#acute bladder snail

[dougdimmadodo]

Acute Bladder Snail (Physella acuta)

Family: Bladder Snail Family (Physidae)

IUCN Conservation Status: Least Concern

A common resident of ponds, lakes and streams across much of Europe and North America, the Acute Bladder Snail spends the vast majority of its life underwater but can only extract oxygen from air, so must regularly climb to the surface to re-fill an air-filled bladder within its shell (earning it its name.) Hardy and fecund, members of this species feed on aquatic plants, algae and detritus and rely on their curled shells for protection against their many predators, which include numerous small fish, freshwater turtles, non-parasitic leeches and larger carnivorous snails - should a predator grasp or bite them, Acute Bladder Snails are capable of using a unique muscle to furiously waggle their shell in an attempt to shake them off before detaching from the surface they are attached to and attempting to sink to safety. Like most gastropods Acute Bladder Snails are hermaphrodites (with every individual producing both sperm and eggs) and are capable of fertilizing their own eggs, although where possible they show a preference for mating with other members of their species instead (likely because self-fertilization reduces the health and fitness of offspring due to a lack of genetic diversity.) Following mating, members of this species lay dense clusters of tiny eggs covered by protective gelatinous sacs, which they typically attach to the stems or leaves of aquatic vegetation.

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Image Source: Here

[rattyexplores]

Photo 1 - Melanoides tuberculata / Photo 2 - Physella acuta

Two types of snails found in a drainage ditch.

17/09/23 - Gastropoda spp.

QLD:BRB - Townsville, suburban drainage ditch

[y0rkminster]

My eight bettas! Each lives solo in a 5-10g tank.

Top, from left:

Jupiter: King betta. Lives in a 10g, is part-wild and is just as nutty as the tiny betta imbellis whose coloring he has. Once leapt into a filter output because he wanted to find a girlfriend. Saw Saturn once during a water change and was obsessed with wanting to find and fight him for about two weeks.

Vulcan: Lives in an 8g. strong little guy. He was at a local fish store, in really bad shape. His jar water was dark brown, stank, and stool/uneaten food had congealed into a large ball. Vulcan was buried in it, thrashing to get out, but his swim bladder disease was so severe that he couldn’t. I couldn’t leave him. But the manager wouldn’t let me get him because he was clearly sick. I was able to pick him up next day. He spent two weeks in a breeder box, needed a lot of methylene blue and TLC, couldn’t swim at all for three days and didn’t eat for five, but healed. He now has moderate chronic swim bladder disease but is otherwise doing well.

Saturn: Absolutely stunning and knows it! He’s colored up even more from this picture. Extremely dramatic. Once had him out of the tank in a jar while I totally re-scaped his 10g, and he flared at me the entire time. It was like two hours. Will eat from my hand but refuses to if I’m home from work after 9pm.

Aeneas: lives in a 5g. From the same store as Vulcan, on the day they wouldn’t let me take Vulcan. He was gray, floating at the top. Thought he was already dead. But he healed! He’s still got some chronic swim bladder disease too, and has a very “blown around” way of swimming even in still water. But he’s doing well generally.

Bottom, from left.

Pluto: lives in an 8g. Stunning black orchid, hard to photograph. He had been kept in a “contained ecosystem” by his last owner. He had acute columnaris but survived with some Furan-2 and his being a badass.

Artemis: lives in a 7g. My only girl, and the queen of the house. Flares at my cat. Bullies her ramshorn snails for her own amusement. Adorably curious and very interactive. Her last owner kept her in a mason jar and was going to flush her if they couldn’t rehome her.

Mars: lives in an 8g. Literally always angry. I’ve never seen a betta flare so much but he’s spectacular. No stress stripes or clamping either, eats like a pro, so I think it’s just his personality. Also came from a “contained ecosystem”.

Janus: lives in a 5g. Was pretty sick when I got him but healed like Superman. He has dwarfism and is only half the length of a typical betta, with unusual proportions. He’s adorable and once killed a fly by leaping up when it swooped under his lid.

[bettas-and-other-oddities]

Betta Q&A and misconceptions (Pt1)

* "Bettas are sold in small cups, so they must need a small tank!"

Unfortunately, from my experience working at a petstore, we keep bettas in cups because its easier to sell, and we don't have the time to perfectly match each betta with the fish already in our tanks. And my corporate is too thick headed to make a cool betta rack where each one is filtered and heated ect. It sucks to watch. The recommended tank size for a betta is NO LESS than 2.5, but I recomend at least 5 gallons.

* "Bettas don't need a heater"

Bettas absolutely need a heater. As referred to above, we don't have the space, or a small enough heater for a 4oz cup. If you dont have a betta in a heated tank, it can slow their metabolism down, lower their immune system defense, and vastly shorten their life span. They are tropical fish.

* "Don't wild bettas live in puddles?"

This is one I constantly get at work when I suggest a larger tank than the .25gal they want. Bettas in the wild TRAVEL in puddles when the dry season is current and they need to find more water. Most of the time, a lot of bettas die because they cook in the puddles, and they can't make it to deeper waters.

* "Do I really need such a large tank for one fish?"

Yes, you do. Bettas looove to swim. That's why its so hard to take pictures of them without putting them in a breeding box of sorts. You really don't need your 987 sq foot house, you could technically live in a nyc studio wherer its just a long rectangle. But you wouldn't be happy. Plus, they come from acres upon acres of rice fields. The best we can do is give them a larger tank.

* "Bettas live in dirty water so I don't need a filter"

They also live in a lot more water than you can provide to them. The larger the space of water they have, the less likely they are to die of ammonia. Having a filter is a must, unless you want to do daily water changes, or have a really intense bioactive set up. It also helps with oxygenating the water. A dirty tank leads to infection and death real quick.

* "My betta built a bubble nest, does that mean he is happy?"

Unfortunately, no. It means they are sexually mature and they are ready to mate. Ive seen huge bubble nests in betta cups turned yellow from lack of care.

* "Can I keep my betta in a vase with a plant, since the betta can eat the plant and the plant will feed off of the pee and poop"

....this one really irks me. For one, a vase for a flower is too small for a a betta. Two, bettas are insectavores/carnivores. They eat bugs and meat. The only reason the betta will eat the plant is because it is its last attempt to fend off starvation, and at that point, you are torturing the poor animal.

* "Bettas only need to eat once a week"

Please don't starve your fish. At the pet store we feed them twice a week because they live in cups, they don't swim, and are cold. If we fed them everyday they would swim in their own waste, die from toxic ammonia, and get swim bladder issues constantly. At home, if you have a bigger tank, you need to feed your betta at least 5 times a week. Its good to have fast days, but do not give your betta fast weeks. They will burn those calories really quickly zipping around their large home.

* "Bettas are so aggressive they can't live with any other type of fish!"

Whenever people say this I can't help but roll my eyes a little, because they normally say it like a betta fish is a harpy or some mythical beast. Usually, you can house bettas with other tropical fish, as long as they aren't flashy and fin nippers. Ive had luck with neon tetras, snails, shrimp, and even at one point a lil khuli loach. It depends vastly on the temperament of the betta. Mushroom for example, as small as he is, I know he is really aggressive. Finnigan would probably tolerate a tank mate, and Talos would be okay with a tank mate. You really need to know your bettas temperament to determine an appropriate tank mate.

* "Females are smaller and peaceful, so I can put them together!"

No, you cannot. Females are just as aggressive, and more dangerous because they don't have long heavy fins slowing them down. Do NOT have a sorority of bettas. Its never a matter of if they fail, its always when.

* "How long do bettas live"

I used to say 3-5 years, but lately with the disgusting rate of over breeding for colour and aggression, its more like 1-2.5 years.

* "How do I get my betta to love me?"

Its an open debate whether bettas have the brain complexity to be able to love their owners. In my opinion, they really don't. I think that they can have basic emotions such as anger/aggresion, and comfort when they are housed nicely. You can train your betta to come up to you and flair whenever you feed them, but it really is just a food response rather than a love response.

* "How do I know if my betta is sick?"

I usually take a picture of my fish when I buy them if I think they are healthy. I then compare the photo to the fish if I think there is something wrong. I also keep a look out for lethargy, loss of fins, loss of appetite, and if they have any odd growths like a tumor or fingus.

* "My betta fish is lazy and does nothing but hide, so all bettas are like that"

If your betta does nothing but hide and act lazy, I would make sure he is healthy and your water quality is good. There are some shy/lazy bettas out there, but usually they are still active sometimes. It also can be due to the fact that you have almost nothing in your tank, and they loathe large open spaces, as it makes them feel unsafe and vulnerable and stressed. Bettas love to be active.

* "Bettas are just dumb fish and there is nothing special about them"

Granted bettas are not everyones cup of tea, bettas do have great personalitys and are acutally really smart. I've trained Finnigan (even though he is a gourami) to "give me kiss" before he gets his food (he has to swim to where my finger is and peck the glass before he gets a treat) and I've taught Talos to flair on command. Some people train their bettas to jump through hoops. You get as much interaction as you put in.

[stripeysnail]

Hello, I was wondering if you have or have experience with the little aquarium Ramshorn snails? We had one as a hitchhiker a few weeks ago and have fallen in love, I'd love to buy some and start a tank, so I'm trying to learn about them all I can ^^ if not, thank you for taking the time to read this

Yes! I have a tank full of them! And all other kinds of “pest” snails: acute bladder snails, malaysian trumpet snails, and multiple color variants of the small ramshorn snails.

They live in a tank that’s kept like any other freshwater aquarium: cycled, filtered, with periodic partial water changes.

There are live plants in there, and the snails only use them to lay eggs on, and sometimes nibble on the dead leaves. They don’t seem to be interested in eating live plants at all.

If you’re in California, I could mail you some if you cover the cost of shipping. In the USA, you can’t ship snails across state borders without a permit, and I don’t have one :)

[pseudomona-lisa]

Schistosomiasis

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection caused by blood flukes called schistosomes. The disease is also known as bilharziasis, named after Theodor Bilharz, the man who first identified the parasite in 1852. The disease occurs in Africa, the Caribbean, eastern South America, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East, with prevalence being highest in sub-Saharan Africa.

There are actually five schistosome species that can cause disease. Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum, and S. haematobium are the three major species. S. mansoni and S. japonicum tend to cause intestinal tract disease while S. haematobium tends to cause genitourinary disease.

Humans acquire the disease when exposed to contaminated freshwater. The life cycle of the disease is interesting and complex. First, eggs are released into the water via feces or urine from infected humans or animals. Once the eggs hatch, larvae called miracidia are released. The miracidia are only able to survive around 7 days and must find a snail host to continue their life cycle. After penetrating the snail, the miracidia eventually develop into cercariae which are released from the snail into the water. The cercariae can survive up to two days and are most infectious within the first few hours after being released from the snail. If a human host is found, the cercariae will penetrate the skin, shed their tails, and become schistosomulae. They will migrate to the liver where they mature into adults over two to four weeks. Once matured, the adult worms reproduce and migrate toward the mesenteric veins (intestine) and the vesical venous plexus (bladder). From here, the worms can be excreted in urine or feces. However, some worms may instead become entrapped in the host’s tissue resulting in inflammation and fibrosis.

That was a lot, but it’s important to know the life cycle. Now, on to symptoms...

Many infected individuals remain asymptomatic. Those who live in endemic areas are less likely to develop an acute syndrome, likely due to immunity from early exposure. Travelers, however, are more prone to developing an acute illness after infection. 

Commonly, infected individuals will develop “swimmer’s itch” which is an itchy rash that develops at the site of the cercariae penetration (often the feet or lower legs). 

Some will develop acute schistosomiasis syndrome, also known as Katayama fever, 3-8 weeks after exposure. Manifestations of this syndrome include sudden onset of fever, urticaria, angioedema, chills, myalgias, arthralgias, dry cough, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and headache. 

Intestinal schistosomiasis (remember, this is typically caused by S. mansoni and S. japiconum) can result in chronic or intermittent abdominal pain, poor appetite, and diarrhea. The infection may result in ulceration of the colon, potentially leading to intestinal bleeding and iron deficiency anemia. Intestinal polyps and dysplasia can arise due to inflammation surrounding eggs that are deposited in the bowel wall.

Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis can occur in a couple of different ways. In children/adolescents, most commonly there is nonfibrotic granulomatous inflammation around trapped eggs in the presinusoidal periportal spaces of the liver. These changes are generally reversible and do not result in apparent liver dysfunction. In adults, however, collagen is deposited in the periportal spaces (spaces in the liver), which causes periportal fibrosis. This is known as Symmer’s fibrosis and can lead to occlusion of the portal veins, resulting in portal hypertension with splenomegaly, portocaval shunting, and gastrointestinal varices. 

Genitourinary schistosomiasis (remember, this is typically caused by S. haematobium) can lead to infertility and increased risk of HIV transmission. Infected individuals may develop dysuria, hematuria, ulcerations in the bladder, pseudopolyps in the bladder, and fibrosis of the bladder. Obstructions may occure along the urinary tract, potetntially leading to renal failure. Females may get lesions of the vulva, vagina, and cervix. Males may get involvement of the epididymis, testicles, spermatic cord, or prostate.

Neuroschistosomiasis can involve the spinal cord and/or brain. It can manifest in many different ways and is considered a medical emergency. Some of the possible symptoms: lower limb pain, lower motor dysfunction, bladder paralysis, bowel dysfunction, seizures, motor and/or sensory impairment. 

Moral of the story: watch out for snails 🐌

[arushmichael]

Schistosomiasis: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

By Arush Emmanuel Michael

It is a disease caused by trematodes known as Schistosomes. They are trematodes in which the sexes are separate, that is, they are diecious. The males and females can be differentiated on the basis of morphological features. The males are broader and possess a gynaecophoric canal where the female is held during the process of copulation. The male looks like it is longitudinally split with the canal in the centre. The parasite was earlier termed Bilharzia after Theodore Bilharzia who discovered it in the mesenteric veins of a young man in Cairo. These schistosomes are present in the venous plexuses in the body but according to the species, the location of the parasite may vary. As many as 100 million people are infected by Schistosoma every year in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The species involved are S. haematobium, S. japonicum and S. mansoni. Schistostomiasis is a water borne disease of significant importance when it comes to public health.

Life cycle of Schistosoma

All the species of Schistosoma follow a common life cycle pathway. The adult worm are found in the pelvic venous plexuses (S. haematobium), inferior mesenteric vein (S. mansoni) or superior mesnteric vein (S. japonicum). The females extend their anterior end into venules and lay their eggs which pass through the vessels of urinary bladder (S. haematobium), large intestine (S. mansoni) and ileo-caecal region (S. japonicum) and finally are released through the urine (S. haematobium) or the faeces (S. mansoni and S. japonicum). The eggs hatch in favourable conditions in the water and release free swimming miracidium larvae. These larvae enter the intermediate hosts (snails) and asexually develop through first generation and second generation sporocyst into fork tailed cercaria. The fork tailed cercariae are infective to man and penetrate the skin to enter the venules and then shed their tail to form schistostomula. These schistosomulae pass through the right heart, pulmonary circulation, left heart and finally enter the systemic circulation. When they reach the intrahepatic veins they develop into sexually mature adult schistosomes capable of reproducing. The females release the eggs and the life cycle continues.

Symptoms of Schistosomiasis

The fork tailed cercariae which penetrate the skin produce:

·        Dermatitis

·        Pruritic rash (itchy rash)

S. mansoni mainly produces intestinal symptoms, therefore it is known to cause schistosomal dysentery or intestinal bilharziasis. The symptoms of the condition include:

·        Abdominal pain

·        Bloody diarrhoea

Acute schistosomias or katayama fever might develop in a Schistosoma infection with:

·        High fever (pyrexia)

·        Hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen)

·        Lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes)

·        Dysentery

Egg laying especially in S. haematobium produces painless terminal haematuria which is microscopic initially but might become gross if infection is heavy. Due to deposition of oxalate and uric acid crystals around the eggs, calculi might develop in the urinary bladder. Association between urinary bladder cancer and chronic schistosomiasis has been found. Once you are diagnosed with any condition and are prescribed treatment, you can now buy medicines online in India.

Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis

After you consult a doctor, the doctor shall ask you your chief complaints and as to what made you come to the hospital. After this, the doctor shall ask relevant questions pertaining to your condition and your symptoms in order to complete your medical history. If you have a travel history to areas where the infection is prevalent it can imply that the diagnosis of the condition might be Schistosomiasis as the condition is very common in those areas. This will be followed by a physical examination to check for any more signs and symptoms that might be important in your case. The doctor will now refer some tests in order to confirm the probable diagnosis so that treatment can be started.

1.      Microscopic Examination: The characteristic eggs can be identified with microscopy of urine (S. haematobium) or faeces ( S. mansoni and S. japonicum)

2.      Biopsy: A cytoscope or a proctoscope can be utilised to obtain biopsy material and examine it microscopically.

3.      Serological Tests (for antibody detection)

·        ELISA ( Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay)

·        IFAT ( Immunofluorescence Antibody Test)

·        CFT (Complement Fixation Test)

·        RIA (Radioimmuno assay)

Treatment of Schistosomiasis

Praziquentel is utilised for treatment of Schistosomiasis. You can now order medicines online in India, once you are prescribed treatment for your condition.

[7r0773r]

The Peregrine by J. A. Baker

I have always longed to be a part of the outward life, to be out there at the edge of things, to let the human taint wash away in emptiness and silence as the fox sloughs his smell into the cold unworldliness of water; to return to the town as a stranger. Wandering flushes a glory that fades with arrival.

I came late to the love of birds. For years I saw them only as a tremor at the edge of vision. They know suffering and joy in simple states not possible for us. Their lives quicken and warm to a pulse our hearts can never reach. They race to oblivion. They are old before we have finished growing. (p. 10)

***

What is, is now, must have the quivering intensity of an arrow thudding into a tree. Yesterday is dim and monochrome. A week ago you were not born. Persist, endure, follow, watch. (p. 13)

***

I shall try to make plain the bloodiness of killing. Too often this has been slurred over by those who defend hawks. Flesh-eating man is in no way superior. It is so easy to love the dead. The word ‘predator’ is baggy with misuse. All birds eat living flesh at some time in their lives. Consider the cold-eyed thrush, that springy carnivore of lawns, worm stabber, basher to death of snails. We should not sentimentalise his song, and forget the killing that sustains it. (p. 14)

***

The eyes of a falcon peregrine weigh approximately one ounce each; they are larger and heavier than human eyes. If our eyes were in the same proportion to our bodies as the peregrine’s are to his, a twelve stone man would have eyes three inches across, weighing four pounds. The whole retina of a hawk’s eye records a resolution of distant objects that is twice as acute as that of the human retina. Where the lateral and binocular visions focus, there are deep-pitted foveal areas; their numerous cells record a resolution eight times as great as ours. This means that a hawk, endlessly scanning the landscape with small abrupt turns of his head, will pick up any point of movement; by focussing upon it he can immediately make it flare up into larger, clearer view. (p. 35)

***

All morning, birds were huddled together in fear of the hawk, but I could not find him again. If I too were afraid I am sure I should see him more often. Fear releases power. Man might be more tolerable, less fractious and smug, if he had more to fear. I do not mean fear of the intangible, the suffocation of the introvert, but physical fear, cold sweating fear for one’s life, fear of the unseen menacing beast, imminent, bristly, tusked and terrible, ravening for one’s own hot saline blood. (p. 73)

***

I found myself crouching over the kill, like a mantling hawk. My eyes turned quickly about, alert for the walking heads of men. Unconsciously I was imitating the movements of a hawk, as in some primitive ritual; the hunter becoming the thing he hunts. I looked into the wood. In a lair of shadow the peregrine was crouching, watching me, gripping the neck of a dead branch. We live, in these days in the open, the same ecstatic fearful life. We shun men. We hate their suddenly uplifted arms, the insanity of their flailing gestures, their erratic scissoring gait, their aimless stumbling ways, the tombstone whiteness of their faces. (p. 95)

***

He fell so fast, he fired so furiously from the sky to the dark wood below, that his black shape dimmed to grey air, hidden in a shining cloud of speed. He drew the sky about him as he fell. It was final. It was death. There was nothing more. There could be nothing more. Dusk came early. Through the almost dark, the fearful pigeons flew quietly down to roost above the feathered bloodstain in the woodland ride. (p. 108)

***

No pain, no death, is more terrible to a wild creature than its fear of man. A red-throated diver, sodden and obscene with oil, able to move only its head, will push itself out from the sea-wall with its bill if you reach down to it as it floats like a log in the tide. A poisoned crow, gaping and helplessly floundering in the grass, bright yellow foam bubbling from its throat, will dash itself up again and again on to the descending wall of air, if you try to catch it. A rabbit, inflated and foul with myxomatosis, just a twitching pulse beating in a bladder of bones and fur, will feel the vibration of your footstep and will look for you with bulging, sightless eyes. Then it will drag itself away into a bush, trembling with fear.

We are the killers. We stink of death. We carry it with us. It sticks to us like frost. We cannot tear it away. (p. 121)

***

I avoid humans, but hiding is difficult now the snow has come. A hare dashed away, with its ears laid back, pitifully large and conspicuous. I use what cover I can. It is like living in a foreign city during an insurrection. There is an endless banging of guns and tramping of feet in the snow. One has an unpleasantly hunted feeling. Or is it so unpleasant? I am as solitary now as the hawk I pursue. (p. 127)

***

But the pull and twist of [the cock bullfinch’s] bill to break off a bud reminded me of a peregrine breaking the neck of its prey. Whatever is destroyed, the act of destruction does not vary much. Beauty is vapour from the pit of death. (p. 180)

[pharmanewstrands-blog]

Schistosomiasis Treatment Market Register a Hugh Growth In Healthcare Industry by 2026

Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by infection with freshwater parasitic worms. It can be acute or chronic infection mainly caused by parasitic worm’s blood flukes (trematode worms). There are two forms of schistosomiasis, such as intestinal and urogenital. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) reports in 2017, urogenital schistosomiasis is a high risk factor for the transmission of HIV infection in women.

People usually get infected during agriculture, domestic, and occupational activities, which exposes them to infected water resulting into immune reactions. Symptoms in intestinal schistosomiasis infected patient shows various symptoms such as, abdominal pain, diarrhea, liver and spleen enlargement, fibrosis of the bladder, and progressive damage of kidney. Other chronic symptoms includes blood in stool, blood in urea, genital lesions, nodules in seizures, paralysis, seminal vesicle, and vaginal bleeding. This symptoms could result into urogenital related schistosomiasis complications, such as bladder cancer, and long term irreversible consequences such as infertility.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 218 million people required preventive treatments for schistosomiasis in 2015 and more than 66.5 million people were reported as treated for schistosomiasis in the same year. Further, WHO states that the transmission of schistosomiasis was reported in 78 countries. Schistosomiasis treatment is a major concern due to lack of proper medication and vaccination. Preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis includes praziquantel, metrifonate, and oxamniquine.

Request A Sample Copy: http://bit.ly/30D3zQS

Development of novel vaccines for the treatment of schistosomiasis is expected to propel the growth of schistosomiasis treatment market

According to the University of Nottingham in 2017, researchers have discovered the infiltrin protein on a parasitic egg, which may be responsible for this infectious disease. This discovery is expected create opportunities for targeted development of vaccination and treatments. Moreover, the College of Science at Oregon State University (OSU), discovered the new protein in Biomphalaria glabrata snail, known as Grctm6 in 2017. Research is in progresses use this protein as a biocontrol agent against schistosomiasis.

Dr. Afzal Siddiqui, a professor at the Tech Health Sciences Center, in 2015, received a patent for vaccine to treat schistosomiasis. The vaccine demonstrated successful results in pre-clinical trials and is undergoing clinical trials for safety and efficacy evaluation. Patent applications have also been filed in China, India, and Brazil. Dr. Siddiqui intends to develop and distribute this vaccine at affordable rates for the infected people. This is expected to stimulate growth in the schistosomiasis treatment market in future.

Increasing demand for preventive chemotherapy against schistosomiasis is expected to favor the growth of schistosomiasis treatment market

In May 2017, Global Schistosomiasis Alliance organized the world’s Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) program hosted by World Health Organizations (WHO). Many organization from various economies supported this schistosomiasis control initiative program, which include Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Research for Control and Elimination (SCORE), Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, The Federal Ministry of Health Ethiopia (FMHE), and The Ministry of Health (MoH).

The major players in schistosomiasis treatment market include, Chemos GmbH & Co. KG, Shin Poong Pharma.Co. Ltd., Meher Distributors Pvt. Ltd., Merck & Co., Salvensis, Bayer AG, LondonPharma Ltd, Merck & Co., Inc., 3S Corporation Kancera AB, aj Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Avanscure Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd, CBC Pharma., VHB Life Science Inc., Samarth Pharma Pvt. Ltd., Taj Pharmaceuticals Ltd.,and Egyptian International Pharmaceuticals Industries Co SAE (EIPICO). These companies offer various drugs, which are being used for preventive chemotherapy.

Click To Read More On: Schistosomiasis Treatment Market

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[internationalnursesassociat-blog]

Unusual Emergency Room Cases

You cannot work in an emergency room for long without seeing some unusual cases.  Here are some strange, but actual, unusual ER cases.

You know what they say about raw beef: You shouldn't eat it (at least, not unless you cook it first).  A man in China learned this lesson the hard way after finding out that he had a 20-foot-long (6 meters) tapeworm living inside of him— a result of chowing down on uncooked cow meat.  The tapeworm likely lived inside the man's small intestine for at least two years before he went to see the doctors who would ultimately help him flush out this lengthy stowaway.  

The man complained of stomach pain, vomiting, loss of appetite and weight loss; his doctors were able to quickly identify the cause of these symptoms because the patient brought along a crucial piece of evidence — a fragment of the parasite, which he had found in his stool. Combined with the patient's known predilection for raw beef, the tapeworm specimen helped doctors guess that the man was sharing his intestine with Taenia saginata(a species of beef tapeworm). After being treated with an antibiotic that caused him to pass the tapeworm out of his body within hours, the man's symptoms cleared up in just three months, according to a case report published in The New England Journal of Medicine in January 2016. Presumably, the man's preference for uncooked beef passed just as quickly.

A parasitic worm infection that causes a "calcified bladder" — a condition that probably feels every bit as uncomfortable as it sounds.  A 43-year-old man in Qatar found out just how painful a calcified bladder can be. He had blood in his urine and pain when he peed for a month before doctors diagnosed him with an infection by the parasite Schistosoma, which is transmitted by freshwater snails. The man's infections was located near his bladder and ureters (the tubes connecting the bladder to the kidneys). Eggs of the parasite ended up on the wall of the man's bladder, and his body's immune response caused these areas of the bladder wall to become calcified in a pattern known as "eggshell calcification," according to a case report published in The New England Journal of Medicine in February 2016.

Related:  Top 10 Tips to Start Your Semester the Right Way

While this kind of calcification as a result of schistosomiasis(another name for Schistosome infection) is not rare, it is unusual for doctors to see a patient with an entire bladder encased in calcium, since it takes years for that much calcium to build up inside the body.

But the patient's doctors suspected that the man actually became infected with the parasite as a child and that he lived with it for at least 30 years before doctors prescribed a treatment.

What could cause a healthy 26-year-old to suffer a heart attack? Drinking nearly a dozen energy drinks a day, every day, that's what.  A man in Texas told doctors that he regularly consumed eight to 10 caffeine-laden energy drinks a day before suffering a heart attack. He also smoked a pack of cigarettes a day for two years prior to the incident, according to a report published in the journal Case Reports in Emergency Medicine in February 2015. [5 Health Problems Linked to Energy Drinks]  It's possible that the excessive amount of caffeine in these drinks, as well as other potentially harmful substances, may have reduced blood flow in the man's coronary blood vessel, causing a blood clot to form and ultimately resulting in a heart attack. The report's authors also noted that smoking may have led to the constriction of the man's coronary artery.

Green tea is supposed to be good for you; researchers have found that compounds in the beverage may help suppress lung functions, while it improves certain brain functions. However, drinking too much of the green stuff is not a good idea if you're not sure what else is in the tea bag, according to report published in the journal BMJ Case Reports in October 2015.

A 16-year-old girl in the U.K. learned this lesson the hard way when, after consuming about three cups of green tea a day for three months, she started to show symptoms of acute hepatitis, or inflammation of the liver.   The girl had ordered the suspect tea online (after hearing claims it could help her lose weight). Most of the beverage's ingredients were in Chinese, so she wasn't sure exactly what was in the alleged "weight loss" beverage. Her doctors didn't analyze the exact chemical makeup of the tea, but once the girl stopped consuming it, her symptoms  which included jaundice, joint pain, and dizziness, improved quickly.

Related:  Reputable Registered Nurse Shernett A.M. DeMarco, RN, PhD, MSN, BSN, will be Announced in the Worldwide Leaders in Healthcare

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[man1health1]

Penis Pain When Urinating Might Be Schistosomiasis

The human body is an enormously complex system, and sometimes problems that come up in one part of the body may be symptoms of something that affects more parts of the body. For this reason, sometimes a penis health issue may signal an issue that goes beyond the penis. For example, sometimes penis pain can be a localized issue and sometimes it can be part of a larger problem. One such problem could in some cases by a condition known as schistosomiasis.

What’s that name again?

Most people have never heard of schistosomiasis, which also goes by the slightly easier to pronounce name of bilharzia. It is caused by a nasty parasitic worm called a schistosome, whose host of choice is unfortunately the human, although they will feed on other hosts as well – especially snails.

The effects of schistosomiasis can vary widely from person to person. Some people are symptom-free and never know that they have the disease. In others, however, the disease can range from mild to extremely serious and sometimes fatal.

Schistosomiasis tends to be found in more tropical parts of the world and is fairly rare in Europe and the United States. However, it is very common elsewhere in the world, with some 200 million people affected.

How does a person get it?

Basically, a person can get schistosomiasis if they swim, wade, bathe, or drink from a body of fresh water that is infected. The water usually gets the parasites when an infected person urinates or defecates in it. This deposits schistosome eggs into the water, which hatch and then make their way into snails, if they are present. There they develop into the adolescent parasite form and leave the snail in search of a human host. (They have approximately 48 hours after leaving the snail to find that host or else they will die.)

Once inside a human host, they develop over a period of weeks into their adult form and live within the body’s blood vessels. When they lay eggs, some end up in the bladder or the intestines.

As mentioned, many people with schistosomiasis have no symptoms at all. Some with an acute form may develop rashes (which may be on the penis), itchiness, and bumps. Sometimes a fever, fatigue, headache, joint pain, and other symptoms may occur.

People with a chronic case may have much more severe symptoms, with significant gastrointestinal problems (including potential liver scarring), enlarged spleen, high blood pressure, bleeding in the esophagus, pulmonary hypertension, and urinary tract infections. It is this last named that causes the possible penis pain, which in some cases can be severe, as well as kidney damage. It is not unusual for a man with a chronic case to also experience blood in his urine, in addition to penis pain.

Treatment

Praziquantel, which is used to treat a number of parasitic worms, is usually recommended for treatment of schistosomiasis. Corticosteroids may also be employed, depending on the type and severity of schistosomiasis diagnosed.

It is much better to try to prevent acquisition of these parasitic worms, so anyone traveling to an area in which the condition is endemic should avoid swimming in lakes, ponds, and rivers. Drinking bottled water is also advised.

Schistosomiasis is only one potential cause of penis pain. Often, penis pain can be alleviated by regular use of a first-rate penis health oil (health professionals recommend Man 1 Man Oil, which is clinically proven mild and safe for skin), especially when the pain is due to overuse or rawness of the penis. In such cases, an oil with a combination of hydrators, such as shea butter and vitamin E, can provide much-needed and soothing moisturization. The selected oil should ideally also include vitamin D, the so-called “miracle vitamin,” which has proven benefits in fighting diseases and supporting healthy cellular function.

[slimeysnailfriends]

the bladder sails i have are call “acute bladder snails” yes. they are very a cute bladder snails.

[heathertruitt]

Pumpkin seed oil benefits and side effects

Pumpkin seed oil is known to help treat prostate disorders, improve urinary health and promote a healthy heart.

It has also been linked to having cancer fighting properties as well as the ability to grow hair.

Its found in some prostate and hair loss supplements.

Benefits

Pumpkin seed oil is rich in several unique bioactives, including oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid.

Pumpkin seed oil is effective in treating an enlarged prostate. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition as men age. As the prostate gland enlarges, symptoms such as frequent or urgent need to urinate, increased urination at night, difficulty starting urination or inability to completely empty the bladder becomes a problem (1).

Researchers are increasingly looking into alternative therapies to effectively treat and prevent BPH. In a 2009 Korean study, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed over 12 months on 47 benign prostatic hyperplasia patients.

Participants received either placebo (group A 320 mg/day), pumpkin seed oil (group B, 320 mg/day), saw palmetto oil (group C, 320 mg/day) or pumpkin seed oil plus saw palmetto oil (group D, each 320 mg/day).

At the conclusion of the study, it was noted that in comparison to placebo, quality of life score improved after three months of treatment in group B (pumpkin seed oil) and group C (saw palmetto oil), while improvements were seen after six months of treatment in group D (pumpkin seed oil plus saw palmetto oil).

Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) was reduced only in group D after three months. PSA is a protein produced by both cancerous and noncancerous tissue in the prostate. An elevated PSA can indicate an enlarged or inflamed prostate or the presence of prostate cancer (2).

Maximal urinary flow rates were gradually improved in groups B and C, with statistical significance after six months in group B and after 12 months in group C (3).

These results suggest that pumpkin seed oil and saw palmetto oil may be effective as a complementary treatment for BPH. There were also no adverse side effects noted.

Pumpkin seed oil improves overactive bladder. Pumpkin seed oil has been associated with improving urinary disorders, namely overactive bladder syndrome. A 2014 study sought to evaluate the effects of pumpkin seed oil from Cucurbita maxima (the main pumpkin species grown for food, especially in Japan) on alleviating symptoms of this condition.

Forty-five subjects were given an oral dose of 10 g of oil each day for 12 weeks. At the six and 12 week mark, it was noted that the total scores (daytime frequency, nighttime frequency, urgency and urgency incontinence) were significantly decreased compared to the scores at the start of the study.

Pumpkin seed oil decreases atherosclerosis development. Atherosclerosis is a condition in which the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in the artery walls can restrict blood flow (4). Atherosclerosis leads to a range of complications, including coronary heart disease, carotid artery disease and aneurysms. Pumpkin seed is high in unsaturated fatty acids and a rich source of phytochemicals, which help to improve blood cholesterol and aid in cardioprotection.

Researchers in 2015 investigated the potential long-term health effects of replacing saturated fats in diet with unsaturated fats on the development of atherosclerosis.

Using an animal model, mice were fed a Western-type diet containing cocoa butter and cholesterol for 20 weeks. In separate groups, cocoa butter was replaced by refined or virgin pumpkin seed oil (both types of are comparable in fatty acid composition, but different in phytochemical content).

Promising results revealed that both oils decreased LDL cholesterol (a.k.a. “bad” cholesterol) and triglyceride levels. In addition, phytochemical-rich virgin pumpkin seed oil exerted an anti-inflammatory effect which attenuated the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (5).

Pumpkin seed oil has antitumor activity. Several studies show that the extracts of pumpkin rind, flesh and seeds show inhibition for cancer cell breast carcinoma and liver carcinoma. Seed oil showed probable cytotoxicity (cell death) against breast carcinoma in the range of 0.40–1.01 mg (6).

Pumpkin seed oil has antioxidant properties. In a 2013 study published in Environmental Toxicology, researchers evaluating the effects of the seed oil on aflatoxin poisoning (a family of toxins) in mice were met with promising results.

At the end of the 21-day study, it was concluded that administration of pumpkin seed oil diminished aflatoxin-induced adverse effects (7).

Pumpkin seed oil is shown to be effective in men with alopecia. Alopecia, a common form of hair loss, affects approximately 50 million men and 30 million women in the U.S. (8)

A 2014 study investigated the efficacy and tolerability of pumpkin seed oil in male patients with mild to moderate alopecia. Seventy-six males received 400mg of oil each day or placebo for 24 weeks.

At the end of the study, the group treated with the oil had a mean hair count increase of 40 percent, while increases of 10 percent were observed in the placebo-treated men. There were no adverse effects in the two groups (9).

Pumpkin seed oil helps treat intestinal parasite infections. In countries such as Germany and China, pumpkin seeds are often recommended in addition to other pharmacological treatments for tapeworms. In China, pumpkin seeds have also been shown to effectively treat acute schistosomiasis, a severe parasitic disease that is transmitted by snails (10).

Side effects

Pumpkin seed oil appears to be safe when taken short-term.

According to a 2009 issue of Nutrition Research and Practice, many patients take it in supplement form for BPH every day without apparent adverse effects (11).

Yet, according to the authors, studies of long-term treatment of BPH patients using pumpkin seed oil is necessary in order to assess the occurrence of side effects.

Recommended dosage

Due to ongoing human and animal studies, the dosage of pumpkin seed oil is not well-established.

In one study, the dosage to lower cholesterol was 2 g daily.

The dosage in a study to treat BPH was 320 mg/day (12).

Recap

Pumpkin seed oil is known to help treat prostate disorders, improve urinary health and lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

It has also been linked to having anti-tumor and antioxidant properties as well as the ability to grow hair. Short-term use in clinical studies has not produced adverse side effects.

Moving forward, researchers are interested in increasing the number of participants taking part in studies along with evaluating a longer observation period for efficacy and side effects. They also want to get a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for its many medicinal properties.

  https://bodynutrition.org/pumpkin-seed-oil/

https://bodynutritionorg.wordpress.com/2018/07/23/pumpkin-seed-oil-benefits-and-side-effects/

[meena-perfumery-blog]

Product Code : Meena/Co/001 Availability : In Stock Price : $8.00 

Product Link : http://essentialoilbulk.com/Carrier_Oil/pumpkin-seed-oil.asp

Pumpkin seed oil, also called Kuerbiskernoel, is extracted from the seeds of the Styrian pumpkin grown in Austria and Slovenia. It is also said to be an effective diuretic, and is sometimes used to relieve urinary tract infections. Two studies found the oil to be beneficial for relief of the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by improving the function of the bladder and urethra. Pumpkin oil has a high tryptophan content that may be useful in the treatment of insomnia. PROSTATE FUNCTION: Pumpkin seed oil has been used in combination with saw palmetto in two double blind human studies to effectively reduce symptoms of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. ANTI-ARTHRITIC: Studies have shown that pumpkin seed oil is as potent as the drug indomethacin at relieving chronic rheumatoid arthritis.

ANTI-PARASITIC: Cucurbitin is an amino acid that has shown anti-parasitic activity in vitro. Human studies conducted in China have shown pumpkin seeds to be helpful for people with acute schistosomiasis, a severe parasitic disease occurring primarily in Asia and Africa that is transmitted through snails.

KIDNEY FUNCTION: Pumpkin seeds appear to both reduce levels of substances that promote stone formation in the urine and increase levels of compounds that inhibit stone formation. 

[crashfu]

Trying to figure out how to get some acute bladder snails back into my aquarium, to help eat algae, feed the assassin snails, and just generally scoot around bein’ cute and snaily..

I could actually buy some off of eBay and have them shipped to me, and just dump them on in there... but considering my previously large population was eaten completely to extinction I doubt a dozen or so would last..

I might need to set up a secondary, mini tank.. something really small, that you wouldn’t even put one fish in, and then buy a new aquarium plant of some sort and plant it there.. my previous colony of bladder snails all just hitch-hiked in on store-bought plants, so surely I could count on a repeat of that?  Then I could leave that secondary aquarium to be a snail paradise, and occasionally lettuce-bait groups out to move into the main aquarium...  hmm.  I wonder if I would even need filtration for such a tank, since acute bladder snails don’t breath water, but rather just scoop in air from the water’s surface?

[crashfu]

Damn, I could barely find four acute bladder snails left in my entire aquarium.  Managed to catch a couple of them and move them to a separate little container with some algae and a food wafer, so they hopefully can repopulate..

I need more algae-eaters and the assassin snails need more food.   Good thing the little “pest” snails reproduce quickly; now I just have to hope my assassins can last a while without anything to prey on. :I