#and it pulls its concepts from ACTUAL PHYSICS AND M THEORY

[coredrill]

my ranking of trigger anime at this point is “how close does this come to replicating the feeling i get while watching promare”

[uchihacore]

newton’s third law

PAIRING: keishin ukai x reader SUMMARY: every action has an equal and opposite reaction WARNINGS: nsfw, pegging, blowjobs

You frown at your reflection in the tiny rearview mirror, rubbing at the edge of a purple mark peeking out of your shirt collar. You hadn’t noticed it last night, but then again, you hadn’t really noticed much outside of Keishin calling you ‘Princess’ as he sat you in his lap and pressed a vibrator between your legs. And really, can you fault yourself for that?

Lucky for you (or rather for lucky for Keishin), you always carry a tube concealer in your purse, just for these types of situations. You pull out the tube and dab some concealer onto your tender neck, gently patting away the cream until it blends with the rest of your skin.

“Sorry 'bout that,” Keishin says from the passenger seat. You can see him from the corner of your eye, and he’s grinning like an idiot, which makes sense because he is an idiot.

“No, you aren’t,” you scoff, rolling your eyes. You need to get him out of your car before he makes you late for work, or worse, a student sees you with him. You pack the tube away, pulling out your lipgloss as Keishin shrugs unapologetically.

“Nope, not even a little bit. But really,” he says, leaning in closer until you can feel his breath on your ear, “can you blame me? Seeing you all marked up, having to hide my hickeys at school, it’s so hot.”

“Nice to know you’re turning into a caveman, Keishin,” you say. And blush because the heater is on and not because of how close he is, the bruise on your neck tingling, “but not everyone gets the luxury of working for our mommy. Some of us have real jobs.”

(Which, admittedly, is a low blow. Especially considering he coaches the boys’ volleyball team for practically nothing, and gives Karasuno students discounts on like half his inventory.) You purse your lips together to rub in the lipgloss, fighting back an apology.

“And yet, here you are,” Keishin notes, seemingly unruffled. “Hiding my artful love-bites under a layer of makeup. Real job and all.”

“Get lost, Keishin,” you say, rolling your eyes. You toss your lipgloss into your makeup bag and turn to him. “I have classes to teach.”

“Of course you do. Have a good day at work, Princess.” he says, and the ballsy bastard actually kisses you before getting out of your car. You give him your best-unimpressed glare, and his smile widens when he turns and sees your expression before heading into the store.

And okay, yeah, maybe you a part of you is blushing and giggling on the inside like some idiot schoolgirl, but only because you’ve been treated like many things in your lifetime, from bitch to queen to child, but no one had ever made you feel like the Keishin does, like an actual, honest to God, princess.

But the other part is trying to figure out when he got so cocky, and how you’d allowed that to happen. Before you can contemplate further, a group of third-year students passes your car, and you put the car back into drive. Suddenly self-aware of how strange you must look mooning after the Sakanoshita Store guy, of all people.

You ponder it on the walk to your classroom, your sex life, or whatever it’s called, with Keishin Ukai is excellent, you’ll be the first to admit. He’s the first man ever to make your voice hoarse from moaning. But the last thing you want is for him to get a big head over it. He’s annoying enough as it is, thanks.

No, you need to get Keishin back down to Earth, somehow. He needs to be taught a lesson, taken down a peg.

And just like that, it hits you. Throwing a glance at your class, who are all too busy with morning pleasantries to notice, you pull out your phone and do a quick google search, you find the article you’re looking for and skim it. You’ll need to do some after-school shopping, but you’ll gladly sacrifice that cute skirt from H&M for this. You put your phone away and neatly write a line of notes about the kinematics on the chalkboard, drawing a smug little smiley face in the corner. Oh, this is going to be fun.

Your next 'meeting’ (because what the fuck else are you supposed to call it?) with Keishin is on Friday, and today is Tuesday. If you stop at the sex shop tonight and get the supplies, you’ll have two nights to figure them out. Which is essential because the last thing you want is to be unskilled in front of Keishin. He’d never shut up about it.

The school day passes by in a blur. You faintly remember scolding Nishinoya for using Tanaka as a springboard and a brief conversation with Hinata about the ‘epic highs and lows of high school volleyball’. Also, the concept of mitochondrial DNA had been clunking around your headspace for most of the day which was odd because you don’t even teach biology. Still, mostly you were just focused on the tantalizing idea of giving Keishin a taste of his own medicine.

You drive to the sex shop two towns over, as opposed to the one just off the highway, partly because it’s cleaner, but mostly because there’s less of a risk of seeing someone you know. You’d hate to have a student catching you buying a strap-on. Oh, the rumors.

The salesperson is a heavily tattooed girl with electric blue hair and a black heart stamped on each freckled cheekbone. She’s really helpful, though. She takes her time explaining just how all the buckles work, and which dildo to buy to fit into which harness, so do your best not to judge her too harshly. She also recommends buying silicone-based lube over water-based lube, because apparently it lasts longer and isn’t harmful in anal sex the way it is in vaginal sex.

So you give her a five-dollar tip for her troubles, to which she responds by giving you the toothiest smile you’ve seen in your entire life and telling you your boyfriend has no idea how lucky he is.

Which you give her another three dollars for because she’s completely right.

(About Keishin not knowing how lucky he is to have you. Not about him being your boyfriend, because he’s fucking not, okay?)

You bring your goodies home, feeling like you always feel after shopping: like you’ve just gotten a load of Christmas presents, and they’re waiting to be unwrapped. You have the presence of mind to hide the black and red bag in your oversized purse before entering your building. Just in case you happen to share the elevator with one of the old ladies on your floor.

Once you get into your apartment, you lock your door and layout your purchases on your dining room table, immediately picking up the dildo to test its weight. You’d picked a sparkly ribbed one, not because you particularly like it, but because you can’t wait to see Keishin’s face when he saw it. You’re pretty sure it’ll end up somewhere between shock, reproach, and begrudging amusement.

It’s the same abrasive yellow as Keishin’s bleached hair, average-sized, chosen more for entertainment value than anything else. You slot it into place then give the shaft an experimental tug to see just how well the metal ring in the harness holds it in place. Satisfied with the result, you examine the nubby, double-pronged vibrator on the opposite end of the harness. It’s supposed to go inside you when everything’s in place, so you get something out of it while you fuck Keishin senseless.

Though you’re reasonably sure that the very act itself of fucking Keishin senseless would have you curling your toes, you’re not about to deny yourself some extra stimulation.

You test the silicone lube between your fingertips. It feels weird, like the silicone-based face primer you’d used in high school, though this was less powdery and more expensive. You test on the skin above your knee, curious to see how long it takes to dry off.

While you wait, you take all of your clothes off, hanging up your blazer and throwing the rest in the hamper. You examine the harness, it’s an intimidating contraption of black nylon and silvery buckles, but that doesn’t deter you. You’re a high school science teacher, thank you very much. You explain physics to teenagers all day. This is nothing compared to that.

And actually, when you fit it onto your hips, it’s not too bad. A strap goes around each thigh, like a bikini, and one loops around your waist. You tighten the straps and peer down at the yellow, glittery penis now hanging heavily at the apex of your thighs. Huh. So this is what penises are like?

You grip the base and stroke up, grimacing at the sensation of your hand skidding over the rubber. Oh. Lube. Right. You squeeze some lube onto the dildo and start stroking again, much smoother this time. You hate how good the angle is; no wonder guys get so picky about handjobs. You fist it for a few minutes, feeling the vibrator bump against your clit. Which, considering its not even on, has no right to feel that good.

Once you get used to the way the dildo moves within its ring and how to compensate for the way the straps shift on your hips, you take the strap-on off and clean the dildo of lube. The stuff is way better than water-based lube, and you can’t wait to see it in action. You pack the strap-on and the lube back into the bag and leave it in your bedroom. Then you take a seat at your dining room table, pulling out a stack of ungraded papers instead. Time to spend some quality time with Marie Curie.

The next two days are validating, if nothing else. Keishin’s decided to go full little shit and keeps sexting you in the middle of your lectures like you’re supposed to just be able to explain oxygen theory of combustion after receiving a text detailing just how hard his cock is. You’d given him your best glare and sent a lengthy email telling him to fuck off, but to no avail. Plus, yesterday, he showed up at your office hours after practice, covered in sweat, and looking ridiculously hot, “just to say hi.” You won’t let it bother you, though. He’ll get what he deserves soon enough.

By Friday afternoon, you’re a mass of nerves and vindictive anticipation. Keishin’s been shooting you heated smirks all day. At lunch, he purposefully spills a packet soy sauce all over his hand just to seductively lick it off each of his fingers. You think it really speaks to your libido that, under the righteous indignation, you were actually pretty turned on by that. Stupid fucking Keishin, getting you hot and bothered with convenience store dumplings, of all things.

You’re practically vibrating when you open the door to your apartment at seven sharp, tamping down on your anxiety. You give Keishin your most relaxed, most expectant smile, and he responds by giving you that stupid(ly sexy) smirk and thrusting a bottle of cheap wine your way.

“Hey, Princess,” he says, bending down to peck you on the cheek. “How was your week?”

“Um,” you blink at him owlishly, thrown, “fine?”

“Really?” Keishin asks, stepping into your apartment and closing the door behind himself. As soon as the lock clicks into place, he’s on you like a starfish, head tucked into your neck. “Because mine’s been torture. All I can think about is how gorgeous you look under me. Over me. Everywhere. God, you drive me nuts.”

You feel something heavy in your chest. You bring your hands up to card through his hair. “I know the feeling.” Because all jokes and exasperation aside, Keishin’s under your skin in a big way, pumping you full of something that tastes like burnt, thick sugar and smells like Valentine’s Day chocolates. You’re drowning in Keishin Ukai, and you fucking love it.

“Do you now?” Keishin stills, then his hands change directions on your back, one scooping down to you ass and the other up into your hair. “And how does it feel, Princess?”

Oh, and there’s the smarmy little imp that’s been harassing you in school. Your lips curl into a devilish smile, out of Keishin’s line of sight, and you lean your weight into his hold. “Oh, I’m not sure I can even explain it, Keishin,” you sigh woefully. “Maybe I should just show you instead.”

“I think I could get behind that,” he agrees, pulling back. “Maybe even literally.” He leers down at you, eyes dancing with mirth.

“Classy, Ukai.” You snort despite yourself. “Remind me why I ever agreed to have sex with you?”

“Is that a request or an invitation?” His hands fall to your hips, thumbs rubbing lazy circles into your hipbones, “I accept both.”

You purse your lips, whether to fight a grin or a scowl, you’re unsure. “Let’s take this to the bedroom,” you suggest. “I have a surprise for you.”

“A surprise?” Keishin grins. “Lead the way.”

You set the wine bottle on the table and lead him by the hand to your room, hips swaying, nerves were forgotten. This is going to be so much fun. You open the door to your room, watching Keishin leap onto the bed. “Close your eyes and take off your clothes,” you order, unbuttoning your blouse. Keishin inhales sharply, eyes falling shut as he peels off his shirts and wiggles free from his pants. He’s already half-hard, boxers just beginning to tent.

“Can I open my eyes yet?”

“Not yet, no,” you replied, opening the drawer and pulling out your bag of tricks. you slid the strap-on into place, tightening the buckles with confident, practiced accuracy. “I thought we’d try something different today. Just the thought of it has kept me wet all week.”

Keishin twitches in his boxers, fists clenching on the edge of the bed. “Now, I’ve got to know. ”

“Open your eyes.”

Keishin blinks them open, freezing when they land on the dildo. You stroke it slowly, delighting in the way a ruddy blush works up his toned chest.

“Oh,” he says, sounding faintly disappointed. “I thought….”

“You thought you could tease me all week at school and get away with it,” you supply, baring your teeth when he flinches. “Newsflash asshole, every action has an equal and opposite reaction. So, what do you think of my cock, Keishin? I picked it out special, just for you.”

Keishin shudders, bowing his head in supplication. “Tell me what to do,” he says, voice gone hoarse.

“Answer the question.”

“It’s, uh,” Keishin stammers, glancing up at it, “it’s very… pretty?”

“Damn straight, it is,” you growl, striding toward the bed in long, slow steps. “What are you going to do with such a pretty cock, Keishin?” And wow, where is this coming from? You’re just supposed to fuck him and get it over with. This aggression is all-new, but you’d be lying if you said it didn’t feel good. And, judging by how hard Keishin is, you assume the feeling is mutual.

“Can I suck it?” he asks meekly, eyes pointedly not meeting yours. A total display of submission. You approve. You move to stand in front of him, positioning the cock at his lips, quirking an eyebrow at him.

Keishin groans, reaching out to suck the head into his mouth. He bobs his head, working deeper down your shaft each time. You bite your lip, feeling a hot wave of arousal work down your spine. He’s beautiful like this, cheeks hollowed around the length of yellow, sparkly rubber. Your hand leaves the base to cup the back of his head, and his hand takes its place. He pulls back to suckle at the head, eyes looking up at you heatedly.

Fuck.

“So pretty,” you sigh, hand petting the dark hair on the nape of his neck. “I can see why guys like this so much.” Keishin’s eyes flutter shut, lashes long against his cheekbones. “What do you think, Keishin? Do you like sucking cock?”

Keishin moans, sucking as deep as he can go. When his eyes meet yours again, they’re desperate. His free hand moves to his own cock, pulling it out of the gape of his underwear.

You freeze, pulling his head back by the grip in his hair. “Did I say you could touch yourself?” Keishin shoots you a pleading look, but you’re already pulling out of his mouth, dildo shiny with spit. “Take them off, get on the bed. Hands and knees.”

He stumbles to do your bidding, cock dark red and angry-looking. You pick up the lube from where you’d placed it on the nightstand and kneel behind him. The lube opens with a wet click that makes Keishin jerk in surprise. You spread the lube liberally on your fingers, reaching out to trace one over his hole, teasing. Keishin mewls and pushes back, eagerly. You feel another gush of heat between your legs, pushing the finger in slowly. You work the finger in and out, curling it down to find his prostate. You find it on the fourth try, judging by the way he keens and clenches around you.

The second finger is met with a little resistance, and Keishin takes in a deep breath to relax his muscles. You kiss the small of his back in praise, scissoring the fingers once you’re able. This is a lot more intimate than you’d expected it to be, working Keishin open like this. It fills you with a strange sense of responsibility, you want to do this right, you want to make it good for him.

“Just relax, Keishin,” you whisper, as he whines and clenches around your third finger, “you can do this. We can stop anytime you want.”

Keishin heaves a great, shivering breath, but he relaxes. You work as slowly as you can, pushing against his rim more than thrusting in until he’s loose enough to take you. You squirt more lube onto your fingers, pushing them slowly into him until he takes them all the way to the knuckle. You make sure to graze his prostate every few thrusts, only content when he’s moving back to meet you thrust-for-thrust.

“M'ready,” he whispers, sounding wrecked. You pressed a kiss his hipbone in sympathy. “Want you.”

“Okay,” you say softly, pulling your lube-slick fingers out of him. You lube up your cock quickly, pressing the tip to his rim. “You sure?”

“Do it, Princess,” he says, wriggling his hips, “or I’ll start bringing bananas for lunch.”

You huff out a laugh, rolling your eyes. “Idiot.” You hold the cock firmly in one hand, pressing it carefully into him. His breath hitches and stops, and he leans into the intrusion. You press a wet kiss to the back of his neck when the head slides in. “How’s that?” You ask, moving slowly until the base of the dildo is pressed against his ass.

“Gimme a minute,” he manages, shoulders locked with tension. You hold your position, rubbing soothingly over his back and down his flanks. After a minute, he moves, shoulders relaxing. “Go slow, okay?”

You murmur an “okay” and pull out an inch. You move back in, starting a rhythm of tiny thrusts. You only lengthen them when he grows impatient and flails a hand at you. You pull out almost all the way, then shove back in, gasping when the vibrator buzzes to life over your clit.

You begin moving in earnest, grinding into him to feel the vibrator flutter against your clit. God, it felt good. You shift to the right a little, and Keishin moans, all high and whimpery and divine. You move to hit that spot again, grinning when he chokes out another moan. You angle yourself so that all of your thrusts will meet that spot, draping yourself over his back to work a hand on his cock. He’s hard as a rock and dripping pre-cum as he twitches under your touch.

Keishin makes a broken sound and works his hips, thrusting back onto your fake cock and forward into your fist. You feel the world spin around you; this was by far the hottest thing you ever done with anyone.

And you think Keishin might agree because thirty seconds later he starts babbling:“ fuck, I’m gonna cum. Shit, feel so perfect inside me, please, let me cum, tell me I can cum, please. I need you to say yes, please.”

You suck in a breath through your teeth. He wants you to give him permission? Oh, fuck, yes. “Cum for me, Keishin, wanna see you cum around my cock,” you command, voice deeper than you’d ever heard it. Keishin whimpers, and he’s cumming, hips spasming. You watch his hole clench around your cock and feel yet another gush of heat, this one dripping down your thighs. You continue to move inside him until he gasps and pulls away. You pull out slowly, groaning at the way his skin tugs around the length of you.

He flips onto his back as soon as he’s free, fingers racing to undo the buckles of your harness. “You didn’t come.” He huffs, tugging at the straps, “I wanna make you come. Please let me.”

You shove the strap-on away, throwing it half-way across the room. “How do you want me, Keishin?”

Keishin collapses, rubbery, on the bed. “Sit on my face, Princess.”

Fuck. You can do that. You move up until your knees bracket his head and hold yourself over his face. “Fuck, you’re so wet,” he whispers, kissing the dampness from your thighs, working up to your center.

He licks into you delicately, mopping up all of your juices. You’re hypersensitive already and gasp into his teasing touches. Keishin slides his tongue inside you, curling it upwards. You keen, grinding down onto his mouth before you can stop yourself. You move to pull off to apologize, but Keishin holds your hips down, face more blissful than you’ve ever seen it. You run your fingers through his hair, swiveling your hips over his mouth.

“Need you on my clit,” you gasp and Keishin hums (which, okay, wow) and sucks your clit between his lips, sliding two thick fingers into you. He licks and sucks at you, pushing you farther and farther closer to the edge, but it’s the gentle nibble that finally pushes you over it. You scream soundlessly, fingers scrambling for purchase on the bed. His hands keep you from falling off his mouth as he licks you down from your orgasm. When you mewl in discomfort, he presses one last kiss to you clit before pulling away.

You collapse next to him, thighs sore and blissed out.

“Learn your lesson?” you asked him sleepily, eyes closing.

“No wonder none of the boys are failing physics. You’re quite the teacher,” Keishin nods, still panting slightly. “Though, I think you may have to go over it again sometime.”

You laugh and turn to look at him. He’s smiling back at you, eyes soft and happy. The heavy feeling in your chest returns, and you feel like you can’t breathe. You lean in and kiss him, ignoring the way he tastes like you. His own flavor was much sweeter. “I think we can manage that,” you whisper against his glistening lips.

He lazily tangles his hand in yours and brings it up to kiss you knuckles. “Good.”

When you wake the next morning with muscular forearms wrapped around you, you panic for a moment before remembering who it is and relax into Keishin’s embrace.

[twh-news]

[Spoilers ahead, whole article below cut]

One of the many delights of the God of Mischief having his own standalone series is that we not only get to admire Tom Hiddleston’s acting chops, but also get to see him dance gleefully and maniacally right before the entire ancient city of Pompeii is washed away by lava. In Episode 1 of Disney Plus and Marvel Studios’ “Loki,” viewers got to familiarize themselves with The Time Variance Authority (TVA) and its futuristic office hub, and see this new Marvel Cinematic Universe territory through Loki’s eyes.

During Episode 2, much of that worldbuilding was put on hold for tense time travel adventures while wielding Loki’s “Mindhunter” abilities to catch a more evil version of himself. The episode also focused on the blossoming bromance between Mobius M. Mobius (Owen Wilson) and the trickster the agent is sure he can sort-of reform. It dove deep into Nexus Events (emphasizing the importance of knowing these terms as Marvel fans, given that the concept is referenced both in “Loki” and in “WandaVision”) and showed off more of what the TVA actually does to protect the Sacred Timeline from “chaotic alterations of a predetermined outcome.” Additionally, why Mobius loves jet skis so much was revealed (a wholesome moment).

There was a lot learned in this episode, but so many more questions “branched” out of Episode 2. Here are the biggest ones:

How did the TVA agents not figure out Loki’s “apocalypse time branch” theory beforehand?

I’m calling Marvel’s own bluff: The TVA agents absolutely did know about Loki’s loophole since they know everything and anything about the Sacred Timeline and its deviations. Thus, they should also have had at least an inkling of what trouble they could (potentially) get away with without screwing up the order of things — like taunting villagers mere seconds before the tragic volcanic obliteration of Pompeii.

Loki explained this “new theory” in the second episode as: “So, let’s just say your salad is Asgard. … I could go down to Asgard before Ragnarok causes its complete destruction, and I could do anything I wanted. I could, let’s say, push the Hulk off the Rainbow Bridge. There he goes! And I could also set fire to the palace. I can do whatever I want to do, and it would never matter. It wouldn’t go against the dictates of the timeline. … It could be any apocalypse. It could be a tidal wave, it could be a meteor, or it could be a volcano or a supernova. If everything and everyone around you is destined for imminent destruction than nothing that I say or do will matter because the timeline is not going to branch because it gets destroyed.”

How Mobius and co. didn’t catch onto this beats me. Are they so obsessed with being bureaucratic do-gooders that they’ve created their own blind spots? It may be why Loki is so valuable in spite of the risks he poses to the TVA — he’s able to figure out that The Variant is hiding in apocalypses, carrying out malice undetected.

What is the significance of Roxxcart?

It appears extremely likely that the creepy, flickery-lit supermarket wherein Loki got in a — to put it bluntly — dick-measuring contest with Loki 2.0 and the visages of possessed victims, is owned by Roxxon Energy Corporation. (Get it? Roxxcart, Roxxon.) The massive fictional gas conglomerate has regularly made appearances, by name or in-scene, both in Marvel Comics and in Marvel series and films, including ABC’s “Agent Carter” and “Agents of SHIELD,” the “Iron Man” trilogy, Freeform’s “Cloak & Dagger,” Netflix’s “Daredevil” and Hulu’s “The Runaways.” Every time the petroleum industrial giant has made its way, on-screen or on-page, Roxxon has consistently been nefarious and at odds with superheroes. If The Variant is giving away candy (Kablooie chewing gum) during nexus events that are sold at Roxxcart between 2047 and 2051, then the incorporation of Roxxon’s evil ties was a conscientious one — and one that should have some greater significance in the series.

“It’s real”— what’s real?!

While Loki was sizing up his time-traveling, shape-shifting opponent somewhere between the pet supplies aisle and hurricane-discounted azaleas, TVA agent Hunter C-20 (Sasha Lane), was found by Mobius and co. She didn’t seem to be injured physically, but mentally, she was shaken up, constantly repeating, “It’s real, it’s real” while rocking back and forth. What caused this agent to spiral? And is the “it” she was referring to a person, a place or a thing? Episode 2 didn’t provide us with much clarity, but there may be more ominous forces afoot than “The Variant.”

Why is Lady Loki hellbent on destroying the Sacred Timeline?

“Loki, I am your… lady?” In a juicy reveal that echoed Darth Vader’s reveal in “Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back,” The Variant’s shroud was removed and we got our first glimpse at Lady Loki (Sophia Di Martino), the Mistress of Mischief with golden horns and all. What’s her beef with the Time-Keepers or the TVA? Other than the fact that she’s on the run from the omnipotent organization, L.L.’s motives have yet to be unveiled. She wordlessly hopped through a time portal with Loki following before the nitty-gritty of her tricky time-manipulating scheme could be revealed. What we do know is that, in the comics, Lady Loki is just the female version of Loki (and she’s also canonically gender fluid and pansexual). During her appearance in Marvel’s “Dark Reign” comics from 2008 to 2009, L.L. is in cahoots with the villainous likes of Norman Osborn (aka The Green Goblin), Emma Frost, Namor and Doctor Doom. Holding out hope that any of these high-profile baddies will make their way onto “Loki” might be futile, but Lady Loki’s official introduction into the televised Marvelverse may carve a path for “X-Men” and “Fantastic Four” characters to pop up in the future.

Did Loki really betray Mobius to go off and commit time shenanigans with Lady Loki, or is this all a ruse? What is his game plan?

*Extreme Owen Wilson voice* Wooow, what a cliffhanger! After trying to bond with Mobius throughout most of the episode, Loki pulled a Loki and trailed off with his new friend/foe, effectively betraying Mobius and the rest of the TVA agents that put their faith in him. But then again, what were they expecting with the Prince of Lies? It appeared that (at least for now) there was a rift in that budding partnership. It should be noted, however, that Loki dropped a massive hint toward the beginning of the episode that there’s way more than meets the eye — he’s been “10 steps ahead” of the TVA, and he’s been playing a game of his own, all along.

Crossing our fingers that it ends up with Loki riding off into the sunset with Mobius on a jet ski.

[scifigeneration]

Avengers: Endgame exploits time travel and quantum mechanics as it tries to restore the universe

by Michael Milford and Peter Stratton

Even Thanos has a retirement plan… Marvel Studios

At the end of Avengers: Infinity War half the people (including heroes and villains) in the universe were gone in the snap of a finger from Thanos (Josh Brolin).

So how can Avengers: Endgame (in cinemas this week) try to bring them back?

(WARNING: SPOILERS ahead)

Well, with that tried and tested movie plot device: time travel. Plus a surprising amount of scientific jargon thrown in, including quantum mechanics, Deutsch propositions, eigenvalues and inverted Möbius strips.

Read more: We did a breakthrough 'speed test' in quantum tunnelling, and here's why that's exciting

But don’t think that everything you hear during the movie was created in the minds of some crazy screenwriter. Many of the time-travel concepts in Endgame are connected, at least in name, to recent scientific theory, simulation and speculation.

Marvel Studios’ Avengers: Endgame – official trailer.

Let’s dive into the science of quantum time travel and discuss whether eigenvalues can really save the universe, but be warned: moderate spoilers ahead.

Time travel 101

The key premise of the movie is that the only thing that can reverse the deaths of half the universe are the things that caused those deaths in the first place: the powerful Infinity Stones.

Problem is, Thanos destroyed these in the present day, so the stones are only available in the past. Retrieving them will require a convoluted journey back in time to multiple locations by the remaining Avengers.

Is time travel actually possible? We’ve known since Albert Einstein posed his Theory of Special Relativity more than 100 years ago that travel forward in time is relatively easy.

All you need to do is move at close to the speed of light and you can theoretically travel millions or even billions of years into the future within your lifetime.

But could you get back again? This feat appears to be much more difficult. Here are a few challenges and possible solutions.

The grandfather paradox

Travelling back in time can cause apparent logical inconsistencies in reality, like the well-known grandfather paradox.

Disrespecting your elders doesn’t pan out well for you. iimages / 123rf.com / Michael Milford.

If you went back in time and killed your grandfather when he was young, then you could never be born, but if you weren’t born, then how did you go back and kill him?

Scientists have several theories about these time loops (physicists call them closed timelike curves). Some theories state that such loops are just physically impossible and therefore travel back in time can never happen.

But we know, also thanks to Einstein, that spinning black holes can twist up both space and time, which is why one side of the black hole is brighter than the other in the first picture ever taken of one.

Time travel in the Endgame

In the movie, the characters first make fun of many other time-travel movies such as Back to the Future and the Terminator series where changing your own past and future is possible.

Instead, Endgame goes with the alternative reality idea, where any changes back in time cause a whole new universe to be created, a so-called splitting or branching off of multiple timelines. In physics, this idea is called the Many Worlds Theory.

Changes in the past cause multiple future timelines in one theory of time travel. lilu330 / 123rf.com / Michael Milford.

To avoid this problem, the Avengers plan to borrow the stones from past timelines, use them in the present day, but return them to exactly the same moment once they have finished with them. But will it work?

Enter quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics is mentioned a lot in the movie and there are in fact many emerging theories about quantum time travel, including some that potentially solve the grandfather paradox.

In quantum mechanics, atomic particles are more like indistinct waves of probability. So, for example, you can never know both exactly where a particle is and what direction it’s moving. You only know there is a certain chance of it being in a certain place.

A British physicist named David Deutsch, who is mentioned in the movie, combined this idea with the Many Worlds theory, and showed that the grandfather paradox can disappear if you express everything probabilistically.

Like the particles, the person going back in time only has a certain probability of killing their grandfather, breaking the causality loop. This has been simulated successfully.

This might seem strange, and while some of the jargon used in the movie may seem a little over the top, you can be sure that real quantum science is even stranger than movie makers could ever imagine. It’s clear that even scientists are struggling to make sense of the implications of quantum theory.

Terminology for effect

The time-travel theory scenes (of which there are several) are filled with technical jargon, some out of place, some in the right ballpark.

Here are a few of the terms we hear in the movie concerning time travel:

Eigenvalues: In discussing their approach to time travel, characters Tony Stark and Bruce Banner mention eigenvalues. This is most likely an example of movie maths talk for effect, as eigenvalues are a fairly low-level (basic) concept in linear algebra.

Verdict: A case of the math mumbles

Planck scale: The Planck scale is all about very small things. Planck length, time and mass are base units used in physics. A Planck length is 1.616 × 10−35m. That’s very small.

It is the distance that light travels in one unit of Planck time – which is also a very small amount of time. Given the movie is about quantum mechanics-based time travel, chatting Planck scales don’t seem too far off topic.

Verdict: Planck has a point.

Inverted Möbius strip

Möbius strip. Wikimedia/David Benbennick, CC BY-SA

The time-travel jargon also discusses inverting a Möbius strip. A normal Möbius strip is a surface with only one side. You can create one easily by taking a strip of paper, twisting it once, and then sticking it together.

Although a Möbius strip has a range of interesting mathematical properties, its technical relevance to time travel is tenuous, beyond some high-level attempts to explain the grandfather paradox.

Verdict: Twisting theory a little.

Verdict

From a scientific perspective, it’s intriguing to have a new movie with such a heavy plot foundation in time travel, and the movie doesn’t pull many punches in diving straight into both the jargon and implications of various time-travel scenarios.

While some of the mathematical terminology is clearly there for effect, the plot makes a reasonable effort to adhere to current high level-thinking about time travel – to a point.

Time travel is one of those captivating scientific concepts that is perhaps furthest from implementation by scientists, and so its pivotal role in a movie about superheroes who can fly, go subatomic, destroy universes and change reality is perhaps particularly apt.

Thinking about time-travel paradoxes makes me cry… Marvel Studios

About The Authors:

Michael Milford is a Professor at Queensland University of Technology and Peter Stratton is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at The University of Queensland

This article is republished from our content partners at The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. 

[iamjjmmma]

“Number All My Bones: There and Back Again” Part 1, Chapter 2

Beginning: https://bit.ly/2NtGPgu

Previous: https://bit.ly/2GMt4Zx

Next: https://bit.ly/2H5dDej

A month earlier, he was alright.

We were all alright.

Our house is right on the corner of a monster-only neighborhood, arranged by someone who would be one of my closest friends. But for now, she was hidden and tucked away. Our house is a pretty little thing, one that I don’t think I could dream up in the underground. It has the same type of red etched onto it that you’d look at it and it’d remind you of faded ruby. It has a few windows in the front, and if you could climb up there, you’d see right into our rooms.

You’d see mine, which is impeccable except for what could only be described as a hot mess sitting on my desk. But if you’d look inside my hot mess, you’d find a beautiful little mixture of classifications here, potential experiments there, and half of the desk covered in lesson plans to engage the thermal physics class at the university.

Right to the left, you’d see Papyrus’ room, which is redder than the walls of the house but having a happy little streak of orange all over the baseboards. Despite him being fifteen, you can see a fifty-dollar electric guitar hanging on one side of the wall and a hodgepodge of action figures on the other. His bed, like mine, is impeccable.

To his left, you’d see Sans’ less-than-impeccable room. You’d look in the door and find a trombone and a fifty-dollar telescope. There’s almost always a pile of trash in the corner. But what you can’t see is the ceiling, which looks like the Sistine Chapel of planetariums, all of the stars arranged in what would be the actual configuration in the sky.

Our living room is nothing special, but it’s what Papyrus ran into, sneakers a’blazin’, and it’s the place where I worked on the couch, coaxing a theory out of my brain about a new method of spectroscopy.

“Dad! Dad!”

“What is it? I’m almost finished with my work.” I finished a few sentences, keen on finishing a few more sentences right after those, and I pressed so hard the graphite had bent slightly to the side by the time I was finished.

“It’s four o’clock! We need to go now, don’t we?”

If it was just Sans and I, he’d remind me, and he’d get ready while I lagged on about five minutes behind him. But this was Papyrus, and with Papyrus, when it was four o’clock, it was four o’clock. When Papyrus started shaking me just a little, just a little, I laughed and exclaimed a few “Alright, alright!”s before I headed my way to the car.

We’re not far from a city that they call Boston, and locals tend to boast about some of the scenic drives around there. But driving next to Mount Ebott is one of the most beautiful things I’ve gotten out of life here. It’s filled with gentle hills here and there with Mount Ebott smiling down on them, knowing that she’s bigger, taller, a mix of menacing and protective. The Japanese dogwoods and towering, spindly red oaks’ shadows cover up the road, although it lets the sun come in the car at some points and turns the car into a spotty, almost epileptic flash of light and dark. Flowers poke out of the grounds and out of bushes, flowers that Sans has hated since he came up here, but Papyrus always seems to take a liking to. Lilacs that tend to attract mothers, tucking little flowerets into their babies’ carriages. The pink rhododendrons that hurt Sans’ eyes, that hurt mine, but still draw me in the more I try to look away. The roses, artificially planted but still there, still there, poking out and saying hello in every color, every language, each color a different one.

This is where we live. Maybe it really would be a paradise in a different world.

But a sharp turn to the right, and a honk from a human driver later, and we’re at the elementary school, reaching so high that I can’t see the sunlight. I went to the left, found a parking spot more towards the back, and I couldn’t help but smile to myself knowing that I would get to spend time with Papyrus a little longer than usual. It was walks like that where I could look at his eyes, looking at his own type of wonder and delight.

I smiled a toothless smile at Papyrus, letting him slam the door for me. He laughed in his contagious glee, almost snatching my keys before I could lock the door. I punched him playfully, and he laughed all the harder. Fatherhood allows me to be young again like that.

I wish I could say that the schools here were just as palatial as the drive. But when we went here, we were introduced to the concept of these being places controlled by the government, which bristled with me, but didn’t chafe with me quite yet. But this particular school gives me the willies, and each turn of a corner makes me wonder how children can stay here forty hours a week.

The cameras.

The cameras may be what’s doing it. A quick glance on the side will reveal three little letters: “A”, “M”, and “D”, three letters that almost elicit a punch to somewhere, if not the camera itself. Those three little letters stand for Anti-Monster Department, which is just as pleasant as it sounds. At first, I thought it was a scapegoat for everything we couldn’t do, but further research proved that those were all lies, that it was the one who was really initiating it all.

The monsters that can’t participate in the same classes as humans can. Blame it on the AMD, I used to say. The AMD’s causing it with its legislation, I say now.

The monsters that walk home without an occupation when their human peers aren’t quite as adept. Blame it on the AMD, I used to say. The AMD’s causing it with its legislation, I say now.

The monsters that come to the hospitals, battered here and there. Blame it on the AMD, I used to say.

Blame it on the AMD, I say now.

Papyrus taps me on the shoulder, and I know. He doesn’t like me to dwell on anything this negative, and neither do I want to, deep down. So I turn away, looking back a little first, and then head to the library. The signs say the library’s supposed to be nice and quiet, but except on occasions where he’s in his room, my oldest never really is quiet.

Neither are the two around him, either. There’s one to his left whose name is Chara, rolling his eyes and trying to get the whole of them to study. But on his right, there’s someone new, someone I haven’t ever seen before. Huh. Must be a new student.

This is one of his tutoring sessions, and even when both he and I know he’s fully capable of getting home on his own, it still brings a hefty smile to my face to see Papyrus’ light up. And both Sans and I know that for a fact. I walk up to him, the mold from the forgotten school vents blowing into my face, while Papyrus starts shifting around the library, going off to the fiction section whereas I would be combing the science section. He tells another joke, no doubt on what they’re studying… “guys, we gotta go back to studyin’, otherwise, we’ll be a lot more DENSE…”.

I tap his shoulder, and the corners of his smile retreat back to where they were, but the smile is still there. “Sorry. Gotta go back home.” He tapped my shoulder right back. “Dadster here says I gotta go.”

“Awww!” says the kid to the right, and I try to look at her, but she reminds me of the times before I was steeped in work, so I look back at Sans, the floor, Sans again. “But we’ve just started-”

Sans chuckles. “Kiddo, it’s been an hour.” He heaves off of the bean bag chair, and I walk over to Papyrus, steeped in some sort of mystery novel that’s sucking him in so that his nose is just barely hovering off of the page.

“Paps.”

Nothing.

“Papyrus.”

Still nothing.

It comes with the territory, the doctor said even after reviewing my qualifications. Kids on the spectrum tend not to reply, the doctor said. Touching them isn’t a good idea, either, the doctor says. So getting his attention is about as hard as making flerovium, which is about as hard as herding a cat lady’s entire colony.

But after a few minutes- he tells me he finished the chapter- we all pile into the minivan, Sans still in tow, and head home. Papyrus pops in Led Zeppelin, played obsessively. But it’s not because it’s the type of music that he likes. It’s the type of music I like, which is why he plays it over and over again.

The recorders just start to set in in the first minute of the song when Sans, forever condemned to the back seat because of his height, starts to talk.

“Dad?”

“Yes, son?” I have to turn down the music, Papyrus almost protesting.

“You know the new girl that I was tutoring today, right?”

“Yes; continue.”

“She asked me somethin’ even I can’t answer. An’ because you’re a fancy-pants scientist with a fancy-pants degree, I thought you could.”

“Alright.” I sat up taller in my seat.

“She asked if.. well, I don’t know how to… if… if scientists think it’s okay to kill people in comas.”

What?

I try to pull over, but it ends up more as a swerve, and a black car that’s been riding our tail this whole time honks as it blows right by us. Papyrus shouts as we head into the parking lane, the car jolting forward slightly. A month on the surface means that I’m not very well acquainted with “driving” yet.

“What did you say, son?!” My heart’s still going faster than the car ever went.

“Dad, I asked if comatose-”

“Nono. I know what you said. It’s just that-”

Euthanization? Euthanization? I’ve never talked to them about this before. Besides, why would the girl sitting next to him… a girl only about ten years old… ask something like that? What happened to her? What could have possibly made her ask this? How could she possibly get an answer?

I took a breath.

How could I possibly give an answer?

“Alright, son. Who is this girl who asked this? And why did she ask this? What happened with her? Do you know?”

“Her name’s Betty-she’s been in the school for a month or two- and she knows a lot, and- Dad, I- Dad, please, I don’t know, I-”

Betty, huh?

I take a breath. Another. Another. One question is all he can take. All I can take.

“What was her SOUL color?”

If she was purple, that may be able to explain it. Perseverance SOULs are much more inquisitive than the average SOUL, and were in fact the majority of the lineup of those who want to take the job I have at the university. If it were yellow, then that would explain it also. Justice SOULs are keen to achieve virtually whatever social goal they need, and if this “Betty” had a Justice SOUL, that may have explained it.

But it was what he said that made everything go to shambles. That made everything crumble into bits, that started the fire that wouldn’t stop, that never stops.

“No, Dad. It’s-”

He has to take a breath, too. A deep one.

“It’s pink.”

[adriennemultiverse]

Evaluation, M,A.R.S Unit 10.

To begin my project I began experiencing the the definitions of specific words that I found may in fact the inspiration for my project. Looking deeply into the definition of The multiverse I was eager to find something that I would be able to find and express with passion and exhaust my audiences senses. Getting into definitions theories and discoveries of the multi universe different words were coming up such as entity, space and time, matter, energy, physical laws so many to choose from allowing me to explore all different concepts and ideas. However there is specific ideas in life that I find intriguing such as the unknown, a simple conception of a multiverse is 5 dimensional, with several 4-dimensional universes arranged in a stack in a 5 dimensional space. This gave me inspiration to to introduce dimensions in to my project, I've managed to do this by messing with the idea of scale and angle. I did look at the word symmetrical and symmetry and how the idea of shapes can intertwine in making larger shapes representing different examples of imagery, it was at the start of the project where I began using this idea through the sense of triangles. In facts when looking at symmetrical as a word a lot of the the imagery are able to collect involved triangles. I haven't managed to say it in a few of my designs that the triangle that I have used is a equilateral triangle allowing it to have two sides of symmetry usually though the idea of what is placed inside the triangle is certainly not symmetrical there to be a contrast between these two observations. However I did not continue this idea throughout the whole project especially as it developed. However this is not the only concept that I have introduced into my project. Another one that I found is more comfortable in my work placing itself in in quite a few of my my pieces throughout this project is the idea of freedom, I find myself drawn to the idea of power as many humans do, I've stated it's hold over humanity in my last project and how powerless we are to control other elements, however a type of power is the ability and content that we have of our own freedom, it is stated as a power or right, however it is also well known that this is a privilege I find the idea of such a powerful thing that each and every human desires can hear it from them through the idea of more power. When looking into freedom the imagery that got me was the idea of the bird on the letter, the idea that the bird can fly all around the world with its wings uncaged and and completely boundless, the letter is communication that can be seized around the whole globe in written form these are two ways of freedom that expresses themselves around the globe in a moving way, with the artwork that is placed onto this I found it very inspirational. A scepter symbolize freedom along with birds it is told that giving a flower that symbolizes freedom can hold a special meaning for occasions, the yellow rose can symbolize freedom when giving in a bouquet. However the colour blue is said to symbolize freedom as well, it is the lighter shades of blue that have more calming effect and feeling of freedom. And then was able to move on to the idea of the unknown which led me to the fascination with faith the hold that faith can contain on the human heart, brain and soul, the imagery that faith has introduced to my work has also got the pull on the colour blue, this is because blue is often associated with Jewish faith, blue representing the sky and spirituality, when people think about God they mainly looks to the skies, if you think about the concept of prayer your hands are normally cut together in a arrow shape with the highest point of your fingers aiming themselves towards the sky, or or they would say they are in themselves towards the heavens. In Christianity, their faith state that the red rose represents the blood of Christ and the White rose represents Christ's purity, I found a deep fascination with how the rose can represent so many things that I have been researching, of course it had to come into play with my project, but not only because of the research that I was able to obtain about it but also because I have a drive to preserve the beauty of the rose, the rose is my favorite flower and I personally specialize in floral drawing. there for the majority of my practical work and research that I have obtained during this project has been looking into the word faith mostly using it as a religious term however there has been some research of a man named Robert Gerlach who states that faith can be that you simply trust and believe in, in his case it was his work and his abilities to achieve a painting to a good standard. I was also able to make a clear decision on on basing my project around the word faith because it would give me a wider audience, 15.81% of the globes population follows some sort of religious path. I am mainly basing my work on Christianity faith because I know more about the subject.

   It is specifically in my postcards when you first see my practical work on this project and quiet easily begin to see the context of of these words that I have chosen for my project come into play. I was actually able to bring in lots of different factors and words that I have expressed in my research into my designs for example the yellow no that was radiating off of two of my postcard designs was it set to represent the yellow rose which presents itself as an idea of freedom the pedals that are blushing inside the yellow triangles which represents the blood of Christ linking itself to the idea of faith along with the white battles which bows itself out of the triangle's reach representing the purity of Christ the triangles itself changing colour and seeping behind and in front creating the idea of dimensions and the symmetry which is found within the equilateral triangles. I have began by my completely sticking with metaphor that the red rose and the White rose symbolize Christ sticking with the idea of Christianity and their faith, I've continued this idea all the way through my project as well as the colours that I had used to start this project off, however now looking back at these I regret that I haven't used the yellow tones that I have in the postcards a little bit more, the watercolours connect with the elements of the earth and the Roma yellow tone that peels across these designs represent the idea of a golden glow, a heavenly a shaft of light which completely compliments the red tone that is reflected off of the rose petals. This is not the only thing that I have wished to change about these designs, in fact the monochrome rose with the pointillism and triangle was in fact originally blue however I change this idea to follow the the path of the White rose, in fact I did this because I did not know that the blue rose represented faith as well, now looking back at this I regret not posting on my blog the original one as well as monochrome one, this would show at two different angles of perspective manipulating and the idea of dimensions along with the idea of freedom that would come from the colour blue and faith that could be peeled back from the the actual rose itself. In fact it wasn't until I started doing some artists research and looking up what their symbolism that they were using was representing. 

Looking deeper and deeper into context with each artists I began to learn about different ways to represent belief faith and religion, because there are so many around the world there is a lot of symbolism to go around providing me with lots of material to work with however I needed to discover these ideas first. For example of this it wasn't till I had done some primary research at lamdon gallery that I came across Jules Hamilton's work what's the nude body, I found her work stunning the way that she was able to capture the curvature of the buttocks cupping themselves around the spine creating touch to the curvier skin. The swelling sensation that the colours were able to build up with the layers of contrast that smoothly glide over the buttocks of this figure. The shadow she was able to produce created more emphasis on the curvature of each slip and dip of the figure. Triggered by the primary search from Lamdon gallery that I was able to collect I was, able to experience the technique how Jules Hamilton captured curvature and Shadow experiencing the tingling feel of best skin on the air. Her work is a clear exhibition and prime example of the human form in a purposeful way, strong and Powerful her work expresses the female figure further the way of movement, posture and human beauty of the body. The strength she can provide with being confident with who you are, that’s faith. And it wasn't until me coming up across her work that I was able to think of the body as a symbol of faith which of course it is because it is created as an image of the creator. the curves of this figure has made a strong peaceful character. Declare imperfection of this character makes her strong because of of the statement that nude art can provide. The way that each shadow cups the previous one sheltering them from the next and supporting each other in a flow of complete delicacy and peacefulness. You feel the skin that is warm radiating off of the colour palette that is  smothered in delight as the yellowy gold cinemas it’s way down the figure in a long warming stroke. Aa a human and a woman particularly the Grace that this artist has achieved in this piece of work was stunning because I was able to strongly related to it and familiarize myself with it this alarm which rekindled my love for nude art and I believe I have this passion because I can familiarize a strong connection with the idea. Any idea of familiarization with a new darts of Corsa comes up with all of how many different examples of nude art because it is about identity for me powerful sense of the human form and the way that is always represented as not perfect, nowadays most things are introduced to us as fake especially with the strong pool of social media I find that new dart is always basic and true to what the human form actually looks like. Paintings, all illustrations. Especially when looking at the female form, as I identify as a woman I will obviously familiarize myself with the stance, skin in and just the way about it. This idea has allowed me to to confidently consider and mark make in the sense of nude art. I found that this

example shows how I have been able to share my knowledge with the design extraordinarily with Shadow and exposure. It is part of being Human body to experience your own body and understand it the way of appearance and and biological e however some factors may lead to your understanding in the eyes of god for example in the Christian faith Christians view life as a gift from God there for your body and your soul is sacred making it a powerful sin to harm yourself or others. The body is a special term all across The grove in so many ideas of faith, in Buddhism they believe that the body is a vessel for the song and therefore must be protected. The knowledge of the sacredness of the body makes me feel like I must take care of it even in my drawings to show the elegant curves that are represented by the woman and the shapes that God himself is able to achieve as the creator. The body gives us our own power a power of freedom, our actions which allow us to be. Many people view the body as an identity because what we do with it makes up who we are. he female body is just a significant as the males the father, God may be seen as a male and represented as a he in text however in the Bible Genesis 1:27 “So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them,” this idea create equality. I was also able to do other pieces of primary research such as the photography are the name of the capture of the roses. I was lucky enough to have them around however I found that they were slowly and dying, never actually a purple colour however by using monochrome I was able to trick my audience into believing they were of red descent. And in fact the idea of them dying and the life peeling away from them was a metaphor than I was able to go with due to the idea of the red rose representing the blood of Christ these roses were set to symbolize his crucifixion. I was able to edit them using a online platform that I am familiar with called EyeEm which are used throughout this entire project, your news in this I have had a grain to cushion the photograph adding a softness along the side the idea of the warm texture that has been provided into to the photography. I found looking at the way that the rose petals cupped and surrounded each other gave me a better insight on how they performed together making the elegance of the unraveling flower, this allowed me to be able to understand The rose creating a higher ability of my designs because I was able to unravel the idea of them. This idea mainly came in handy when going into my practical work of exploring the world of origami, I used my online platform that I have at home such as YouTube to provide me suitable techniques to be able to learn how to create the rose flower.

  Going back though to  the viewing of the new dart that was presented in London gallery rekindled and reminded me of the love that I have found in drawing nudes myself, I find it to be an expression of myself. Immersed into this idea of body and the power of it I am than begin to experiment different ways the female form can be shown I came across fiffologist art forms began to try them out for myself. Experiencing simplicity that I was able to achieve using a technique and a contrast of light and dark that the floor throughout my work creating a high balance of of exposure and Shadow I found a depth in the simplicity building up the idea of power in the movement that has frozen onto the page. It was my thinking of the idea of frozen I wanted to regenerate the idea of movement through the body. Attempted to do this through the colours that I am printed onto the design as the background, however I immediately found that this was the wrong way to go after I had exhibited them all as a body of work. I quickly changed my mind to a deep blue colour which goes back to the idea of freedom and also faith. My having the blue smoother the background feeling like a flood which has ran from the ocean terrorizing the figure yet leaving the calm sent of the iris. The blue that I have blended from my acrylic paints has so much power I find in the intensity it can provide and the intensity is further emphasized quite easily by the high contrast at the black and white. Almost cupping the figure the blue I found a work extremely well and when I talk touch my audience I had positive results. By placing it into a canvas I then  with the idea of freedom and the idea of this Ocean, the blue that pours over the side of the canvas dripping itself behind however it is imprisoned and closed off by the the right angles that are provided by the wooden stakes that built up up. The bass that name material could overflow. However unfortunately I did not start off using acrylic paint the first design on a smaller canvas was trial and error, I originally started decorating my canvas to using and posca  this was the easy option but I found out quite quickly and that it was not the option to take. When trying to decorate the background I found that the Sharpies would define the surface of the canvas, because the surface was not flattened the Sharpies would only go over the highest part of the canvas, this was a big problem because I needed the whole canvas to be filled with exciting depth of colour therefore I would need something more liquefied to drip itself beneath the heightened surface and into the gaps that the canvas had provided me. And that was when I started using

acrylic paint it was only by me changing over to this material that I was able to achieve the the intense colour that I was. I had to you personally mix this colour with trial and error once more, eventually when I found the the right intensity that the colour could provide I was able to smother the background layer after layer making sure the colour was as bright and vibrant as I had planned, unfortunately the first piece took a little more paint because of the chemicals that I had to go over thanks to the marks of the Sharpie, however other than that it was a breeze to to paint. Once covered though it was remarkable certainly worth the trial and error me to this outcome and it was this outcome which gave me the confidence to move on to larger canvases. However then going on to larger canvases now looking back at them I don't feel they are a strong as powerful as the original smaller canvas represented above. I believe that by enclosing the figure in a smaller fashion made it feel a lot more secure details and exposed to the contrast as it is in a finer space. This also allowed me to dabble in the area of scale relating back to dimensions. No continuing on the large canvases I eventually took my design digitally using Photoshop to merge roses that I had previously designed and drew on to the idea of the figure. This was extending myself out of my comfort zone particularly in the digital way because I have minimum knowledge of using Photoshop in fact I'm someone who struggles with technology so I hated the idea of designing my final piece around it however with the little knowledge that I had I was able to merge two layers together manipulating contrast tone adding rain and and toying with exposure. The main issue I had was the ink from the the illustration bleeding and hitting the the surface of the tape and not sticking to it just dropping down reflecting itself off of it, these were the time of events which caused me to look elsewhere for blending two images together and unfortunately caused my idea to not be so much of an installation artwork.

   Colour wise I feel the blue or definitely attract a younger viewers the bold intensity that it loses over the image creates a wicked sense of power.  In the sense of audience I feel that this project has had more impact on myself instead of any of my audience because it has been a state of discovery. I have learnt and been able to experience new ideas and and developed on these to learn more. This creative journey has been through the educational for myself and I feel that my target audience should include myself because of the impact that it has made. My target audience will be mainly based around Christianity however it can spread to vast corners of the world with any site of religion.my work has been expressed into the idea of religion through the idea of faith. It has been a journey for myself and I hope for others when they view my work. Due to the type of symbolism I have used especially the rose and the colours that have been produced from it petals my target audience will be of younger descent,this will allow at the colour to be able to interact with their minds and explore the ideas that they themselves may be constructing. I am proud to say that other people maybe you might imagery completely different to how I intended. And that is perfectly fine because that explores the idea that even more people can view my artwork. However I have created it with the intent of younger people perhaps of the ages of 25 or younger. Scientific studies show that it is the younger audience that vibrant colours engage this might also be the reason behind why I am drawn so closely by the bright audacity and strength behind the bold intensity they provide. To be able to appreciate my work there will be no necessary need to had any sort of education in the fine art industry this is due to the simplicity of my work however to better understand my imagery my audience will need to be able to make sense of it using knowledge about Christianity. This is due to the metaphors I will be using and symbolism to represent context of faith.

[chuyenvienmatrixfield]

Vietnamese can do this to catch up time they have lost in the war and stay a head of the world with-------------------------------------Human can build 27 liters  volume( It is about 9- 10 gallons) Quanta Power Reactor (Not Nuclear Power Reactor) or just 27 kg Quanta Power Reactor, then Human can use it everywhere Human need or even use 27kg QUANTA POWER REACTOR to run cars, and never worry about Energy or OIL again and same time solve pollution in environment, then Human can enjoy Life, beautiful life without war  and miseries and make Earth in cleanliness Beside, Quanta Power Reactor, Quanta techs can do many other things Human cannot do in normal conditions without Quanta techs-----Read my information to learn how to do QUANTA: NEW FORM OF ENERGY HAS BEEN FOUND AFTER E=MC^2 FOR 2019-1905=114 YEARS BY THO HUYNH:              1)The energy from 1kg Mass in E=MC^2 with C=300,000 km/s=3x10^8 m/s, then E=1kgx(3x10^8m/s)^2= 9x10^16 kg.m/s2.m= 9x10^16newton .m= 9.00x10^16 joule             2 )The Energy from 1kg Quanta                      a)Quantum mass =Electron = 9.11x10^-31kg                      b)The Number of Quanta in 1kg Quanta= 1kg/9.11x10^-31kg=0.109769484x10^31 Quanta                                                                                     =1.1 x10^30 quanta                      c)Quantum energy= 9.11x10^-31kg/1.783x10^-36kg per eV=5.109366237x10^5eV                                                               =5.11x10^5eV                                                            =511,000eV                        d) eV=1.602x10^-19joule Energy of 1kg Quanta=1.1x10^30x511000eV=562,100x10^30 ev                                            =562,100x10^30 x1.602x10^-19joule                                            = 900,484.2x10^11                                             =9.004842x 10^16joule Energy of 1kg Quanta =9.005x10^16 joule. then proportion from 1kg Quanta Energy to 1kg mass Energy is:      1kg Quanta energy/1kg Mass energy = 9.005x10^16 joule/9.00x10^16 joule=1.0005555556                                                                  =1.0006 times WITHOUT QUANTA BONDS ENERGY Energy of 1kg Quanta = 1.0006 times Energy of 1kg Mass IF QUANTA BOND ENERGY=QB(E)= 1/8 QUANTA ENERGY, THEN: QB(E) IN 1KG QUANTA ENERGY IS: QB(E)= 1/8(9.005X10^16 JOULE= 1.125625 x10^16JOULE= 1.126 X10^16JOULE ENERGY IN 1KG QUANTA ENERGY WITH 1/8 QBE IS: ENERGY=QE+ 1/8 QE= 9.005X10^16JOULE + 1.126X10^16 JOULE= (9.005 +1.126)x10^16JOULE                                  =10.131 x10^16joule RATIO ENERGY OF 1KG QUANTA/ENERGYOF 1KG MASS= 10.131x10^16JOULE/9.00X10^16JOULE                                                                                                            =1.125666667                                                                          RATIO(WITH QBE=1/8QE) =1.126 times IT MEANT 1kg Quanta energy might produce 1.126 times energy of 1kg mass from E=MC^2 , then it is as 10.131x 10^16 joule In this proof that E=MC^2 is no longer the case, there are more energy at Quanta levels or NEW FORM OF ENERGY BESIDE MASS IS QUANTA ENERGY AND QBE, I WILL USE ONLY 2 CASES OF QBE(Quanta Bonds Energy) TO PROVE THERE ARE MORE ENERGY AT QUANTA LEVELS AND NEW FORM OF ENERGY HAS BEEN FOUND I USED ONLY 2 CASES TO SHORTEN THE PROOF, IT SUPPOSED TO BE MORE THAN 2 CASES, IT MIGHT BE UP TO 8 CASES or more CASE1: QBE= 1/8 QE IS I CONSIDERED AS MINIMUM IN THIS PROOF, THEN : 1KG MASS ENERGY= 9.00X10^16 JOULE 1KG QUANTA ENERGY= 9.005X10^16JOULE WITH QBE=1/8QE, THEN 1KG QUANTA ENERGY= QUANTA ENERGY+ QUANTA BOND ENERGY= 10.131x10^16JOULE, THEN RATIO=1.126times BETWEEN 1KG QUANTA ENERGY AND 1KG MASS ENERGY CASE2: QBE=1/2 QE, THEN 1KG QUANTA ENERGY= QUANTA ENERGY + 1/2 QUANTA ENERGY= 9.005X10^16JOULE+1/2(9.005X10^16JOULE= 9.005X10^16JOULE+4.5025X10^16JOULE= 13.5075X10^16 JOULE RATIO BETWEEN 1KG QUANTA WITH QBE=1/2 QUANTA ENERGY TO ENERGY OF 1KG MASS IS: RATIO=13.5075X10^16/9.00X10^16JOULE=1.500833333 RATIO=1.501times It meant 1kg Quanta energy produce 1.501  times energy of 1kg Mass from E-MC^2 3)THE ENERGY FROM MANIPULATION OF QUANTA OR QUANTA MANIPULATION TECH: QUANTUM=ELECTRON/7^9=9.11X 10^-31 KG/7^9(**)=2.257542925X10^-38 KG                                                                                                 =2.26X10^-38 KG QUANTUM (eV)=9.11x10^-31kg/1.783x10^-36kg per eV(**)= 5.109366237x10^5 eV=5.11x10^5 eV                                =511,000eV The number of Quanta in 1kg of Quanta N of Quanta= 1kg/2.26x10^-38 kg=0.442477876x10^38 quanta=0.4425x10^38 quanta                                                                 = 4.425x10^37quanta The energy in 1kg Quanta manipulation is: E= 4.425x10^37x 511.000eV=2261175x10^37eV=2261175x10^37x1.602x 10^-19joule(**)   =3622402.35x10^18joule=3.6x10^24 joule   Ratio between 1kg quanta energy to 1kg mass energy is: Ratio=1kg quanta energy MANIPULATION/1kg mass energy=  3.6x10^24/9.00x10^16=0.4x10^8           = 40,000,000 times 1kg QUANTA MANIPULATION might produce 40,000,000 times energy of 1kg MASS energy from E=MC^2= 9.00x10^16 joule  . Ratio=R=40,000,000 times manipulation tech base on principle " you low the mass and keep eV levels to produce 40,000,000 times energy from 1kg mass in E=MC^2", it might be more difficult than the MIX, because Electron mass cannot be lower, read my note READ MY NOTES AT THE END******************************** 4) THE MIX OF 1kg MASS ENERGY WITH 1KG QUANTA   1KG MASS ENERGY= 9.00X10^16 JOULE 1KG QUANTA ENERGY = 9.05 X10^16 joule MIX energy = 9.00x10^16 joule x 9.05x10^16 joule= 81.45x 10^32 joule.joule or j2 or J2 Ratio of the mix ENERGY of 1kg MASS and 1kg QUANTA TO 1KG MASS ENERGY IS: RATIO= 81.45 x10^32 j2/9.00x10^16joule= 9.05x10^16 joule=90,500,000,000,000,000Joule times 2kg of THE MIX ENERGY is 90,500 trillion joule times- 1kg of the MASS energy ********************************************************************** NOTES: 1) 1.783x10^-36kg per eV is as x factor for converse unit from kg to eV or from eV to kg                 2) eV= 1.602 x10^-19 joule                  3) 7^9=40,353,607 is my secret number I used to low the mass of Quantum unit equal to mass of Electron 9.11x10^-31 kg, it meant I have to low the mass of electrons to smaller electrons Mass to raise the amount of Quanta at same time I have to remain or maintain the electron volts eV stayed same level when the mass go down The problems with this MANIPULATION TECH ARE:                       @1)Today Science, TSci, Today Physics, TP, Today Scientists, TS have said you cannot smaller Electron at 9.11x10^-31kg mass any smaller and it seems they did not have any way to do that either or any Idea to do that either. . . . . . . .!!!!!! I disagreed, at least on theories and ideas, because I have some more advance theories and Ideas than TS, TSci, and TP had or did not have. . . . . Actuallly, TS, TSci, TP did not understand Time Radiations or radiation times and Space Dynamics yet; however, I cannot tell where is final limits of smaller Electron yet; even though I used 7^9=40,353,607 as division number for smaller electrons, It doen mean it is necessary the limit will be as 7^9 it migh go up to 7^10, 7^11, or 7^12 or even further! There is a story for 7^9 from Hindu in India about 5000 years ago!!!!!??? perhaps!!!!!!! But I will not volunteer to explain it yet!!!!!! until later when I need to, actually 7^9 is not a division Number, it is as Decay or Meson Numbers or Separation or MIx by 2 or 3, if you know Particle Physics, and it is also as number of Separation of Space body from Physical Body in some cases I called as Human Space Body ,HSB and Human Physical Body, HPB. . . And there are more with Advance theories and concepts those are missing in TP and TSci  and TS as I show below:                        @2): All Spaces are connected                             Space is as one of the only 2 factors that they are only 2 of continuums in the Universe, physical Conditions Universe PCU                       @3) Everything is in formations of QUANTA                       @4)"Smallest Particles are not smallest, but something else is" -Tho Huynh Paradox                       @5)    """"""As long as Spaces are available, then there are particles division to smaller Particles"""""" or for easier to understand and for easier to imagine or due to TSci, TS, TP and scientists complained about not seeing smaller particles after standard Model, then I rephrased my Statement for better description: """"""As long as there are spaces, then there will be divisions of Spaces to smaller Spaces to epsilon Spaces""""""-THO HUYNH FACTS OF SPACE PARTICLES FOR FINAL PARTICLES MFG                       @6) LHC, CERN, FERMI LAB, TS, TSci, and TP and Standard Model, SM have mistake mistakenly to ignore Gravity in Standard model that I have found there might be 85x2=170 more in smaller to Smallest particles and Then: """Higgs field is not Quantum Quanta field Quantum Quanta field is not Higgs field Quantum Quanta fields are mass of the Universe Quantum Quanta fields gave mass to Particles, simply because Quantum Quanta fields are mass of the Universe""""-Tho Huynh                         @7) With E=MC^2 is no longer the case at Quanta levels, then you might run energy from very small sizes of power supplies; for example 1m x1m x1m =1m3 Volume of power supplies, or even 1/2mx1/2mx1/2m = 1/8m3 Volume, then you can do many things with such small power supplies, you can even use for your cars, you cannot do them before my proof of energy OR YOU CAN EVEN MAKE POWER SUPPLY JUST ABOUT 27 LITERS VOLUME(9-10 gallons) or even 10kg power supply, THEN YOU CAN USE IT EVERYWHERE EVEN USE 27 LITERS VOLUME POWER SUPPLY TO RUN YOUR CARS                          @8) There are 6 forces instead of 4 forces as TP, TS, and TSci have claimed in the last 375 years      I) Electromagnetic force     II) Weak Nuclear force    III) Strong Nuclear force    IV)First half of Gravity or Isaac Newton Gravity force or Isaac Newton Pull Force    V) Second half of gravity or Tho Huynh Gravity or Tho Huynh Push Force or Real Gravity   VI) the 6th force, temporary name called to keep my copy right (May be I should discuss with HuNgarian Researcher who call it as 5th Force, so we can determine it as 6th force I called or 5th force as his call)                          @9) Push Gravity is Real Gravity, it is not as Gravity that Isaac Newton has claimed 375 years ago!!!!!!!!!!! TS, TP, Tsci should find out PUSH GRAVITY or THO HUYNH GRAVITY or REAL GRAVITY asap, then they can get a chance to observe GRAVITONS They have missed for 375 years!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Note: Do not assume Push Gravity is just as Force AND REACTION FOCE TO PULL gravity as Isaac Newton law of forces has pointed out. They are relatively independence from each other, in fact they are caused  by diferent causes. Isaac Newton gravity or Pull Gravity is caused by Earth Rotation and Earth Revolution, Tho Huynh Gravity or push gravity or real gravity is caused by Space Expansion or Universe expansion and 2 more causes, but I refer not to reveal it now. THe PUSH GRAVITY is more universal than THE PULL GRAVITY which is more local than push gravity or REAL GRAVITY Isaac Newton only see the symptoms, but Isaac Newton has failed to see the causes of Gravity, it is why Isaac Newton missed REAL GRAVITY and FAIL to see the complex and the complications of Gravity beyond Gravity as Forces                          @10)TENTH TSci, TP, TS and Einstein have missed SPace time Quantum time since 1905, 2019-1905= 114 years , they should put them together Space- Time-Quantum time- Dilation-Oscillation, not observe them separately, to see the mechanism of the Universe in space and time                          @11)ELEVENTH Relative Mathematics and RElative Dynamics need to be found to work better for Einstein theories                          @12)12TH With proof of NEW ENERGY Quanta energy, perhaps, Human will no longer worry about ENERGY as Human had problems with Limited Oil capacities                          @13) "there are always 2 spaces to begin with, no matter what"-Tho Huynh Khai niem KHong Gian or Khong Gian Khai Niem, KGKN. I will use examples for general Ideas about Space in two: Front Space- Back Space,Above Space-Below Space,In space-Out space, North space-South Space, Top space-Bottom space, Right Space-left space, West space-East Space, up space- down space etc, etc, etc                         @14)There 2 more key statements for Space and Particles; however, I felt enough for today, I will review them some other time                         @15) QBE depended on how the connections between Quanta to determine the levels of energy of QBE, in this Article I considered 1/8 Quanta Energy is as smallest level of QBE and 1/2 Quanta energy is as biggest levels of QBE FOR NOW, there are might be 8 more to go!!!!!!!!                         @16) Just in case Manipulation electrons are too difficult to deal with, then you can use alternated elements you might choose from 103 elements in periodic table PERIODIC TABLE. Fortunately, you have alternative way to make Manipulation work better; however, I will not offer my solutions in this article, may be somewhere else Any way, the MIX of 1kg MASS and 1kg QUANTA is already the best alternative solution for the QUANTA MANIPULATION or MANIPULATION QUANTA' the difference between the MIX and the MANIPULATION is : Ratio of the mix is R of the mix = 90,500,000,000,000,000joule. times of the Mass ENERGY in 1kg mass Ratio of the manipulation =40,000,000 times of the Mass Energy in 1kg Mass                          @17) if you did not want the problems with MANIPULATION QUANTA THAT REQUIRED ELECTRON DIVISION, THEN YOU CAN MANIPULATE eV up to 511,000eVx 40,000,000=2.044x10^13 eV, then keep Quantum Mass at: Quantum (Mass)= 9.11x10^-31kg Quantum (eV)= 2.044 x10^13eV Then you can produce 40,000,000 times the energy of 1kg Mass from E=MC^2 without worry about Electron Divisions Do not think it is difficult, it might be easier than you can imagine . . . . . . .; however, I cannot write all details in this Article, you must observe my Information and think for yourself(selves), then build it!                            @18)Either keep the eV and low the MASS  Principle or keep the MASS and raise the eV Principle in QUANTA MANIPULATION TECH. I can say they are similar and familiar with Potential Energy P= MGH, you can adjust either M or H to raise the P or even G to raise the P in Gravitational field, the QUANTA MANIPULATION OF MASS OR EV HAPPENED IN ELECTRICAL FIELD OR ENERGY FIELD OR QUANTUM QUANTA FIELD, BUT THE MEANING IS SOMETHING SIMILAR AND FAMILIAR . . . . . . THEY ARE AS ANOTHER INFORMATION I CAN SUPPLY TO PROCESSING ENERGY IN QUANTUM QUANTA FIELD, with Quantum Quanta Manipulation techs . . . . . . . . .                              @19) Keep in mind the weird thing in Quantum world is the Earth can become as Particle or Quantum depend on how you deal with Earth in situations or conditions to observe your nature or your Universe at that time IF YOU CAN DO ONE THING TO TURN EVERYTHING ELSE IN YOUR FAVOR, THEN IT IS VERY WORTHY TO DO; ESPECIALLY, YOU BECOME VERY FAMOUS LIKE NOBODY BEFORE YOU!!!!!! Tho Huynh Dark Matter Maker Quantum Initiator Space SCience Founder(Do not be confused with NASA Space program or any other space program) Final Particles Mfg THEY MADE LIFE HARDER, I MAKE LIFE EASIER-THO HUYNH They made Technologies to control people, I made technologies to free people If you need more information , then we must have Business meeting, I worked for money just like everybody else!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Do not care too much about 27 liters volume, just do it step by step, then care about 27 liters volume later, way later!!!!!!! There are 2 cycles of 7 division: 7---------7^9 is as first cycle, then 7^10th---------7^18th is as 2nd Cycle, I used TH, due to 2nd cycle mark, it never happen before I considered it is as Tho way, new way in Mathematics to mark something difference from first normal cycle 7-------7^9, because 7^10th---------7^18th might play not as Decay or Meson or Separation or MIX between 3 of Decay, Meson and Separation, instead, the cycle might play as Realigments, gain from loss  or change the code system in the small to smallest After Quanta with Quanta bonds Energy,Quanta Manipulation techs:low the mass of the electon to raise levels of Quanta and keep the eV level, the other way is bring up the eV and keep the mass of electron  and the Mix tech. Now another tech or the 5th tech after 4 techs above. This 5th tech will bring up Mass of electrons with MESON, and then bring up level of eV in the 5th Tech, the quanta level was raised by Meson, Meson will bring in more Quanta electrons I will make one example with meson that might bring in 230 times Quanta electrons

[shmosnet2]

Where Do Black Holes Lead?

Where Do Black Holes Lead?

Where does a black hole go? So there you are, about to leap into a black hole. What could possibly await should — against all odds — you somehow survive? Where would you end up and what tantalizing tales would you be able to regale if you managed to clamor your way back? The simple answer to all of these questions is, as Professor Richard Massey explains, "Who knows?" As a Royal Society research fellow at the Institute for Computational Cosmology at Durham University, Massey is fully aware that the mysteries of black holes run deep. "Falling through an event horizon is literally passing beyond the veil — once someone falls past it, nobody could ever send a message back," he said. "They'd be ripped to pieces by the enormous gravity, so I doubt anyone falling through would get anywhere." If that sounds like a disappointing — and painful — answer, then it is to be expected. Ever since Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity was considered to have predicted black holes by linking space-time with the action of gravity, it has been known that black holes result from the death of a massive star leaving behind a small, dense remnant core. Assuming this core has more than roughly three-times the mass of the sun, gravity would overwhelm to such a degree that it would fall in on itself into a single point, or singularity, understood to be the black hole's infinitely dense core. Related: 9 Ideas About Black Holes That Will Blow Your Mind CLOSE The resulting uninhabitable black hole would have such a powerful gravitational pull that not even light could avoid it. So, should you then find yourself at the event horizon — the point at which light and matter can only pass inward, as proposed by the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild — there is no escape. According to Massey, tidal forces would reduce your body into strands of atoms (or 'spaghettification', as it is also known) and the object would eventually end up crushed at the singularity. The idea that you could pop out somewhere — perhaps at the other side — seems utterly fantastical. What about a wormhole? Or is it? Over the years scientists have looked into the possibility that black holes could be wormholes to other galaxies. They may even be, as some have suggested, a path to another universe. Such an idea has been floating around for some time: Einstein teamed up with Nathan Rosen to theorise bridges that connect two different points in space-time in 1935. But it gained some fresh ground in the 1980s when physicist Kip Thorne — one of the world's leading experts on the astrophysical implications of Einstein's general theory of relativity — raised a discussion about whether objects could physically travel through them. "Reading Kip Thorne's popular book about wormholes is what first got me excited about physics as a child," Massey said. But it doesn't seem likely that wormholes exist. Indeed, Thorne, who lent his expert advice to the production team for the Hollywood movie Interstellar, wrote: "We see no objects in our universe that could become wormholes as they age," in his book "The Science of Interstellar" (W.W. Norton and Company, 2014). Thorne told Space.com that journeys through these theoretical tunnels would most likely remain science fiction, and there is certainly no firm evidence that a black hole could allow for such a passage. Artist's concept of a wormhole. If wormholes exist, they might lead to another universe. But, there's no evidence that wormholes are real or that a black hole would act like one. (Image credit: Shutterstock) But, the problem is that we can't get up close to see for ourselves. Why, we can't even take photographs of anything that takes place inside a black hole — if light cannot escape their immense gravity, then nothing can be snapped by a camera. As it stands, theory suggests that anything which goes beyond the event horizon is simply added to the black hole and, what's more, because time distorts close to this boundary, this will appear to take place incredibly slowly, so answers won't be quickly forthcoming. "I think the standard story is that they lead to the end of time," said Douglas Finkbeiner, professor of astronomy and physics at Harvard University. "An observer far away will not see their astronaut friend fall into the black hole. They'll just get redder and fainter as they approach the event horizon [as a result of gravitational red shift]. But the friend falls right in, to a place beyond 'forever.' Whatever that means." Maybe a black hole leads to a white hole Certainly, if black holes do lead to another part of a galaxy or another universe, there would need to be something opposite to them on the other side. Could this be a white hole — a theory put forward by Russian cosmologist Igor Novikov in 1964? Novikov proposed that a black hole links to a white hole that exists in the past. Unlike a black hole, a white hole will allow light and matter to leave, but light and matter will not be able to enter. Scientists have continued to explore the potential connection between black and white holes. In their 2014 study published in the journal Physical Review D, physicists Carlo Rovelli and Hal M. Haggard claimed that "there is a classic metric satisfying the Einstein equations outside a finite space-time region where matter collapses into a black hole and then emerges from a while hole." In other words, all of the material black holes have swallowed could be spewed out, and black holes may become white holes when they die. Far from destroying the information that it absorbs, the collapse of a black hole would be halted. It would instead experience a quantum bounce, allowing information to escape. Should this be the case, it would shed some light on a proposal by former Cambridge University cosmologist and theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking who, in the 1970s, explored the possibility that black holes emit particles and radiation — thermal heat — as a result of quantum fluctuations. "Hawking said a black hole doesn't last forever," Finkbeiner said. Hawking calculated that the radiation would cause a black hole to lose energy, shrink and disappear, as described in his 1976 paper published in Physical Review D. Given his claims that the radiation emitted would be random and contain no information about what had fallen in, the black hole, upon its explosion, would erase loads of information. This meant Hawking's idea was at odds with quantum theory, which says information can't be destroyed. Physics states information just becomes more difficult to find because, should it become lost, it becomes impossible to know the past or the future. Hawking's idea led to the 'black hole information paradox' and it has long puzzled scientists. Some have said Hawking was simply wrong, and the man himself even declared he had made an error during a scientific conference in Dublin in 2004. So, do we go back to the concept of black holes emitting preserved information and throwing it back out via a white hole? Maybe. In their 2013 study published in Physical Review Letters, Jorge Pullin at Louisiana State University and Rodolfo Gambini at the University of the Republic in Montevideo, Uruguay, applied loop quantum gravity to a black hole and found that gravity increased towards the core but reduced and plonked whatever was entering into another region of the universe. The results gave extra credence to the idea of black holes serving as a portal. In this study, singularity does not exist, and so it doesn't form an impenetrable barrier that ends up crushing whatever it encounters. It also means that information doesn't disappear. Maybe black holes go nowhere Yet physicists Ahmed Almheiri, Donald Marolf, Joseph Polchinski and James Sully still believed Hawking could have been on to something. They worked on a theory that became known as the AMPS firewall, or the black hole firewall hypothesis. By their calculations, quantum mechanics could feasibly turn the event horizon into a giant wall of fire and anything coming into contact would burn in an instant. In that sense, black holes lead nowhere because nothing could ever get inside. This, however, violates Einstein's general theory of relativity. Someone crossing the event horizon shouldn't actually feel any great hardship because an object would be in free fall and, based on the equivalence principle, that object — or person — would not feel the extreme effects of gravity. It could follow the laws of physics present elsewhere in the universe, but even if it didn't go against Einstein's principle it would undermine quantum field theory or suggest information can be lost. Related: 11 Fascinating Facts About Our Milky Way GalaxyArtist's impression of a tidal disruption event which occurs when a star passes too close to a supermassive black hole. (Image credit: All About Space magazine) A black hole of uncertainty Step forward Hawking once more. In 2014, he published a study in which he eschewed the existence of an event horizon — meaning there is nothing there to burn — saying gravitational collapse would produce an 'apparent horizon' instead. This horizon would suspend light rays trying to move away from the core of the black hole, and would persist for a "period of time." In his rethinking, apparent horizons temporarily retain matter and energy before dissolving and releasing them later down the line. This explanation best fits with quantum theory — which says information can't be destroyed — and, if it was ever proven, it suggests that anything could escape from a black hole. Hawking went as far as saying black holes may not even exist. "Black holes should be redefined as metastable bound states of the gravitational field," he wrote. There would be no singularity, and while the apparent field would move inwards due to gravity, it would never reach the center and be consolidated within a dense mass. And yet anything which is emitted will not be in the form of the information swallowed. It would be impossible to figure out what went in by looking at what is coming out, which causes problems of its own — not least for, say, a human who found themselves in such an alarming position. They'd never feel the same again! One thing's for sure, this particular mystery is going to swallow up many more scientific hours for a long time to come. Rovelli and Francesca Vidotto recently suggested that a component of dark matter could be formed by remnants of evaporated black holes, and Hawking's paper on black holes and 'soft hair' was released in 2018, and describes how zero-energy particles are left around the point of no return, the event horizon — an idea that suggests information is not lost but captured. This flew in the face of the no-hair theorem which was expressed by physicist John Archibald Wheeler and worked on the basis that two black holes would be indistinguishable to an observer because none of the special particle physics pseudo-charges would be conserved. It's an idea that has got scientists talking, but there is some way to go before it's seen as the answer for where black holes lead. If only we could find a way to leap into one.

https://ift.tt/2stoz06 . Foreign Articles December 02, 2019 at 04:13AM

[toldnews-blog]

New Post has been published on https://toldnews.com/business/what-can-bees-teach-economists-about-how-markets-work/

What can bees teach economists about how markets work?

Image copyright Getty Images

It’s a little known fact that economists love bees – or at least, the idea of bees.

The Royal Economic Society’s logo is a honeybee. The Fable Of The Bees, published in 1732, uses honeybees as a metaphor for the economy – and anticipates modern economic concepts such as the division of labour and the “invisible hand” that means “greed is good”.

And when a future winner of the Nobel Prize in economics, James Meade, was looking for an example of a tricky idea in economic theory, he turned to the honeybee for inspiration.

The tricky idea was what economists call a “positive externality” – something good that a free market won’t produce enough of, meaning that the government might want to subsidise it.

For James Meade, the perfect example of a positive externality was the relationship between apples and bees.

Imagine, wrote Meade in 1952, a region containing some orchards and some bee-keeping. If the apple farmers planted more apple trees, the bee-keepers would benefit, because that would mean more honey.

But the apple farmers wouldn’t enjoy that benefit, that positive externality, and so they wouldn’t plant as many apple trees as would be best for everyone.

This was, according to Meade, “due simply and solely to the fact that the apple farmer cannot charge the bee-keeper for the bees’ food”.

But there’s a problem with his thesis. Apple blossom produces almost no honey. And that’s only the first thing James Meade didn’t know about bees.

Find out more:

50 Things That Made the Modern Economy highlights the inventions, ideas and innovations that helped create the economic world.

It is broadcast on the BBC World Service. You can find more information about the programme’s sources and listen to all the episodes online or subscribe to the programme podcast.

To understand Meade’s more fundamental error, we need a brief history of humans and honeybees.

Once upon a time, there was no bee-keeping – only honey hunting, trying to steal honeycombs from wild bees. We see this depicted in cave paintings.

Then, at least 5,000 years ago, the practice was formalised. The Greeks, the Egyptians, and the Romans were all partial to domesticated honey.

Image copyright Getty Images

Image caption Ancient Egyptians attached great religious and spiritual significance to the honeybee

By the Middle Ages, bee-keepers were using skep hives – they’re the classic woven beehives that look like a tapering stack of straw tyres.

But the trouble with skep hives is that if you want the honey, you need to get rid of the bees – and bee-keepers would generally poison them with sulphurous smoke, shake them off, scoop out the honey, and worry about building another bee colony in due course.

In time, though, people started to worry about this waste and disdain for a creature that not only gives us honey but also pollinates our plants.

In the 1830s, a bee-rights movement emerged in the US, with the motto: “Never kill a bee.”

And, in 1852, the US Patent Office awarded patent number 9300A to clergyman Lorenzo Langstroth for a moveable-frame beehive.

Image copyright Science Photo Library

The Langstroth hive is a wooden box with an opening at the top and frames that hang down, carefully separated from each other by the magic gap of 8mm (0.3in) “bee space” – any smaller, or larger, and the bees start adding their own inconvenient structures.

The queen is at the bottom, confined by a “queen excluder” – a mesh that prevents her entry but permits worker bees through. This keeps her bee larvae out of the honeycombs.

The honeycombs are easily pulled out and harvested by a spinning centrifuge that flings out, filters and collects the honey. A marvel of design and efficiency, this new hive allowed the industrialisation of the bee.

And it’s this industrialisation that James Meade hadn’t quite grasped. The honeybee is a thoroughly domesticated animal.

Image copyright Alamy

Image caption Writer Sylvia Plath, whose father was a bee expert, wrote a series of vivid poems about the physicality of bee-keeping and extracting honey

With Langstroth hives, bees are portable. Nothing stops farmers coming to some financial arrangement with bee-keepers to locate hives amid their crops.

A couple of decades after James Meade’s famous example, another economist, Steven Cheung, became curious about it – and he did something we economists perhaps don’t do often enough: he called up some real people and asked them what actually happens.

More things that made the modern economy:

He discovered that apple farmers routinely paid bee-keepers for the service of pollinating their crops.

For some other crops, the bee-keepers do indeed pay farmers for the right to harvest their nectar, the market Meade said should exist but could not. One example is mint, which doesn’t need any help from bees but which produces good honey.

So apples and bees aren’t a good example of a positive externality, because the interaction does take place in a marketplace. And that marketplace is huge.

These days, its centre of gravity is the California almond industry. Almonds occupy almost a million acres (4,000 sq km) of California – and farmers sell about $5bn (£3.9bn) worth per year. Almonds need honeybees – five colonies per hectare (10,000 sq m), rented for about $185 (£144) a colony.

Image copyright Getty Images

Image caption Bees play a crucial role in California’s almond industry

Langstroth hives are duly strapped together, loaded on to the back of articulated lorries, 400 hives per truck, and driven to the Californian almond groves each spring, travelling by night while the bees are asleep.

The numbers are astonishing: 85% of the two million commercial hives in the US are moved, containing tens of billions of bees.

As Bee Wilson describes in The Hive: The Story of the Honeybee and Us, the big US bee-keepers manage 10,000 hives each and from California they may travel up to Washington state’s cherry orchards, then east to the sunflowers of North and South Dakota and then on to the pumpkin fields of Pennsylvania or the blueberries of Maine.

Meade was quite wrong to imagine beekeeping as some kind of rural idyll. Bees have been almost fully industrialised, and pollination thoroughly commercialised.

And that presents a conundrum.

Ecologists are worried about wild bee populations, which are in sharp decline in many parts of the world.

Image copyright Getty Images

Image caption The fall in global bee number has been linked to the use of neonicotinoid insecticides

Nobody quite knows why. Candidates for blame include parasites, pesticides and the mysterious “colony collapse disorder”, where bees simply disappear, leaving a lone queen behind.

New clues to decline of bees and other pollinators

Can listening to bees help save them – and us?

Why do we hate wasps and love bees?

Domesticated bees face the same pressures, so you might expect to see some simple economics at work – a reduction in the supply of bees increasing the price of pollination services.

But that’s not what economists see at all.

Colony collapse disorder appears to have had minimal effect on any practical metric in the bee market. Farmers are paying much the same for pollination, and the price of new queens – which are specially bred – has hardly budged.

Image copyright Getty Images

Image caption Queen bees are vital to the wellbeing of their hive and there is a large market for specially bred ones

It appears that industrial bee-keepers have managed to develop strategies for maintaining the populations on which they rely: breeding and trading queens, splitting colonies and buying booster packs of bees.

That is why there is no shortage of honey – or almonds, or apples, or blueberries – not yet, anyway.

Should we celebrate economic incentives for preserving at least some populations of bees? Well, maybe.

Another perspective is that it’s precisely the modern economy’s longstanding drive to control and monetise the natural world that caused the problem in the first place.

Before monocrop agriculture changed ecosystems, there was no need to lug Langstroth hives around the countryside to pollinate crops – local populations of wild insects did the job free of charge.

So if we want an example of a positive externality – something the free market won’t provide as much of as society would like – perhaps we should look to land uses that help wild bees and other insects.

Wildflower meadows, perhaps – and some governments are indeed subsidising these, just as James Meade would have advised.

50 Things That Made the Modern Economy is broadcast on the BBC World Service. You can find more information about the programme’s sources and listen to all the episodes online or subscribe to the programme podcast.

[biofunmy]

A Room Without Books Is Just Very Sad

LONDON — “This is really the money shot for this hotel,” said Philip Blackwell, gesturing at a marble fireplace, soft-lit lamps with printed shades, and books, books, books.

He was showing off the library at the Ham Yard Hotel in Soho, for which Mr. Blackwell’s company Ultimate Library selected about 5,000 books for the shelves, an act of curation that’s literary and visual.

Ultimate Library sells books by the meter to luxury hotels like the Ham Yard. Founded in 2011, it has capitalized on an explosion of interest in books as decorative objects, shown plainly in popular bookshelf images on Instagram and Pinterest, with the hashtags #shelfie or #bookstagram.

Books can be aesthetic signifiers, colorful set pieces of sorts, their spines telegraphing a certain gravitas — or a certain playfulness, depending on how they’re arranged. “I like to compare physical books to candles,” Mr. Blackwell said. “Light bulbs do the job, but there’s a strong aesthetic of a candle that puts soul into a room. Books do that, too. They create theater and drama.”

Mr. Blackwell, 60, is erudite, affable and well read; he says he gets “twitchy” when he doesn’t have a book on him. He comes from family that has been in the book-selling business since 1879, when one of his ancestors founded Blackwell’s Bookshop in Oxford. Mr. Blackwell was involved with the company until 2006, when he stepped down as C.E.O. of the book-selling arm and began traveling while on gardening leave.

It was then that something started to bother him: In the hotels where he stayed, the libraries were ill kempt, full of what he called “orphan books.” They were also, apparently, ugly. “Hotels would put so much effort into every other aspect of interior design, but not books,” he said. That led to Ultimate Library, which Mr. Blackwell affectionately calls his “gap-year project gone wrong.”

The company has selected books for clients in more than 40 countries, including the Philippines, Greece, the Maldives and Tanzania. In addition to hotels, they include restaurants, private apartments, shops and boats (in case, for example, your yacht lacks a suitable library).

Ultimate Library honors highly specific requests: a restaurant in Paris that wanted only books with red spines, or another client who wanted a library based around the subjects of China and horse racing.

Books as design objects are nothing new. In the 1820s in Britain, custom-bound books started to become popular for elites, with collections that were meant to be uniform for a single family, sometimes bearing their crest or other signature design.

The concept of collections trickled down into the mass market. In the 1920s, American publishers like Modern Library put out reissued set of classics with pretty spines that you could buy as a set: starter kits, of sorts, both for reading and showing off your reading.

The rise of the #shelfie has created a whole new economy of books-as-backdrops. At the high end of the market is Ultimate Library, which peddles what Mr. Blackwell calls “intelligent luxury,” books handpicked one by one to give a highly specified feel to a space. Mr. Blackwell said prices range from roughly $2,000 for small collections to $150,000 for whole libraries on a grander scale.

But there are also D.I.Y. options for anyone interested in pulling together a pretty library quickly. Nancy Martin, the owner Decades of Vintage, sells vintage books by the foot, in sets by color or style. One foot of blue or red books costs $68; you can get rainbow shades for $80.

“My theory is that before social media, you decorated your living space and then you went and lived in it,” Ms. Martin said. “Now, with the onset of pictorial engagement, you have people who want to be influencers or popular online, and the way to do that is new content. So people have started styling for holidays or seasons, and just making tweaks to their living environments. Books are a really inexpensive way to decorate.”

Her colors sell seasonally. “Around this time of year people start buying green, and in the summer, aquas and turquoises and yellows,” Ms. Martin said. “In the fall, what a phenomenon. People buy brown and brick and terra cotta and orange.” Around the holidays, people will buy gold and white, or sometimes special collections she makes of red and green. Blue is evergreen.

It’s easy to feel a little uneasy about the idea of books intended explicitly for staging photos. (The old decorator’s trick of arranging them by the rainbow is particularly polarizing; Kinsey Marable, a private library curator with clients including Oprah Winfrey, said, “I really scoff at that. I think it’s just ridiculous. It’s just absurd.”) Then there’s the obvious question: Are people actually reading any of these books?

Mr. Blackwell thinks they are, though even if they aren’t, there’s still value to it. “Someone might see a book on a hotel shelf they’ve always wanted to read, and then it’s in their head, that title, and they’ll carry it with them later,” he said. And even if nobody does, clients are at least buying books, some of which no one wanted to read in the first place, giving them a second life.

Chuck Roberts, a used-book seller, calls this “book rescue.” He had always sold decorative books in his stores and eventually started a side business, Books by the Foot, as a way of repurposing books that wouldn’t sell in his stores: a health or diet book that’s gone out of fashion, or a Stephen King best seller, of which the store has hundreds of copies. Almost all these books would be pulped by other book dealers, Mr. Roberts said.

Books by the Foot sells by the color (“Rainbow Ombre,” a best seller, goes for $69.99 per foot) and by subject matter, including “Architecture” and “Well Read Bibles.” The company also does styled collections around themes whose names are reminiscent of air fresheners. “Cape Cod” is a best seller; there’s also “Irish Stout” and “Whispering Willows” and “Modern Enchanted Forest.”

“I went to the Aran Islands a while ago, and they have all these sweaters there, and I felt we could duplicate that feel with books,” Mr. Roberts said. “So that’s our ‘Aran Islands’ mix, which sells pretty well.”

At Vintry & Mercer, a new boutique hotel in the City of London, the lit-mosphere created by Ultimate Library might be best described as Funny Money. “We were really focused on location here, which is the City, with its financial history, but also East London, which has a certain quirkiness,” Mr. Blackwell said.

In an coffer along the high perimeter of the hotel’s downstairs library, all out of reach, are “Kudos,” by Rachel Cusk; “The Last London,” by Iain Sinclair; “Empire of Secret,” by Calder Walton; and a collection of Virginia Woolf. The spines are mostly shades of white and gray and black and brown to match the ceiling, which is wallpapered with a vintage map.

But there are some light blue spines that pop out, to match the robin’s-egg blue of the walls. “Look at those accents,” Mr. Blackwell said.

Sahred From Source link Travel

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[damiencordle]

I Found This Interesting. Joshua Damien Cordle

'Avengers Endgame': Time travel explained by scientists

Michael Milford    

At the end of Avengers: Infinity War half the people (including heroes and villains) in the universe were gone in the snap of a finger from Thanos (Josh Brolin).

So how can Avengers: Endgame (in cinemas from this week) try to bring them back? 

Well, with that tried and tested movie plot device: time travel. Plus a surprising amount of scientific jargon thrown in, including quantum mechanics, Deutsch propositions, eigenvalues and inverted Möbius strips.

But don’t think that everything you hear during the movie was created in the minds of some crazy screenwriter. Many of the time-travel concepts in Endgame are connected, at least in name, to recent scientific theory, simulation and speculation.

Let’s dive into the science of quantum time travel and discuss whether eigenvalues can really save the universe, but be warned: moderate spoilers ahead.

Time travel 101

The key premise of the movie is that the only thing that can reverse the deaths of half the universe are the things that caused those deaths in the first place: the powerful Infinity Stones.

Problem is, Thanos destroyed these in the present day, so the stones are only available in the past. Retrieving them will require a convoluted journey back in time to multiple locations by the remaining Avengers.

Is time travel actually possible? We’ve known since Albert Einstein posed his Theory of Special Relativity more than 100 years ago that travel forward in time is relatively easy.

All you need to do is move at close to the speed of light and you can theoretically travel millions or even billions of years into the future within your lifetime.

But could you get back again? This feat appears to be much more difficult. Here are a few challenges and possible solutions.

Enter quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics is mentioned a lot in the movie and there are in fact many emerging theories about quantum time travel, including some that potentially solve the grandfather paradox.

In quantum mechanics, atomic particles are more like indistinct waves of probability. So, for example, you can never know both exactly where a particle is and what direction it’s moving. You only know there is a certain chance of it being in a certain place.

A British physicist named David Deutsch, who is mentioned in the movie, combined this idea with the Many Worlds theory, and showed that the grandfather paradox can disappear if you express everything probabilistically.

Like the particles, the person going back in time only has a certain probability of killing their grandfather, breaking the causality loop. This has been simulated successfully.

This might seem strange, and while some of the jargon used in the movie may seem a little over the top, you can be sure that real quantum science is even stranger than movie makers could ever imagine. It’s clear that even scientists are struggling to make sense of the implications of quantum theory.

Terminology for effect

The time-travel theory scenes (of which there are several) are filled with technical jargon, some out of place, some in the right ballpark.

Here are a few of the terms we hear in the movie concerning time travel:

Eigenvalues: In discussing their approach to time travel, characters Tony Stark and Bruce Banner mention eigenvalues. This is most likely an example of movie maths talk for effect, as eigenvalues are a fairly low-level (basic) concept in linear algebra.

Verdict: A case of the math mumbles

Planck scale: The Planck scale is all about very small things. Planck length, time and mass are base units used in physics. A Planck length is 1.616 × 10−35m. That’s very small.

It is the distance that light travels in one unit of Planck time – which is also a very small amount of time. Given the movie is about quantum mechanics-based time travel, chatting Planck scales don’t seem too far off topic.

Verdict: Planck has a point.

Inverted Möbius strip

The time-travel jargon also discusses inverting a Möbius strip. A normal Möbius strip is a surface with only one side. You can create one easily by taking a strip of paper, twisting it once, and then sticking it together.

Although a Möbius strip has a range of interesting mathematical properties, its technical relevance to time travel is tenuous, beyond some high-level attempts to explain the grandfather paradox.

Verdict: Twisting theory a little.

Verdict

From a scientific perspective, it’s intriguing to have a new movie with such a heavy plot foundation in time travel, and the movie doesn’t pull many punches in diving straight into both the jargon and implications of various time-travel scenarios.

While some of the mathematical terminology is clearly there for effect, the plot makes a reasonable effort to adhere to current high level-thinking about time travel—to a point.

Time travel is one of those captivating scientific concepts that is perhaps furthest from implementation by scientists, and so its pivotal role in a movie about superheroes who can fly, go subatomic, destroy universes and change reality is perhaps particularly apt.

Michael Milford is a professor at Queensland University of Technology and Peter Stratton is a postdoctoral research fellow at The University of Queensland.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

[scepticaladventure]

24  Gravitational Light Bending  3Sep18

Introduction This essay continues the focus on the collection of experimental results involving light, gravity and General Relativity. It takes a closer look at the fact that the path of light is bent when it passes close to a massive object such as our Sun, and similar phenomena arising when light from distant sources passes close to a massive celestial body on its way to our telescopes.

History of the Bending of Light by Gravity In the latter part of the 17th century, just after the English Civil War, Sir Isaac Newton came up with an expression for the gravitational force between two massive objects. It was hard work - Newton almost had to invent integral calculus to arrive at his result, but it gives beautifully simple results that depend only on the masses of the two objects and the distance between their centers of mass. It then provides a good way to calculate the trajectory of planets around the Sun and these calculations accord almost perfectly with observations.

But what about the path of photons arriving at Earth from a distant star when a massive gravitating object like the Sun gets so close that the photons are forced to graze its edge?

Some people think that Newton’s Law of Gravitation implies that since the photon has no mass, there can be no gravitational force to deflect its path and hence it should not deflect at all.

But this makes several unjustified assumptions. Who says a photon has no mass? It may have no rest mass, but it does have something called relativistic mass. [The term relativistic mass is one which Einstein eventually came to regret, but the concept is still meaningful. Note that the famous Einstein equation is actually E2 = p2c2 + m2c4  and only becomes E = mc2 for an object which has rest mass m but no momentum p. A photon (or neutrino) does not have rest mass but does have momentum, so the equation becomes E2 = p2c2 and hence E = pc. It does not make much difference, but it does reveal that many commentators have only a poor grasp of what they are talking about.

Experiments on photons also show that E = hf  where h is Planck’s constant and f is the frequency of the disturbance created by the photon when it is absorbed/observed, so it is easy to infer the momentum of a photon from its frequency effects when detected. It is also possible to feel the impact of photons when they are detected – (look up “solar sails” for example).

Newton did not know about relativistic mass and hence was silent about it. Nevertheless he thought of light as having a well defined path and robust nature and hence thought of light as being “corpuscular” in nature rather than some of sort of diffuse wave. So he fully expected it to be deflected by gravity (see below). In fact he even calculated the extent to which a massive object would deflect a passing “corpuscule”. Laplace went further and calculated the strength of gravity that would prevent light from escaping upwards – anticipating future considerations of back hole physics by about three hundred years.

Even if a photon has no mass of any sort then it is still not safe to assume that it cannot be deflected, for it would have absolutely no resistance to being deflected either. There is a popular conundrum that asks “what happens if an irresistible force meets an immoveable object?” Well the situation with light is a bit like the opposite conundrum – “what happens if a zero force applies to an entity with zero resistance to being deflected?”

Galileo (who died in the year Newton was born) had already realized that the rate of attractive acceleration towards a massive object is independent of the mass or composition of the attracted object. This is now called the Weak Equivalence Principle. Hence, in the absence of air resistance, a feather falls as quickly as a cannonball. Continuing the argument, an atom falls as quickly as a feather and a neutron falls as quickly as an atom. Whey then should not a neutrino or a photon fall just as quickly as anything else?

Here is a synopsis of how this issue has been handled over the centuries: • In 1704, Newton suggests the bending of light as an aside in his treatise, Opticks. • In 1784, Henry Cavendish calculates the bending of light due to Newtonian gravity but does not publish the result. The evidence of his calculation only surfaced in the 1900s. • In 1801, Johann von Soldner calculates the bending of light as it passes by a massive object in 1801 (taking 25 pages to do it!). The calculation uses Newton's theory of light as a stream of corpuscles with an unspecified mass. However, the mass of the corpuscle (photon) drops out of the calculation, and the angle only depends on the mass of the object and the closest approach to the massive object (e.g. our Sun). The angle of deflection turns out to be:  angle ~ 2m/r, where m = GM/c2, M is the mass of the object and r is the closest approach distance of the photon to the object. This solution is an approximation, because it is the first term in a series. All of the other terms in the series are much smaller. Von Soldner's calculation is very close to Cavendish's, and to a first-order approximation, they are the same. • In 1911, Albert Einstein published a paper called "On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light", which calculated the bending effect of gravity on light using his Equivalence Principle. This calculation was not based on the equations of General Relativity, since these had not yet been developed. It did rely on Einstein’s recent conclusion that gravity must have an effect on the speed of light. Einstein’s calculation in this paper was identical to von Soldner's approximation. • In 1915, Einstein finished his theory of General Relativity, and developed a full set of ten partial differential equations for the curvature of spacetime in a gravitational field. When Einstein used his full theory and recalculated of the deflection of starlight due to the Sun he obtained exactly twice the prediction he published in 1911. The additional bending was due to the curvature of space itself. [In mathematical terms it arises from non-zero off-diagonal terms in the 4x4 Riemannian metric tensor that describes the spacetime curvature]. Note that equal contributions are made by both the space and time perturbations of the metric. • In May 1919, Sir Frank Dyson and Sir Arthur Eddington and led an expedition to the equatorial African island of Principe and their colleague Andrew Crommelin led an expedition to Sobral in Brazil to observe what happened to the apparent position of stars in the constellation of Taurus when the Sun got in the way. They could see these stars because they situated their telescopes in the moving shadow path of the moon during a total eclipse of the Sun. They reported, and the Royal Astronomical Society announced, that the degree of starlight bending (‘aberration’) was exactly as predicted by General Relativity. This announcement became headlines in a world hungry for interesting good news and Einstein became a media superstar. Which may have helped him retain his job in Berlin in spite of the rise of anti-Semitism. However, it is interesting to note that there is some question as to whether or not the equipment and results of the 1919 eclipse expeditions really had the ability to conclusively determine the deflections as claimed. It is not a simple experiment. For example, the Sun’s corona has strong magnetic fields and emits a lot of plasma that can complicate the interpretation of the results, and the observed effect is tiny. It may be that the researchers injected some of their expectations into the reported results. However, subsequent and more robust observations have confirmed the deflection as predicted.

So there you have it. Modern physics interprets the bending of light by a massive object such as the Sun as being partly due to a combination of factors, neatly modeled by the spacetime solution to Einstein’s field equations for the spacetime region around the Sun.

The textbooks invariably show the stretched rubber sheet attempt to suggest what spacetime is like in Einstein’s model. There is a big depression caused by the ponderable mass of the Sun. Light comes in and is deflected slightly because of the curved topology. A bit like when you just miss a putt in golf. To be frank, it is not an analogy that I particularly admire.

A Heretical Alternative? Since the theme of these essays is to re-examine the foundations of modern physics and try to provoke some fresh thinking about them, I am going to suggest an alternative interpretation.

We already have a good explanation for half of the effect, due to classical luminaries like Sir Isaac Newton, Henry Cavendish and Simon Laplace. You can think of it as a kind of scattering effect due to the Sun’s gravity trying to pull the passing photons a bit closer. If you like you can think of the Sun’s gravity working on the mass equivalent to the photon’s energy, resisted by the inertia of the photon’s momentum.

It is the other half of the observed effect that presents the issue.  I suggest that the earlier classical calculations do not get the full answer because they do not take into account the fact that gravity also slows down the speed of light. Classical physicists did not have the means to know this. But I suspect that if Isaac Newton knew that light travels more slowly when the presence of gravity is more intense, then he would have started to think about the phenomenon of refraction.

[Most transparent media have a refractive index higher than that of a vacuum, which we have assigned index value 1. This signifies that light travels more slowly in such media than it does in a vacuum. When light passes from one medium to another at an inclined angle the path it travels bends at the interface (see Snell’s Law, Fermat’s Principle etc).]

Gravity also slows down light so it is not unreasonable to conceive of “gravitational refraction”.  We could say that the gravitational index of empty space in the absence of any discernable gravity fields is 1 and that near a back hole it is very high.  Elsewhere it takes an intermediate value.

Note that ordinary refraction affects the speeds of photons, but not their energy level. We can deduce this by using a beam consisting of a large number of identical photons and sampling some of them at each stage of their collective journey. When the surviving photons emerge from the refractive medium they have the same energy level as those photons sampled as they attempt to enter the medium.

I suggest the same thing happens with gravitational refraction. Photons enter a region of high gravitational field and are slowed down and deflected (in accord with Fermat’s Principle, overlaid with a Newtonian gravity deflection) but when they emerge they speed up again. The photons emerge with the same energy level as when they went in.

Furthermore I suggest that if the gravitational refraction is added to the normal Newtonian scattering deflection the answer will be as observed experimentally. Curvature of spatial coordinate system not required.

Finally I would like to suggest that gravitational light bending and gravitational redshifts are closely related. In the case of gravitational light bending the photons traverse the gravitational field at high angles to the gravitational field but in typical gravitational redshift situations the photons travel more or less parallel to the direction of gravitational field.  If the photons are travelling at an intermediate angle through a gravitational field, I suggest it is reasonable that the result would be a combination of the gravitational redshift effect and the gravitational light bending effect.  

A spectrum? I have asked myself whether the gravitational bending of the light should create a spectrum effect. I think this is a reasonable question.

A spectrum effect might be expected if what is going on is similar to an ordinary refraction effect. Consider what happens if a beam of light passes through a medium with a refractive index greater than one, such as a glass prism. I will shun the usual explanation based on what I think is an old fashioned wave model of light and will talk about phots instead.

Consider a beam of light consisting of many phots, all travelling at the same speed in a vacuum. When they encounter a medium with a higher refractive index than 1, such as glass or water, they slow down, sometimes quite considerably. Some textbooks say this is because multiple scattering events makes their path longer, but I doubt this is true because well collimated beams of a single frequency, such as from a laser, remain well collimated and are not scattered. If the initial and final surfaces of the prism are perfectly parallel, the incident and emergent phot paths are also perfectly parallel.

If the phots emerge from a transparent medium they continue with the same energy they had before they entered it. This is a further reason to doubt the scattering explanation, for then it is reasonable to suppose that the medium itself would absorb some of the energy from individual phots. What I think happens is that the phots actually do slow down when they are in the denser medium. High energy photos slow down more than low energy phots. It would be interesting to explore the electromagnetic field reasons for this but let us not get distracted.

If the beam of light of light encounters the new medium at an angle, the path of the phots develops a kink at the interface. If the transition is more gradual the change in direction is a curved bend. Either way the light beam path is refracted. High energy phots are refracted more than low energy phots. The beam is spread out according to the energy of the phots. As far as visible light is concerned, a rainbow spectrum is formed, with red at the top and violet at the bottom.

If the light is passing through a prism say, then when it emerges at the final interface the opposite refraction occurs. Depending on the shape of the prism, the rainbow effect can be undone or not.

The whole process follows something called Fermat’s Principle. Fermat's Principle states that “light travels between two points along the path that requires the least time, as compared to other nearby paths.” From Fermat's principle, one can derive (a) the law of reflection [the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection] and (b) the law of refraction [Snell's law].

In the case of refraction, think about cross country runners encountering a strip of boggy ground that slows down their running speed. If they want to minimize their overall effort and maximize their overall rate of progress, it makes sense to shorten their path across the boggy ground, even if this makes their overall path a little longer.

Returning to the case of a photon (to use the conventional term) traversing a gravity field around a spherical celestial object. The more energy the photon has, the more momentum it has and this might make it more difficult to bend its path. However, no spectrum effect is detected.

The Weak Equivalence Principle gives a naïve explanation. The more energy a photon has, the more momentum it has, and this offsets the bigger deflecting force. However, a modern physicist would probably prefer to say that all the photons, of whatever energy level, are following the same geodesic pathway as determined by the non-Euclidean four dimensional spacetime.

As a photon passes through a strong gravity field at a shallow angle. gravity slows down the speed of light (as viewed from a distance). More on the side closer to the Sun than on the other.  Hence it is not unreasonable to think that the light will follow Fermat’s Principle and take the quickest overall path through the gravity field, even if this means bending away from its initial direction.

However, unlike ordinary refraction through glass or water, there is no rainbow effect. Gravitational slowdown applies equally to photons of all frequency/energy and the speed of all photons remains the same relative to each other. There is no dispersion and they all bend by the same amount.

Conclusion The bending of light by gravity is generally regarded as one of the key experimental results supporting Einstein’s theory of General Relativity, and its model of a spacetime with curvature in all of its time-time and space-time coordinate pairs. However, half of the effect was already predicted and explained in terms of classical physics.

In the next essay I will discuss the fact that gravity slows down both time and the speed of light.

We know that slowing the speed of light by passing it through a transparent medium that is not a vacuum causes the path of the light to bend in according with Fermat’s Principle. Why then is it not reasonable to consider that slowing down the speed of light by passing it through a gravity field might not also cause a degree of bending in accordance with Fermat’s Principle?

Adding the classical gravitational effect to a gravitational time-dilation refraction effect might give a satisfactory explanation for light bending in accord with experimental observation, without calling upon the full spacetime curvature model adopted by Einstein.

[photomaniacs]

A Forgotten Solution to the Problems of Zoom Lenses http://ift.tt/2uDsEzg

For a few years now, I’ve had in my collection one very strange lens. I bought it primarily for its value as a collectible so, up until now, I haven’t really spent much time playing with it. Made in 1975, this manual focus Minolta MC Rokkor-X 40-80mm f/2.8 lens is one strange puppy.

When it was first introduced, no other zoom lens could top its image quality and it really didn’t have much competition until more recent years. This is largely due to its very unique gearbox design that sought to overcome the problem with zoom lenses that we still face today.

Way back in 1959, the first commercially-available 35mm still camera zoom lens, the Bessamatic-mount Zoomar 36-82mm f/2.8, was released by Voigtlander. Its mechanical design would not be unfamiliar to you since the focus and focal length were adjusted via a few round-turns of the lens barrel. This simple helicoid design remains the only common method manufacturers use to make our lenses zoom in and out and focus.

When you twist the zoom/focus ring(s) of a lens, the optics are carried forward or backward through a threaded barrel. This design results in a fixed movement ratio of the optical groups mounted inside that helicoid.

The problem with this is every focal length requires a slightly different adjustment of the lens element/group spacing to properly correct aberrations, and the fixed ratio of a helicoid cannot provide that kind of variance. The helicoid is relatively simple, easy to make, and its shape tailors to a fitting physical design of a lens. If a lens were designed to have as few compromises as possible, it might look vastly different from what we see sitting on store shelves.

For simplicity though, manufacturers have stuck with the helicoid and instead invested in overcoming its mechanical shortfalls with optical solutions. Over the years, lens designers, aided by computers, have learned how to improve the optical designs of the zoom lens to work around most of the limitations of the locked-ratio helicoid. Modern zooms still aren’t quite as good as a prime lens but, with aspherical lens elements and fancy coatings to help out, they’re getting pretty darn close.

Back in the early 1970s, Minolta’s engineers, armed with their slide rules and cigarettes, had a go at thinking outside the box to come up with a lens design that would allow for precise positioning of the optical groups in a zoom lens. What they came up with was so clever that it required they put it inside a box — a gearbox, to be precise.

Rather than work with the limitations of a helicoid design, this clever bunch decided to abandon that whole concept and create a new one where lens groups would be blessed with the freedom to move independently of each other. They came up with this unorthodox gearbox design that drives 12 optical elements in 12 separate groups along linear, gear-operated rails. With the chains of fixed-ratio movement cast from them, the entire lens design could be “geared” for precise positioning of the optics to best correct for aberrations throughout the range of focal lengths.

What they did was figure out how to make a handheld zoom lens that is as well corrected across its range of focal lengths as a fixed focal length lens would be at its one — that’s the theory, anyway.

In spite of the weird and wart-like appearance of their solution, Minolta’s engineers achieved with this lens something that is truly unique and special. There is no mistaking this lens for any other, that’s for sure.

Weighing in at 19.75 ounces (560 g), it isn’t particularly big or heavy. In fact, even with all the metal machinery inside this lens, it’s almost exactly half the weight of Nikon’s current 24-70mm f/2.8 VR.

Focus is adjusted by turning the big wheel while focal length is controlled by moving the lever arm. Both controls are very smooth and easy to move across their fairly short range of motion. The focus wheel features a precise distance scale with Infrared Index.

The lens has a 55mm diameter coated front element. Here you can see the profile of the gearbox which is fixed to the left-hand side of the lens body.

Did I mention it has a macro mode? The lens has a metal stem poking out of the gearbox which, when twisted anti-clockwise and pushed in, shifts everything inside the lens out toward the front, essentially putting more space between the film/sensor plane and the rear element (same thing an extension tube does). The result of this forward-shift is a reduction in the Minimum Focal Distance from 3.3 ft (1.01 m) to 1.2 ft (.37 m) @40mm.

In this image, the stem is in its Normal position

Here, the stem is shown in the Macro position. When pushing in this stem, the focal length lever shifts forward with the internal glass. What a cool, whacky design!

Let’s see how well all of the engineering effort translates into actually making images with this lens.

My sister told me about this row of old silos that sit alongside a two-lane road not too far from where I live. Yesterday, I had to go by it while I was on errands. On the return trip, I pulled over for this shot. I had the lens set to 40mm and the aperture was wide-open at f/2.8 on a Sony a7R Mark II. This was the first shot I took and I kind of hurriedly grabbed it because of the unique lighting. That isn’t vignetting in the grass. Passing over head was a thick, dark cloud that cast the strangest light over this scene. No sooner I had shot this and the sun was back out in the open.

On the same errand run, I came across this old Chevrolet police car. Focal length was 80mm @ f/8.

I was very interested to see how well the lens would control chromatic aberrations when shooting this brightly lit chrome. I’ve not used a pre-1980s zoom lens that didn’t produce some purple-fringing in a shot like this. Kudos to Minoltas engineers because there was none. Zoomed 400% in the 42-megapixel RAW file I could see nothing but bright chrome and colorful rust. 80mm @ f/4

The Jelly Palm in our front yard is full of fruit this time of year. I shot this with the lens’ Macro mode enabled. 40mm @ f/2.8

Just a bowl of bananas on the dinner table. Shot somewhere around 50mm @ f/5.6

The Magnolia tree in the yard is sprouting new buds. Macro mode, 40mm @ f/2.8. In the shade and backlit, color and contrast are good and the out-of-focus background is pleasantly smooth and non-distracting.

My second oldest daughter was kind enough to pause a moment for this final shot. 80mm @ f/2.8

What can I say? The lens is awesome. All the effort put into designing this strange gearbox-driven lens seems to have resulted in an excellent mid-range zoom lens. When I first started shooting with it, I did find it a little fiddly using a lever and wheel to make adjusts but after awhile I grew fond of it; it’s actually really fun to handle.

You don’t hold this lens like you would a traditional zoom, with your hands wrapped around the barrel. I keep it propped with the gearbox resting on the up-turned palm of my left hand and use my thumb to move the focal length lever and index finger to turn the focus wheel. The travel distance of both is just right so that you aren’t moving your fingers outside their natural range or having to make repetitious movements.

I can highly recommend this lens to anyone wanting to own a piece of history and/or turn some heads on their next photo walkabout. Comparing this to my favorite zoom lens, the incredible Minolta MD 35-70mm f/3.5, I would say it at least equals it. They’re both around the same size and weight and have a similar range of focal lengths.

In fact, this Minolta 40-80mm f/2.8 lens is the antecedent to the 35-70mm f/3.5 (thus, for giggles, I used it to shoot the lens photos). Minolta likely found that the unusual design and complexity of making this gearbox lens was cost prohibitive and went back to the drawing board to come up with a balanced compromise.

They only made two versions of it before canning the whole idea. The lens I have is the 1st Gen ‘MC’ version. An ‘MD’ version was made in 1977 and after that, they called it quits. Both versions can still be found for sale online but I’ll warn you, this lens is priced for the committed collector.

About the author: Tom Leonard is an amateur photographer, engineer, and father of 9. You can read his musings and follow his travels on his blog. This post was also published here.

Go to Source Author: Tom Leonard If you’d like us to remove any content please send us a message here CHECK OUT THE TOP SELLING CAMERAS!

The post A Forgotten Solution to the Problems of Zoom Lenses appeared first on CameraFreaks.

August 14, 2017 at 10:05PM

[ipsonus]

filed://all responses that speak toward Prototypes 00 && 04

• • r e d i r e c t i n g  • •​ • ( so many people )

ohoh oh  ~♪               Oh  oh  oh ~♫

          Source

Pick  a p a  r  t  every [ p i e c e ] of me                                  and  m i s s  the point entirely. ( @ shironao )

Prototype 04′s Laughter echoed throughout the courtroom. This woman really had a death wish. Challenging the original prototype like that? It was only just a matter of time before Maxima’s other would snap. Surely the virus would take pleasure in her death -- if it came to be that her live would fall on Prototype 00′s hands. Though, this was all theory that the younger android had. He was definitely finding this amusing. 

“Oh, darling~♥♪ Surely, you didn’t really say that. After all, you don’t actually know the fact that Maxima’s purposes was intended for mentally unstable people.”

I only did this to be  { [ s a n e ] },                  N O T  for  you  to  know  my N A M E .

And that Maxima was. In the year and time they came from, what kept people from immortality was emotion. And the people of the future tried so very hard to contol their feelings-- it couldn’t be helped that there were just a few insane people that needed help. But how could she ever have possibly known that?

Go 'head and spit the   ♫m ♪u ♫s ♪i ♫c ♪  out                 please   ❛ TELL ❜  me more about your doubt. Don't   f e a r   I've { heard  } it all before,        each  ( t  i m  e ) makes it easier to (Ｉ)(Ｇ)(Ｎ)(Ｏ)(Ｒ)(Ｅ) .

“I would advise you to tread lightly in these dangerous waters.” Maxima would continue to repeat itself. However, if she-- or any of the others continued with the rate they went-- all of them would be in for an unpleasant surprise. And it wouldn’t have been either of the prototypes’ faults. ( you would have nobody but yourself to blame )

Oh I am  t i r e d  of abiding by your 【r】【u】【l】【e】【s】. Causing  ME to second guess my ♟ every ♟ single ♟ move ♟ .

When the boy came extremely close to Ollie to obtain a scent of him, the prototype couldn’t help but to pull out his only intact-- yet empty -- gun. ( force of habit unfortunately ) “Back off dog.” 

Ollie detested anybody getting this close to him. This wasn’t really even remotely close to a proper trial, and the robot like his space. Maxima could only step in between them to only push the other away. 

“Obviously you are mistaken, he is not the only one with the snake tattoos.” 

Well, that was one way to relieve stress off of the younger android, but if this was a true court of law, the strange boy had to be more specific than to say ‘feller with the snake tattoos.’ Maxima turned to pulled up its own clothing just far enough to reveal two much more active snakes moving on its back and shoulders. 

( mind you it was genuinely focused on covering its own chest, for the reason to conceal its true sex and gender but it was more than enough to show the markings )

YOU don’t know who [  I  ]am           or what I have  b e e n  through, No. ( @ softserveswirls )

It was rather unfortunate really. It seemed that nobody actually chose to pay attention until now. Where were these accusations before? And another disturbing matter was that everybody was acting that staying clean was wrong. At least, that was what it sounded like.

So don’t dare tell me what I should and shouldn’t do 'cause...

You still all fail to ask why we like to be clean.” Honestly, nothing Maxima and the other prototypes did would truly wash away what they had done in their own time. But if it meant to clear things up with everybody, then so be it. 

Don’t  f ᵉ ᵉ ˡ  like having a,                  computer  s i n g ~ ♫ ♪  this phrase.

( @ shironao )

“Stop acting like clueless fools for one moment. We are obsessive with our cleanliness due to the fact that we are visitors from the future -- anything we do to mark the past changes the future, so we have to keep clean and stay out of the timeline. Obviously it is a difficult concept for you, but for us, it keeps us off the map for our time. We cannot leave traces behind otherwise we risk not being able to explore.”

Obviously, it was half of the truth, but there was no lie to Maxima’s words-- omitting some things was different than flat out lying. ( but why mention the genocide if it was not needed ? )

           Not  ⓛⓞⓞⓚⓘⓝⓖ for a hired name, to write a ♫ s ♪ o ♫ n ♪ g ♫ for me that sounds the same,              as everything  { [ fed ] } to our brain's      rammed down our throats with  N O  complaints.

She was addressing to Ollie that time, but Maxima had answered quite a bit. Though it was the younger one’s turn further elaborate. He scoffed at the female. “Ya, we both did, its called being a robot hun. What, you think jut cause we are robots made to look like humans that we have the brains of you idiots?” He couldn’t help but snicker. “Wow you guys are really dumb.” While he snickered he pointed to Maxima as if to make a seemingly otherwise obvious point. “Maxima was programmed to know a person’s backstory just by looking at them.” Rolling his eyes, he rubbed his temples. 

“True, we all lost our max capabilities when the virus hit, and even more so when Yukari brought us here-- I’m fucking blind without my scanners, and Maxima has trouble assessing simple tasks for people, but that still doesn’t mean we can’t find the real answer. We saw the scene, and Maxima definitely took more time to analyse the situation, but we both knew it was a murder dressed to look like a suicide. Did none of you even consider asking Maxima about her ankle?” 

Ollie glanced at the other as if he were waiting for the elder to answer its findings. 

“Why would she commit suicide her ankle was wrapped, don’t you think that if she really wanted to die, she wouldn’t have bothered to treat it?”

              Maybe I’m a ᵈʸ'ⁿᵍ breed,      but I believe in 𝓲𝓷𝓭𝓲𝓿𝓲𝓭𝓾𝓪𝓵𝓲𝓽𝔂.

Ollie rolled his head back with obvious intent ( told ya’ smartass ) . “And like Maxima had said in the past -- obviously you guys didn’t listen to that either -- I would never kill somebody like that. Making something look like suicide isn’t in my job description, I like to take credit for the people I kill.” ( thanks for not asking me though ) 

Told to look an’ act a way, as if I’m just a ball of clay that you can just mold into whatever, I assure you that’s not clever see now fads don't last forever they are fleeting like the weather and we will stand our ground while you will sink and drown. Hahaha! 

( @ speedster-and-kinesis )

Upon another voice being spoken, both android turned their attention to the new female. Her words seemed to sounds almost like an ancient language to the robots. The prototypes of Project 00 --including all of the others not present in Yukari’s world -- didn’t follow  whatever law she was talking about. Ollie couldn’t help be laugh again. Honestly he was entertained with  the fact that these people couldn’t be more wrong.  

“What law?”

Maxima stopped the younger prototype from speaking any more about the subject to the new female. “Unfortunately, many of my files about my creator are corrupt, therefore I cannot give you the original ideas of them. Though as far as I can tell, I am allowed to do whatever I please. For example, I could kill another human if I deemed it necessary. Where I come from, I do not need to put down a living thing as we have the technology to keep one alive, regardless of circumstances. Why, my child, you humans find the cure for everything -- at least you do where we come from.” 

“Though, I must answer your original question-- it is not troublesome for me to kill a human. I can, and have, injured people. I can assure you that it was not on purpose, but you do not understand the incredibly fine line that you humans have. You get hurt by anything these days whether it be emotionally, psychologically, or physically. It is not necessarily my fault that it happens-- least i would not do it on purpose. Does that make sense.” 

“For example, Ollie and a few of my other prototypes -- Rika and Dannie -- harm people. Ollie is a trained assassin that works to kill. It is his job. Dannie, while he plays a more defensive strategy, physically finds way to hurt people. And Rika? Why, she toys with people. She likes to hurt people.” 

'Cause I’m a tough girl, I run my own world and if you don’t like it there’s the door, if you haven't heard I ain't got no interest in your business, just here for the music and there's nothing else to this bullshit!

“So let me assure you that there is no law for us to follow in regards to the safety of people.” 

Not here, to ＬＯＳＥ . Not here for you to ＣＨＯＯＳＥ . How we, ＳＨＯＵＬＤ  ＢＥ cause we’re not part of your  ｍａｃｈｉｎｅ.

( @ malchancevilain )

For once, the man was saying something useful. It almost pleased Maxima to hear his words. Finally somebody was talking some sense. Sure it wasn’t much but it was progress.

“Thank you. It is incredibly discriminatory for one to assume that we run on rules. Especially for rules that were made for your time and not ours.”

We’re not, we’re not part, we’re not part of your machine. We’re not, we’re not part, we’re not part of your machine, ( no ) . 

[chuyenvienmatrixfield]

If Sri lanka can do this it will turn everything in its favor-------Human can build 27 liters  volume( It is about 9- 10 gallons) Quanta Power Reactor (Not Nuclear Power Reactor) or just 27 kg Quanta Power Reactor, then Human can use it everywhere Human need or even use 27kg QUANTA POWER REACTOR to run cars, and never worry about Energy or OIL again and same time solve pollution in environment, then Human can enjoy Life, beautiful life without war  and miseries and make Earth in cleanliness Beside, Quanta Power Reactor, Quanta techs can do many other things Human cannot do in normal conditions without Quanta techs-----Read my information to learn how to do QUANTA: NEW FORM OF ENERGY HAS BEEN FOUND AFTER E=MC^2 FOR 2019-1905=114 YEARS BY THO HUYNH:              1)The energy from 1kg Mass in E=MC^2 with C=300,000 km/s=3x10^8 m/s, then E=1kgx(3x10^8m/s)^2= 9x10^16 kg.m/s2.m= 9x10^16newton .m= 9.00x10^16 joule             2 )The Energy from 1kg Quanta                      a)Quantum mass =Electron = 9.11x10^-31kg                      b)The Number of Quanta in 1kg Quanta= 1kg/9.11x10^-31kg=0.109769484x10^31 Quanta                                                                                     =1.1 x10^30 quanta                      c)Quantum energy= 9.11x10^-31kg/1.783x10^-36kg per eV=5.109366237x10^5eV                                                               =5.11x10^5eV                                                            =511,000eV                        d) eV=1.602x10^-19joule Energy of 1kg Quanta=1.1x10^30x511000eV=562,100x10^30 ev                                            =562,100x10^30 x1.602x10^-19joule                                            = 900,484.2x10^11                                             =9.004842x 10^16joule Energy of 1kg Quanta =9.005x10^16 joule. then proportion from 1kg Quanta Energy to 1kg mass Energy is:      1kg Quanta energy/1kg Mass energy = 9.005x10^16 joule/9.00x10^16 joule=1.0005555556                                                                  =1.0006 times WITHOUT QUANTA BONDS ENERGY Energy of 1kg Quanta = 1.0006 times Energy of 1kg Mass IF QUANTA BOND ENERGY=QB(E)= 1/8 QUANTA ENERGY, THEN: QB(E) IN 1KG QUANTA ENERGY IS: QB(E)= 1/8(9.005X10^16 JOULE= 1.125625 x10^16JOULE= 1.126 X10^16JOULE ENERGY IN 1KG QUANTA ENERGY WITH 1/8 QBE IS: ENERGY=QE+ 1/8 QE= 9.005X10^16JOULE + 1.126X10^16 JOULE= (9.005 +1.126)x10^16JOULE                                  =10.131 x10^16joule RATIO ENERGY OF 1KG QUANTA/ENERGYOF 1KG MASS= 10.131x10^16JOULE/9.00X10^16JOULE                                                                                                            =1.125666667                                                                          RATIO(WITH QBE=1/8QE) =1.126 times IT MEANT 1kg Quanta energy might produce 1.126 times energy of 1kg mass from E=MC^2 , then it is as 10.131x 10^16 joule In this proof that E=MC^2 is no longer the case, there are more energy at Quanta levels or NEW FORM OF ENERGY BESIDE MASS IS QUANTA ENERGY AND QBE, I WILL USE ONLY 2 CASES OF QBE(Quanta Bonds Energy) TO PROVE THERE ARE MORE ENERGY AT QUANTA LEVELS AND NEW FORM OF ENERGY HAS BEEN FOUND I USED ONLY 2 CASES TO SHORTEN THE PROOF, IT SUPPOSED TO BE MORE THAN 2 CASES, IT MIGHT BE UP TO 8 CASES or more CASE1: QBE= 1/8 QE IS I CONSIDERED AS MINIMUM IN THIS PROOF, THEN : 1KG MASS ENERGY= 9.00X10^16 JOULE 1KG QUANTA ENERGY= 9.005X10^16JOULE WITH QBE=1/8QE, THEN 1KG QUANTA ENERGY= QUANTA ENERGY+ QUANTA BOND ENERGY= 10.131x10^16JOULE, THEN RATIO=1.126times BETWEEN 1KG QUANTA ENERGY AND 1KG MASS ENERGY CASE2: QBE=1/2 QE, THEN 1KG QUANTA ENERGY= QUANTA ENERGY + 1/2 QUANTA ENERGY= 9.005X10^16JOULE+1/2(9.005X10^16JOULE= 9.005X10^16JOULE+4.5025X10^16JOULE= 13.5075X10^16 JOULE RATIO BETWEEN 1KG QUANTA WITH QBE=1/2 QUANTA ENERGY TO ENERGY OF 1KG MASS IS: RATIO=13.5075X10^16/9.00X10^16JOULE=1.500833333 RATIO=1.501times It meant 1kg Quanta energy produce 1.501  times energy of 1kg Mass from E-MC^2 3)THE ENERGY FROM MANIPULATION OF QUANTA OR QUANTA MANIPULATION TECH: QUANTUM=ELECTRON/7^9=9.11X 10^-31 KG/7^9(**)=2.257542925X10^-38 KG                                                                                                 =2.26X10^-38 KG QUANTUM (eV)=9.11x10^-31kg/1.783x10^-36kg per eV(**)= 5.109366237x10^5 eV=5.11x10^5 eV                                =511,000eV The number of Quanta in 1kg of Quanta N of Quanta= 1kg/2.26x10^-38 kg=0.442477876x10^38 quanta=0.4425x10^38 quanta                                                                 = 4.425x10^37quanta The energy in 1kg Quanta manipulation is: E= 4.425x10^37x 511.000eV=2261175x10^37eV=2261175x10^37x1.602x 10^-19joule(**)   =3622402.35x10^18joule=3.6x10^24 joule   Ratio between 1kg quanta energy to 1kg mass energy is: Ratio=1kg quanta energy MANIPULATION/1kg mass energy=  3.6x10^24/9.00x10^16=0.4x10^8           = 40,000,000 times 1kg QUANTA MANIPULATION might produce 40,000,000 times energy of 1kg MASS energy from E=MC^2= 9.00x10^16 joule  . Ratio=R=40,000,000 times manipulation tech base on principle " you low the mass and keep eV levels to produce 40,000,000 times energy from 1kg mass in E=MC^2", it might be more difficult than the MIX, because Electron mass cannot be lower, read my note READ MY NOTES AT THE END******************************** 4) THE MIX OF 1kg MASS ENERGY WITH 1KG QUANTA   1KG MASS ENERGY= 9.00X10^16 JOULE 1KG QUANTA ENERGY = 9.05 X10^16 joule MIX energy = 9.00x10^16 joule x 9.05x10^16 joule= 81.45x 10^32 joule.joule or j2 or J2 Ratio of the mix ENERGY of 1kg MASS and 1kg QUANTA TO 1KG MASS ENERGY IS: RATIO= 81.45 x10^32 j2/9.00x10^16joule= 9.05x10^16 joule=90,500,000,000,000,000Joule times 2kg of THE MIX ENERGY is 90,500 trillion joule times- 1kg of the MASS energy ********************************************************************** NOTES: 1) 1.783x10^-36kg per eV is as x factor for converse unit from kg to eV or from eV to kg                 2) eV= 1.602 x10^-19 joule                  3) 7^9=40,353,607 is my secret number I used to low the mass of Quantum unit equal to mass of Electron 9.11x10^-31 kg, it meant i have to low the mass of electrons to smaller electrons Mass to raise the amount of Quanta at same time I have to remain or maintain the electron volts eV stayed same level when the mass go down The problems with this MANIPULATION TECH ARE:                       @1)Today Science, TSci, Today Physics, TP, Today Scientists, TS have said you cannot smaller Electron at 9.11x10^-31kg mass any smaller and it seems they did not have any way to do that either or any Idea to do that either. . . . . . . .!!!!!! I disagreed, at least on theories and ideas, because I have some more advance theories and Ideas than TS, TSci, and TP had or did not have. . . . . Actuallly, TS, TSci, TP did not understand Time Radiations or radiation times and Space Dynamics yet; however, I cannot tell where is final limits of smaller Electron yet; even though I used 7^9=40,353,607 as division number for smaller electrons, there is a story for 7^9 from Hindu in India about 5000 years ago!!!!!??? perhaps!!!!!!! But I will not volunteer to explain it yet!!!!!! until later when I need to, actually 7^9 is not a division Number, it is as DEcay or Meson NUmbers, if you know Particle Physics. . . And there are more with Advance theories and concepts those are missing in TP and TSci  and TS as I show below:                        @2): All Spaces are connected                             Space is as one of the only 2 factors that they are only 2 of continuums in the Universe, physical Conditions Universe PCU                       @3) Everything is in formations of QUANTA                       @4)"Smallest Particles are not smallest, but something else is" -Tho Huynh Paradox                       @5)    """"""As long as Spaces are available, then there are particles division to smaller Particles"""""" or for easier to understand and for easier to imagine or due to TSci, TS, TP and scientists complained about not seeing smaller particles after standard Model, then I rephrased my Statement for better description: """"""As long as there are spaces, then there will be divisions of Spaces to smaller Spaces to epsilon Spaces""""""-THO HUYNH FACTS OF SPACE PARTICLES FOR FINAL PARTICLES MFG                       @6) LHC, CERN, FERMI LAB, TS, TSci, and TP and Standard Model, SM have mistake mistakenly to ignore Gravity in Standard model that I have found there might be 85x2=170 more in smaller to Smallest particles and Then: """Higgs field is not Quantum Quanta field Quantum Quanta field is not Higgs field Quantum Quanta fields are mass of the Universe Quantum Quanta fields gave mass to Particles, simply because Quantum Quanta fields are mass of the Universe""""-Tho Huynh                         @7) With E=MC^2 is no longer the case at Quanta levels, then you might run energy from very small sizes of power supplies; for example 1m x1m x1m =1m3 Volume of power supplies, or even 1/2mx1/2mx1/2m = 1/8m3 Volume, then you can do many things with such small power supplies, you can even use for your cars, you cannot do them before my proof of energy OR YOU CAN EVEN MAKE POWER SUPPLY JUST ABOUT 27 LITERS VOLUME(9-10 gallons) or even 10kg power supply, THEN YOU CAN USE IT EVERYWHERE EVEN USE 27 LITERS VOLUME POWER SUPPLY TO RUN YOUR CARS                          @8) There are 6 forces instead of 4 forces as TP, TS, and TSci have claimed in the last 375 years      I) Electromagnetic force     II) Weak Nuclear force    III) Strong Nuclear force    IV)First half of Gravity or Isaac Newton Gravity force or Isaac Newton Pull Force    V) Second half of gravity or Tho Huynh Gravity or Tho Huynh Push Force or Real Gravity   VI) the 6th force, temporary name called to keep my copy right                          @9) Push Gravity is Real Gravity, it is not as Gravity that Isaac Newton has claimed 375 years ago!!!!!!!!!!! TS, TP, Tsci should find out PUSH GRAVITY or THO HUYNH GRAVITY or REAL GRAVITY asap, then they can get a chance to observe GRAVITONS They have missed for 375 years!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Note: Do not assume Push Gravity is just as Force AND REACTION FOCE TO PULL gravity as Isaac Newton law of forces has pointed out. They are relatively independence from each other, in fact they are caused  by diferent causes. Isaac Newton gravity or Pull Gravity is caused by Earth Rotation and Earth Revolution, Tho Huynh Gravity or push gravity or real gravity is caused by Space Expansion or Universe expansion and 2 more causes, but I refer not to reveal it now. THe PUSH GRAVITY is more universal than THE PULL GRAVITY which is more local than push gravity or REAL GRAVITY                          @10)TENTH TSci, TP, TS and Einstein have missed SPace time Quantum time since 1905, 2019-1905= 114 years , they should put them together Space- Time-Quantum time- Dilation-Oscillation, not observe them separately, to see the mechanism of the Universe in space and time                          @11)ELEVENTH Relative Mathematics and RElative Dynamics need to be found to work better for Einstein theories                          @12)12TH With proof of NEW ENERGY Quanta energy, perhaps, Human will no longer worry about ENERGY as Human had problems with Limited Oil capacities                          @13) "there are always 2 spaces to begin with, no matter what"-Tho Huynh Khai niem KHong Gian or Khong Gian Khai Niem, KGKN. I will use examples for general Ideas about Space in two: Front Space- Back Space,Above Space-Below Space,In space-Out space, North space-South Space, Top space-Bottom space, Right Space-left space, West space-East Space, up space- down space etc, etc, etc                         @14)There 2 more key statements for Space and Particles; however, I felt enough for today, I will review them some other time                         @15) QBE depended on how the connections between Quanta to determine the levels of energy of QBE, in this Article I considered 1/8 Quanta Energy is as smallest level of QBE and 1/2 Quanta energy is as biggest levels of QBE FOR NOW, there are might be 8 more to go!!!!!!!!                         @16) Just in case Manipulation electrons are too difficult to deal with, then you can use alternated elements you might choose from 103 elements in periodic table PERIODIC TABLE. Fortunately, you have alternative way to make Manipulation work better; however, I will not offer my solutions in this article, may be somewhere else Any way, the MIX of 1kg MASS and 1kg QUANTA is already the best alternative solution for the QUANTA MANIPULATION or MANIPULATION QUANTA' the difference between the MIX and the MANIPULATION is : Ratio of the mix is R of the mix = 90,500,000,000,000,000joule. times of the Mass ENERGY in 1kg mass Ratio of the manipulation =40,000,000 times of the Mass Energy in 1kg Mass                          @17) if you did not want the problems with MANIPULATION QUANTA THAT REQUIRED ELECTRON DIVISION, THEN YOU CAN MANIPULATE eV up to 511,000eVx 40,000,000=2.044x10^13 eV, then keep Quantum Mass at: Quantum (Mass)= 9.11x10^-31kg Quantum (eV)= 2.044 x10^13eV Then you can produce 40,000,000 times the energy of 1kg Mass from E=MC^2 without worry about Electron Divisions Do not think it is difficult, it might be easier than you can imagine . . . . . . .; however, I cannot write all details in this Article, you must observe my Information and think for yourself(selves), then build it!                            @18)Either keep the eV and low the MASS  Principle or keep the MASS and raise the eV Principle in QUANTA MANIPULATION TECH. I can say they are similar and familiar with Potential Energy P= MGH, you can adjust either M or H to raise the P or even G to raise the P in Gravitational field, the QUANTA MANIPULATION OF MASS OR EV HAPPENED IN ELECTRICAL FIELD OR ENERGY FIELD OR QUANTUM QUANTA FIELD, BUT THE MEANING IS SOMETHING SIMILAR AND FAMILIAR . . . . . . THEY ARE AS ANOTHER INFORMATION I CAN SUPPLY TO PROCESSING ENERGY IN QUANTUM QUANTA FIELD, with Quantum Quanta Manipulation techs . . . . . . . . . IF YOU CAN DO ONE THING TO TURN EVERYTHING ELSE IN YOUR FAVOR, THEN IT IS VERY WORTHY TO DO; ESPECIALLY, YOU BECOME VERY FAMOUS LIKE NOBODY BEFORE YOU!!!!!! Tho Huynh Dark Matter Maker Quantum Initiator Space SCience Founder(Do not be confused with NASA Space program or any other space program) Final Particles Mfg THEY MADE LIFE HARDER, I MAKE LIFE EASIER-THO HUYNH They made Technologies to control people, I made technologies to free people If you need more information , then we must have Business meeting, I work for money just like everybody else  

[chuyenvienmatrixfield]

Indonesia can do this to push off Chinese Communists out of their water-----Human can build 27 liters  volume( It is about 9- 10 gallons) Quanta Power Reactor (Not Nuclear Power Reactor) or just 27 kg Quanta Power Reactor, then Human can use it everywhere Human need or even use 27kg QUANTA POWER REACTOR to run cars, and never worry about Energy or OIL again and same time solve pollutions in environment, then Human can enjoy Life, beautiful life without war  and miseries and make Earth in cleanliness Beside, Quanta Power Reactor, Quanta techs can do many other things Human cannot do in normal conditions without Quanta techs-----Read my information to learn how to do QUANTA: NEW FORM OF ENERGY HAS BEEN FOUND AFTER E=MC^2 FOR 2019-1905=114 YEARS BY THO HUYNH:              1)The energy from 1kg Mass in E=MC^2 with C=300,000 km/s=3x10^8 m/s, then E=1kgx(3x10^8m/s)^2= 9x10^16 kg.m/s2.m= 9x10^16newton .m= 9.00x10^16 joule             2 )The Energy from 1kg Quanta                      a)Quantum mass =Electron = 9.11x10^-31kg                      b)The Number of Quanta in 1kg Quanta= 1kg/9.11x10^-31kg=0.109769484x10^31 Quanta                                                                                     =1.1 x10^30 quanta                      c)Quantum energy= 9.11x10^-31kg/1.783x10^-36kg per eV=5.109366237x10^5eV                                                               =5.11x10^5eV                                                            =511,000eV                        d) eV=1.602x10^-19joule Energy of 1kg Quanta=1.1x10^30x511000eV=562,100x10^30 ev                                            =562,100x10^30 x1.602x10^-19joule                                            = 900,484.2x10^11                                             =9.004842x 10^16joule Energy of 1kg Quanta =9.005x10^16 joule. then proportion from 1kg Quanta Energy to 1kg mass Energy is:      1kg Quanta energy/1kg Mass energy = 9.005x10^16 joule/9.00x10^16 joule=1.0005555556                                                                  =1.0006 times WITHOUT QUANTA BONDS ENERGY Energy of 1kg Quanta = 1.0006 times Energy of 1kg Mass IF QUANTA BOND ENERGY=QB(E)= 1/8 QUANTA ENERGY, THEN: QB(E) IN 1KG QUANTA ENERGY IS: QB(E)= 1/8(9.005X10^16 JOULE= 1.125625 x10^16JOULE= 1.126 X10^16JOULE ENERGY IN 1KG QUANTA ENERGY WITH 1/8 QBE IS: ENERGY=QE+ 1/8 QE= 9.005X10^16JOULE + 1.126X10^16 JOULE= (9.005 +1.126)x10^16JOULE                                  =10.131 x10^16joule RATIO ENERGY OF 1KG QUANTA/ENERGYOF 1KG MASS= 10.131x10^16JOULE/9.00X10^16JOULE                                                                                                            =1.125666667                                                                          RATIO(WITH QBE=1/8QE) =1.126 times IT MEANT 1kg Quanta energy might produce 1.126 times energy of 1kg mass from E=MC^2 , then it is as 10.131x 10^16 joule In this proof that E=MC^2 is no longer the case, there are more energy at Quanta levels or NEW FORM OF ENERGY BESIDE MASS IS QUANTA ENERGY AND QBE, I WILL USE ONLY 2 CASES OF QBE(Quanta Bonds Energy) TO PROVE THERE ARE MORE ENERGY AT QUANTA LEVELS AND NEW FORM OF ENERGY HAS BEEN FOUND I USED ONLY 2 CASES TO SHORTEN THE PROOF, IT SUPPOSED TO BE MORE THAN 2 CASES, IT MIGHT BE UP TO 8 CASES or more CASE1: QBE= 1/8 QE IS I CONSIDERED AS MINIMUM IN THIS PROOF, THEN : 1KG MASS ENERGY= 9.00X10^16 JOULE 1KG QUANTA ENERGY= 9.005X10^16JOULE WITH QBE=1/8QE, THEN 1KG QUANTA ENERGY= QUANTA ENERGY+ QUANTA BOND ENERGY= 10.131x10^16JOULE, THEN RATIO=1.126times BETWEEN 1KG QUANTA ENERGY AND 1KG MASS ENERGY CASE2: QBE=1/2 QE, THEN 1KG QUANTA ENERGY= QUANTA ENERGY + 1/2 QUANTA ENERGY= 9.005X10^16JOULE+1/2(9.005X10^16JOULE= 9.005X10^16JOULE+4.5025X10^16JOULE= 13.5075X10^16 JOULE RATIO BETWEEN 1KG QUANTA WITH QBE=1/2 QUANTA ENERGY TO ENERGY OF 1KG MASS IS: RATIO=13.5075X10^16/9.00X10^16JOULE=1.500833333 RATIO=1.501times It meant 1kg Quanta energy produce 1.501  times energy of 1kg Mass from E-MC^2 3)THE ENERGY FROM MANIPULATION OF QUANTA OR QUANTA MANIPULATION TECH: QUANTUM=ELECTRON/7^9=9.11X 10^-31 KG/7^9(**)=2.257542925X10^-38 KG                                                                                                 =2.26X10^-38 KG QUANTUM (eV)=9.11x10^-31kg/1.783x10^-36kg per eV(**)= 5.109366237x10^5 eV=5.11x10^5 eV                                =511,000eV The number of Quanta in 1kg of Quanta N of Quanta= 1kg/2.26x10^-38 kg=0.442477876x10^38 quanta=0.4425x10^38 quanta                                                                 = 4.425x10^37quanta The energy in 1kg Quanta manipulation is: E= 4.425x10^37x 511.000eV=2261175x10^37eV=2261175x10^37x1.602x 10^-19joule(**)   =3622402.35x10^18joule=3.6x10^24 joule   Ratio between 1kg quanta energy to 1kg mass energy is: Ratio=1kg quanta energy MANIPULATION/1kg mass energy=  3.6x10^24/9.00x10^16=0.4x10^8           = 40,000,000 times 1kg QUANTA MANIPULATION might produce 40,000,000 times energy of 1kg MASS energy from E=MC^2= 9.00x10^16 joule  . Ratio=R=40,000,000 times manipulation tech base on principle " you low the mass and keep eV levels to produce 40,000,000 times energy from 1kg mass in E=MC^2", it might be more difficult than the MIX, because Electron mass cannot be lower, read my note READ MY NOTES AT THE END******************************** 4) THE MIX OF 1kg MASS ENERGY WITH 1KG QUANTA   1KG MASS ENERGY= 9.00X10^16 JOULE 1KG QUANTA ENERGY = 9.05 X10^16 joule MIX energy = 9.00x10^16 joule x 9.05x10^16 joule= 81.45x 10^32 joule.joule or j2 or J2 Ratio of the mix ENERGY of 1kg MASS and 1kg QUANTA TO 1KG MASS ENERGY IS: RATIO= 81.45 x10^32 j2/9.00x10^16joule= 9.05x10^16 joule=90,500,000,000,000,000Joule times 2kg of THE MIX ENERGY is 90,500 trillion joule times- 1kg of the MASS energy ********************************************************************** NOTES: 1) 1.783x10^-36kg per eV is as x factor for converse unit from kg to eV or from eV to kg                 2) eV= 1.602 x10^-19 joule                  3) 7^9=40,353,607 is my secret number I used to low the mass of Quantum unit equal to mass of Electron 9.11x10^-31 kg, it meant i have to low the mass of electrons to smaller electrons Mass to raise the amount of Quanta at same time I have to remain or maintain the electron volts eV stayed same level when the mass go down The problems with this MANIPULATION TECH ARE:                       @1)Today Science, TSci, Today Physics, TP, Today Scientists, TS have said you cannot smaller Electron at 9.11x10^-31kg mass any smaller and it seems they did not have any way to do that either or any Idea to do that either. . . . . . . .!!!!!! I disagreed, at least on theories and ideas, because I have some more advance theories and Ideas than TS, TSci, and TP had or did not have. . . . . Actuallly, TS, TSci, TP did not understand Time Radiations or radiation times and Space Dynamics yet; however, I cannot tell where is final limits of smaller Electron yet; even though I used 7^9=40,353,607 as division number for smaller electrons, there is a story for 7^9 from Hindu in India about 5000 years ago!!!!!??? perhaps!!!!!!! But I will not volunteer to explain it yet!!!!!! until later when I need to, actually 7^9 is not a division Number, it is as DEcay or Meson NUmbers, if you know Particle Physics. . . And there are more with Advance theories and concepts those are missing in TP and TSci  and TS as I show below:                        @2): All Spaces are connected                             Space is as one of the only 2 factors that they are only 2 of continuums in the Universe, physical Conditions Universe PCU                       @3) Everything is in formations of QUANTA                       @4)"Smallest Particles are not smallest, but something else is" -Tho Huynh Paradox                       @5)    """"""As long as Spaces are available, then there are particles division to smaller Particles"""""" or for easier to understand and for easier to imagine or due to TSci, TS, TP and scientists complained about not seeing smaller particles after standard Model, then I rephrased my Statement for better description: """"""As long as there are spaces, then there will be divisions of Spaces to smaller Spaces to epsilon Spaces""""""-THO HUYNH FACTS OF SPACE PARTICLES FOR FINAL PARTICLES MFG                       @6) LHC, CERN, FERMI LAB, TS, TSci, and TP and Standard Model, SM have mistake mistakenly to ignore Gravity in Standard model that I have found there might be 85x2=170 more in smaller to Smallest particles and Then: """Higgs field is not Quantum Quanta field Quantum Quanta field is not Higgs field Quantum Quanta fields are mass of the Universe Quantum Quanta fields gave mass to Particles, simply because Quantum Quanta fields are mass of the Universe""""-Tho Huynh                         @7) With E=MC^2 is no longer the case at Quanta levels, then you might run energy from very small sizes of power supplies; for example 1m x1m x1m =1m3 Volume of power supplies, or even 1/2mx1/2mx1/2m = 1/8m3 Volume, then you can do many things with such small power supplies, you can even use for your cars, you cannot do them before my proof of energy OR YOU CAN EVEN MAKEPOWER SUPPLY JUST ABOUT 27 LITERS VOLUME(9-10 gallons) or even 10kg power supply, THEN YOU CAN USE IT EVERYWHERE EVEN USE 27LITERS VOLUME POWER SUPPLY TO RUN YOUR CARS                          @8) There are 6 forces instead of 4 forces as TP, TS, and TSci have claimed in the last 375 years      I) Electromagnetic force     II) Weak Nuclear force    III) Strong Nuclear force    IV)First half of Gravity or Isaac Newton Gravity force or Isaac Newton Pull Force    V) Second half of gravity or Tho Huynh Gravity or Tho Huynh Push Force or Real Gravity   VI) the 6th force, temporary name called to keep my copy right   ��                      @9) Push Gravity is Real Gravity, it is not as Gravity that Isaac Newton has claimed 375 years ago!!!!!!!!!!! TS, TP, Tsci should find out PUSH GRAVITY or THO HUYNH GRAVITY or REAL GRAVITY asap, then they can get a chance to observe GRAVITONS They have missed for 375 years!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Note: Do not assume Push Gravity is just as Force AND REACTION FOCE TO PULL gravity as Isaac Newton law of forces has pointed out. They are relatively independence from each other, in fact they are caused  by diferent causes. Isaac Newton gravity or Pull Gravity is caused by Earth Rotation and Earth Revolution, Tho Huynh Gravity or push gravity or real gravity is caused by Space Expansion or Universe expansion and 2 more causes, but I refer not to reveal it now                          @10)TENTH TSci, TP, TS and Einstein have missed SPace time Quantum time since 1905, 2019-1905= 114 years , they should put them together Space- Time-Quantum time- Dilation-Oscillation, not observe them separately, to see the mechanism of the Universe in space and time                          @11)ELEVENTH Relative Mathematics and RElative Dynamics need to be found to work better for Einstein theories                          @12)12TH With proof of NEW ENERGY Quanta energy, perhaps, Human will no longer worry about ENERGY as Human had problems with LImited OIl capacities                          @13) "there are always 2 spaces to begin with, no matter what"-Tho Huynh Khai niem KHong Gian or Khong Gian Khai Niem, KGKN. I will use examples for general Ideas about Space in two: Front Space- Back Space,Above Space-Below Space,In space-Out space, North space-South Space, Top space-Bottom space, Right Space-left space, West space-East Space, up space- down space etc, etc, etc                         @14)There 2 more key statements for Space and Particles; however, I felt enough for today, I will review them some other time                         @15) QBE depended on how the connections between Quanta to determine the levels of energy of QBE, in this Articl I considered 1/8 Quanta Energy is as smallest level of QBE and 1/2 Quanta energy is as biggest levels of QBE FOR NOW, there are might be 8 more to go!!!!!!!!                         @16) Just in case Manipulation electrons are too difficult to deal with, then you can use alternated elements you might choose from 103 elements in periodic table PERIODIC TABLE. Fortunately, you have alternative way to make Manipulation work better; however, I will not offer my solutions in this article, may be somewhere else Any way, the MIX of 1kg MASS and 1kg QUANTA is already the best alternative solution for the QUANTA MANIPULATION or MANIPULATION QUANTA' the difference between the MIX and the MANIPULATION is : Ratio of the mix is R of the mix = 90,500,000,000,000,000joule. times of the Mass ENERGY in 1kg mass Ratio of the manipulation =40,000,000 times of the Mass Energy in 1kg Mass                          @17) if you did not want the problems with MANIPULATION QUANTA THAT REQUIRED ELECTRON DIVISION, THEN YOU CAN MANIPULATE eV up to 511,000eVx 40,000,000=2.044x10^13 eV, then keep Quantum Mass at: Quantum (Mass)= 9.11x10^-31kg Quantum (eV)= 2.044 x10^13eV Then you can produce 40,000,000 times the energy of 1kg Mass from E=MC^2 without worry about Electron Divisions Do not think it is difficult, it might be easier than you can imagine . . . . . . .; however, I cannot write all details in this Article, you must observe my Information and think for yourself(selves), then build it!                            @18)Either keep the eV and low the MASS  Principle or keep the MASS and raise the eV Principle in QUANTA MANIPULATION TECH. I can say they are similar and familiar with Potential Energy P= MGH, you can adjust either M or H to raise the P or even G to raise the P in Gravitational field, the QUANTA MANIPULATION OF MASS OR EV HAPPENED IN ELECTRICAL FIELD OR ENERGY FIELD OR QUANTUM QUANTA FIELD, BUT THE MEANING IS SOMETHING SIMILAR AND FAMILIAR . . . . . . THEY ARE AS ANOTHER INFORMATION I CAN SUPPLY TO PROCESSING ENERGY IN QUANTUM QUANTA FIELD, with Quantum Quanta Manipulation techs . . . . . . . . . IF YOU CAN DO ONE THING TO TURN EVERYTHING ELSE IN YOUR FAVOR, THEN IT IS VERY WORTHY TO DO; ESPECIALLY, YOU BECOME VERY FAMOUS LIKE NOBODY BEFORE YOU!!!!!! Tho Huynh Dark Matter Maker Quantum Initiator Space SCience Founder(Do not be confused with NASA Space program or any other space program) Final Particles Mfg THEY MADE LIFE HARDER, I MAKE LIFE EASIER-THO HUYNH They made Technologies to control people, I made technologies to free people If you need more information , then we must have Business meeting, I work for money just like everybody else