hello hannah nation, finaly the end of the second to last book! context in the first post, find it through the first tag, have fun!
Book 8 - Portugal and the world, from the Second World War to the start of the 80s - internal options and international context.
Part 2 - Portugal, from Authoritarianism to Democracy
The end of the Second World War was seen as a "victory against fascism", also made Salazar have to, at the very least in apearence, "democratize" the country. The government was dissolved, opposition was allowed to form(the MUD - Movimento de Unidade Democrática), and elections were announced. However, these elections end up being a total farce. The MUD removes their candidacy, and their members are captured and repressed.
Afterwards in the presidential elections the people rally around the candidate Norton de Matos, but he was severely repressed and ended up giving up. The Democratic Oposition fragmented and weakened as time passed, until 1958 with the candidacy of Humberto Delgado, known as the "fearless general", due to his strong position as the one who's not gonna give up from the elections, and for publicly declaring that he would "obviously fire Salazar" once in charge. He created a massive popular mobilization around him, but when the results came he lost with only 25% of the votes. Américo Tomás won and the election system was abolished. But, the results of were put in doubt and the regime lost a lot of credibility, and in the following years the Democratic Oposition only increased in strength.
Economicaly the country was in stagnation. There was a huge lack of infraestructure, farms in the North were too small to mecanize, farms in the South were way too big and wasted, and most farmers lived in total poverty. This led to a lot of emigration, from the rural interior to the coast, but mainly outside of the country, mostly illegaly.
Salazar was forced to rethink his anti-industry policies, and allowed some limited industrialization, but with the sole purpose of replacing imports. The country integrated in the Marshall Plan and elaborated Fomentation Plans, and as such the coastal regions urbanized. This city growth led to a cosmopolitan style of life and aproximation of the country to European standards.
As the old colonial powers decolonized, Portugal remained stubborn, declaring that their colonies were actualy just "overseas provinces". This eventualy led to the colonies revolting, starting the colonial war, which alongside the increased number of ex-colonial nations in the UN, and the hostility of the unitedstatian administration, led to the country becoming even more isolated.
In 1968, Marcello Caetano replaces Salazar, and considering his frequent and periodic oposition to Salazar's ideals while in government gave a sign of hope to the Democratic Oposition. However, in the next elections the União Nacional(party of the Estado Novo) wins 100% of the seats, and increases it's repression on the opposition, showing that Nothing Has Changed. Another topic in which nothing changed was the colonial war, that Marcello Caetano insisted in continuing.
All of this only increased the internal and external oposition to the regime. Internaly: maoists groups, catholics, pastor D. António Ribeiro, the III congress of the Democratic Oposition, the army, specificaly general António de Spínola. Externaly: the Pope Paulo VI, the UN, protests in London during Marcello's visit.
The colonial war led to a lot of unhappiness in the army, who formed the Movimento das Forças Armadas(MFA), who planned a coup. In the 25th of April 1974, the end-of-regime operation begins. After the siege at the Quartel do Carmo, Marcello Caetano surrenders to general Spínola. The Junta de Salvação Nacional is created, that dismanteled the structure of the Estado Novo, and promissed to begin elections one year from then.
Immediatly after the fall of the Estado Novo, known as the "pre-constitutional period", Portugal lived in extreme instability, with the Provisional Governments progressively turning more to the left, with Vasco Gonçalves, associate of the PCP(Portuguese Communist Party) in charge of the Provisional Governments. General Spínola tried to stop this with a coup, but it fails, and in response the government radicalises even more, and creates the Council of the Revolution. The country undergoes multiple nationalizations and massive colectivization, and the African colonies are let go with no concessions. With a lot of pressure from the Socialist Party, the promissed elections take place, on the 25th of April 1975. The far-left loses, but they refuse to leave the government, during a period known as "hot summer", until one final coup on the 25th of November. The new Constitutional Assembly works on elaborating a new constitution, but due to the chaotic and radical conditions they were going through, they signed the MFA-Parties Treaty, that guaranteed the persevation of the revoltionary achievements in the new constitution (such as the nationalizations and the Council of the Revolution). The new constitution enters into effect on the 25th of April 1976.
As time passed, the country underwent multiple constitutional revisions, to democratize the country, and better integrate with the rest of Europe.
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LISTA DE SENTENCIADOS DE PERÚ LIBRE
1. Vladimir Cerrón.
LISTA DE FUJIMORISTAS SENTENCIADOS Fuente:(Poder Judicial)
1. Alberto Fujimori Fujimori
2. Vladimiro Montesinos Torres
3. Nicolás de Bari Hermoza Ríos
4. Elesván Bello Vásquez
5. José Villanueva Ruesta
6. Humberto Rozas Bonucelli
7. Antonio Américo Ibárcena Amico
8. César Enrique Saucedo Sánchez
9. Víctor Dionisio Joy Way Rojas
10. Juan Dianderas Ottone
11. José Alberto Bustamante Belaunde
12. Carlos Alberto Boloña Behr
13. Carlos Alberto Bergamino Cruz
14. Luis Federico Salas Guevara Schultz
15. Juan Abraham Briones Dávila
16. Jorge Francisco Baca Campodónico
17. José Ramos García Marcelo
18. Manuel Máximo Vara Ochoa
19. Absalón Vásquez Villanueva
20. Julio Rolando Salazar Monroe
21. Blanca Nélida Colán Maguiño
22. Edgard Orlando Solís Cano
23. Alfredo Jaililie Awapara
24. Luis Alberto Emilio Kouri Bumachar
25. Máximo Agustín Mantilla Campos
26. Luis Guillermo Bedoya de Vivanco
27. Ernesto Ramón Gamarra Olivares
28. Waldo Ríos Salcedo
29. José Tomas Gonzales Reategui
30. Róger Cáceres Pérez
31. José Luis Cáceres Velásquez
32. Gregorio Ticona Gómez
33. Yvonne Susana Díaz Díaz
34. Juan Silvio Valencia Rosas
35. Víctor Alberto Venero Garrido
36. Eduardo Valdizán Paredes
37. Eduardo Elías Duthurburu Cubas
38. James Eliot Stone Cohen
39. Pedro Huertas Caballero
40. Manuel Aybar Marca
41. Roberto Huamán Azcurra
42. Oscar Eliseo Medelius Rodríguez
43. Mendel Percy Winter Zuzunaga
44. Samuel Winter Zuzunaga
45. José Francisco Crousillat Carreño
46. José Enrique Crousillat López Torres
47. Enrique Héctor Escardó Vallejo
48. Moisés Wolfenson Woloch
49. Alex Wolfenson Woloch
50. Oscar Dofuor Cattaneo
51. Víctor Victoriano Vera Benavides
52. José Olaya Correa
53. Jorge Rivera Schroeder
54. Alejandro Estenós Sepúlveda
55. Fernando Oliveri Agurto
56. José Alberto Oliveri Agurto
57. Manuel Reyes Apesteguía
58. Pablo Documet Silva
59. Boris Romero Ojeda
60. Edgar Camacho Camacho
61. Héctor Faisal Fracalossi
62. Francisco Chirinos Soto
63. María Angélica Arce Guerrero
64. Wilbert Ramos Viera
65. Oscar Rolando Granthon Stagnaro
66. Miguel Montalván Avendaño
67. Raúl Aurelio Talledo Valdivieso
68. Juvenal Mendivil Dávila
69. Carlos Uribe Román
70. María Trinidad Becerra de Montesinos
71. Jacqueline Beltrán Ortega
72. Antonio Vera Juárez
73. Arnan Guido Lora Lora
74. Mario Arbulú Seminario
75. Pilar Rocío Meza Ramírez
76. Ernesto Ángel Delhonte López
77. José Ordóñez Villanueva Villanueva
78. Edwyn Rodomiro Vidal Córdova
79. Ángel Rodríguez Flores
80. Giovani Miguel Vargas Meza
81. Lourdes Muñoz Rodríguez
82. Milagros Janet Alarcón Guillergua
83. Janet Evelyn Guillergua García
84. Julián Cortéz Sánchez
85. Hernán Meléndez Vera
86. Luis Calle Arias
87. Martín Concha Aragón
88. Enrique Alberto Romero Zuleta
89. Angela Berta Cristina Romero Talledo
90. Alberto Venero Nazar
91. César Cerna Pajuelo
92. María Teresa Bacigalupo Matellini
93. Alejandro Rodríguez Medrano
94. Víctor Raúl Castillo Castillo
95. Emilio Alipio Montes de Oca Begazo
96. Feliciano Almeida Peña
97. Nelson Reyes Ríos
98. Adalberto Seminario Valle
99 Julia Eguía Dávalos
100. Sixto Muñoz Sarmiento
101. José Carlos Bringas Villar
102. Rómulo Muñoz Arce
103. Ramiro Eduardo de Valdivia Cano
104. Walter Miguel Hernández Canelo
105. Ángel Rafael Fernández Hernani Becerra
106. Elías Moisés Lara Chienda
107. Nina Sonia Isabel Rodriguez Flores
108. Arquímides Roberto Pesantes Kredert
109 David Belisario Pezúa de Vivanco
110. Luis Aybar Cancho
111. José Aybar Cancho
112. Brichani Aybar Cancho
113. Santos Cenepo Shapiama
114. Juan López Rodríguez
115. Charles Acelor Cokeran
116. Luis García Tamariz
117. Luis Meza Rodríguez
118. Eduardo Moisés Ramos Chávez Valdivia
119 Guillermo Felipe Venegas Pinto
120. César Enrique Saucedo Linares
121. César Alberto Saucedo Linares
122. Jenny Rossemary Saucedo Linares
123. Annie Jaqueline Saucedo Linares
124. María Delia Vergara Pérez
125. Erlinda Claudia Sánchez Franco
126. Rosa María Sánchez Franco
127. Antonio Cabello Cruz
128. Luis Clemente Malca Guizado
130. José Tito López Paredes
131. Manuel Humberto López Paredes
132. Herless Diaz Diaz
133. Manuel Castillo Salazar
134. Alejandro Sánchez Quispe
135. Wilfredo Enrique Valderrama Zegarra
136. Manuel Ubillús Tolentino
137. Federico Gonzalo Hurtado Ezquerra
138. Diomelo Portocarrero Grandez
139. Dionisio Alejandro Delfos Medina
140. Antonio Valverde Aranda
141. Manuel Aybar Marca
142. José Lizier Corbetto
143. Javier Pérez Pezo
144. Alejandro Montes Walters
145. Manuel Túllume Gonzales
146. Emma Mejía Guzmán
147. Liliana del Carmen Pizarro de la Cruz
148. Magda Collantes Maguiña de Peña
149. Nelly Tovar Mendivil
150. Antonio Palomo Orefice
151. Luis Manuel Delgado de la Paz
152. Aldo Wilfredo Rodríguez Cesti
153. Marco Antonio Rodríguez Huerta
154. Mariano Eliseo Rodriguez Oliva
155. Victoria Rogelina Alfaro Vargas
156. Winston Enrique Alfaro Vargas
157. Elsa Felicita Casa Sotomayor
158. Migdonio Bellota Viera
159. Laura Cecilia Bozzo Rotondo
160. Alberto Briceño Galdós
161. Miguel Ángel Gómez Rodríguez
162. Luis César Abt Torres
163. Juana Luisa Quiroz Bocanegra
164. Carla Eleonora Hermoza Quiroz
165. Nicolás de Bari Hermoza Quiroz
166. Abel Alberto Muñoz Sáenz
167. Julio César Rosales Alarcón
168. José Luis Malpartida del Pino
169. Roberto Camilo Samanamud Garay
170. Hugo Alberto Infante Cueva
171. Américo Abelardo Fernández Cáceres
172. Aldo Wilfredo Rodríguez Cesti
173. Juan Alejandro León Varillas
174. Luis Enrique Mayaute Ghezzi
175. Manuel Esteban Pancorbo Rivera
176. Eduardo Agustín Bornaz Saavedra
177. Andrés Esteban Cochachín Quintana
178. Jorge Víctor Huapaya Naupay
179. Maximiano Marroquín Girón
180. Walter Pachas Ochoa
181. Santos Ramiro Tesen Lorenzo
182. Manuel Himerón Ramírez Ortiz
183. Ramón Jaime Vicente Pérez
184. Constante Traverso Paz
185. José Palma Beltrán
186. Ángel Pongo Machado
187. Manuel Tafur Ruiz
188. Adolfo Felipe Lira Chiock
189. Julia Edith Chávez Norabuena
190. Marisa Isabel Morón Miranda
191. Jaime Reynaldo Iberico Iberico
192. Carlos Alfonso Rivas Vargas Machuca
193. Roguer Burgos León
194. Jorge Martín Felices Pareja
195. Luís Enrique Ganoza Céspedes
196. José Luis Castañeda Céspedes
197. Enrique Alberto Gonzáles Vásquez
198. Néstor Gustavo Tafur López
199. Rodolfo Romero Herrera
200. Javier Revilla Palomino
201. César Enrique Victorio Olivares
202. Homero Nureña León
203. Ricardo Vargas Cayo
204. Américo Crescencio León Márquez
205. Cosme Ccucho Oviedo
206. Martín Hernan Luna Ames
207. Nicolás Miyamoto Honda
Notas
1.Diversas personas tienen más de una condena firme.
2.En esta relación no aparecen las personas condenadas cuya apelación a la sentencia no ha sido resuelta por el tribunal superior (los miembros del destacamento Colina, por ejemplo).
3.En esta relación tampoco aparecen las personas que, admitiendo su
responsabilidad en actos de corrupción fujimontesinista, se acogieron a la
colaboración eficaz.
4. Esto es solo Fujimori padre, Keiko y compañía tienen su propio historial delictivo.
OJO: "El pecado de unos no hacen santos a otros".
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