#World Crusade Europe 1993

[k-i-l-l-e-r-b-e-e-6-9]

[savage-kult-of-gorthaur]

POLISH EXTREME METALLERS ON CRUSADE.

PIC(S) INFO: Mega spotlight on live shots of Polish death metal band, VADER, from the group's 1993 "World Crusade" European tour with fellow death metal acts BOLT THROWER (headliners) and Swedens's GRAVE (supporting). Unknown country & concert venue. 📸 credit also unknown.

Sources: http://psychopathological.over-blog.com/article-hymns-of-death-chapter-xxiv-69672298.html & X.

[incorrect-koh-posts]

Other than leper king and his heirs which book would you recommend for research on Baldwin iv of Jerusalem?

All right then, buckle up for some nerdery! 😁

I will preface this by saying that I am not a total expert on Baldwin and haven't done a colossal amount of research specifically on him. I could chew your ear off prattling on about the general world of the crusader kingdoms, their politics, and about Raymond III of Tripoli and Sibylla of Jerusalem in particular, but Baldwin isn't my main interest here. Also, as far as I know, Hamilton's study is the only longer academic work centred solely around Baldwin. Hence, in order to learn more about your fav and the world he lived in, I'd recommend reading a little more broadly. Being a king, he is featured (at least in some capacity) in most publications that deal with the Latin kingdoms in the latter half of the 12th century.

That said, have a list:

Piers D. Mitchell: "Leprosy and the Case of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem: Microbacterial Disease in the Crusader States of the 12th and 13th Centuries", International Journal of Leprosy, vol. 61, no. 2, 1993, pp. 283-91. Pretty self-explanatory. You can find this article on the internet; Mitchell also has a few other publications that deal with medicine in the crusader states, so you might find some additional Baldwin stuff there as well.

Elma Brenner: "Recent Perspectives on Leprosy in Medieval Western Europe", History Compass, vol. 8, no. 5, 2010, pp. 388-406. Has a little bit on Baldwin, might be useful if you want to find out more about how the disease was regarded by his contemporaries.

Helen J. Nicholson: Sybil, Queen of Jerusalem, 1186-1190. Routledge, 2022. This is a really good and really recent one that I was lucky enough to find in my uni library. Of course Sibylla-centred, but gives a good overview of the politics in Outremer and of course has passages about Baldwin in it. Also look into some of Nicholson's other publications if you're interested in the role of women in the context of crusading.

Kevin James Lewis: The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint Gilles. Routledge, 2017. Obviously mostly a Raymond-centric source, but it is also relatively recent and has a good chunk on Baldwin in the chapter where Lewis talks about Raymond's time as Baldwin's regent.

Joshua Prawer: Crusader Institutions. Oxford University Press, 1980. More politics to be found here, but very well put together. Prawer was an extremely prolific scholar where the history of the Latin East and the crusades was concerned, so - once again: if you're interested, look up his other works.

Jonathan Riley-Smith: The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, Oxford University Press, 1997. Good overview that goes into detail about the mentality among crusaders and aspects of daily life. Again, Riley-Smith is one of the authorities in the field, so looking into his bibliography might be worth a shot.

If you're into military history, the works of Benjamin Z. Kedar, John France - or, if you want something more dated, R.C. Smail - might be of interest to you. They mostly cover general points of Frankish and Muslim warfare or the Battle of Hattin in particular (other than in Hamilton or in some of the primary sources from the crusader period, I've never come across an article on the Battle of Montgisard), but might be helpful if you want to get a feel for what life was like at the time.

Hans-Eberhard Mayer is also definitely worth a look as a scholar, even though his works are a bit older now. However, I'm not sure how much of his stuff you can find in translation - I've only read him in German.

For the physical setting of crusader-period Jerusalem and the material culture, I very heartily recommend two works written or edited by Adrian J. Boas: Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape and Art in the Holy City under Frankish Rule (Routledge, 2001) and The Crusader World (Routledge, 2016). I consult both of these frequently for world-building in my fic writing.

If you want something on the general concept of the knight / chivalry, Maurice Keen's Chivalry (Yale University Press, 2005) might be a good start. For a detailed analysis of medieval courtly culture, I recommend Joachim Bumke's Courtly Culture: Literature and Society in the High Middle Ages (2000, English translation by Thomas Dunlap). That thing was invaluable when I was writing my BA thesis. And if you'd like to know more about the literary life of the crusaders, there is a recent publication called Literature of the Crusades (Cambridge University Press, 2019) edited by Simon Parsons and Linda M. Paterson that I also found rather good.

For fashion: The various Osprey Military History books are a good choice if you want visual representations of knightly dress. There's also a collection of essays called Encountering Medieval Textiles and Dress: Objects, Texts, Images (Palgrave Macmillan, 2002) edited by Désirée Koslin and Janet Snyder, which is one of the better ones I've found, as most books about medieval fashion focus mostly on later centuries. This one might be a bit hard to get through, though, if you don't have some kind of background knowledge about medieval texts or architecture.

If you want something less strictly academic and more in the vein of popular history, you might want to try James Reston's Warriors of God (2002) or the much more dated but rather fanboy-ish The Crusades: A History (also sometimes titled The Dream and The Tomb) by Robert Payne, which is very pro-Baldwin.

Other than that, I'll link you an older post about fictional depictions of Baldwin and other assorted good bois and girls from KoH. I hope this will scratch the Baldwin itch for you!

And: If anyone has more suggestions, of course do feel free to add them!

[eretzyisrael]

September 11, 2024

Sep 10, 2024

Substack

By Phyllis Chesler

That dreadful day is back again; it will always be 9/11, both on the calendar and in our memories. It will forever be remembered as the 21st century's Day of Infamy.

Islamic Jihad had pierced a huge hole in history. None of us will--or should--ever be the same.

On September 11, 2001, at about 11am, I walked over to my computer and typed the sentence: “Now we are all Israelis.” Afterwards, Osama bin Laden called the assault on America “blessed attacks” against the infidel…the new Christian-Jewish crusade.” He explained that the Twin Towers had fallen because of American support for Israel.

War against the infidel and a new kind of antisemitism, masked as anti-Zionism, had been declared. I had no choice but to write The New Anti-Semitism, and to document the Jihad against the West that was already well underway.

Civilians anywhere, everywhere, are potential targets. Increasingly, at airports, in government buildings, at television stations, the security has grown tight, and resembles the kind of security that Israel alone was first forced to pioneer and that now exists for every Jewish building in Europe and the United States.

Jihad came to the United States quite a while ago. For most of us, It slipped right in under the radar.

In 1968, Palestinian Christian, Sirhan Sirhan, assassinated Presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy because America was supplying weapons to Israel. Sirhan was found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment.

In 1990, Egyptian-born El Sayyid Nosair, assassinated Rabbi Meir Kahane, who preached Jewish self-defense, founded the Jewish Defense League, was a member of the Israeli parliament, and who did not believe that Arabs would allow Jews to ever live peacefully in the Holy Land. Nosair, represented by William Kunstler, was originally sentenced to a maximum of 22 years in prison. When it was discovered that he had been involved with the "blind Sheikh's" plot to blow up the World Trade Center, Nosair was tried in federal court and found guilty of terrorism charges. He was given a life sentence.

In 1993, Egyptian-born Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman, (the "blind sheikh"), plotted to blow up New York City landmarks including the George Washington Bridge, and the Lincoln and the Holland Tunnels. In 1993, he and his followers successfully exploded a truck bomb at the World Trade Center which killed six civilians and injured 1,000. He was found guilty and sentenced to life in prison. American leftist lawyers defended him and carried his messages out for him.

In 1994, Lebanese born Rashad Baz shot at a busload of high school yeshiva students on the Brooklyn Bridge, killing 16 year-old Ari Halberstam and wounding three others. He was found guilty and sentenced to 141 years in prison; his act was reclassified as one of terrorism.

Far from home, in 1983, 220 Marines, 18 sailors, and three Army soldiers were blown up in their barracks in Beirut. In 2000, 17 American sailors were blown up in Yemen on the U.S.S. Cole. Since then, many more soldiers have been killed, blown up in war zones from Afghanistan and throughout the Middle East.

As of 9/11, Jihad was more visible to Americans and seemed here to stay. Countless attempted Jihad attacks have been stopped but many more were successful. They are too numerous to mention here. Many jihadists were considered lone, or mentally ill actors but all were fully indoctrinated supporters of Jihadi-terrorist groups.

**********

[alfvaen]

last song: I’m currently listening to "Redcar les adorables étoiles (prologue)" by Christine & The Queens, which I just bought a few days ago on eMusic. I like their sound.  Current song is “Rien dire”.

currently watching: Many things.  Rewatching “Doctor Who”, “Buffy The Vampire Slayer”, “Lost”, “Star Trek: TNG” and “Star Trek: The Animated Series”, watching “The X-Files”, “She-Hulk: Attorney-At-Law” and the new “Quantum Leap”; started watching “The Peripheral” but not sure if I’ll continue; somewhere in the middle of rewatching “Friends”, “Lexx”, and “Red Dwarf”.

currently reading: Michelle Sagara’s Cast In Peril, from her Elantra series on which I am a wee bit behind.  Also reading (for the first time) Marvel comics from June 1993 on Marvel Unlimited...and in the middle of a “Sandman” reread to go along with listening to the “Endless” podcast.

current obsession: Playing Crusader Kings 3 with a mind-control oriented mod to see if I can manage to take over the world (or at least Europe, North Africa and western Asia).

i was tagged by @anyboli

Tag nine (9) people you’d like to know better (brain can't think of enough people rn but if you want to, do it!)

last song: Spilt Needles - The Shins

currently watching: Strange New Worlds, but also trashy home renovation reality shows on Netflix. (Trashy by my standards, which means I feel like I'm compromising my moral principles by watching them. I don't think rapid flips/renovations for entertainment are really ethical, and flipped houses in general have a terrible rep for a reason, but I love transformations. Also more practically, they're great for when I want new background sounds, but I can't give whatever I'm watching my full attention.) I'm also low-key rewatching Hilda in the background at work.

currently reading: Unmasking Autism by Devon Price (I don't read a ton of nonfiction but this was recommended to me by a friend & it's really interesting)

current obsession: wheel-throwing pottery (I just signed up for open studio time this afternoon after work- normally I can't do those slots because that's when I make dinner, but we're eating leftovers tonight so I grabbed a slot.) Also always and forever Wheel of Time; I dreamed last night that I was like, live-acting in a WoT reboot and they'd decided to give Mat the medallion early and also make it the cursed object instead of the dagger? It was kind of fascinating as a concept.

[catbreeds2]

Norwegian Forest Cats

The mild and pleasant Norwegian Forest Cat — Wegie, for brief — is keen on members of the family however doesn’t demand fixed consideration and petting.

The Norwegian Forest Cat, known as the skogkatt (forest cat) in Norway, is a pure breed and regardless of its feral look is just not a descendant or a hybrid of any wild cat species. Forest Cats in all probability arrived in Norway from Europe, descendants of home cats launched to northern Europe by the Romans. It’s supposed that the Norwegian Forest Cat has existed for a very long time, since a number of mentions of enormous, lengthy haired cats exist in Norse mythology. Estimates of when these cat tales had been written fluctuate tremendously. Most Norse myths had been handed down by oral custom and had been lastly recorded in what was known as the Edda poems, written someday between 800 A.D. and 1200 A.D. These myths recommend that home cats have been in Norway for lots of, presumably 1000’s, of years. Whether or not the cats portrayed within the myths are Forest Cats is topic to debate.

When cats arrived within the northern international locations, most probably with human settlers, merchants, or crusaders, the breed’s progenitors had been most likely brief haired, for the reason that cats transported by the Romans got here from Egypt (typically) and had been brief haired varieties. The cats survived and in time tailored to the extreme local weather. Northern Norway, the place the solar by no means units from Could 12 to August 1, and the place the winter nights are correspondingly lengthy and darkish, proved a harsh take a look at for these cats. Over the centuries of prowling the Norwegian forests, they developed lengthy, dense, water resistant coats, hardy constitutions, fast wits, and well-honed survival instincts.

The primary efforts to have the Forest Cat acknowledged as a definite breed started within the 1930s. The primary Norwegian cat membership was based in 1934, and in 1938 the primary Forest Cat was exhibited at a present in Oslo, Norway. World Battle II, nevertheless, put a damper on all cat breeding and displaying, and after the warfare the breed got here near extinction. Interbreeding with Norway’s brief haired home cat (known as the hauskatt) threatened the Forest Cat’s existence as a pure breed. It wasn’t till the 1970s that the cat fanciers of Norway began a severe breeding program to protect the Norwegian Forest Cat.

Wegies (as Forest Cats are affectionately identified) arrived in the USA in 1980. The identical 12 months, a small group of American fanciers based the Norwegian Forest Cat Fanciers’ Affiliation and started working to get the Forest Cat acknowledged by North American cat registries. TICA, the primary to acknowledge the breed, accepted the Wegie for Championship competitors in 1984. The breed attained CFA Championship standing in 1993 and received during the last affiliation, ACA, in 1995.

Measurement: These are large cats. Males can weigh 13 to 22 kilos or extra, with females considerably smaller. The Wegie matures slowly and isn’t full grown till 5 years of age.

Life Span: 12 to 16 years

NORWEGIAN FOREST CAT PERSONALITY

The persona of the Norwegian Forest cat could be very people-oriented cat and really interactive They usually be taught methods, get pleasure from fetching issues and take properly to a harness and leash.

Undoubtedly not a couch-potato, they’re playful and dog-like, and will be nice cats for the correct youngsters protecting in thoughts that some people choose to perch shut by slightly than on their human companions.

Not your best option for people who’ve lengthy work days, they may turn out to be bored and typically damaging if left alone too lengthy.

The Forest cat is a pleasant selection for households and busy households the place they are going to co-mingle joyfully with quite a lot of two and four-legged pals.

These cats undoubtedly take pleasure in some out of doors time, and if uncovered to colder climes will develop a fully extraordinary coat of fur that sheds out in mounds-full within the spring and summer season months.

The Norwegian Forest cat has been acknowledged by the Cat Fanciers Affiliation (CFA), the world’s largest cat group, since 1993. It’s a comparatively unusual pure-bred or “pedigreed” home cat breed.

They arrive in any colour or sample and the attractive coat is lengthy and silky with a dense undercoat. This pure breed doesn’t require as a lot grooming as another long-haired breeds, do to much less matting, however there may be heavy shedding of the undercoat, often within the spring, that common brushing will assist management.

These are lengthy, giant and highly effective cats which have few breed-related well being points, apart from a bent to some kidney and coronary heart problems. Hold these points in thoughts when interviewing breeders.

As a result of it’s lively and will be demanding of human interplay the Norwegian Forest cat could be a superb household pet that does significantly nicely with thoughtful kids, kinds sturdy bonds, and likes to be included in all the things.

NORWEGIAN FOREST CAT HEALTH

Each pedigreed cats and mixed-breed cats have various incidences of well being issues that could be genetic in nature. Norwegian Forest Cats are typically wholesome, with an extended life span of 14 to 16 years. The next ailments have been seen within the breed:

– Glycogen Storage Illness IV, a uncommon heritable situation that impacts metabolism of glucose. Most kittens with the illness are stillborn or die inside just a few hours of start, however often a kitten won’t present indicators till about 5 months of age and normally die inside a couple of months. A DNA take a look at is accessible that may determine affected and provider cats. – Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a type of coronary heart illness that’s inherited in some cat breeds such because the Maine Coon. Heritability has not been confirmed within the Norwegian Forest Cat. – Polycystic kidney illness, a genetic situation that progressively destroys the kidneys. No DNA check for the illness is offered for Norwegian Forest Cats, however the illness might be detected via ultrasound as early ass 10 months of age. – Retinal dysplasia, an eye fixed defect that causes spots on the retina however doesn’t worsen the cat’s imaginative and prescient.

NORWEGIAN FOREST CAT CARE

Brush or comb the Norwegian Forest Cat’s lengthy coat a couple of times per week, utilizing a bristle brush, wire slicker brush or chrome steel comb. For those who run throughout tangles, work them out gently so that you don’t harm the cat. A shower isn’t obligatory, which is an effective factor. With the Wegie’s virtually mackintosh, it may be very troublesome to get him moist sufficient for a shower.

Brush the enamel to stop periodontal illness. Day by day dental hygiene is greatest, however weekly brushing is best than nothing. Wipe the corners of the eyes every day with a smooth, damp material to take away any discharge. Use a separate space of the fabric for every eye so that you don’t run the chance of spreading any an infection. Examine the ears weekly. If they appear soiled, wipe them out with a cotton ball or gentle damp fabric moistened with a 50-50 combination of cider vinegar and heat water. Keep away from utilizing cotton swabs, which may injury the inside of the ear.

Maintain the litter field spotlessly clear. Like all cats, Wegies are very explicit about rest room hygiene. A clear litter field can even assist to maintain their fur clear.

He’s actually constructed to outlive a chilly local weather, however it’s a good suggestion to maintain a Norwegian Forest Cat as an indoor-only cat to guard him from illnesses unfold by different cats, assaults by canine or coyotes, and the opposite risks that face cats who go open air, reminiscent of being hit by a automotive. Wegies who go open air additionally run the danger of being stolen by somebody who wish to have such an uncommon cat with out paying for it. If potential, construct your Wegie a big outside enclosure the place he can benefit from the parts safely.

NORWEGIAN FOREST CAT BREED TRAITS

The Norwegian Forest Cat’s distinguishing double coat varies in size based on the time of yr. The cat goes by way of a spring ‘molting,’ when the winter coat is shed, and a fall shedding, when the summer season coat departs. At these occasions of 12 months, thorough combing is critical except you need seasonal layers of cat hair on the whole lot. The remainder of the yr the Forest Cat requires minimal grooming since he tends to hold onto his coat, maybe remembering these harsh winters.

NORWEGIAN FOREST CAT COAT COLOR AND GROOM��NG

The Norwegian Forest Cat is notable for his lengthy, thick, stunning coat and huge measurement. The top has an inverted triangle form, pointed on the chin after which widening on either side up towards the medium to massive ears, that are closely tufted. Massive, almond-shaped eyes are inexperienced, gold or copper, though white cats might have blue eyes or odd eyes (one blue eye and one eye of one other coloration). The reasonably lengthy physique seems to be highly effective, with its broad chest and closely muscled thighs. Massive spherical paws have tufts of fur between the toes. The fuzzy tail is so long as the physique.

The weatherproof double coat varies in size. The “bib” begins with a brief collar on the neck, “mutton chops” on the aspect and a full frontal ruff. Full britches—lengthy hair on the thighs—cowl the hind legs. On the physique the coat is lengthy and flowing, however it modifications with the seasons. A Wegie in summer time seems comparatively bare in comparison with his full winter glory. The coat is available in nearly each colour and sample, with or with out white, with the exceptions of chocolate, lavender or lilac, or a pointed sample like that of the Siamese.

NORWEGIAN FOREST KITTENS

Norwegian forest kittens are typically simply very energetic, even a bit rowdy, notably when there may be multiple. They may run by way of the home like colts at play and check the boundaries of all furnishings.

Regardless of their rambunctious nature, they’re normally fairly trainable with solely occasional litter-box difficulties. It is a breed that has been recognized to love privateness when utilizing the potty, so discovering an excellent place for the field is necessary.

Kitten-proofing is unquestionably really useful for anybody contemplating adopting or buying any kitten.

Excessive furnishings must be off limits, warning must be taken when holding these wriggly little kids, notably when carrying them throughout laborious wooden or tile flooring, and areas underneath counters and doorways ought to be blocked off as they’ve a really robust urge to discover.

In Look, the Norwegian Forest kitten goes via just a few totally different levels They’re little fluff-balls of their first weeks, however undergo a gangly, colt-like part as 5 to 18 month previous youngsters.

These further huge cats can take as much as 5 years to succeed in full mature dimension and look!

Vitamin is essential for all cats, however giant breed kittens require the most effective recipes when rising.

It is a comparatively uncommon breed and they aren’t at all times available so in case you are searching for a pure bred Norwegian Forest kitten to purchase you might have to look a bit to discover a Norwegian Forest cat breeder.

NORWEGIAN FOREST BREED STANDARD

Head Form: The pinnacle is formed like an equilateral triangle with all sides of equal size as measured from the surface of the bottom of the ear to the surface base of the opposite ear and following down the facet of the pinnacle to the chin and again as much as the ear. The neck is brief and closely muscled. The nostril is straight from the forehead ridge to the tip and not using a break within the line. Ears are medium to massive, rounded on the tip, broad on the base, set as a lot on the aspect of the top as on high of the top – alert, with the cup of the ears pointing a bit sideways. Ears are closely tufted with lynx ideas being very fascinating. The eyes must be massive, almond formed, well-opened, expressive; set at a slight angle with the outer nook larger than the inside nook. Eyes are inexperienced, gold, or copper in colour. White cats could also be odd-eyed or blue eyed.

Physique and Tail: Physique is giant, medium to lengthy with plenty of bone, a broad, deep chest and flank and vast, highly effective shoulders. Legs are medium in size with good bone. The hind legs are longer than the entrance. The paws are medium to massive with a slight toe-out. There ought to be heavy tufting between the toes. 5 toes in entrance, 4 in again. The tail is lengthy and bushy, equal to the physique in size.

Coat: Full double coat, thick and woolly below and lengthy, flowing and full outer. A neck ruff, toe feathering, ear furnishings and ear tufts are all fascinating.

Sample: Tiger and tabby colours are commonest however many colours are acceptable. Factors, particularly, usually are not fascinating.

Total Look: This must be a large, imposing, and muscular cat with a protracted, highly effective torso, and good bone. A beautiful, wild wanting cat with an athletic, highly effective presence and a playful, dog-like persona.

A FEW MORE NORWEGIAN FOREST CAT FACTS

Norwegian Forest cats are closely furred to guard them from the northern local weather of their origin. They’ve fuzzy ears and even have fur between the toes- like fluffy snow shoes- referred to as “toe-feathers”

[blackkudos]

Melba Liston

Melba Doretta Liston (January 13, 1926 – April 23, 1999) was an American jazz trombonist, arranger, and composer. She was the first woman trombonist to play in big bands during the 1940s and 1960s, but as her career progressed she became better known as an arranger particularly in partnership with pianist Randy Weston.

Life and career

Liston was born in Kansas City, Missouri. At the age of seven, Melba's mother purchased her a trombone. Her family encouraged her musical pursuits, as they were all music lovers. Liston was primarily self-taught, but she was "encouraged by her guitar-playing grandfather" who she spent significant time with learning to play spirituals and folk songs. At the age of eight, she was good enough to be a solo act on a local radio station. At the age of ten, she moved to Los Angeles, California. She was classmates with Dexter Gordon, and friends with Eric Dolphy. After playing in youth bands and studying with Alma Hightower, she joined the big band led by Gerald Wilson in 1944.

She recorded with saxophonist Dexter Gordon in 1947 and joined Dizzy Gillespie's big band, which included saxophonists John Coltrane, Paul Gonsalves, and pianist John Lewis) in New York for a time when Wilson disbanded his orchestra in 1948. Liston performed in a supporting role and was nervous when asked to take solos, but with encouragement she became more comfortable as a featured voice in bands. She toured with Count Basie, then with Billie Holiday (1949) but was so profoundly affected by the indifference of the audiences and the rigors of the road that she gave up playing and turned to education. Liston taught for about three years.

She took a clerical job for some years and supplemented her income by taking work as an extra in Hollywood, appearing in The Prodigal (1955) and The Ten Commandments (1956). She returned to Gillespie for tours sponsored by the U.S. State Department in 1956 and 1957, recorded with Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers (1957), and formed an all-women quintet in 1958. In 1959, she visited Europe with the show Free and Easy, for which Quincy Jones was music director. She accompanied Billy Eckstine with the Quincy Jones Orchestra on At Basin Street East, released on October 1, 1961, by Verve.

In the 1960s she began collaborating with pianist Randy Weston, arranging compositions (primarily his own) for mid-size to large ensembles. This association, especially strong in the 1960s, would be rekindled in the late 1980s and 1990s until her death. In addition, she worked with Milt Jackson, Clark Terry, and Johnny Griffin, as well as working as an arranger for Motown, appearing on albums by Ray Charles. In 1964, she helped establish the Pittsburgh Jazz Orchestra. In 1971 she was chosen as musical arranger for a Stax recording artist Calvin Scott whose album was being produced by Stevie Wonder's first producer, Clarence Paul. On this album she worked with Joe Sample and Wilton Felder of the Jazz Crusaders, blues guitarist Arthur Adams, and jazz drummer Paul Humphrey. In 1973, she moved to Jamaica to teach at the Jamaica School of Music for six years before returning to the U.S. to lead her own bands.

During her time in Jamaica, she composed and arranged music for the 1975 comedy film Smile Orange starring Carl Bradshaw, who three years earlier starred in the first Jamaican film, The Harder They Come.

She was forced to give up playing in 1985 after a stroke left her partially paralyzed, but she continued to arrange music with Randy Weston. In 1987, she was awarded the Jazz Masters Fellowship of the National Endowment for the Arts. After suffering repeated strokes, she died in Los Angeles, California in 1999 a few days after a tribute to her and Randy Weston's music at Harvard University. Her funeral at St. Peter's in Manhattan featured performances by Weston with Jann Parker as well as by Chico O'Farrill's Afro-Cuban ensemble and by Lorenzo Shihab (vocals).

Composing and arranging

Her early work with the high-profile bands of Count Basie and Dizzy Gillespie shows a strong command of the big-band and bop idioms. However, perhaps her most important work was written for Randy Weston, with whom she worked for four decades from the early 1960s.

Liston worked as a "ghost writer" during her career. According to one writer, "Many of the arrangements found in the Gillespie, Jones, and Weston repertoires were accomplished by Liston."

Social meaning

Liston was a female in a profession of mostly males. Although some consider her an unsung hero, she is highly regarded in the jazz community. Liston was a trailblazer as a trombonist and a woman. She articulated difficulties of being a woman on the road.

"There's those natural problems on the road, the female problems, the lodging problems, the laundry, and all those kinda things to try to keep yourself together, problems that somehow or other the guys don't seem to have to go through."

She goes on to recount the struggles she experienced as an African American woman, which affected her musical career. However, she generally spoke positively about the camaraderie with and support from male musicians. Liston also dealt with larger issues of inequity in the music industry. One writer has said, "It was clear that she had to continually prove her credentials in order to gain suitable employment as a musician, composer, and arranger. She was not paid equitable scale and was often denied access to the larger opportunities as a composer and arranger."

Musical style

Liston's musical style reflects bebop and post-bop sensibilities learned from Dexter Gordon, Dizzy Gillespie, and Art Blakey. Her earliest recorded work—such as Gordon's "Mischievous Lady" a tribute to her—her solos show a blend of motivic and linear improvisation, though they seem to make less use of extended harmonies and alterations.

Her arrangements, especially those with Weston, show a flexibility that transcends her musical upbringing in the bebop 1940s, whether working in the styles of swing, post-bop, African musics, or Motown. Her command of rhythmic gestures, grooves, and polyrhythms is particularly notable (as illustrated in Uhuru Afrika and Highlife). Her instrumental parts demonstrate an active use of harmonic possibilities; although her arrangements suggest relatively subdued interest in the explorations of free jazz ensembles, they use an extended tonal vocabulary, rich with altered harmonic voicings, thick layering, and dissonance. Her work throughout her career has been well received by both critics and audiences alike.

Discography

As leader

Melba Liston and Her 'Bones (MetroJazz, 1959)

Volcano Blues with Randy Weston (Antilles, 1993)

As sidewoman or guest

With Art Blakey & the Jazz Messengers

1957 Art Blakey Big Band

1957 Theory of Art

1965 Hold On, I'm Coming

With Betty Carter

1958 Out There with Betty Carter

1961 I Can't Help It

With Ray Charles

1959 The Genius of Ray Charles

1962 The Ray Charles Story, Vol. 2

With Dizzy Gillespie

1955 Jazz Recital

1956 World Statesman

1957 Dizzy Gillespie at Newport

1957 Birks' Works

1957 Dizzy in Greece

With Quincy Jones

1959 The Birth of a Band!

1960 Swiss Radio Days Jazz Series, Vol. 1

1960 I Dig Dancers

1961 Newport '61

1961 The Great Wide World of Quincy Jones: Live!

1962 The Quintessence

1963 Plays Hip Hits

1965 I/We Had a Ball

1965 Quincy Plays for Pussycats

With Jimmy Smith

1963 Any Number Can Win

1966 Jimmy & Wes

1966 The Further Adventures of Jimmy and Wes

1966 Hoochie Coochie Man

1969 Jimmy Smith Plays the Blues

With Dinah Washington

1957 Dinah Washington Sings Fats Waller

1958 Dinah Washington Sings Bessie Smith

With Randy Weston

1958 Little Niles

1959 Destry Rides Again

1959 Live at the Five Spot

1961 Uhuru Afrika

1963 Highlife (album) - Music from the new African nations featuring the Highlife

1973 Tanjah

1992 The Spirits of Our Ancestors

1993 Volcano Blues

1997 Earth Birth

1998 Khepera

With others

1957 Last Chorus, Ernie Henry

1958 Back on the Scene, Bennie Green

1959 Rhythm Crazy, Jimmy Cleveland

1959 Tales of Manhattan, Babs Gonzales

1960 Trane Whistle, Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis

1961 African Waltz, Cannonball Adderley

1961 At Basin Street East, Billy Eckstine/Quincy Jones

1961 Rah, Mark Murphy

1961 The Chant, Sam Jones

1961 The Soul of Hollywood, Junior Mance

1962 Afro-American Sketches, Oliver Nelson

1962 Big Bags, Milt Jackson

1962 Bursting Out with the All Star Big Band!, Oscar Peterson

1962 Rhythm Is My Business, Ella Fitzgerald

1962 Snap Your Fingers, Al Grey

1962 The Complete Town Hall Concert, Charles Mingus

1962 This Is Billy Mitchell Featuring Bobby Hutcherson, Billy Mitchell

1963 For Someone I Love, Milt Jackson

1963 The Body & the Soul, Freddie Hubbard

1964 Mary Lou Williams Presents Black Christ of the Andes, Mary Lou Williams

1965 And Then Again, Elvin Jones

1966 Roll 'Em: Shirley Scott Plays the Big Bands, Shirley Scott

1967 A Mann & A Woman, Tamiko Jones/Herbie Mann

1967 Heads Up, Blue Mitchell

1968 Listen Here, Freddie McCoy

1970 Kim Kim Kim, Kim Weston

1973 That Lovin' Feelin' , Junior Mance

1978 Skylark, Freddie Hubbard

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 7.22

838 – Battle of Anzen: The Byzantine emperor Theophilos suffers a heavy defeat by the Abbasids. 1099 – First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1209 – Massacre at Béziers: The first major military action of the Albigensian Crusade. 1298 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Battle of Falkirk: King Edward I of England and his longbowmen defeat William Wallace and his Scottish schiltrons outside the town of Falkirk. 1342 – St. Mary Magdalene's flood is the worst such event on record for central Europe. 1443 – Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl in the Old Zürich War. 1456 – Ottoman wars in Europe: Siege of Belgrade: John Hunyadi, Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary, defeats Mehmet II of the Ottoman Empire. 1484 – Battle of Lochmaben Fair: A 500-man raiding party led by Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany and James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas are defeated by Scots forces loyal to Albany's brother James III of Scotland; Douglas is captured. 1499 – Battle of Dornach: The Swiss decisively defeat the army of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. 1587 – Roanoke Colony: A second group of English settlers arrives on Roanoke Island off North Carolina to re-establish the deserted colony. 1598 – William Shakespeare’s play, The Merchant of Venice, is entered on the Stationers’ Register. By decree of Queen Elizabeth, the Stationers’ Register licensed printed works, giving the Crown tight control over all published material. 1686 – Albany, New York is formally chartered as a municipality by Governor Thomas Dongan. 1706 – The Acts of Union 1707 are agreed upon by commissioners from the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, which, when passed by each countries' Parliaments, led to the creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain. 1793 – Alexander Mackenzie reaches the Pacific Ocean becoming the first recorded human to complete a transcontinental crossing of North America. 1796 – Surveyors of the Connecticut Land Company name an area in Ohio "Cleveland" after Gen. Moses Cleaveland, the superintendent of the surveying party. 1797 – Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Battle between Spanish and British naval forces during the French Revolutionary Wars. During the Battle, Rear-Admiral Nelson is wounded in the arm and the arm had to be partially amputated. 1802 – Emperor Gia Long conquers Hanoi and unified Viet Nam, which had experienced centuries of feudal warfare. 1805 – Napoleonic Wars: War of the Third Coalition: Battle of Cape Finisterre: An inconclusive naval action is fought between a combined French and Spanish fleet under Admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve of Spain and a British fleet under Admiral Robert Calder. 1812 – Napoleonic Wars: Peninsular War: Battle of Salamanca: British forces led by Arthur Wellesley (later the Duke of Wellington) defeat French troops near Salamanca, Spain. 1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Atlanta: Outside Atlanta, Confederate General John Bell Hood leads an unsuccessful attack on Union troops under General William T. Sherman on Bald Hill. 1893 – Katharine Lee Bates writes "America the Beautiful" after admiring the view from the top of Pikes Peak near Colorado Springs, Colorado. 1894 – The first ever motor race is held in France between the cities of Paris and Rouen. The fastest finisher was the Comte Jules-Albert de Dion, but the 'official' victory was awarded to Albert Lemaître driving his three-horsepower petrol engined Peugeot. 1916 – Preparedness Day Bombing: In San Francisco, a bomb explodes on Market Street during a parade, killing ten and injuring 40. 1921 – Rif War: The Spanish Army suffers its worst military defeat in modern times to the Berbers of the Rif region of Spanish Morocco. 1933 – Aviator Wiley Post returns to Floyd Bennett Field in New York City, completing the first solo flight around the world in seven days, 18 hours and 49 minutes. 1936 – Spanish Civil War: The Popular Executive Committee of Valencia takes power in the Valencian Community. 1937 – New Deal: The United States Senate votes down President Franklin D. Roosevelt's proposal to add more justices to the Supreme Court of the United States. 1942 – The United States government begins compulsory civilian gasoline rationing due to the wartime demands. 1942 – Grossaktion Warsaw: The systematic deportation of Jews from the Warsaw ghetto begins. 1943 – World War II: Allied forces capture Palermo during the Allied invasion of Sicily. 1943 – World War II: Axis occupation forces violently disperse a massive protest in Athens, killing 22. 1944 – The Polish Committee of National Liberation publishes its manifesto, starting the period of Communist rule in Poland. 1946 – King David Hotel bombing: A Zionist underground organisation, the Irgun, bombs the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, site of the civil administration and military headquarters for Mandatory Palestine, resulting in 91 deaths. 1962 – Mariner program: Mariner 1 spacecraft flies erratically several minutes after launch and has to be destroyed. 1963 – Crown Colony of Sarawak gains self-governance. 1973 – Pan Am Flight 816 crashes after takeoff from Faa'a International Airport in Papeete, French Polynesia, killing 78. 1976 – Japan completes its last reparation to the Philippines for war crimes committed during imperial Japan's conquest of the country in the Second World War. 1977 – Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping is restored to power. 1983 – Martial law in Poland is officially revoked. 1990 – Greg LeMond, an American road racing cyclist, wins his third Tour de France after leading the majority of the race. It was LeMond's second consecutive Tour de France victory. 1992 – Near Medellín, Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar escapes from his luxury prison fearing extradition to the United States. 1993 – Great Flood of 1993: Levees near Kaskaskia, Illinois rupture, forcing the entire town to evacuate by barges operated by the Army Corps of Engineers. 1997 – The second Blue Water Bridge opens between Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario. 2003 – Members of 101st Airborne of the United States, aided by Special Forces, attack a compound in Iraq, killing Saddam Hussein's sons Uday and Qusay, along with Mustapha Hussein, Qusay's 14-year-old son, and a bodyguard. 2005 – Jean Charles de Menezes is killed by police as the hunt begins for the London Bombers responsible for the 7 July 2005 London bombings and the 21 July 2005 London bombings. 2011 – Norway attacks: First a bomb blast which targeted government buildings in central Oslo, followed by a massacre at a youth camp on the island of Ut��ya. 2012 – Syrian civil war: The People's Protection Units (YPG) captured the cities of Serê Kaniyê and Dirbêsiyê, during clashes with pro-government forces in Al-Hasakah. 2013 – Dingxi earthquakes: A series of earthquakes in Dingxi, China, kills at least 89 people and injures more than 500 others. 2019 – Chandrayaan 2, the second lunar exploration mission developed by Indian Space Research Organisation after Chandrayaan 1 is launched from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in a GSLV Mark III M1. It consists of a lunar orbiter, and also included the Vikram lander, and the Pragyan lunar rover.

[aion-rsa]

Xbox Game Pass: New Games for April 2021 Revealed

https://ift.tt/eA8V8J

Xbox Game Pass is Microsoft’s subscription service for Xbox One owners. It’s designed to be like a “Netflix for games,” where you pay a simple monthly rate and get access to loads of games for download. It’s not to be confused with the Xbox Live Gold membership, which gives users a selection of free games each month.

There has been a huge surge in popularity and profile for Xbox Game Pass since its launch, mainly due to the diverse list of games and first-party exlusives on the service. In fact, Microsoft drops new releases from its own internal studios onto the service on day one! Sea of Thieves was the first example of this, followed by State of Decay 2 and Crackdown 3. Since then, the service has seen the day one launch of several other high-profile Xbox exclusives, including Gears 5, The Outer Worlds, and Halo: Reach on the Halo: The Master Chief Collection.

Membership to Xbox Game Pass will set you back $9.99 per month. You can now also get an Xbox Game Pass Ultimate subscription for $1 for the first month and $14.99 every month after that. The subscription includes an Xbox Live Gold membership as well as all of the games offered on Xbox Game Pass and Xbox Game Pass for PC. Plus, with cloud support, you can play a selection of Xbox Game Pass titles on your Android phone. And now you even get access to titles on EA Play, the third-party publisher’s own on-demand service.

New games are added each month to Xbox Game Pass. Here are the games coming in March and April, plus all of the new Bethesda games available on the service starting on March 12 (with descriptions courtesy of the Xbox team) :

Xbox Game Pass: Games for April 2021

Outriders (Cloud and Console) – April 1

Outriders brings intense action and deep role-playing to Xbox Game Pass! Developed by People Can Fly, veterans of the shooter genre, Outriders presents a journey of survival across a savage planet, which can be tackled in both single player and 1-3 player co-op.

MLB The Show 21 (Cloud and Console) – April 20

MLB The Show 21 rockets the franchise onto the next generation of video game consoles with a huge range of improvements, enhancements, and optimizations that make The Show the ultimate Major League Baseball experience. Thousands of new animations, revolutionary innovation on gameplay, and an all-new Stadium Creator let you own The Show like never before.

NHL 21 (Console) EA Play – Coming in April

Carve your path to superstardom in an expanded Be A Pro mode and go down as one of the league’s greatest. On the ice, change up your attack with all new moves, dekes, dangles, and evasive maneuvers, inspired by the league’s most groundbreaking innovators.

Xbox Game Pass: Bethesda Games

Dishonored Definitive Edition (Console, PC, Cloud)

This complete compilation includes Dishonored, winner of over 100 Game of Year awards, as well as all of its additional content – Dunwall City Trials, The Knife of Dunwall, The Brigmore Witches and Void Walker’s Arsenal.

Dishonored 2 (Console, PC, Cloud)

Reprise your role as a supernatural assassin in Dishonored 2 – the next chapter in the award-winning saga by Arkane Studios. Play your way in a world where mysticism and industry collide. How will you combine your character’s unique set of powers, weapons and gadgets to eliminate your enemies?

DOOM (1993) (Console, PC, Cloud)

Doom introduced millions of gamers to the fast-paced, white-knuckle, demon-slaying action the franchise is known for. Relive the birth of the first-person shooter and experience the demon-blasting fun that popularized the genre. Doom includes Episode IV: Thy Flesh Consumed, with 9 additional action-packed levels and split-screen 4-player deathmatch and co-op.

DOOM II (Console, PC, Cloud)

Bring your trusty Super Shotgun and an arsenal of classic Doom weapons to bear against deadlier demons and the infamous boss, the Icon of Sin. Doom II includes The Master Levels for Doom II with 20 additional levels, as well as split-screen 4 player co-op and multiplayer.

DOOM 3 (Console, PC, Cloud)

Battle your way through a demon-infested facility before entering the abyss to battle Hell’s mightiest warrior – and put an end to the invasion. Doom 3 includes both campaign expansions – Resurrection of Evil and The Lost Mission.

DOOM 64 (Console, PC, Cloud)

Battle armies of demons in your crusade to hunt down the Mother Demon and stop Hell’s invasion. As you fight through more than 30 action-packed levels, be on the lookout for enhanced weapons and secrets to help you put an end to the demonic threat.

DOOM Eternal (Console, PC, Cloud)

Hell’s armies have invaded Earth. Become the Slayer in an epic single-player campaign to conquer demons across dimensions and stop the final destruction of humanity. Experience the ultimate combination of speed and power in Doom Eternal – the next leap in push-forward, first-person combat. The only thing they fear… is you.

The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind (Console, PC)

An epic, open-ended single-player RPG, Morrowind allows you to play any kind of character imaginable. You can choose to follow the main storyline and find the source of the evil blight that plagues the land, or set off on your own to explore strange locations and develop your character.

The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion (Console, PC)

Step inside the most richly detailed and vibrant game-world ever created. With a powerful combination of freeform gameplay and unprecedented graphics, you can unravel the main quest at your own pace or explore the vast world and find your own challenges.

The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim Special Edition (Console, PC, Cloud)

Winner of more than 200 Game of the Year Awards, the Skyrim Special Edition includes the game and add-ons with all-new features like remastered art and effects, volumetric god rays, dynamic depth of field, and more. Also bring the power of mods to consoles. New quests, environments, characters, dialogue, armor, weapons and more – with Mods, there are no limits to what you can experience.

The Elder Scrolls Online (Cloud, Console)

Experience the award-winning story in a persistent Elder Scrolls world. Embark on an adventure that lets you play your way, go anywhere at any level. Battle, craft, steal, siege, explore and more.

The Evil Within (Console, PC, Cloud)

Experience a disturbing reality as you try to break free from warped machinations. With limited resources at your disposal, you’ll fight for survival and experience profound fear in this perfect blend of horror and action. Defeat insurmountable terror and experience the ultimate thrill by discovering The Evil Within.

Fallout 4 (Console, PC, Cloud)

As the sole survivor of Vault 111, you enter a world destroyed by nuclear war. Every second is a fight for survival, and every choice is yours. Only you can rebuild and determine the fate of the Wasteland. Welcome home.

Fallout 76 (Console, PC, Cloud)

Steel Dawn is the first chapter in the new Brotherhood of Steel questline, free for Fallout 76 players. Visit settlements populated with new NPCs and unlock powerful weapons and armor from the Brotherhood arsenal. Join in their mission to rebuild society and aid in securing valuable technology.

Fallout: New Vegas (Console)

Welcome to New Vegas. It’s the kind of town where you dig your own grave prior to being shot in the head… and that’s before things really get ugly. It’s a town of dreamers and desperados being torn apart by warring factions vying for complete control of this desert oasis.

Prey (Console, PC, Cloud)

Good morning, Morgan. Prey joins the Xbox Game Pass library, taking you from the comfort of your home to the treacherous depths of space. As Morgan Yu, you’ll have to use your wits, weapons and strange powers to fight the alien threat that has overtaken the Talos I space station. Explore the station, upgrade your skills and abilities, and uncover the secrets of Talos I and the dangers within.

RAGE 2 (Console, PC, Cloud)

Dive headfirst into a dystopian world devoid of society, law, and order. Rage 2 brings together two studio powerhouses – Avalanche Studios, masters of open world insanity, and id Software, creators of the first-person shooter – to deliver a carnival of carnage where you can go anywhere, shoot anything, and explode everything.

Wolfenstein: The New Order (Console, PC, Cloud)

Wolfenstein sends players across Europe on a personal mission to bring down the fascist war machine. With the help of a small group of resistance fighters, infiltrate their most heavily guarded facilities, battle high-tech legions, and take control of super-weapons that have conquered the earth – and beyond.

Wolfenstein: The Old Blood (Console, PC, Cloud)

The year is 1946 and the Nazis are on the brink of winning World War II. In an effort to turn the tide in the allies’ favor, B.J. Blazkowicz must embark on an epic, two-part mission deep within Bavaria…

Wolfenstein: Youngblood (Console, PC, Cloud)

Set 19 years after the events of Wolfenstein II, BJ Blazkowicz’s twin daughters, Jess and Soph Blazkowicz — after years of training from their battle-hardened father — are forced into action. Team up with a friend to level up, explore, and complete missions to unlock abilities that compliment your playstyle.

cnx.cmd.push(function() { cnx({ playerId: "106e33c0-3911-473c-b599-b1426db57530", }).render("0270c398a82f44f49c23c16122516796"); });

The post Xbox Game Pass: New Games for April 2021 Revealed appeared first on Den of Geek.

from Den of Geek https://ift.tt/3e8utqM

[epochxp]

Field of Glory II: Medieval Launches for Microsoft Windows

The Slitherine Group and Byzantine Games has just launched its newest title, Field of Glory II: Medieval, worldwide for Windows PC. The game, like the previous Field of Glory titles, features turn-based tactical strategy gameplay with an incredibly high difficulty level.

As the title suggests, Field of Glory II: Medieval is set during the Medieval Ages, from 1040 AD to 1270 AD. The series, which originally started as a tabletop game, is a video game adaptation that translates quite well into its digital form. Field of Glory II: Medieval allows players to choose from a wide range of different armies, including the Anglo-Saxons and Normans, the post-conquered English, French, Germans, Scottish, Welsh, Irish, Dutch, Swedish, Polish, Russian, and much more with 29 nations overall.

The game features an endless variety of battles and campaigns in Northern and Central Europe, allowing the player to control entire armies and their named generals in epic “what if” custom battles against either AI or human opponents. Field of Glory II: Medieval also features over 100 unique fully animated troop units that are all historically authentic, making for an incredibly diverse and highly detailed battle experience.

Field of Glory II: Medieval features four campaigns steeped in history, which cover major historical events such as The Angevin Empire, The Northern Crusades, Alexander Nevsky, and the Mongol Invasions. Additionally, the game also features a sandbox campaign mode where the player can lead any nation (and their respective allies) against rivals, with thousands of different combinations and possible outcomes.

Field of Glory II: Medieval is a follow-up to 2017’s Field of Glory II, which was set during the Rise of Rome from 280 BC to 25 BC. Both titles have been very well received by both fans and critics alike, with many praising the series’ excellent battle system, great attention to detail, and tough-as-nails difficulty level. 

The original Field of Glory video game was released for the MS-DOS and Amiga way back in 1993, and was developed by MicroProse. It later inspired the Field of Glory tabletop game, which was released fifteen years later in 2008, and then a reboot of the original game in 2009. The series received multiple sequels, both in the form of tabletop games as well as video games.

Outside of the Field of Glory series, The Slitherine Group has developed other titles such as Pike and Shot and Sengoku Jidai, other strategy games that are also historically based. The game’s publisher, Slitherine Ltd., has published various notable titles, including Warhammer 40,000, Battle Academy, Armored Brigade, Master of Magic, and much more.

Field of Glory II: Medieval is available now on Windows PC via all major retailers for $29.99. Along with Slitherines’ other titles, it is actually on sale at the time of writing. Most notably, Field of Glory II is 51% off at $14.69, and Field of Glory II: Medieval is currently 10% off at $26.99. For those interested in giving the series a look, now is the perfect time to give it a try.

--

At Epoch Xperience, we specialize in creating compelling narratives and provide research to give your game the kind of details that engage your players and create a resonant world they want to spend time in. If you are interested in learning more about our gaming research services, you can browse Epoch Xperience’s service on our parent site, SJR Research.

--

(This article is credited to Ben Price. For as long as he can remember, Ben has always loved playing, discussing, and writing about video games. Since receiving his B.A. in English, he now writes about them for a living.)

[steenpaal]

Somerset de Chair - Wikipedia

Somerset de Chair

Member of Parliament for South West NorfolkIn office 1935–1945Member of Parliament for Paddington SouthIn office 1950–1951 Personal detailsBorn

Somerset Struben de Chair

(1911-08-22)22 August 1911 Windsor, England, United KingdomDied5 January 1995 (aged 83) Antigua, Leeward Islands, Lesser Antilles, West IndiesNationalityBritishPolitical partyConservativeSpouse(s)(1st) Thelma Grace Arbuthnot, (2nd) Carmen Appleton, (3rd) Margaret Patricia Manlove (née Field-Hart), (4th) Lady Juliet Wentworth-FitzwilliamRelationsAdmiral Sir Dudley Rawson Stratford de Chair KCB KCMG MVO (father)Children4 sons, 2 daughtersAlma materBalliol College, OxfordProfessionAuthor/PoliticianMilitary serviceAllegiance

 United KingdomBranch/service

British ArmyRankCaptainUnitRoyal Horse GuardsBattles/warsAnglo-Iraqi War (1941), Battle of Palmyra, Syria (1941)

Somerset Struben de Chair (22 August 1911 – 5 January 1995) was an English author, politician and poet. He edited several volumes of the memoirs of Napoleon.

Early and personal life

De Chair was the younger son of Admiral Sir Dudley Rawson Stratford de Chair, KCB, KCMG, MVO. He first was married on 8 October 1932 to Thelma Grace Arbuthnot (1911–1974), with whom he had two sons: Rodney Somerset and Peter Dudley.

His second wife, Carmen Appleton, gave birth to sons Rory and Somerset Carlo. Their marriage ended in divorce in 1958, allowing Somerset to marry his third wife, Margaret Patricia Manlove (née Field-Hart); they had a daughter, Teresa Loraine Aphrodite (who married Sir Toby Clarke, 6th Baronet).

The third marriage ended in divorce in 1974, and in the same year and at the age of sixty-three, he married his fourth wife, then 39 years old, Lady Juliet Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, only child of Peter Wentworth-FitzWilliam, 8th Earl FitzWilliam, who had divorced Victor Hervey, 6th Marquess of Bristol in 1972. Somerset and Lady Juliet had a daughter, Helena, who married Jacob Rees-Mogg.

The hurdler Lawrence Somerset Clarke is his grandson.

Somerset de Chair was educated at The King's School, Parramatta in New South Wales between 1923 and 1930 before attending Balliol College, Oxford.

He was Conservative MP for South West Norfolk between 1935 and 1945, losing his seat by 53 votes. He was one of the Conservatives who voted against the government in the crucial Norway Debate in May 1940 that brought Winston Churchill into office. He then served as a Parliamentary Private Secretary in 1942–44. De Chair returned to Parliament as MP for Paddington South from 1950 to 1951.

Since he had been a cadet in the Officers' Training Corps at Oxford, De Chair qualified for a commission as a Reserve Second Lieutenant of the Life Guards in 1938. He was mobilised on 24 August 1939, a few days before the United Kingdom's entry into World War II. He served as an intelligence officer with the 4th Cavalry Brigade during the Anglo-Iraqi War and the Syrian Campaign where he was wounded on 21 June 1941. Later service was with the General Staff with the rank of Acting Captain.[1]

Writings

De Chair wrote historical non-fiction, a number of now largely neglected novels, one play, three collections of poetry, and several works of autobiography. He also edited several volumes of the memoirs of Napoleon in English.[2]

Houses and art

De Chair was known for his extravagant taste and lived in a series of large country houses. He lived between 1944 and 1949 at Chilham Castle and leased Blickling Hall from the Marquess of Lothian.[3][4] He owned St Osyth's Priory in Essex from 1954 until his death in 1995, and also bought Bourne Park in Kent with his last wife, Lady Juliet Wentworth-Fitzwilliam.

Bibliography

Fiction

Enter Napoleon (1934)

Red Tie in the Morning (1936)

The Teetotalitarian State (1947)

The Dome of the Rock (1948)

The Story of a Lifetime (1954)

Bring Back the Gods (1962)

Friends, Romans, Concubines (1973)

The Star of the Wind (1974)

Legend of the Yellow River (1979)

Non-fiction

The Impending Storm (1930)

Divided Europe (1931)

The Golden Carpet (1943)

The Silver Crescent (1943)

Mind on the March (1945)

Edited and translated

The First Crusade (1945)

Napoleon's Memoirs (1945)

Napoleon's Supper at Beaucaire (1945)

Julius Caesar's Commentaries (1951)

Napoleon on Napoleon (1991)

Edited

The Sea is Strong (1961)

Getty on Getty (1989)

Autobiographies

Buried Pleasure (1985)

Morning Glory (1988)

Die? I Thought I'd Laugh (1993)

Drama

Poetry collections

The Millennium (1949)

Collected Verse (1970)

Sounds of Summer (1992)

References

External links

[insideanairport]

Edward Said’s Culture and Imperialism

❍❍❍

The central thesis of the book is focused on the relationship of art/culture to imperialism. Said is influenced by William Blake who famously said “the foundation of empire is art and science. Remove them or degrade them and the empire is no more. Empire follows art and not vice versa.” Following the same topic in Orientalism Said asserts that what made the process of the colonialism possible was not just economically driven (capitalism) but also racial (superiority of white man to Arabs, Africans, etc.). 

In this work, Said focused on European works of literature and mainly the novel. As the professor of English literature, he was expert on both European classical literary works as well as non-European writers criticizing imperialism from inside or outside of it. He examined works by theoreticians, historians as well as fiction writers. The list of bibliography for the book is even bigger than Orientalism (with more than 400 different references). In this book Said expanded the prior thesis of Orientalism to a more global scale with including writers from the Caribbean, South America, Africa and Europe. He is moving beyond the simple binary of East and West, to present the role of art and culture in a series of global interventions that was fostered by the United States as the vanguard of the West, and other European imperialist powers such as England and France.  

He references authors such as Naguib Mahfouz, Chinua Achebe, Angus Calder, C.L.R James, Rabindranath Tagore, Pablo Neruda, Alfred Crosby in contrast to Joseph Conrad, Rudyard Kipling, E.M. Forster and V.S. Naipaul. At the same time, it’s very obvious that Lenin is somehow absent from the book, rather there is a shift of perspective towards thinkers who experienced imperialism from the other side of it.

Said’s position is completely against the so-called Western experts on the topics related to the east, especially politics. Said is definitely influenced by Fanon. In regard to the universalization of Western philosophy and myth of objective truth, Said is following Fanon, where he famously said: “for the native, objectivity is always directed against him.” (Fanon og Philcox 2004)

On the same topic and in regard to knowledge production, Said makes a compressing between Fanon and Foucault, but ultimately settles with Fanon due to the understanding of politics, and the geographic relationship to the Empire:

"Both Fanon and Foucault have Hegel, Marx, Freud, Nietzsche, Canguihelm, and Sartre in their heritage, yet only Fanon presses that formidable arsenal into anti-authoritarian service. Foucault, perhaps because of his disenchantment with both the insurrections of the 1960s and the Iranian Revolution, swerves away from politics entirely."

Culture and Imperialism is also published in an era following the fall of the Berlin wall and invasion of Iraq where Western Universalism is under direct criticism. Said emphasizes the failure of academy and intellectuals to bridge the gap of culture in preventing further military intervention and continuation of imperialism.

The urgency of the topic became evident when after 9/11, invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq, suddenly the focus of the Western academies shifted to Middle Eastern writers and artists in search of an answer. The journals such as Bidoun was formed consequently to urgently fix an already-too-late problem. In the past 15 years, we have seen a bit more of scholarship on these topics regarding art and culture of the Middle-east. Jason Bahbak Mohaghegh’s  Insurgent, Poet, Mystic, Sectarian: The Four Masks of an Eastern Postmodernism” is a good example of this. 

In regard to the understanding of violence and Western promotion of War against terror (as George W. Bush called it, a crusade), Said similar to Eqbal Ahmad brings attention to the current and historical interventions that remain relatively unspoken. USA support of the valiant Afghanistani moujahidin (freedom fighters, today’s Taliban), Poland’s Solidarity movement, Nicaraguan “contras,” Angolan rebels, Salvadoran regulars are some examples mentioned in the book. Said takes us to the mechanics of Empire and its cultural devices. We gain an understanding on why the United States first supports Saddam, just to demonize him into an Arab Hitler (1991), yet to make friends with him again, just before his disposal (2003).

Representation and Primacy of Geography

“For the purposes of this book, I have maintained a focus on actual contests over land and the land's people. What I have tried to do is a kind of geographical inquiry into historical experience, and I have kept in mind the idea that the earth is in effect one world, in which empty, uninhabited spaces virtually do not exist. Just as none of us is outside or beyond geography, none of us is completely free from the struggle over geography. That struggle is complex and interesting because it is not only about soldiers and cannons but also about ideas, about forms, about images and imaginings.”

“The theory I advance in this book is that culture played a very important, indeed indispensable role. At the heart of European culture during the many decades of imperial expansion lay an undeterred and unrelenting Eurocentrism.”

Unlike some descriptions, the book is not a collection of essays but a coherent whole carefully designed to construct a thesis. The book was relevant at the time of its publication in 1993 and became more relevant after 2001. Antagonistic to Said’s thesis on history many other conservative writers worked on similar topics from a Eurocentric position, works such as Samuel Huntington’s Clash of Civilizations (1996), Bernard Lewis’s Islam and the West (1993) and Francis Fukuyama’s The End of History and the Last Man (1992).

Based on works of Gramsci and focusing on the notion of geography, Said creates the term “Voyage in". It is a mode of resistance in Culture and Imperialism, which is defined as the conscious effort of Third World writers and critics to enter into and transform the dominant Western discourses so as to repatriate their marginalized histories. (Zhaoguo 2013) In the first look, Said’s methodology might seem a bit similar to Spivak’s “Strategic essentialism”, since the notion of “representation” is at the core of both strategies. After a closer look, we see a lot of differences between the two. DING Zhaoguo writes about the notion of resistance, “For Said, resistance lies neither in the simplistic strategy of constructing an exclusively essentialist identity nor in the autonomous operation of ambivalent colonial discourse and the endlessly deferred, irretrievable colonial subjectivity.” (Zhaoguo 2013)

Critique of Media

Towards the end of the book, we can see a gradual shift from the classical literature (novel & playwriting) to media and visual culture. In the late 1980s and 90s, with the coercive dominance of media, censorship and the atmosphere around the 1991 Iraq invasion, focusing on the critic of visual media and reporting seems to be more than appropriate. We can see the same critique coming from writers such as Noam Chomsky, Eqbal Ahmad, Mahmood Mamdani and Leila Ahmed. In the last parts of the book, Said cites Virilio, Adorno, John Berger and the conservative sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein. These references are quick and could have been skipped for the sake of consistency. Although one might argue that Said is also proposing counter-arguments to these European male writers, (Ali Shariati to Adorno’s comment about the refugee), Said’s reference to Virilio (a Eurocentric and sometimes neocolonial intellectual) is naïve and somehow antagonistic to his claim.

In one sense, Said’s thesis is not radical enough, the inclusion of words such as democracy is not dissected from its Eurocentric roots. Said’s emphasis on secularism is yet without acknowledging the positive impacts of Islam in the East. Yet, said is acknowledging Fanon’s idea of “liberation” and Kwame Nkrumah’s “Neo-colonialism”. He reminds us about the natural outcome of “post de-colonialization” within a nation, where it covers not only internal conflicts and authoritarianism but post-colonial nationalism. A good example of this is in Jalal Ali Ahmad's Occidentosis, an influential Iranian tract published in 1978 that blames the West for most evils in the world.

Antagonistic to the thesis of Paulo Freire’s Pedagogy of Oppressed (1968), Said refers to the Middle-eastern poets and intellectuals such as Adonis who are still preoccupied with modernity itself. Today, anti-Islamists such as Ibn Warraq (writer of Defending the West) who are living and working in Europe have actually proven Edward Said’s point on the question of colonialization and critic of objectivity similar to Fanon’s Black Skin, White Masks (1952).

Aside from the right-wing orientalists and racists such as Douglas Murray, Charles Allen and Edward Alexander who have been defending the Empire, the second group that is criticizing Said is the orthodox leftists (usually white male) who are hostile even to the word “culture”. With rigid economic-centered views, this group criticizes Said for lack of class-consciousness. (Habib 2005) However, the important distinction in the core of Said’s work is not an economic one but is rooted in geography and culture, from what Gramsci called the subaltern classes. Said’s influence is coming from Vico, Gramsci, Aimé Césaire and to some limited extent from Raymond Williams.

Comparing today’s state of the world (when US military tweets, about dropping bombs for the new year greetings) with the further imperialistic expansion of the United States in different parts of Middle East, to 1993, we can see that Said was very accurate in analyzing the cultural and political consequences of the Empire. (Starr 2019)

“Post-colonial Arab states thus have two choices: many, like Syria and Iraq, retain the pan-Arab inflection, using it to justify a one-party national security state that has swallowed up civil society almost completely; others like Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Morocco, while retaining aspects of the first alternative, have devolved into a regional or local nationalism whose political culture has not, I believe, developed beyond dependence on the metropolitan West.”

“The United States occupied the island [Haiti] in 1915 (and Nicaragua in 1916) and set in place a native tyranny that exacerbated an already desperate state of affairs. And when in 1991 and 1992 thousands of Haitian refugees tried to gain entry into Florida, most were forcibly returned.”

"The world cannot long afford so heady a mixture of patriotism, relative solipsism, social authority, unchecked aggressiveness, and defensiveness toward others. Today the United States is triumphalist internationally, and seems in a febrile way eager to prove that it is number one."

(Photo: “In memoriam Edward Wadie Said, on the Israeli West Bank wall,” taken by Justin McIntosh - from Boundry2.com)

Bib.

Fanon, Frantz, and Richard Philcox. 2004. The Wretched Of The Earth. New York: Grove Press NY. Habib, Irfan. 2005. "Critical notes on Edward Said ." International Socialism.  Starr, Zachary Cohen and Barbara. 2019. CNN. 1 1. https://edition.cnn.com/2018/12/31/politics/us-military-new-years-eve-bomb-tweet/index.html. Zhaoguo, DING. 2013. Identity, Text, Positioning: On Edward Said’s “Voyage in” as Politics of Resistance. Studies in Literature and Language (cscanada).

[mrjohnangulo]

Crusader Kings, Europa Universalis, Hearts of Iron, and Cities: Skylines Come to the Tabletop

by W. Eric Martin

• Let's continue with coverage of games announced in 2018 that have heretofore been uncovered in this space, kicking off with Crusader Kings from designers Tomas Härenstam, Nils Karlén, and Jon Manker and Swedish publisher Free League Publishing. This game buoyed more than a half-million U.S. dollars in support on Kickstarter in mid-2018, and the finished game is now forecast for release in Q1 2019 (after missing its KS-promised release date of Nov. 2018). Why so much support for this publisher's first board game project? Well, if you are not me, you might have already been aware that Crusader Kings is a well-known PC game from the mid-2000s, with a sequel to this title (Crusader Kings II) having been released in 2012. In May 2018, CK owner Paradox Interactive announced that it was overseeing the release of four board games based on its digital works, with Crusader Kings being the first such title to market. Here's an overview of this 1-5 player game that bears a 2-3 hour playing time:

You are a crusader King, striving for wealth, political power, religious influence, and military might across the continent and across generations. Reshape the history of medieval Europe in your own image — if only that dimwitted son of yours set to inherit the throne doesn't spoil your grand plans... The board game Crusader Kings captures the essence of the Crusader Kings video game experience in a physical tabletop format. This is a strategy game at heart, but with a special focus on characters, intrigue, and drama. It's a big, beautiful game centered on a map of medieval Europe, using cards for actions, characters, and events and well-crafted plastic miniatures to represent knights, armies, castles, and more. In this game, your goal is to spread your influence over medieval Europe and lead your dynasty to triumph over its rivals. To do that, you need to groom your family over the generations, build and develop your dominion, be shrewd in the realm of diplomacy and intrigue, and use your vassals wisely to grow your wealth and military power, while at the same time fulfilling your duty to partake in the crusades to the Holy Land. To win, you need to survive invasions, plots, crusades, and even marriage! Or at least have children or siblings standing by to take over the throne if your regent dies. Failure to raise a suitable heir can mean the end of your dynasty.

• The other three Paradox Interactive titles coming to the tabletop are Europa Universalis, Hearts of Iron, and Cities: Skylines. Europa Universalis: The Board Game is due out in 2019 from Eivind Vetlesen, co-designer of the well-regarded 2012 war game Kampen om Norge, and Norwegian publisher Aegir Games. (The vast 1993 board game Europa Universalis from Philippe Thibaut and Azure Wish Enterprise apparently inspired Paradox's EU video game series.) Here's an overview of the new game, which includes multiple scenarios and a 90-300 minute playing time:

Govern one of Europe's great nations through the Ages of Discovery, Reformation, Absolutism and Revolutions — spanning more than three hundred years of history. Lift your nation out of the slumber of the Dark Ages and create a glorious empire, through clever diplomacy, brave exploration and ruthless conquest. Each of the playable nations have their own very unique opportunities and challenges. Europa Universalis is a strategy board game that gives players a full 4X game experience in a historical setting. Through strategic use of cards and careful management of resources you can expand your realm on the map board, while at the same time developing the internal machinery of the state on your player board. You must build diplomatic relations that support your ambition and you can explore far-away parts of the world. By recruiting skilled advisors and carefully investing monarch power in great ideas, province development, and long term strategies, you may well be able to outshine your historical counterparts. This is a game for 2–6 players (depending on the various scenarios included). The goal of the game is to build the most successful empire, and points are scored for (amongst other things) owned provinces, explored territories, diplomatic relations, victories in wars, and secret objectives that have been accomplished.

Rendered prototype

• Cities: Skylines is another take on the city-building genre from Rustan Håkansson, with no publisher or release date as far as I know. Here's a quick overview of the game, based on a detailed preview by Jon Bolding in PC Gamer:

Each round in Cities: Skylines, players place buildings in the city to satisfy the demands of constituents and lobbyists, which are represented by cards in hand that show a specific set of buildings built in a specific area. After rolling two dice, players choose buildings from a group based on the rolled numbers, always choosing from the smallest buildings in that group. Buildings are zoned as commercial, residential, industrial, public safety, healthcare, etc. Each player can score based on the buildings placed each turn, so you want to satisfy your demands while trying to suss out what opponents want and avoid handing points to them — unless you can find objectives that match what you think they're doing in which case you might help each other to points. You can also place special buildings that provide unique abilities to players, such as a recycling center that lets you adjust your hand or a tax office that redistributes wealth to whoever has the least money.

• Finally, we come to Hearts of Iron: The Board Game, which publisher Eagle-Gryphon Games plans to Kickstart in February 2019 for a release at Gen Con 2019 — assuming that the design is ready to go at that time. This game is a co-design by Glenn Drover and Xander Ex (this being the pseudonym of EGG's Alex Soued), with Ian O'Toole overseeing the graphic design. Here's a quick take on what's coming:

Hearts of Iron: The Board Game is a game of grand strategy warfare, tactical battles, and shrewd diplomatic choices based on the popular "Hearts of Iron" video game franchise released on PC by Paradox Interactive. The board game takes place during the WWII era, and with the expansions, allows for players to battle for territories across the world. Get ready to change the course of history and forge your nation's path to victory and glory! This is the core base game and features the Eastern European war theater.

Soued had visited the BGG booth during the 2018 Origins Game Fair to talk about the game, his experience with the video game series, and the intended development schedule — no details on gameplay, but an overview of what's coming: Youtube Video from BoardGameGeek News | BoardGameGeek http://bit.ly/2SkmHz7

[girderednerve]

i forgot to say that i finished it, so i’m posting the list here below the cut & if you are interested dm me & i’ll link you the google drive folder

A BRIEF INTRODUCTORY BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MEDIEVAL RACE & ETHNICITY

Abulafia, David. “Ethnic Variety and Its Implications: Frederick II’s Relations with Jews and Muslims.” Studies in the History of Art 44 (1994): 213-24.

Akbari, Susanne Conklin. Idols in the East: European Representations of Islam and the Orient, 1100-1450. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2011.

Bartlett, Robert. The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization, and Cultural Change, 950-1350. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.

Braude, Benjamin. “The Sons of Noah and the Construction of Ethnic and Geographical Identities in the Medieval and Early Modern Periods.” William and Mary Quarterly 54.1 (1997): 103-142. 

Chazan, Robert. Refugees or Migrants: Pre-Modern Jewish Population Movement. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019.

Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. Hybridity, Identity, and Monstrosity in Medieval Britain: On Difficult Middles. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2006.

—, ed. Cultural Diversity in the British Middle Ages: Archipelago, Island, England. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2008.

—, ed. The Postcolonial Middle Ages. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000.

Earle, T.F. and K.J.P. Lowe, eds. Black Africans in Renaissance Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Forey, A.J. “Western Converts to Islam (Later Eleventh to Later Fifteenth Centuries).” Traditio 68 (2013): 153-231.

Fromherz, Allen. “A Vertical Sea: North Africa and the Medieval Mediterranean.” Review of Middle East Studies 46.1 (2012): 64-71.

Fugelso, Karl, Vincent Ferre and Alicia C. Montoya, eds. Medievalism on the Margins. Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer, 2015.

Epstein, Steven A. Speaking of Slavery: Color, Ethnicity, and Human Bondage in Italy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001.

Heng, Geraldine. “The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages I: Race Studies, Modernity, and the Middle Ages.” Literature Compass 8.5 (2011): 258-274.

—. “The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages II: Locations of Medieval Race.” Literature Compass 8.5 (2011): 275-293.

Holt, Peter Malcolm. The Crusader States and Their Neighbors, 1098-1291. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2004.

Hudson, John and Sally Crumplin, eds. “The Making of Europe”: Essays in Honor of Robert Bartlett. Leiden: Brill, 2016.

Isaac, Benjamin. The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.

Jacoby, David. “Silk Economics and Cross-Cultural Artistic Interaction: Byzantium, the Muslim World, and the Christian West.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 58 (2004): 197-240.

Jotischky, Andrew. Crusading and the Crusader States. New York: Routledge, 2017.

Keita, Maghan. “Saracens and Black Knights.” Arthuriana 16.4 (2006): 65-77.

The King of Tars. Auchinleck Manuscript, https://auchinleck.nls.uk/mss/tars.html

Lavezzo, Kathy. Angels on the Edge of the World: Geography, Literature, and English Community 1000-1534. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006.

Lowe, Kate. “Black Africans’ Religious and Cultural Assimilation to, and Appropriation of, Catholicism in Italy, 1470-1520.” Renaissance and Reformation 31.2 (2008): 67-86.

—. “Visible Lives: Black Gondoliers and Other Black Africans in Renaissance Venice.” Renaissance Quarterly 66.2 (2013): 412-52.

Lutkin, Jessica. “Settled or Fleeting? London’s Medieval Immigrant Community Revisited.” In Medieval Merchants and Money: Essays in Honor of James L. Bolton, edited by Martin Allen and Matthew Davies (London: Institute of Historical Research, 2016), 137-56.

Mittman, Asa Simon. “Are the ‘Monstrous Races’ Races?” Postmedieval 6.1 (2015): 36-51. 

Moore, R. I. The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950–1250. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1987.

Morien, a Metrical Romance. Translated by Jesse Laidlay Weston. London: D. Nutt, 1901. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000092900384&view=1up&seq=5

Moule, A.C. “Documents Relating to the Mission of the Minor Friars to China in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries.” The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (July 1914): 533-99.

Patton, Pamela A. “An Ethiopian-Headed Serpent in the Cantigas de Santa María: Sin, Sex, and Color in Late Medieval Castile.” Gesta 55.2 (2016): 213–38. 

Richardson, Kristina. “Blue and Green Eyes in the Islamicate Middle Ages.” Annales islamologiques (2015): 13-29. https://journals.openedition.org/anisl/3051

Ray, Michael. “A Black Slave on the Run in Thirteenth-Century England.” Nottingham Medieval Studies 51 (2002): 111–19.

Scales, Len. “Bread, Cheese, and Genocide: Imagining the Destruction of Peoples in Medieval Western Europe.” History 92.3 (1907): 284-300.

Scheer, Monique. “From Majesty to Mystery: Change in the Meanings of Black Madonnas from the Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries.” The American Historical Review 107.5 (2002): 1412-1440.

Spicer, Joaneath, ed. Revealing the African Presence in Renaissance Europe (Baltimore: Walters Art Museum, 2012). https://thewalters.org/wp-content/uploads/revealing-the-african-presence- in-renaissance-europe.pdf

Sponsler, Claire. “Outlaw Masculinities: Drag, Blackface, and Late Medieval Laboring Class Festivities.” In Becoming Male in the Middle Ages, edited by Jeffrey Jerome Cohen and Bonnie Wheeler (New York: Garland Publishing, 1997), 321–47.

Stoessel, Jason. “Voice and Song in Early Encounters between Latins, Mongols, and Persians, c.1250–c.1350.” In Studies on a Global History of Music: A Balzan Musicology Project, edited by Reinhard Strohm (Abingdon: Routledge, 2018).

Taylor, Julie. “Muslim-Christian Relations in Medieval Southern Italy.” Muslim World 97.2 (2007): 190-99.

Thompson, Lloyd A. Romans and Blacks. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989.

i think i might be missing school again because i have compiled a forty-source annotated bibliography on race in the european middle ages. it's in chicago style. why am i like this

[ghostlybouquetballoonstuff-blog1]

Secure Journey In Thailand

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[specialloading99]

Hero Of Might And Magic 6 For Mac

Might and Magic

The logo commonly used by New World Computing and The 3DO Company

Genre(s)Role-playingDeveloper(s)New World Computing (1984-2003) Arkane Studios (for Dark Messiah) Limbic Entertainment (for Might & Magic X)Publisher(s)New World Computing (1984-1996) The 3DO Company (1996-2003) Ubisoft (2003-)Creator(s)Jon Van CaneghemPlatform(s)Amiga, Apple II, C64, Macintosh, MS-DOS, MSX, NEC PC-9801, NES, PlayStation 2, Sega Genesis, SNES, TurboGrafx-16, WindowsFirst releaseMight and Magic Book One: The Secret of the Inner Sanctum 1986Latest releaseMight & Magic X: Legacy 23 January 2014Spin-offsHeroes of Might and Magic List of spinoffs

Download Heroes of Might and Magic II for Mac. Game: Heroes of Might and Magic II: Size: 159.76 Mb: Runs On: Mac: Available Platform: DOS. Heroes of Might. Heroes of might and magic iii mac free download. Pocket Heroes Pocket Heroes is a new life for Heroes of Might and Magic game remake, but for handheld devices, suc.

Heroes of Might and Magic III is one of (if not) the best fantastic/medieval strategy game for Mac and PC featuring orchestral soundtracks and marvellous soothing animated graphics. This third release is probably also the best in all the 3DO related releases from mid 1990's to mid 2000's. Welcome to the Heroes of Might and Magic 3 page. This page contains information + tools how to port Heroes of Might & Magic 3 in a few simple steps (that even a noob can understand) so you can play it on your Mac just like a normal application using Crossover.So if you haven’t Crossover yet, then sign up here and buy the program or if you want to test it first, for the 14 days trial. Heroes Of Might & Magic V DVD takes turn-based strategy games one step further with next-generation 3D visuals, groundbreaking strategic combat, innovative multiplayer features, and addictive RPG elements. Discover the perilous world of Ashan and ultimately lead your armies and Heroes to victory.

Release timeline19861: The Secret of the Inner Sanctum198719882: Gates to Another World1989199019913: Isles of Terra19924: Clouds of Xeen19935: Darkside of Xeen1994World of Xeen19951996199719986: The Mandate of Heaven19997: For Blood and Honor20008: Day of the Destroyer200120029: Writ of Fate20032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201410: Legacy

Might and Magic is a series of role-playing video games from New World Computing, which in 1996 became a subsidiary of The 3DO Company. The original Might and Magic series ended with the closure of the 3DO Company. The rights to the Might and Magic name were purchased for US$1.3 million by Ubisoft,(1) who 'rebooted' the franchise with a new series with no apparent connection to the previous continuity, starting with the games Heroes of Might and Magic V and Dark Messiah of Might and Magic.

History(edit)

Main series(edit)

Might and Magic Book One: The Secret of the Inner Sanctum (1986; Apple II, Mac, MS-DOS, Commodore 64, NES, MSX, PC-Engine)

Might and Magic II: Gates to Another World (1988; Apple II, Amiga, MS-DOS, Commodore 64, Mac, Sega Genesis, SNES (Europe only), Super Famicom (Japan-only, different from the European SNES version), MSX, PC-Engine)

Might and Magic III: Isles of Terra (1991; MS-DOS, Mac, Amiga, SNES, Sega Genesis (beta), Sega CD, PC-Engine)

Might and Magic IV: Clouds of Xeen (1992; MS-DOS, Mac)

Might and Magic V: Darkside of Xeen (1993; MS-DOS, Mac)

Might and Magic: World of Xeen (1994; MS-DOS, Mac)

Might and Magic VI: The Mandate of Heaven (1998; Windows)

Might and Magic VII: For Blood and Honor (1999; Windows)

Might and Magic VIII: Day of the Destroyer (2000; Windows)

Might and Magic IX: Writ of Fate (2002; Windows; )

Might & Magic X: Legacy (2014; Windows, OS X)

Spin-offs(edit)

There have been several spin-offs from the main series, including the long-running Heroes of Might and Magic series, Crusaders of Might and Magic, Warriors of Might and Magic, Legends of Might and Magic, Might and Magic: Heroes Kingdoms, and the fan-made Swords of Xeen.

In August 2003, Ubisoft acquired the rights to the Might and Magic franchise for US$1.3 million after 3DO filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.(1) Ubisoft has since released multiple new projects using the Might and Magic brand, including a fifth installment of the Heroes series developed by Nival, an action-style game Dark Messiah of Might and Magic developed by Arkane Studios, a puzzle RPG Might & Magic: Clash of Heroes developed by Capybara Games, and the mobile strategy RPG titled Might & Magic: Elemental Guardians.

Heroes Of Might And Magic 6 Wiki

Gameplay(edit)

The majority of the gameplay takes place in a medieval fantasy setting, while later sections of the games are often based on science fiction tropes, the transition often serving as a plot twist. The player controls a party of player characters, which can consist of members of various character classes. The game world is presented to the player in first person perspective. In the earlier games the interface is very similar to that of Bard's Tale, but from Might and Magic VI: The Mandate of Heaven onward, the interface features a three-dimensional environment. Combat is turn-based, though the later games allowed the player to choose to conduct combat in real time.

The game worlds in all of the Might and Magic games are quite large, and a player can expect each game to provide several dozen hours of gameplay. It is usually quite combat-intensive and often involves large groups of enemy creatures. Monsters and situations encountered throughout the series tend to be well-known fantasy staples such as giant rats, werewolf curses, dragon flights and zombie hordes, rather than original creations. Isles of Terra and the Xeen games featured a more distinct environment, blending fantasy and science fiction elements in a unique way.

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The Might and Magic games have some replay value as the player can choose their party composition, develop different skills, choose sides, do quests in a different order, hunt for hidden secrets and easter eggs, and/or change difficulty level.

Plot(edit)

Although most of the gameplay reflects a distinctly fantasy genre, the overarching plot of the first nine games has something of a science fiction background. The series is set in a fictional galaxy as part of an alternative universe, where planets are overseen by a powerful race of space travelers known as Ancients. In each of the games, a party of characters fights monsters and completes quests on one of these planets, until they eventually become involved in the affairs of the Ancients. Might and Magic could as such be considered an example of science fantasy.

The producer of the series was Jon Van Caneghem.(2) Van Caneghem has stated in interview(3) that the Might and Magic setting is inspired by his love for both science fiction and fantasy. He cites The Twilight Zone and the Star Trek episode For the World is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky as having inspired Might and Magic lore.

The first five games in the series concern the renegade guardian of the planet Terra, named Sheltem, who becomes irrevocably corrupted, developing a penchant for throwing planets into their suns. Sheltem establishes himself on a series of flat worlds known as nacelles (which are implied to be giant spaceships) and Corak, a second guardian and creation of the Ancients, with the assistance of the player characters, pursues him across the Void. Eventually both Corak and Sheltem are destroyed in a climactic battle on the nacelle of Xeen.

The sixth, seventh and eighth games take place on Enroth, a single planet partially ruled by the Ironfist dynasty, and chronicle the events and aftermath of an invasion by the Kreegan (colloquially referred to as Devils), the demonlike arch-enemies of the Ancients. It is also revealed that the destruction wrought by the Ancients' wars with the Kreegan is the reason why the worlds of Might & Magic exist as medieval fantasy settings despite once being seeded with futuristic technology – the worlds have been 'cut off' from the Ancients and descended into barbarism. The first through third games in the Heroes of Might and Magic series traces the fortunes of the Ironfists in more detail. None of the science fiction elements appear in the Heroes series besides the appearance of Kreegan characters in Heroes of Might and Magic III and IV.

The Ubisoft release Might & Magic X: Legacy departs from this continuity and is set in the world of Ashan.(4) Ashan is a high fantasy setting with no science fiction elements in its lore.(5)Flv player for mac os.

Reception(edit)

Might and Magic is considered one of the defining examples of early role-playing video games, along with The Bard's Tale, Ultima and Wizardry series.(6) By March 1994, combined sales of the Might and Magic series totaled 1 million units.(7) The number rose to 2.5 million sales by November 1996.(8) and 4 million by March 1999.(9)

References(edit)

^ ab'Namco, Ubisoft and MS carve up 3DO assets'. 18 August 2003. Retrieved 12 April 2019.

^'CGW's Hall of Fame'. Computer Gaming World. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2019.

^'RPG Codex Retrospective Interview: Jon Van Caneghem on Might and Magic'. RPGCodex. 18 August 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2019.

^'RPG Codex Interview: Might and Magic X - Legacy'. RPGCodex. 5 April 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2019.

^'Discover World of Ashan'. Ubisoft. Retrieved 12 April 2019.

^Barton, Matt (23 February 2007). 'The History of Computer Role-Playing Games Part 2: The Golden Age (1985-1993)'. Gamasutra. Retrieved 12 April 2019.

^'READ.ME: NTN Networks With New World'(PDF). Computer Gaming World. No. 116. March 1994. p. 14. Retrieved 12 April 2019.

^'Power Play Magazine (November 1996)'. Archive.org. 1 November 1996. Retrieved 18 April 2019.

^'3DO Ships Might and Magic VIII: Day of the Destroyer'. Business Wire. Berkshire Hathaway. 2 March 1999. Archived from the original on 12 April 2000. Retrieved 17 June 2019 – via Yahoo.com.

Heroes Of Might And Magic 6 Walkthrough

External links(edit)

Might And Magic 6 Download

Might and Magic series at MobyGames

Heroes Of Might And Magic Free

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