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#Waswahili
sariaisrael · 3 months
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TABORA UNITED IMEWAANGUSHA WANYAMWEZI
Kuna msemo maarufu wa waswahili ambao unasema kwamba kazi ngumu mpatie mnyamwezi. Msemo umekuja katika lugha ya Kiswahili kutokana na uhodari wa watu wa kabila la Wanyamwezi katika ufanyaji kazi. Kwani wamekuwa wanasifika kwa utendaji kazi kwa umahiri pamoja na kwa kujituma kwa hali ya juu. Kutokana na uchapakazi wao Wanyamwezi walikuwa wanaweza kujichanganya na watu wa maeneo mbalimbali nchini…
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dreamstz1 · 3 months
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JINSI SHIRIKA LA KIJASUSI LA URUSI FSB {KGB} LILIVYO HATARI....
Kama waswahili wasemavyo maisha ni safari ndefu na kifo ni Siri, pengine hili ni kweli kutokana na sintofahamu iliyochukua uhai wa Alexander Litvinenko, jasusi wa zamañi wa KGB na baadae FSB ya Urusi ya sasa.Tutarudi Sasa tuendelee mwishoni mwa wiki za mwezi wa kumi mwaka 2006 Alexander Litvinenko alipokuwa jijini London alipotorokea baada ya rabsha dhidi ya serikali mjini Moscow, siku hiyo…
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zephilinecom · 2 years
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MUUZA CHIPS (13)
Jina: MUUZA CHIPS Mwandishi: MoonBoy SEHEMU YA KUMI NA TATU ILIPOISHIA... Kweli chipsi ni mwanaharamu, kitu kidogo kimemfanya binti huyu kulala na kijana chidi, tena kitoto cha watu kizuri na wala hakina hadhi ya kuwa na chidi, nikimaanisha pesa, mana u
Jina: MUUZA CHIPSMwandishi: MoonBoy SEHEMU YA KUMI NA TATUILIPOISHIA… Kweli chipsi ni mwanaharamu, kitu kidogo kimemfanya binti huyu kulala na kijana chidi, tena kitoto cha watu kizuri na wala hakina hadhi ya kuwa na chidi, nikimaanisha pesa, mana uzuri wake alitakiwa kutembea na watu wenye fedha, kama watoto vigogo hivi, saumu alikuwa kasimamia kucha kama waswahili wanavyosema, chidi kama…
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rachelsiwafan · 3 years
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Mswahili ATLANTA.. @jkizondo_swahilibites 👏🏾👏🏾❤️👌🏽#Repost @jkizondo_swahilibites with @make_repost ・・・ Happy #snowday ATLANTA.. Fukuza Njeve kwa Swahili Spicy CHAI.. #jkizondoswahilibites #swahilitea #swahilicoast #swahilicomedy #mombasacomedy #mombasakenya #kenya #tea #chai #chailover #waswahili #swahili #mswahili https://www.instagram.com/p/CY6MbRFt-Kg/?utm_medium=tumblr
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kiragecko · 6 years
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Okay, so I'm designing a bunch of hidden magical cities. It needs to be at least slightly believable that they haven't been discovered in a world with satellite photography and high population density. I have ideas for most of them, but am struggling with a few. Anyone want to offer suggestions?
 (They are, of course, based on 10th C civilizations.)
 Strong Ideas:
Eriu/Irish - A Crannog! Crannogs were manmade islands, sometimes connected to the mainland with a causeway. They were built for defense, out of reeds, mud, and anything available. Buildings and walls are stone or wood. I'm thinking these guys made a hollow one and are living inside it, with the causeway acting as a tunnel.
Gurjaraka/Indian - Cliffside village in mountains. Earthquake(?) broke open the land they were on, leaving them in a hidden ravine. Buildings are stone.
Nihonzin/Japanese - Caves in the Izu Islands or some similar location. Small and remote enough that no one really visits, but close enough to the main islands for earlier cultural connection to be realistic. Wooden buildings.
Nehirawak/Cree - Not hidden, but they're in northern Manitoba so it doesn't matter. Nomadic, travelling on rivers and lakes other than the major ones. Haven't chosen between birchbark or skin for buildings.
 Okay Ideas:
Kamvuja/Khmer - Buildings swallowed by trees. Major stone buildings are surrounded by tree roots of trees that have grown over them. Smaller building constructed partially FROM the trees? I have not decided if this is awesome or unrealistic, but images of Angkorian ruins give me IDEAS.
Maya - Cenote and connected cave system. Strong visual, but I'm worried about the religious aspect. Maya still worship at cenotes (sinkholes that fill with water), since they serve as doorways to the afterworld. No amount of - twilit stone buildings partially obscured by hanging vines and spotlit by a beam of light from the surface - is worth it, if I can't figure out if the setting is respectful. (Talking to people is SO HARD)
Filastiniyyun/Arab - Petra-esque carved-from-mountains location, but Jerusalem/Classical Islamic design? The Nabateans were Arab, so there is a connection, and Palestine is densely populated enough that I'm not sure what else could work. I would like an idea more connected to the time period, though. Even if cities carved from rock are THE BEST.
No Ideas:
Ava/Guarani - There are still groups of Guarani with no contact. I don't need to make up anything. Which ups the pressure to do it RIGHT.
Cholungo(?)/Moche - Semi-coastal Northern Peru. High stone walls surrounding neighbourhoods. Stone buildings. Usually built in river valleys. Trade with mountain neighbours and by sea.
Zanji/Waswahili - Coastal E. Africa, including islands. Buidings were a mix of coral stone and wood. A lot of ocean trade, so a harbour would be valuable.
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ker4unos · 2 years
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NORTH & EAST AFRICAN RESOURCES
The Anthropological Masterlist is HERE.
North Africa is an African region that spans the northern part of the continent. North Africa shares many cultural and linguistic similarities with the Middle East.
BERBER ─ “The Berber, or Amazigh, people are an African people. They are native to North Africa.” ─ Berber Encyclopedia (in French) ─ Amazigh Culture (in French) ─ Berber Dictionary (in French)
GUANCHE ─ “The Guanche people are an African people. They are native to the Canary Islands.” ─ Guanche Information ─ Guanche History
KUSHITE ─ “The Kingdom of Kush was a Northeast African civilization that lived from 1070 B.C.E. to 550 C.E. They lived in modern-day northern Sudan and southern Egypt.” ─ Kushite Information ─ Kerma History ─ Meroitic Language
KABYLE ─ “The Kabyle people are an African people. They are native to northern Algeria.” ─ Kabyle History (in French)
East Africa is an African region that spans the eastern part of the continent. East Africa shares many cultural and linguistic similarities with the Middle East. 
BAGANDA ─ “The Baganda, or Ganda, people are an African people. They are native to Buganda in Uganda.” ─ Baganda Culture
BANYARWANDA ─ “The Banyarwanda, or Kingdom of Rwanda, were an African people that lived from the 15th century C.E. to the 20th century C.E. They lived in modern-day Rwanda.” ─ Rwanda in the 20th Century ─ Genocide in Rwanda
DINKA ─ “The Dinka people are an African people. They are native to South Sudan.” ─ Dinka Culture ─ Dinka Language ─ Dinka Language Grammar
ETHIOPIAN ─ “The Ethiopian people are an African people that share the Ethiopian culture. They are native to Ethiopia.” ─ Ethiopian History ─ Afar Language ─ Ethiopian Music
KIPSIGIS ─ “The Kipsigis, or Kipsigiis, people are an African people. They are native to Kenya.” ─ Kipsigis Recordings
LOZI ─ “The Lozi, or Barotse, people are an African people. They are native to Barotseland in western Zambia.” ─ Barotseland Information ─ Lozi Language
LUGBARA ─ “The Lugbara people are an African people. They are native to the West Nile region in Uganda.” ─ Lugbara Culture ─ Sacrifice in Lugbara Culture
MAASAI ─ “The Maasai people are an African people. They are native to Kenya and northern Tanzania.” ─ Maasai Information ─ Maasai Culture ─ Maasai Language
MAKUA ─ “The Makua, or Makhuwa, people are an African people. They are native to northern Mozambique.” ─ Makua Culture
SHONA ─ “The Shona people are an African people. They are native to Zimbabwe.” ─ Shona History ─ Shona Dictionary
SWAHILI ─ “The Swahili, or Waswahili, people are an African people. They are native to the Swahili coast.” ─ Swahili Information ─ Swahili Culture ─ Swahili Dictionaries
VENDA ─ “The Venda people are an African people. They are native to the South African and Zimbabwean border.” ─ Venda Culture ─ Venda Culture
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indomitablekushite · 2 years
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When Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of US arrived in Kenya for big game hunting in 1909 , he was advised to use Kiboko (whip) to the maximum since it was the only language Africans understood to stay orderly.
Edgar Beacher Bronson, an American big game hunter who had just finished his safari in Kenya before the arrival of Roosevelt, wrote: "Roosevelt will have to close his eyes and accustom himself to occasional severe floggings of the African wapagazi (porters), for without it no safari could be held together a fortnight; discipline would soon disappear and that quickly be followed by open revolt,"
Kiboko is a flexible, but stiff straight whip cut out of hippo hide, that when used on human skin it draws blood or raises welts double its own diameter. To justify its use on Africans Bronson claimed a black man's skin has a far coaser fibre than the white man's, and therefore endures and recovers from punishment and wounds no white man could survive. He went on to cite his own experience in whipping African porters, claiming that most of them never held a grudge for whipping. You order him to lie down " he goes without a murmur and uncomplaining until the flogging is finished, and often springs to his feet, draws himself up and salutes his bwana."
While Roosevelt had accepted the services of Somali servants based on Sir William McMillan's farm at Kilimambogo, his chosen head of Safari Mr. J. Cunninghame was greatly opposed to the idea and instead proposed the Waswahili. His reason being that the Waswahili could easily take in viboko's without complaining unlike the Somali who could not stand a blow, a kick or a Kiboko. Any man who treated them badly was pretty certain to end up with a knife sticking in his ribs sooner or later. Bronson also narrated how one day he punched his Somali askari in the face for passing him the wrong bullets. To his surprise the poor man while grinning in pain drew himself up and gravely said: " You are my Bwana and my father, good!"
Acccording to him he knew the response was not genuine, and it was only a matter of days, weeks or months before he ended up with a knife in his ribs. He only felt safe after his train pulled out of Nairobi on his way to America.
For a very long time(Oh, Is over) physical violence against African servants was an integral and characteristic part of European domination in Kenya, and was part of a peculiar pattern of race relations.
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gwendolynlerman · 3 years
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Separatist and irredentist movements in the world
Mombasa
Proposed state: Mombasa Republic
Region: Coast Province, Kenya
Ethnic group: Kamba, Luhya, Luo, Mijikenda, Swahili, Taita
Goal: independence
Date: 1999
Political parties: Mombasa Republican Council (MRC)
Militant organizations: -
Current status: inactive
History
1498 - Vasco da Gama arrives in Mombasa
1593-1698 - Portuguese rule
1698-1728 - Imamate of Oman
1728-1729 - the Portuguese recover power
1729-1824 - Imamate of Oman again
1824-1826 - British protectorate
1826-1887 - Sultanate of Muscat and Oman
1887-1963 - British East Africa
1963 - independence of Kenya
1999 - creation of the MRC
2008 - first claims to independence
During the 16th and 19th centuries, Mombasa changed hands several times, from the Portuguese Empire to the Imamate of Oman, including a brief period of British rule. In 1887, the British East Africa Protectorate was established and Mombasa became the capital city.
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The MRC was formed in 1999 to address political and economic discrimination against the population of the Coast Province. It bases its secession claims on the 1895 and 1963 agreements, which established British East Africa and the Republic of Kenya, respectively, and transferred the area to Kenya’s government from Zanzibar. The group contests this transfer because coastal stakeholders were not asked for consent.
The Council was inactive until 2008 when it first declared that Mombasa should secede from Kenya to become an independent state. The Kenya government declared the group to be an illegal organization, but the high court of Mombasa lifted the ban.
Mombasa people
Mombasa is home to several ethnic groups, predominantly the Swahili people and Mijikenda. Other communities include the Kamba, Luhya, Luo, and Taita.
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The Swahili people mainly inhabit the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Mozambique, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, and Tanzania and number around 1.9 million people. They speak Swahili, a Bantu language of the Atlantic-Congo family. The predominant religion is Sunni Islam.
The Kamba live in Kenya and speak Kamba, a Bantu language. There are around 4.7 million Kamba. They practice Christianity and traditional African religions.
The Luhya include 20 tribes and number 6.8 million people. They mainly live in Kenya and speak Luhya, a Bantu language. The main religions are Christianity and traditional African religion.
The Luo people number 8.5 million and inhabit Kenya and Tanzania. They speak Luo, a Southern Lwoo language from the Nilotic family, and practice Christianity, traditional African religion, and Islam.
The Mijikenda peoples are a group of nine related Bantu ethnic groups that live in Kenya and Tanzania. There are around 2.5 million people. They are made up of the Chonya, Digo, Duruma, Giriama, Jibana, Kambe, Kauma, Rabai, and Ribe. Each group has its own unique customs and dialect of Mijikenda, which is a Bantu language.
The Taita number around 344,000 people and live in Kenya. They speak Taita, a Bantu language, and practice traditional African religion and Christianity.
Vocabulary
Jamhuri ya Kenya - Republic of Kenya
Kiswahili - Swahili language
kujitawala - self-determination
Pwani Si Kenya - The Coast is not Kenya
uhuru - independence
WaSwahili - Swahili people
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eucanthos · 5 years
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Multi Hyperdrive
“mteuzi hashi tamaa: A connoisseur never comes to the end of desire” —Swahili Waswahili people #208
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mwanagenzi · 6 years
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Uswahilini Kwetu
Tuli natulia chini, nudhumu kuiandika, Niseme ya mtaani, jinsi yanavyo fanyika, Mambo ya uswahilini, matendo yan'otendeka, Waswahili wana nini, mwezenu jibu nataka... ~Utunzi wa Kinyafu Marcos #Mwanagenzi
Tuli natulia chini, nudhumu kuiandika, Niseme ya mtaani, jinsi yanavyo fanyika, Mambo ya uswahilini, matendo yan’otendeka, Waswahili wana nini, mwezenu jibu nataka.
Uwakute mkekani, wakaa pakakalika, ‘Tasema wafanya nini, jinsi walivyo zunguka, Kumbe wapo umbeani, mmoja anasemeka, Waswahili wana nini, mwenzenu jibu nataka.
Nguo juu magotini, ndo mitoko wanatoka, Vipima joto kwapani, vipodozi…
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rachelsiwafan · 6 years
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Audi yako ni nani? Who’s your enemy? Msikilize👂🏽 Malale salama 🙏🏽 #goodnight #waswahili#tanzania🇹🇿#Congo#kenya#Uganda#Burundi#Rwanda#aduiyako#MuchungajiGabriel#drc#goma#Asante🙏🏽 #lifestyleblogger#vlogger#mswahili🇹🇿#Rachelsiwa❤️ https://www.instagram.com/p/Bqx91pJn01W/?utm_source=ig_tumblr_share&igshid=1dlz86oem0k0t
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kiragecko · 5 years
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Okay, this is the Werewolf Poem, by @shminsington (Lindsey Rodgers) in Yoruba, but it’s a bit of a weird thing.
Original English:
Moon drunk monster/
Beautiful and strange/
Howl your melancholy question/
And tell me/
which you dread more/
The echo or the answer.
Yoruba translation¹:
O pelepe ti mọtò ṣùpáá/
O lẹ́lẹwà àtàjejì/
Lati gbo.rẹ ní.béèrèpoloo/
Àti sọ.míí/
Ìfoya.wo ò diẹ sii/
Iro.yẹn tàbídáhùn.
IPA transcription²:
o˧ k͡pe˧le˧k͡pe˧ ti˧ mɔ˧to˨ʃʉ˨k͡pa˨˦ː
ɵ˧ lɛ˦lɛ˧wa˨ a˨ta˨dʒe˧dʒi˨
la˧ti˧ g͡bo˧˨rɛ˧ ni˦˧be˦˨re˨k͡po˧lo˧ː
a˨ti˧ sɔ˧˨mi˨˦ː
i˨fo˧ja˧wo˧ o˨ di˧ɛ˧ si˧ː
i˧ɹo˧˨jɛ̃˧ ta˨bi˨˦da˦hũ˦˨
Now, what’s with the weird alphabet? (See after the cut)
¹ I translated the English to Yoruba as best as I could. However, that is probably not very good. Please help me, actual Yoruba speakers!
² ‘a’ in this translation is actually an IPA ‘ä.’ I felt the diacritics made the already complex transcription almost unreadable. Similarly, ‘o’ is actually an IPA ‘ɵ’ but this font makes that character nearly identical to an ‘e.’
So, you may know that I like studying languages an cultures from the 8th to 12th Centuries. I currently am interested in 3 cultures located in Africa - The Yoruba, The Waswahili, and The Makurians (Nubians). During my period, Arabic script was just starting to be introduced to the Waswahili, Makuria was using the Coptic script (a variant of the Greek script), and the Yoruba were not using writing, though areas to the north of them were being introduced to Arabic.
For this project, I decided that if the (currently 17) cultures I study were to interact, the Yoruba would probably chose the script of Makuria. It has characters for most Yoruba sounds, and their might be a sense of kinship between the two cultures. (Even back then, racism against black people was really rampant in countries influenced by Islam or the Chinese.)
I prefer single characters, rather than characters with diacritics, so I incorporated tone and nasalization into the vowels. After making choices for characters to represent the few sounds that Yoruba has but Old Nobiɪn doesn’t, I was good to go!
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ps-thom1 · 2 years
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NJIA BORA YA KIONGOZI KUINULUWA ,Ukweli juu uongozi wenye mafanikio makubwa Biblia imeweka wazi ,Acha niongelee mambo Madogo haya mawili 1. WAJIBU 2:MALENGO ,Ndugu Yangu hasa kwa kiongozi ( mtu mwenye cheo ) Namaanisha cheo tu Hata km Ni ngazi ya chini kabisa hapo kanisani kwako,Kumbuka ubora wa kiongozi haupo kwenye ukubwa wa madaraka iliyopo Ila kwenye uwezo wa kufanya Kazi ,Zingatia sana kuwa wakati wowote unapopewa nafasi ya kuongoza Ni lazima ujue yafuatayo - wajibu wako , Kazi Yako nini hasa , hivyo kwa kujua Kazi Yako utajipanga ilivyo ili kutimiza wajibu wako ,Zingatia kuwa kipaji kimachotumika vizuri Mungu huongezea karama zake ili kuleta matokeo makuu,Sasa Ni vema sana kiongozi kujua wajibu wake ili kuleta mafanikio ktk Huduma ,Kushindwa kujua wajibu wetu kunatusaudia sisi kutotambua vipawa vilivyo ndani Yetu .Kukosa kujua wajibu wetu huleta migongano kwa viongozi .2:MALENGO .Waswahili wakasema hakuna marefu yasiyokuwa na Ncha .Kiongozi wa kiroho Ni lazima ajue malengo ya yenye kuwa kiongozi,Ni lazima aelewe mipango ya shirika kuwa wanaenda wapi,Ni lazima afikirie na kupanga mipango ya kufikia Lengo lililopangwa au kuwekwa,Sasa basi kuishi bila malengo hupoteza wajibu ,Kwani wajibu huchochewa sana na matarajio ,matarajio Ni Yale malengo tuliyojipangia .Malengo Ni Yale maono ya shirika letu .Ili tujue wajibu wetu na malengo yetu Ni lazima kuweka wazi maono yetu ( mawazo ) kwa team yetu ya uongozi .Kwa ufupi tu ktk maisha ya uongozi unapokabidhiwa majukumu tambua wajibu wako na Lengo Kuu Kisha Fanya kwa bidii bila ya kutegea ukijua kuwa shirika ( Kanisa ) limekuamini,
NJIA BORA YA KIONGOZI KUINULUWA ,Ukweli juu uongozi wenye mafanikio makubwa Biblia imeweka wazi ,Acha niongelee mambo Madogo haya mawili 1. WAJIBU 2:MALENGO ,Ndugu Yangu hasa kwa kiongozi ( mtu mwenye cheo ) Namaanisha cheo tu Hata km Ni ngazi ya chini kabisa hapo kanisani kwako,Kumbuka ubora wa kiongozi haupo kwenye ukubwa wa madaraka iliyopo Ila kwenye uwezo wa kufanya Kazi ,Zingatia sana kuwa wakati wowote unapopewa nafasi ya kuongoza Ni lazima ujue yafuatayo – wajibu wako , Kazi Yako nini hasa , hivyo kwa kujua Kazi Yako utajipanga ilivyo ili kutimiza wajibu wako ,Zingatia kuwa kipaji kimachotumika vizuri Mungu huongezea karama zake ili kuleta matokeo makuu,Sasa Ni vema sana kiongozi kujua wajibu wake ili kuleta mafanikio ktk Huduma ,Kushindwa kujua wajibu wetu kunatusaudia sisi kutotambua vipawa vilivyo ndani Yetu .Kukosa kujua wajibu wetu huleta migongano kwa viongozi .2:MALENGO .Waswahili wakasema hakuna marefu yasiyokuwa na Ncha .Kiongozi wa kiroho Ni lazima ajue malengo ya yenye kuwa kiongozi,Ni lazima aelewe mipango ya shirika kuwa wanaenda wapi,Ni lazima afikirie na kupanga mipango ya kufikia Lengo lililopangwa au kuwekwa,Sasa basi kuishi bila malengo hupoteza wajibu ,Kwani wajibu huchochewa sana na matarajio ,matarajio Ni Yale malengo tuliyojipangia .Malengo Ni Yale maono ya shirika letu .Ili tujue wajibu wetu na malengo yetu Ni lazima kuweka wazi maono yetu ( mawazo ) kwa team yetu ya uongozi .Kwa ufupi tu ktk maisha ya uongozi unapokabidhiwa majukumu tambua wajibu wako na Lengo Kuu Kisha Fanya kwa bidii bila ya kutegea ukijua kuwa shirika ( Kanisa ) limekuamini,
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simanzi · 2 years
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apparently simanzi can mean grief or sorrow in swahili... i hope people dont think im waswahili because of it 😭 its a transformers word
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lemburiskivuyo · 2 years
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Ulicho Nacho Mkononi ni Mtaji Tosha wa Biashara
Ulicho Nacho Mkononi ni Mtaji Tosha wa Biashara
“BWANA akamwambia, Ni nini hiyo uliyo nayo mkononi mwako? Akasema, Ni fimbo.”  Kutoka 4:2 Hakika ulichonacho MKONONI inatosha kabisa kubadili maisha yako Musa alishika fimbo tu hakuwa na kitu kingine Wewe unaweza kuwa na afya nzuri, familia nzuri, eneo unaloishi ni zuri, kipawa chako ndiyo fimbo yako ambayo Mungu anaweza itumia kuikombolea Israeli. Waswahili walisema “Fimbo ya mbali haiuwi nyoka”…
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indomitablekushite · 2 years
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When Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of US arrived in Kenya for big game hunting in 1909 , he was advised to use Kiboko (whip) to the maximum since it was the only language Africans understood to stay orderly. Edgar Beacher Bronson, an American big game hunter who had just finished his safari in Kenya before the arrival of Roosevelt, wrote: "Roosevelt will have to close his eyes and accustom himself to occasional severe floggings of the African wapagazi (porters), for without it no safari could be held together a fortnight; discipline would soon disappear and that quickly be followed by open revolt," Kiboko is a flexible, but stiff straight whip cut out of hippo hide, that when used on human skin it draws blood or raises welts double its own diameter. To justify its use on Africans Bronson claimed a black man's skin has a far coaser fibre than the white man's, and therefore endures and recovers from punishment and wounds no white man could survive. He went on to cite his own experience in whipping African porters, claiming that most of them never held a grudge for whipping. You order him to lie down " he goes without a murmur and uncomplaining until the flogging is finished, and often springs to his feet, draws himself up and salutes his bwana." While Roosevelt had accepted the services of Somali servants based on Sir William McMillan's farm at Kilimambogo, his chosen head of Safari Mr. J. Cunninghame was greatly opposed to the idea and instead proposed the Waswahili. His reason being that the Waswahili could easily take in viboko's without complaining unlike the Somali who could not stand a blow, a kick or a Kiboko. Any man who treated them badly was pretty certain to end up with a knife sticking in his ribs sooner or later. Bronson also narrated how one day he punched his Somali askari in the face for passing him the wrong bullets. To his surprise the poor man while grinning in pain drew himself up and gravely said: " You are my Bwana and my father, good!" Acccording to him he knew the response was not genuine, and it was only a matter of days, weeks or months before he ended up with a knife in his ribs. He only felt safe after his train pulled out of Nairobi on his way to America. For a very long time physical violence against African servants was an integral and characteristic part of European domination in Kenya, and was part of a peculiar pattern of race relations.
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