety of school. i dont know why i liked it, but it was just a good book. our teacher also had some kind of weird cowboy trope thing that he thought mcmurphy fell under which i thought was hilarious. the essay i wrote on that book was the only one he wrote “nice job” on and i still have it somewhere

my friend claims that we also read the stranger. i dont really remember what that book was about except some guy shot some people. there was definitely something in it that i didnt get. 

anyway in conclusion required reading ruins books. when i told my creative writing advisor that i out of all the books i read for school i only like the outsiders and one flew over the cuckoos nest she was like “yeah, english teachers really ruin books for students”

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Slaves of Isis: the long walk of the Yazidi women

The long read: When Isis rounded up Yazidi women and girls in Iraq to use as slaves, the captives drew on their collective memory of past oppressions and a powerful will to survive

The day before Isis came was a holiday in Sinjar district, northern Iraq. Yazidis gathered to celebrate the end of a fasting period. It was 2 August 2014. Harvested wheat fields stood short and stubbly under the shadowless sun. People slaughtered sheep and gathered with their relatives to celebrate the holiday, handing out sweets and exchanging news and gossip. In the past, they would have invited their Muslim neighbours to join the celebrations, but more recently a distance had grown between them, leading the villagers to keep mostly to their own.

The atmosphere was restless and the temperature peaked above 40C (104F). The top of Mount Sinjar, just north of the town of Sinjar itself, appeared to be shimmering in the heat, and the people living below mostly avoided travelling until after the sun had set, when the streets were filled with neighbours trading fearful rumours, and men patrolling with guns.

At dusk, unfamiliar vehicles started to appear. The lights of the cars could be seen moving in the desert beyond the outlying villages. A sense of foreboding grew as darkness fell. The Yazidi men took their guns and set out to check the horizon beyond the wheat fields, peering toward the villages.

On their return, they gathered in Sinjar town centre in small, tense groups. Convoys of cars, kicking up dust in the distance, had appeared two months before, just before the city of Mosul the capital of Nineveh province, of which Sinjar is a part fell to Islamic State (Isis). Mosul is 120km (75 miles) east of Sinjar, and its capture was quickly followed by the fall of other towns. Four divisions of the Iraqi army collapsed, including the third division, which was based around Sinjar and included many Yazidis. The area was almost completely defenceless.

When they seized Mosul, Isis freed the Sunni Muslims from the citys Badoush prison and executed 600 Shia prisoners. The group plundered weapons and equipment from Iraqi army bases. Soldiers scattered their uniforms, and half a million civilians fled north and east. Within a week, a third of Iraq was under Isis control. Sinjar district, with a population of around 300,000, was surrounded. Only a thin strip of contested road remained, linking them to the relative safety of the Iraqi Kurdistan in the north but the journey was dangerous.

The Kurdistan region in northern Iraq is semi-autonomous, and guarded by the peshmerga, who now had to defend the four Kurdish provinces against Isis. Peshmerga means those who face death, and the word is heavy with the historical import of the Kurdish struggle against oppression. In the south-east of the region, on the Iranian border, part of the peshmerga clashed with Isis, but near Sinjar, an uneasy stillness hung in the air like a tension headache that comes before a storm.

Leila is from a family of Yazidi farmers and shepherds. She is small with a pale, girlish face, even though she is 25, and gives off a kind, practical air. She has two younger sisters and three older brothers. As a child she worked on the family farm with her brothers, and after a spate of sheep thefts on their ranch, they decided to move closer to Kojo, a village below Mount Sinjar.

Leilas brothers had joined the peshmerga after the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. On 2 August 2014, their colleagues in nearby Siba Sheikheder came under attack from Isis and called for help. Siba Sheikheder, south of Sinjar, is the closest Yazidi town to the Syrian border, a collection of a few hundred squat buildings. By mid-morning on 3 August 2014, the peshmerga stationed in Kojo had fled. In the confusion, Leilas family and around 100 others decided to run, but most people stayed, unsure what was going to happen to them.

Leilas younger sister was living in Siba Sheikheder with her new husband, and phoned home to her parents that morning: Were running Isis is coming, she said. Leila and her family drove north to Sinjar, leaving her uncle at home to guard the house. Arriving in Sinjar, they realised the town was already under attack and its people were fleeing. Gathering together in a patch of scrubland outside Sinjar, they phoned her uncle. He told them the area was surrounded and Isis would not let anyone leave.

Displaced Yazidis from Sinjar fleeing Isis walk towards the Syrian border, August 2014. Photograph: Rodi Said/Reuters

They were trapped. Shortly after the phone call, a group of Isis fighters approached them and told them to hand over money, guns, gold and phones. Leila remembers that the leader had a red face and beard and was called emir (prince) by the others. Fighters drove her family to one of the central government offices in Sinjar, where ID cards used to be issued. What seemed like thousands of women and girls had been gathered inside the buildings offices, with men crammed together on the second floor. At around 9pm, Isis guards brought lanterns inside and began inspecting the faces of the women and girls. The women huddled together for protection, and as the men drew near to Leila, she was so scared that she fainted. This saved her from being taken away that night. Five of her female cousins were not so lucky.

The Yazidi women in Sinjar didnt realise it yet, but the Isis fighters were carrying out a pre-planned mass abduction for the purpose of institutionalised rape. Initially they were looking for unmarried women and girls over eight.

When Sinjar district was attackedby Isis, more than 100,000 people fled to take refuge on Mount Sinjar. Those who couldnt flee were rounded up. Many of the men were massacred. Thousands of Yazidis were either executed and thrown into pits, or died of dehydration, injuries or exhaustion on the mountain. So many people were missing that the enslavement of women didnt immediately come to international attention.

According to Iraqi MP Vian Dakhil, herself a Yazidi from Sinjar, an estimated 6,383 Yazidis mostly women and children were enslaved and transported to Isis prisons, military training camps, and the homes of fighters across eastern Syria and western Iraq, where they were raped, beaten, sold, and locked away. By mid-2016, 2,590 women and children had escaped or been smuggled out of the caliphate and 3,793 remained in captivity.

The Yazidis are a majority-Kurdish-speaking religious group living mostly in northern Iraq. They number less than one million worldwide. The Yazidis, throughout their history, have been persecuted as infidels by Muslim rulers who demanded that they convert. Rather than formal ceremonies, their religious practice involves visiting sacred places. Yazidis participate in baptism and feasts, sing hymns and recite stories. Some of the stories are about historical and mythical battles fought in protection of the religion. Others, told over the centuries by generations of women, detail methods of resistance to the same threats that Yazidi women face today.

The Yazidis had already been made vulnerable by forced displacement under Saddam Hussein, economic meltdown under UN sanctions, the breakdown of the state and security after the US-led invasion of 2003, and the political failures that followed. In Iraq there are now around 500,000 Yazidis, primarily from the Sinjar region in Nineveh province in the countrys north. The Yazidis of Syria and Turkey have mostly all fled to neighbouring countries or to Europe. In Germany, their numbers are estimated at 25,000.

Not all violence is hot. Theres cold violence, too, which takes its time and finally gets its way, Teju Cole wrote in a 2015 essay about Palestine. Around the world, a broader kind of cold violence continues. Its the violence of indignity, of forgetting, of carelessness and of not listening. Its there in the way politicians talk about refugees, and in the way the stateless are sometimes written about and photographed by the western media. Its there in the fear of outsiders. Its there in the way humans dismiss other humans as less worthy of protection or care. When cold violence and hot violence merge, we get mass killings inflicted on the most vulnerable.

Yazidis have suffered massacres and oppression for generations. But there was something different about the Isis attack that took place in the late summer of 2014. This time the media took notice.

Many of the stories about the abduction and enslavement of Yazidi women and children described them as sex slaves and featured graphic, sometimes lurid, accounts by newly escaped survivors. The female fighters of Kurdish militias helping to free Yazidis from Mount Sinjar became fodder for often novelty coverage. The Yazidis became the embodiment of embattled, exotic minorities set against the evil of Isis. This narrative has stereotyped Yazidi women as passive victims of mass rape at the hands of perpetrators presented as the epitome of pure evil.

It was only much later in my reporting on how some Yazidi women managed to escape and return that I became aware of how important stories of captivity and resistance were to dealing with trauma, both historically and in relation to Isis. Yazidism is a closed religion and identity, one that is passed down through generations by stories and music. These practices have been extended to dealing with the traumas of their treatment at the hands of Isis.

Many of the women and children captured in Sinjar had seen or heard their male relatives being killed by the armed Isis fighters who now surrounded them. In jails across Iraq and Syria, where the women were held, they felt a sense of abject terror on hearing footsteps in the corridor outside and keys opening the locks, said a report by the UN commission on Syria that designated the Isis crimes against the Yazidis as genocide. The first 12 hours of capture were filled with sharply mounting terror. The selection of any girl was accompanied by screaming as she was forcibly pulled from the room, with her mother and any other women who tried to keep hold of her being brutally beaten by fighters. [Yazidi] women and girls began to scratch and bloody themselves in an attempt to make themselves unattractive to potential buyers.

At first, the women and girls were taken to prearranged locations in Iraq where they were handed out to the Isis fighters who took part in the attack on Sinjar. To avoid being raped, some of the girls killed themselves by slitting their wrists or throats, or hanging themselves, or throwing themselves from buildings.

Amid the panic in the Sinjar ID office, Leila decided to pose as a mother to her small niece and nephew after she saw the other women being taken away, and correctly assumed that being unmarried was dangerous. The following day, the Yazidi men on the second floor disappeared.

Leila was transported 50km east to a school-turned-prison in Tel Afar, where the women were crowded into classrooms functioning as cells, guarded by fighters who continued to pick out beautiful girls to serve as slaves. Each time they were moved, their names and ages were noted down on a list.

In the coming weeks, some Yazidis managed to escapeby walking through the night across muddy fields, keeping to the valleys to avoid Isis checkpoints and reach the peshmerga. It was in those first few days that the Yazidis could most feasibly have been rescued. The captives were held together and some still had mobile phones hidden under their clothes to call relatives back in Kurdistan and tell them exactly where they were. But with little by way of rapid international or governmental support materialising, a sense of abandonment soon grew among the families waiting for their loved ones.

Within days of what happened to the Yazidis on the mountain, the phone calls went from help us survive to theyve kidnapped these women and can you help us to rescue them, said Tom Malinowski, then the US assistant secretary for democracy, human rights and labour, when interviewed in February 2016 during a visit to Erbil, the capital of the Kurdistan region. Hostage rescues are one of the most dangerous things to do, but when they [the women] were still being held in large groups this was discussed, but tragically they were then dispersed It is still very much on our minds and something we know has to be considered.

To date there have been no known, large-scale rescue missions to free the Yazidi captives in Iraq and Syria, by either the US, Iraqi or Kurdistan regional governments.

According to Isis, it has no choice but to attack and kill disbelieving men. Flowing from this, it justifies the enslaving of their women as an act of protection, a way of replacing the men who previously looked after them. This idea is crucial to the role of slavery in Isiss conception of how a caliphate should function.

Implicit in the goal of eliminating the Yazidi community is the idea that society would be better without them, which is common to all genocides, said former UN investigator Sareta Ashraph. The enslavement, for Isis, is meant to eventually bring the women to Islam, and is part of their ideology of conquest. [It is] among the greatest forms of the honour of Islam and its sharia [Islamic law], as it is a clear affirmation showing the supremacy of the people of sharia, and the greatness of their affairs, and the dominance of their state, and the power of their might, according to an Isis pamphlet on slavery.

Isis describes its own use of enslavement through a mix of clumsy metaphors about sex, war and power. Dividing up the captive women and children among the Isis mujahideen [holy warriors] and sanctioning their genitals is described as a sign of realisation and dominance by the sword.

Katherine E Brown, a lecturer in Islamic studies at the University of Birmingham, explained that Isis mainly justifies its use of slavery through selective interpretations of the hadith, the reported accounts of the life and sayings of Muhammad and his companions: They justify it on the basis that it is a reward for carrying out services for the community slaves are presented as compensation for fighters. However, they chose particular ways of seeing these hadith, and selectively choose them so as to ignore, for example, the requirement not to kill your prisoners by focusing on the requirement to make sure they dont escape by being secured at the neck until negotiations have taken place.

A Yazidi woman in the northern Iraqi town of Dohuk, May 2015. Photograph: Safin Hamed/AFP/Getty Images

The promise of sexual slavery is used as a sweetener when recruiting disaffected young men to Isis. At the same time, media stories about sex and violence involving non-Muslim women being enslaved by Muslim men feed stereotypes about Muslim men that create divisions that Isis can then exploit.

Slavery serves to increase the Isis community because Yazidi women will give birth and the children will be brought up among its fighters, writes the author of the Isis pamphlet.

The same document calls on fighters to treat their slaves well, citing words from the Quran calling for them to be good to those whom your right hand possess a euphemism for a female captive and cites Islamic texts with instructions not to hit the slaves face, and to emancipate the slave who becomes a believer, for which the master will be rewarded by God.

But, as with other strictures, there is a gap between Isis proclamations and an abusive, often violent reality. Isis used gang rape as punishment for women and girls who tried to escape to further degrade and control them physically and psychologically. Despite this, many of the women continued to fight back against their captors, risking punishment and death in pursuit of freedom.

After the women were captured, they didnt immediately become slaves to the fighters, but were held for a period while their details were recorded. The process was systematised. Women were then sold in markets, either electronically over a mobile phone messenger app where their photos and slave numbers were exchanged, or in market halls and prisons at prearranged times.

Away from the main markets, women and girls, supplied by fighters or Isis members who acted as middlemen, were sold by local brokers in smaller numbers. At the beginning, they were given mainly to Iraqi fighters who took part in the battle for Sinjar. Subsequently, the remaining captives were taken to Syria, and sold there, often to fighters who had arrived from around the world.

In late 2014, a group of young, bearded men sat on long sofas lining the walls of a living room somewhere in the caliphate, wearing ammunition-packed vests. They joked with one another. Today is distribution day, God willing, said one of the men, as he flashed a grin at his companions. You can sell your slave, or give her as a gift You can do whatever you want with your share, said another fighter in view of the cameraman who was recording the exchange. The men didnt seem to notice and continued discussing buying women for three banknotes or a pistol.

By the summer of 2013,Raqqa, 370km west of Mosul in northern Syria, became Isiss de facto capital, and supporters from all over the world flocked there to join the group. It was also the destination for other women from Sinjar.

When we got to the farm [near Raqqa], we saw four or five buses full of Isis members with long hair and beards, said Zahra, a farmers daughter from Kojo. They were like animals. On the first day they came among us and started picking girls for themselves. Two or three of them would catch the girls, blindfold them and take them by force into a car. The girls were crying and shouting but they didnt care.

From the second floor of the building, the girls could see the Euphrates river, but they were hidden from view by the surrounding trees and fences.

We were just like sheep, when the shepherd goes toward them and the sheep disperse; thats how we were, running away from them, said Zahra. She fled when the men came, but she was blocked by a fence at the edge of the farm. On the first day the men took 20-40 girls. Food was delivered from a local restaurant for those who remained, but they were too scared to eat. They covered their faces with ash to try and look unattractive in the hope that they wouldnt be picked.

After two days, Zahra and her sister were taken to an underground Isis prison in Raqqa. Hundreds of women were crammed into three rooms in what was just one of several similar structures that were used for holding women in Raqqa. The girls arrived at night and werent allowed to see the outside of the building a tactic similar to that used by the Syrian government in its jails, said Sareta Ashraph.

A Yazidi woman abducted by Isis is carried to safety near Mount Sinjar. Photograph: Channel 4

Inside the prison, the women had to share a few filthy, overflowing toilets, forcing them to stand in raw sewage. Their bodies were crawling with sand flies. The only light came from two solar-powered lamps hanging from the ceiling, one prisoner recalled. Each morning the guards would give them a small piece of bread and cheese to share between two, and in the evening some rice and soup.

Some women sat on bags or clothes to try and avoid touching the filthy ground. Children cried constantly with hunger. The women waited under the constant fear of rape or death. They were always beating us and we had diarrhea because of the fear, said a woman I shall call Khulka, who is 30 years old and comes from the town of Tel Qasab. She had arrived at the prison with her four children, inside a refrigerator truck normally used for ice-cream. We didnt have a shower for one month and we always had lice in our hair. After two months they took us outside, but we couldnt stand because we hadnt seen the sun for so long, she said.

While in the jail, Khulka tattooed herself with the names of her husband and father, so that her body could be recognised and returned to them if she was killed. She mixed breast milk from a lactating woman with ash, and used a needle she had smuggled into the jail. With the same needle and some thread, she began embroidering her underwear with the names and numbers listed in her phone in case Isis found it and took it away. Khulka had been to school, and unlike many of the women there, she knew how to read and write. She also sewed other womens clothes with their loved ones names and numbers so that they would not be forgotten.

Historically, Yazidis associated formal education with repressive state authorities, the suppression of their language, and the threat of religious conversion. In the years before 2014, literacy rates had been improving in Sinjar, but many women and girls worked in the fields to support their families while their brothers went to school. Illiteracy made it harder for women to escape after they were taken into captivity, because they couldnt read the signs on unfamiliar buildings in Isis-held towns and cities.

Khulka was taken to a side room in the prison with her children and photographed by the Isis guards who gave her the slave number 16, which was then printed above her photo. There were around 500 women in the jail, she recalls, and all of them had to pose with their children and were given slave numbers. Before the picture was taken, she cut her daughters hair to make her look like a boy and stop them being separated. If the guards recognised her daughter as a young girl, there was more chance shed be taken. The other imprisoned women envied Khulkas grey hair, thinking it might save her from being seized. They tried to imitate it using ash.

Some of these women and girls resisted forced conversion, protected themselves against violence, or at least tried to, and protected their children. How they resisted really shows incredible intelligence, courage and strength, said human rights lawyer and gender justice advocate Sherizaan Minwalla.

Yazidi women who fled what is now Turkey during the first world war and the chaos that followed passed down stories that are repeated among Sinjaris today. Among them are accounts of how they did as Khulka was now doing: covering their daughters faces with ash and cutting their hair.

In the same prison, Zahra and her sisters were put together into small rooms. They heard screaming and crying as Isis guards came in the middle of the night to drag away the girls. The guards came for Zahras middle sister first. When Zahra pleaded with them not to take them separately, one of the guards whipped her with a cable.

After her sister was taken from the cell, the door opened again. This time Zahra was grabbed by two large men and shoved into a car. I wont go until you give me my sister! she cried out. The men drove her to a house in Raqqa belonging to an Isis member who kept her as his slave, then sold her on after four months to another Isis fighter. He found her disobedient and sold her on straight away to a fighter of only 18, who lived at a compound for Libyan fighters near Deir ez-Zor in eastern Syria.

Many Yazidi girls were by being held in the same compound of 100 to 200 caravans where the Libyan fighters lived. The women and girls were chained, beaten, raped and passed around like animals between the men. At the edge of the compound, a barbed-wire fence prevented them from escaping. The stories of privation and torture suffered by Yezidi women in this compound are some of the worst in a long catalogue of abuses.

After a little more than a month at the farm, Leila and three other girls from Kojo were taken back to Iraq and kept in a military base near the IraqSyria border, more than 200km south of Sinjar in Anbar province. The military base was in Al-Qaim, a border crossing between Iraq and Syria, but by that time, under the caliphate, it was merely a pitstop between Isis-held stretches of desert. It was also a common crossing point for slaves passing between markets in Isis towns and cities. Leila was sold to a man called Muhammad, who looked familiar to her. Then she remembered who he was: his family were like godparents to her family.

When Leila recognised Muhammad, she was relieved: she thought he would rescue her, and maybe sell her back to her family. Instead, he sold her on. Three days later, Leila was taken to a military base near Ramadi and sold to an Isis military commander. Later, after she had escaped and was in Baghdad, someone asked her what she would do if she saw Muhammad again. I would burn him alive, she said.

The Isis commander who bought Leila in Ramadi was a notorious sadist known as Shakir Wahib, who had been terribly wounded in fighting, and was now trafficking women for sex and organising gang rapes. When one woman arrived in early 2016, having held on to a mobile phone, Leila managed to call her brother in Kurdistan and told him he needed to send someone to rescue her before the woman was moved on, and her phone with her. For two days, calls went back and forth between Leila and a smuggler called Abdullah, who eventually helped her to escape. Abdullah used to work in Aleppo and had a wide network of business contacts in Syria and Iraq. He had become a smuggler after 50 members of his family were kidnapped by Isis.

Most of the smugglers working to rescue Yazidi women are Yazidi businessmen. Some of the women are bought back from the Isis fighters holding them, or from the slave markets or online auctions. The cost of smuggling is reflective of the danger involved. Its not clear how much of the cash ends up with Isis, and how much goes to middlemen or the smugglers.

This black market thrives because families are left with no other options. The war against Isis continues to win back territory from the militants, but Yazidis told me that they would prefer the focus to be on saving their captive women and children, rather than winning back terrain.

Yazidis displaced by Isis in a camp near Dohuk, Iraqi Kurdistan, January 2015. Photograph: Safin Hamed/AFP/Getty Images

After reaching Baghdad, Leila and her niece travelled north by plane to the Kurdish city of Sulaimaniyah, and then by road to the camps where many Yazidis from Sinjar had taken refuge, and where their families were waiting. When Leila arrived, she collapsed sobbing into the arms of her female relatives. She was in such a state of shock that, for the first few weeks, she had trouble understanding what her family were saying when they tried to talk to her.

Sometimes I watch the TV and I see the news of the army taking more land and villages, but its not this that we are worried about it is our people who are still imprisoned, Leila said. We know most of them are in Raqqa, so why are [the army] not going to save them there?

The failures have been broad and deep. Earlier this month, Iraqi forces, backed by coalition air cover, declared victory over Isis in Mosul.But for many, the price of that victory was high: civilians were killed by Isis as they tried to flee, as well as being bombarded by Iraqi forces and the coalition. In March 2017 a US airstrike on a house where families were sheltering in western Mosul killed more than 100 civilians.

Attention has now moved from Iraq to the presence of Isis in Syria, and the battle for Raqqa. As Iraqs politicians and their military patrons prepare to congratulate themselves, the Yazidi community looks on from displacement camps, rented homes or forced asylum overseas. Almost two years after it was cleared of Isis by Kurdish forces, Sinjar town remains in ruins. A new wave of fighting for Sinjar district is under way, with Turkey eyeing a violent incursion after bombing the area in April. The idea that this represents liberation is seen by Yazidis as a bad joke. The UN and others have tried to recognise and document the genocide, but justice looks a long way off. Meanwhile, the battle for survival of the women and girls who were taken by Isis continues long after their return.

Sinjar was recaptured from Isis by Kurdish forces, led by the peshmerga, in November 2015. Since then the peshmerga and other Kurdish armed groups have been in a hostile standoff with each other,with rival groups providing arms, training and patronage to local Yazidis. Brightly coloured flags of the various groups flutter above their respective checkpoints, which are sometimes only metres apart along roads that were recently controlled by Isis.

Yazidis now fear renewed attacks not just from Isis, but also from their Kurdish liberators. Yazidis themselves are not politically homogenous, and many distrust the rival Kurdish groups. By May 2016, despite the liberation, only 3,220 families had returned to Sinjar district.

While the infighting goes on, Isis stands only to gain. Yazidis are stuck in a complex series of client-patron relationships with Kurdish leaders, in which ethnic identification is used in exchange for promises of safety. Meanwhile, the Yazidis remain unable to define their future, militarily or politically. While military clashes continue, any political settlement to the rivalry between liberating forces looks a long way off.

Main photograph: Rodi Said/Reuters

This is an edited extract from With Ash On Their Faces: Yazidi Women and the Islamic State by Cathy Otten, which will be published by Or Books in October.

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