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Astronomer zencart  s Discover the Brightest Quasar to Date in the Early Universe

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Researchers have discovered the brightest quasar yet known, detected from the period when the universe’s star-making hydrogen gas became ionized, known as “reionization.”

The international research team found the quasar’s exceptional brightness to be caused by gravitational lensing, a phenomenon by which the gravity of objects closer to Earth acts as a magnifying glass to observe objects much farther away in space.

Quasars are the bright cores found in some galaxies, powered by supermassive black holes. Their brightness is believed to come from the hot material that falls into the black hole.

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“The detection of this peculiar source in the faraway universe is a major discovery for a surprising reason,” said Yale postdoctoral associate Fabio Pacucci, co-author of a study which will be published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, as well as lead author of a follow-up paper on the theoretical implications of the discovery. “For decades we thought that lensed quasars should be very common in the faraway universe, but this is the first source of this kind that we have found.”

Pacucci and his colleagues said the super-bright quasar, catalogued as J043947.08+163415.7, could hold the record for being the brightest in the early universe for quite some time. It shines with light equivalent to 600 trillion suns and is located 12.8 billion light-years from Earth. As astronomers look farther into space in terms of distance, it allows th industrial internet of things  em to look farther back in time, closer to the time of the Big Bang.

The discovery was announced Jan. 9 during a press conference at the 233rd meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Seattle. The lead investigator is Xiaohui Fan, Regents’ Professor of Astronomy at the University of Arizona’s Steward Observatory.

“This detection gives us a clue about how to find a population of ‘phantom quasars,’” Pacucci said. “These sources are difficult to detect, as our observations are misled by the presence of the lensing object, in-between the faraway quasar and the Earth. If they do exist, ‘phantom quasars’ could revolutionize our idea of the most ancient history of the universe.”

The researchers made use of multiple Hawaii-based observatories in their work, including Gemini Observatory, the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, United Kingdom Infra-Red Telescope (UKIRT), the W.M. Keck Observatory, and the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response Sys 3g router tem (Pan-STARRS1).

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ALMA Discover coupon vending machine  s a Globular Cluster about to be Born

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The Antennae galaxies, shown in visible light in a Hubble image (upper image), were studied with ALMA, revealing extensive clouds of molecular gas (center right image). One cloud (bottom image) is incredibly dense and massive, yet apparently star free, suggesting it is the first example of a prenatal globular cluster ever identified.

Using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, astronomers have discovered what may be the first known example of a globular cluster about to be born.

Globular clusters – dazzling agglomerations of up to a million ancient stars – are among the oldest objects in the universe. Though plentiful in and around many galaxies, newborn examples are vanishingly rare and the conditions necessary to create new ones have never been detected, until now.

Astronomers using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) have discovered what may be the first known example of a globular cluster about to be born: an incredibly massive, extremely dense, yet star-free cloud of molecular gas.

“We may be witnessing one of the most ancient and extreme modes of star formation in the universe,” said Kelsey Johnson, an astronomer at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville and lead author on a paper accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal. “This remarkable object looks like it was plucked straight out of the very early universe. To discover something that has all the characteristics of a globular cluster, yet has not begun making stars, is like finding a dinosaur egg that’s about to hatch.”

This object, which the astronomers playfully refer to as the “Firecracker,” is located approximately 50 million light-years away from Earth nestled inside a famous pair of interacting galaxies (NGC 4038 and NGC 4039), which are collectively known as the Antennae galaxies. The tidal forces generated by their touch screen for vending machineongoing merger are triggering star formation on a colossal scale, much of it occurring inside dense clusters.

Animation of ALMA data depicting dense cores of molecular gas in the Antennae galaxies. The yellow object at the center may be the first prenatal example of a globular cluster ever identified. Credit: K. Johnson, U.Va.; ALMA (NRAO/ESO/NAOJ)

What makes the Firecracker unique, however, is its extraordinary mass, comparatively small size, and apparent lack of stars.

All other globular cluster analogues astronomers have observed to date are already brimming with stars. The heat and radiation from these stars have therefore altered the surrounding environment considerably, erasing any evidence of its colder, quieter beginnings.

With ALMA, the astronomers were able to find and study in detail a pristine example of such an object before stars forever change its unique characteristics. This afforded astronomers a first-ever glimpse of the conditions that may have led to the formation of many, if not all globular clusters.

“Until now, clouds with this potential have only been seen as teenagers, after star formation had begun,” said Johnson. “That meant that the nursery had already been disturbed. To understand how a globular cluster forms, you need to see its true beginnings.”

Most globular clusters formed during a veritable &ld Industrial IoT Connectivity  quo;baby boom” around 12 billion years ago, at a time when galaxies first assembled. Each contains as many as a million densely packed “second generation” stars — stars with conspicuously low concentrations of heavy metals, indicating they formed very early in the history of the universe. Our own Milky Way is known to have at least 150 such clusters, though it may have many more.

Throughout the universe, star clusters of various sizes are still forming to this day. It’s possible, though increasingly rare, that the largest and densest of these will go on to become globular clusters.

“The survival rate for a massive young star cluster to remain intact is very low – around one percent,” said Johnson. “Various external and internal forces pull these objects apart, either forming open clusters like the Pleiades or completely disintegrating to become part of a galaxy’s halo.”

The astronomers believe, however, that the object they observed with ALMA, which contains 50 million times the mass of the Sun in molecular gas, is sufficiently dense that it has a good chance of being one of the lucky ones.

Globular clusters evolve out of their embryonic, star-free stage very rapidly — in as little as one million years. This means the object discovered by ALMA is undergoing a very special phase of its life, offering astronomers a unique opportunity to study a major component of the early universe.

The ALMA data also indicate that the Firecracker cloud is under extreme pressure – approximately 10,000 times greater than typical interstellar pressures. This supports previous theories that high pressures are required to form globular clusters.

In exploring the Antennae, Johnson and her colleagues observed the faint emission from carbon monoxide molecules, which allowed them to image and characterize individual clouds of dust and gas. The lack of any appreciable thermal emission – the telltale signal given off by gas heated by nearby stars – confirms that this newly discovered object is still in its pristine, unaltered state.

Further studies with ALMA may reveal additional examples of proto super star clusters in the Antennae galaxies and other interacting galaxies, shedding light on the origins of these ancient objects and the role they play in galactic evolution.

The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation, operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc.

Publication: “The Physical Conditions in a Pre Super Star Cluster Molecular Cloud in the Antennae Galaxies,” K. E. Johnson et al., 2015, to appear in the Astrophysical Journal

PDF Copy of the Study: The Physical Conditions in a Pre Super Star Cluster Molecular Cloud in the Antennae Galaxies

Image: NASA/ESA Hubble, B. Whitmore (STScI); K. Johnson, U.Va.; ALMA (NRAO/ESO/NAOJ); B. Saxton (NRAO dsl  /AUI/NSF)

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ALMA Detects Two Planets in the Dust Disk Su edge gateway  rrounding Young Star HD 169142

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This image depicts the dusty disc encircling the young, isolated sta Industrial 3G Router  r HD 169142. The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) imaged this disc in high resolution by picking up faint signals from its constituent millimeter-sized dust grains. The vivid rings are thick bands of dust, separated by deep gaps.

Astronomers have detected the presence of two planets in formation around the young star HD 169142, which is about 470 light-years away. The two planets have masses comparable to that of Jupiter.

Optimized to study the cold gas and dust of systems like HD 169142, ALMA’s sharp eyes have revealed the structure of many infant solar systems with similar cavities and gaps. A variety of theories have been proposed to explain them — such as turbulence caused by magnetorotational instability, or the fusing of dust grains — but the most plausible explanation is that these pronounced gaps were carved out by giant protoplanets.

When solar systems form gas and dust coalesce into planets. These planets then effectively spring clean their orbits, clearing them of gas and dust and herding the remaining material into well-defined bands. The deep gaps seen in this image are consistent with the presence of multiple protoplanets — a finding that agrees with other optical and infrared studies of the same system.

Observing such dusty protoplanetary discs with ALMA allows scientists to investigate the first steps of planet formation in a bid to unveil the evolutionary paths of these infant systems.

INAF press release (Italian) Translated below

Thanks to detailed shots from the telescope Alma (Atacama Large Millimeter-submillimeter Array) ESO, an international team of researchers led by Davide Fedele, the Florence Institute of Astrophysics, has detected the presence odistribution line fault detectionf two planets in formation around the young star HD 169142, which is about 470 light years from us, and situated in the direction of the constellation Sagittarius. The two planets would masses comparable to that of Jupiter.

The high-resolution image of Alma shows the disk of dust around Hd 169142 obtained from the processing of weak signals emitted by the grains of the millimeter dimensions that constitute it. The bright rings indicate dense bands of dust separated by empty net. “The system we have observed with Alma is located around a star that has a mass of about 1.7 times that of the Sun and an age of just 6 million years,” says Fedele, first author of the paper describing the study, published on the website of the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics. “Alma has allowed us to derive the dust around this star distribution, showing a characteristic structure to ‘rings’: the cold powder is localized in two main rings, the first between 20 and 35 astronomical units and the second between 56 and 83 astronomical units from the central star (an astronomical unit is the distance separating the Earth from our Sun). The intermediate zones of this disc will appear substantially free of dust.”

Structures similar have already been detected by Alma around other stars and scientists have made several proposals to explain, as turbulence phenomena triggered by magneto-rotazionail instability or grains mergers of powders, but t M2M gateway  he most widely accepted is that those net voids have been produced by planets in large breed training. When planetary systems begin to comply, the gas and dust present around the young stars they are gathering to form protoplanets. These celestial objects ‘clean up’ areas crossing with their orbits and at the same time adjoin the remaining dust and gas in well defined bands. The empty areas in the image of Alma the system around Hd 169 142 are compatible with the presence of protoplanets, a fact which is in agreement with other surveys conducted in the bands of visible light and infrared on the same system.

“The study of dust and cold gas that make up the protoplanetary disks is crucial to understanding how planets are born,” adds Fedele. “In addition to dust, Alma has allowed us to study the distribution of cold gas through three molecular isotopes of carbon monoxide observations (CO), which allow us to understand what is the origin of the dust rings. Based on the fact the gas intensity maps and on the differences with those of the dust, we can conclude that the ring structure is due to the presence of two protoplanets orbiting at a distance of about 15 astronomical units and 50 astronomical units from the star. For the inner planet we estimated a mass of between 0.1 and one Jupiter mass, while the outer planet the estimate is between one and ten Jupiter masses. Alma has therefore surprised us again, revealing an even planetary system during gestation.”

Study: ALMA unveils rings and gaps in the protoplanetary system HD 169142: signatures of two giant protoplanets

Image Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/ Fedele et al.

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“Molecular Levers” Acc healthcare  elerate Reactions

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Researchers at Duke University found that a molecule made with a polynorbornene backbone  fault location  can act as a lever to open a ring embedded within the molecule 1000 times faster than a similar ring being tugged at on a polybutadiene scaffold. The discovery could be used to engineer more efficient materials.

Durham, North Carolina – In a forced game of molecular tug-of war, some s healthcare  trings of atoms can act like a lever, accelerating reactions 1000 times faster than other molecules. The discovery suggests that scientists could use these molecular levers to drive chemical and mechanical reactivity among atoms and ultimately engineer more efficient materials.

“We are interested in designing new, stress-responsive materials, so we are trying to develop reactions that are very slow normally but that can be accelerated efficiently by force,” said Duke chemist Steve Craig, who headed the research.

In recent experiments, Craig and his team found that a molecule made with a polynorbornene backbone can act as a lever to open a ring embedded within the molecule 1000 times faster than a similar ring being tugged at on a polybutadiene scaffold. The results, which appear in Nature Chemistry, suggest that a simple change in the backbone may affect the how fast mechanically assisted reactions occur.

Scientists are interested in this type of molecular tug-of-war because many materials break down after repeated cycles of tugging, stress and other forces. “If we can channel usually destructive forces into constructive pathways, we could trigger reactions that make the material stronger when and where it is most useful,” Craig said. Researchers might then be able to extend the material’s lifetime, which might in the long term have applications ranging from composites for airplane frames to biomedical implants.

In the experiment, Craig, who is a professor and chair of the chemistry department, and his team used the equivalent of microscopic tweezers to grab onto two parts of atomic chains and pulled them so that they would break open, or react, in certain spots. The team predicted that one molecule would react more efficiently th cashless vending  an the other but was surprised to find that the force-induced rates differed by three orders of magnitude, an amount that suggests that the polynorbornene backbone can actually accelerate forced reactions the way a crowbar quickens pulling a nail from a wall.

Craig said changes to the molecular group undergoing the reaction may have a much smaller effect than changes to nearby, unreactive molecules like those on the backbone. It is also a good starting point to identify other molecular backbones that are easy to make and have the largest response to changes in nearby reactions, features Craig said might help in developing even better, more responsive materials.

The research was supported by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, the Army Research Office and National Science Foundation.

Citation: “A Backbone Lever Arm Effect Enhances Polymer Mechanochemistry.” (2012) Klukovich, H. et al. Nature Chemistry. AOP. DOI: 10.1038/NCHEM.1540

Image: Molecular structure from Shutterstock

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Study Suggests $31 Billion in Workplace Losses Due to I industrial VPN gatewaynsomnia

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Fabrice Coffrini / AFP / GettyImages

A new study indicates that insomnia lead to about 274,000 mistakes, which caused $31 billion in losses, due to accidents and workplace errors over a 12 month period.

Researchers used data from the America Insomnia Survey (AIS), which is  Dual SIM M2M router a nationwide phone survey of people with health insurance that was administered to 10,094 Americans. The scientists published their findings in the journal Archives of General Psychiatry. It’s by far the largest to look at the effects of insomnia at the workplace.

It’sindustrial l2tp cellular router obvious that a lack of sleep would lead to more mistakes at work, but only two small previous studies, carried out in France, tried to determine how many workers were affected.

Participants were asked whether they had “a workplace accident that either caused damage or work disruption with a value of $500 or more,” and also “Not counting accidents, did you ever in the past 1 Industrial 3G Router  2 months make a big mistake at work that cost your company $500 or more?” 20% of the participants reported having symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of insomnia and 4.3% of the respondents had committed serious errors over the past year. Insomnia made respondents almost twice as likely to commit an error or have an accident. The researchers estimate that between 10% and 15% of workplace errors and accidents are attributed to insomnia.

The average cost of an error or accident was over $20,000. The researchers extrapolated the cost of mistakes that occurred due to insomnia, coming up with $31 billion for the US.

The authors of the study believe that employers should screen for insomnia, which could also help reduce sick days, employee absences and improve the company’s bottom line.

[via LA Times]

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Study Shows Why Adolescents Are More Likely Than Adults to Engage in Risky and Impul wired  sive Behavior

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Young people are seeking new experiences, and in doing so, are often unable to gauge the risks of their behavior.

New research from the Max Planck Institute for Human Development shows that adolescents are more likely to ignore information that could prompt them to rethink risky decisions, helping to explain why information campaigns on risky behaviors such as drug abuse tend to have only limited success.

Reckless driving, binge drinking, drug taking—it is well known that adolescents are more likely than adults to engage in risky and impulsive behavior. A study conducted at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development provides new insights into these risky decisio industrial m2m  ns. The findings show that, relative to children and adults, adolescents are less interested in information that would help them to gauge the risks of their behavior. They are less motivated to seek out such information and better able to tolerate a lack of knowledge. “It’s not that they are cognitively incapable of processing the issues. They are simply driven to seek new experiences and try out new things,” says lead author Wouter van den Bos, researcher in the Center for Adaptive Rationality at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development.

The patterns of adolescent risk-taking behaviors observed in previous experimental studies deviate sharply from those seen in real life. In these earlier laboratory experiments, participants were often given all the information they needed to make a decision. When adolescents test their luck by experimenting with drugs or having unprotect cloud vms  ed sex, however, they may have only a vague idea of the possible consequences of their actions and the likelihoods of those consequences. But they often have the opportunity to learn more about those consequences before making a decision—metaphorically speaking, they can look before they leap. “Ours was the first developmental study to use experimental tasks that afforded decision makers this opportunity to reduce uncertainty by searching for more information,” adds van den Bos.

In the study, 105 children, adolescents, and young adults aged 8–22 years old played various lotteries, each offering a chance of winning a certain amount of money. Players either had full information on the value of the prize and the probability of winning it (choices under risk), or they were told the value of the prize but had incomplete information on its probability (choices under ambiguity), or they were not told the value of the prize or its probability but had the opportunity to access further information (choices under uncertainty). Additionally, participants were asked about their real-life risk-taking behavior.

It emerged that teenagers were more ready to accept ambiguity and also searched for less information in the context of uncertainty. This tolerance of the unknown peaked around age 13-15 years. Unlike adolescents’ choices in the context of full information, their behavior under ambiguity and uncertainty also correlated with their self-reported risk-taking in the real world.

The study findings could also explain why information campaigns designed to educate young people about the risks of certain behaviors—such as drug abuse—often fall on deaf ears. Even when information is easily available to young people, they show little motivation to engage with it. “If we really want to get through to young people, we need to take these insights into account when designing interventions,” says coauthor Ralph Hertwig, Director of the Center for Adaptive Rationality at the Max Planck I UMTS router  nstitute for Human Development. “A promising alternative to information campaigns would be to give adolescents the opportunity to experience the consequences of their risky behavior—in virtual environments, for example,” adds Hertwig.

Publication: Wouter van den Bos & Ralph Hertwig, “Adolescents display distinctive tolerance to ambiguity and to uncertainty during risky decision making,” Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 40962 (2017) doi:10.1038/srep40962

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Researc Distribution Power Line Monitoring  hers Test Hollow Optical Fibers for UV Light

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Electron-microscopic image of the new hollow-core optical fiber.

Scientists at the Max Planck Institute have tested a new type of optical fiber with a hollow core, revealing that this type of optical fiber was able to guide UV laser light without being damaged and with acceptable loss. The new optical waveguides will improve precision investigations in physics, chemistry and life sciences.

If you want to send light on a trip through optical fibers – with as little loss as possible, you should opt for infrared l remote PLC programming  ight, as is the case, for example, in the telecommunication networks worldwide. For certain applications, such as spectroscopic investigations on ions or atoms, however, (laser) light in the ultraviolet range is required. But this type of light would quickly damage conventional optical fibers. Researchers from the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light in Erlangen/Germany and of the QUEST Institute, based at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), have tested a new type of optical fiber with a hollow core and have found out that this type of optical fiber was able to guide UV laser light without being damaged and with acceptable loss. Their investigations, which they h Overhead Line Monitoring  ave recently published in the journal “Optics Express”, are interesting for numerous applications: besides precision spectroscopy on atoms or ions and their use in optical atomic clocks or quantum computers, fluorescence  4g router microscopy in biology, the investigation of process plasmas, combustion studies on soot or the spectroscopy of greenhouse gases would be other possible fields of application.

Optical fibers usually have a solid glass core. This glass core is coated with an optically thinner material. The laws of physics ensure that a light beam is kept inside such a fiber thanks to total reflection and that it can be transported over long distances without significant loss. Such optical fibers are therefore widely used worldwide to transport light of different spectral ranges – from the infrared up to the visible light range. UV light, however, has a shorter wavelength and is therefore strongly absorbed by the glass used in most types of optical fibers and the fibers are quickly damaged by UV light.

At the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (MPL) in Erlangen, experiments with other types of optical fiber have been carried out for a few years. Now, it has turned out that a certain type of optical fibre is particularly well-suited for UV light: a microstructured photonic crystal fibre (PCF) with a so-called “Kagome structure” – a special pattern consisting of triangles and of hexagons in a regular arrangement – and a hollow core of 20 µm in diameter. This core ensures a single-mode guiding of the light – i.e. with a spatial intensity distribution similar to the shape of a Gaussian bell-shaped curve. The crucial question was to know whether this transport was really single-mode and damage-free, and this is what the metrological experts from the QUEST Institute at PTB had to find out. Their investigations have shown that in the case of the UV beam used, with a wavelength of 280 nm, single-mode transmission was possible and that even after more than 100 hours in operation at a power of 15 mW, no UV-induced damage could be detected.

The optical fibers have even passed a first application test: the researchers at the QUEST Institute have used them successfully for their spectroscopic investigations on trapped ions. Stabilized by the new fiber, the UV laser beam allows an improved interrogation of the ions’ internal state. Besides the users of such spectroscopic methods (for example in astronomy, chemistry or fundamental research in physics), this could also be useful for researchers who are developing quantum computers, since in that field, the internal states of a particle are the new digital 0s and 1s.

Publication: Florian Gebert, et al., “Damage-free single-mode transmission of deep-UV light in hollow-core PCF,” Optics Express, Vol. 22, Issue 13, pp. 15388-15396 (2014); doi:10.1364/OE.22.015388

PDF Copy of the Study: Damage-free single-mode transmission of deep-UV light in hollow-core PCF

Image: MPL

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Past Estim att 4g router  ates of Sea-Level Rise Lowered

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The islands of the Bahamas and their fossil cliffs contain clues to sea-l Industrial IoT Router/Gateway  evel rise.

Scientists agree that the ocean levels are increasing as the global temperature warms, but how high they will go is the question. By studying where the shorelines stood on coral reefs and cliffs in the Bahamas and Bermuda 400,000 years ago, new research suggests that past estimates of sea-level rise may have been inflated.

The seas are creeping higher as the planet warms. But how high could they go?

Projections for the year 2100 range from inches to several feet, or even more.

The sub-tropical islands of Bermuda and the Bahamas are two seemingly unlikely places scientists have gone looking for answers.

The cliffs and ancient reefs on Bermuda and the Bahamas have lured fossil-hunters for decades. The land on the Bahamas, for example, has a foundation of fossil coral; the stone is derived from the disintegration of age-old coral reefs and seashells.

These areas are now attracting scientists investigating global sea level rise.

By pinpointing where the shorelines stood on cliffs and coral reefs in the Bahamas and Bermuda during an extremely warm period 400,000 years ago, researchers hope to narrow the range of global sea-level projections for the future.

After correcting for what they say was sinking of these islands at that time, scientists estimate that the seas rose 20 feet to 43 feet higher than today–up to a third less than previous estimates, though still a drastic change.

The study infers that the Greenland and West Antarctica ice sheets collapsed during the ancient warm period, but that ice loss from the vast East Antarctic Ice Sheet was negligible.

The results are reported in this week’s issue of the journal Nature.

“Our research provides a simple explanation for high beach deposits [such as fossils in the Bahamas],” said the paper’s lead author Maureen Raymo, a scientist at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.

Average global sea-level rose eight inches since the 1880s, and is currently rising an inch per decade, driven by thermal expansion of seawater and melting of glaciers and ice sheets, including the still mostly intact ice in Greenland and West Antarctica.

In its most recent report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimated that the seas could rise up to two feet by 2100.

That number could go higher depending on the amount of ice melt and the quantity of greenhouse gas emissions.

The United Nations estimates a five feet sea-level rise would be enough to swamp 17 million people in low-lying Bangladesh alone.

The new study factors in the loading and unloading of ice from North America during the ice ages preceding the long-ago sea-level rise.

As the ice sheets grew, their weight pushed down the land beneath them while causing land at the edges–Bermuda and the Bahamas–t dsl  o bulge upward, says Raymo.

W remote diagnostics  hen the ice pulled back, the continent rebounded, and the islands sank.

“We’re re-thinking many of our estimates of past sea-level rise now that we’re more aware of the effects of unloading of ice,” said Bil Haq, program director in the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) Division of Ocean Sciences, which funded the research. “We now have a meaningful way of calculating the rebound.

“This study is a good example of collaboration between paleoceanography and geophysics to resolve an important issue: the question of future sea-level rise.”

Today, both Greenland and West Antarctica are losing mass in a warming world, but signals from East Antarctica are less clear.

Raymo said the research helps show that “catastrophic collapse” of the East Antarctic ice is probably not a threat today.

“However, we do need to worry about Greenland and West Antarctica.”

Image: NASA

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

New System Filters Light  fault location  Waves Based on Direction

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In this photo of the angular-selective sample (the rectangular region), a beam of white light passes through as if the sample was transparent glass. The red beam, coming in at a different angle, is reflected away, as if the sample was a mirror. The other lines are reflections of the beams. (This setup is immersed in liquid filled with light-scattering ­parti ce certified-  cles to make the rays visible). Photo: Weishun Xu and Yuhao Zhang

Researchers from MIT have produced a system that allows light of any color to pass through only if it is coming from one specific angle.

Light waves can be defined by three fundamental characteristics: their color (or wavelength), polarization, and direction. While it has long been possible to selectively filter light according to its color or polarization, selectivity based on the direction of propagation has remained elusive.

But now, for the first time, MIT researchers have produced a system that allows light of any color to pass through only if it is coming from one specific angle; the technique reflects all light coming from other directions. This new approach could ultimately lead to advances in solar photovoltaics, detectors for telescopes and microscopes, and privacy filters for display screens.

The work is described in a paper appearing this week in the journal Science, written by MIT graduate student Yichen Shen, professor of physics Marin Soljačić, and four others. “We are excited about this,” Soljačić says, “because it is a very fundamental building block in our ability to control light.”

This video shows the full process of the experimental setup, with the sample rotating 90 degrees.

The new structure consists of a stack of ultrathin layers of two alternating materials where the  ipsec-vpn  thickness of each layer is precisely controlled. “When you have two materials, then generally at the interface between them you will have some reflections,” Soljačić explains. But at these interfaces, “there is this magical angle called the Brewster angle, and when you come in at exactly that angle and the appropriate polarization, there is no reflection at all.”

While the amount of light reflected at each of these interfaces is small, by combining many layers with the same properties, most of the light can be reflected away — except for that coming in at precisely the right angle and polarization.

Using a stack of about 80 alternating layers of precise thickness, Shen says, “We are able to reflect light at most of the angles, over a very broad band [of colors]: the entire visible range of frequencies.”

Previous work had demonstrated ways of selectively reflecting light except for one precise angle, but those approaches were limited to a narrow range of colors of light. The new system’s breadth could open up many potential applications, the team says.

Shen says, “This could have great applications in energy, and especially in solar thermophotovoltaics” — harnessing solar energy by using it to heat a material, which in turn radiates light of a particular color. That light emission can then be harnessed using a photovoltaic cell tuned to make maximum use of that color of light. But for this approach to work, it is essential to limit the heat and light lost to reflections, and re-emission, so the ability to selectively control those reflections could improve efficiency.

The findings could also prove useful in optical systems, such as microscopes and telescopes, for viewing faint objects that are close to brighter objects — for example, a faint planet next to a bright star. By using a system that receives light only from a certain angle, such devices could have an improved ability to detect faint targets. The filtering could also be applied to display screens on phones or computers, so only those viewing from directly in front could see them.

In principle, the angular selectivity can be made narrower simply by adding more layers to the stack, the researchers say. For the experiments performed so far, the angle of selectivity was about 10 degrees; roughly 90 percent of the light coming in within that angle was allowed to pass through.

While these experiments were done using layers of glass and tantalum oxide, Shen says that in principle any two materials with different refractive indices could be used.

John Pendry, a professor at Imperial College London who was not connected to this research, calls this an “ingenious application.”

“On a macroscopic scale this is equivalent to observing the world through a set of lo computer  uvers … that allow light to enter from one direction only,” Pendry says. “However, the new device is infinitely more refined, operating as it does on the length scale of a wavelength.”

The team also included MIT research scientist Ivan Celanovic; associate professor of mathematics Steven Johnson; John Joannopoulos, the Francis Wright Davis Professor of Physics; and Dexin Ye of Zhejiang University in China. The work was supported in part by the Army Research Office, through MIT’s Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, and the U.S. Department of Energy, through the MIT S3TEC Energy Research Frontier Center.

Publication: Yichen Shen, et al., “Optical Broadband Angular Selectivity,” Science 28 March 2014: Vol. 343 no. 6178 pp. 1499-1501; DOI: 10.1126/science.1249799

Image: Weishun Xu and Yuhao Zhang

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New Biofuel Production Process Improves Ener Android vending computer  gy Recovery

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A new biofuel production process created by Michigan State University researchers produces energy more than 20 times higher than existing methods.

Using bacteria to breakdown and ferment agricultural waste into ethanol, MSU microbiologists have developed bioelectrochemical systems known as microbial electrolysis cells, which use a second bacterium, Geobacter sulfurreducens, to produce energy more than 20 times higher than existing methods.

East Lansing, Michigan — A new biofuel production process created by Michigan State University researchers produces energy more than 20 times higher than existing methods.

The results, published in the current issue of Environmental Science and Technology, showcase a novel way to use microbes to produce biofuel and hydrogen, all while consuming agricultural wastes.

Gemma Reguera, MSU microbiologist, has developed bioelectrochemical systems known as microbial electrolysis cells, or MECs, using bacteria to breakdown and ferment agricultural waste into ethanol. Reguera’s platform is unique because it employs a second bacterium, which, when added to the mix, removes all the waste fermentation byproducts or nonethanol materials while generating electricity.

Similar m remote diagnostics  icrobial fuel cells have been investigated before. However, maximum energy recoveries from corn stover, a common feedstock for biofuels, hover around 3.5 percent. Regu industrial IoT router  era’s platform, despite the energy invested in chemical pretreatment of the corn stover, averaged 35 to 40 percent energy recovery just from the fermentation process, said Reguera, an AgBioResearch scientist who co-authored the paper with Allison Spears, MSU graduate student.

“This is because the fermentative bacterium was carefully selected to degrade and ferment agricultural wastes into ethanol efficiently and to produce byproducts that could be metabolized by the electricity-producing bacterium,” Reguera said. “By removing the waste products of fermentation, the growth and metabolism of the fermentative bacterium also was stimulated. Basically, each step we take is custom-designed to be optimal.”

The second bacterium, Geobacter sulfurreducens, generates electricity. The electricity, however, isn’t harvested as an output. It is used to generate hydrogen in the MEC to increase the energy recovery process even more, Reguera said.

“When the MEC generates hydrogen, it actually doubles the energy recoveries,” she said. “We increased energy recovery to 73 percent. So the potential is definitely there to make this platform attractive for processing agricultural wastes.”

Reguera’s fuel cells use corn stover treated by the ammonia fiber expansion process, an advanced pretreatment technology pioneered at MSU. AFEX is an already proven method that was developed by Bruce Dale, MSU professor of chemical engineering and materials science.

Dale is currently working to make AFEX viable on a commercial scale.

In a similar vein, Reguera is continuing to optimize her MECs so they, too, can be scaled up on a commercial basis. Her goal is to develop decentralized systems that can help process agricultural wastes. Decentralized systems could be customized at small to medium scales (scales such as c vending vms ompost bins and small silages, for example) to provide an attractive method to recycle the wastes while generating fuel for farms.

Image: Michigan State University News

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New Battery Tech Could Tr wired  iple the Range of Electric Vehicles

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New research at the University of Waterloo could lead to the development of batteries industrial wireless   that triple the range of electric vehicles.

The breakthrough involves the use of negative electrodes made of lithium metal, a material with the potential to dramatically increase battery storage capacity.

“This will mean cheap, safe, long-lasting batteries that give people much more range in their electric vehicles,” said Quanquan Pang, who led the research while he was a PhD candidate at Waterloo.

The increased storage capacity, or energy density, could boost the distance electric vehicles are able to travel on a single charge, from about 200 kilometres to 600 kilometres.

In creating the technology, Pang and fellow researchers, including supervisor Linda Nazar, a professor of chemistry and chemical engineering at Waterloo, had to overcome two challenges.

The first challenge involved a risk of fires and explosions caused by microscopic structural changes to the lithium metal during repeated charge-discharge cycles.

The second involved a reaction that creates corrosion and limits both how well the electrodes work and how long they last.

Researchers solved both problems by adding a chemical compound made of phosphorus and sulfur elements to the electrolyte liquid that carries electrical charge within batteries.

The compou Industrial router nd reacts with the lithium metal electrode in an already assembled battery to spontaneously coat it with an extremely thin protectiv grid LTE router  e layer.

“We wanted a simple, scalable way to protect the lithium metal,” said Pang, now a post-doctoral fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “With this solution, we just add the compound and it works by itself.”

The novel approach paves the way for electric vehicle batteries that enjoy the benefits of lithium metal electrodes – greater storage capacity and therefore greater driving range – without comprising safety or reducing lifespan.

Publication: Quan Pang, et al., “An In Vivo Formed Solid Electrolyte Surface Layer Enables Stable Plating of Li Metal,” Joule, 2017; doi:10.1016/j.joule.2017.11.009

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Nanostructure Increases Solar-to-Hydrogen Conversion Efficiency by a Factor of Ele vending telemetry  ven

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PCN nanolayers under sunlight can split water. Image: Nannan Meng /Tianjin University

Polymeric carbon nitrides exhibit a catalytic effect in sunlight that substation monitoring   can be used for the production of hydrogen from solar energy. However, the efficiency of these metal-free catalysts is extremely low. A team at the Tianjin University in China, in collaboration with a group at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, has increased the catalytic efficiency of these polymeric carbon nitrides by a factor eleven through a simple process resulting in a larger surface area. The paper was published in the journal Energy & Environmental Science.

One of the major challenges of the energy transition is to supply energy even when the sun is not shining. Hydrogen production by splitting water with the help of sunlight could offer a solution. Hydrogen is a good energy storage medium and can be used in many ways. However, water does not simply split by itself. Catalysts are needed, for instance Platinum, which is rare and expensive. Research teams the world over are looking for more economical alternatives. Now a team headed by Dr. Tristan Petit from the HZB, together with colleagues led by Prof. Bin Zhang from Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, has made important progress using a well-known class of metal-free photocatalysts.

Nanolayers with large pores

Bin Zhang and his team specialise in the synthesis of polymeric carbon nitrides (PCN) that is considered a good candidate as a catalyst for hydrogen production. The PCN molecules form a structure that can be compar wastewater treatment  ed to thin layers of filo pastry dough: sheets of this material lie on top of each other tightly packed together. The Chinese chemists have now succeeded by means of a relatively simple two-step heat treatment in separating the individual sheets from each other – the same way that puff pastry separates into individual crispy layers in the oven. The heat treatment produced samples consisting of individual nanolayers with large pores containing different amino groups with specific functionalities.

A heat treatment produced samples  Wireless ATM  consisting of individual nanolayers with large pores containing different amino groups with specific functionalities. Image: Nannan Meng /Tianjin University

Amino- and oxygenated groups analysed at BESSY II

Petit and his team investigated a series of these PCN samples at BESSY II. “We were able to determine which amino and oxygenated groups had been deposited in the pores”, PhD-student Jian Ren and co-first author of the publication explains. They could analyse how specific amino groups pull electrons to themselves, a particularly favourable property for splitting water, and how new oxygen-based defects were formed.

Efficiency increased by factor eleven

When combined with nickel as a co-catalyst, those samples of nanostructured PCN actually exhibited record-breaking efficiency, eleven times that of normal PCN under visible light irradiation.

Photocatalytic processes at BESSY II unraveled

“This demonstrates that PCN is an interesting potential catalyst for solar-to-hydrogen production, approaching the efficiency of inorganic catalysts,” explains Petit, who is a Volkswagen Foundation Freigeist Fellow. “Furthermore, this work also shows that soft X-ray spectroscopies are essential tools to unravel possible catalytically active sites on photocatalysts.”

Publication: Nannan Meng, et al., “Engineering oxygen-containing and amino groups into two-dimensional atomically-thin porous polymeric carbon nitrogen for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production,” Energy & Environmental Science (2018) doi:10.1039/C7EE03592F

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APEX Electron Gun in Cellular modem   Second Phase of Testing

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With its cables and wires and wave-guides and cables, APEX is a snug fit in the Beam Test Facility at the Advanced Light Source. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory photo by Roy Kaltschmidt

Over the last six years, researchers at the Berkeley Lab have made great progress on APEX, an electron gun that operates at radio frequency in continuous wave mode to produce a high-quality beam at an unprecedented repetition rate.

The focus of Berkeley Lab’s Advanced Photon Injector Experiment, APEX, is an extraordinary electron gun specially designed for the front end of superconducting accelerators. When it’s complete, the APEX gun will be able to produce well-formed bunches of electrons in pulses a few trillionths or even mere quadrillionths of a second long, at rates of up to a million bunches per second.

“With the kind of accelerator-based x-ray light sources we’re designing for, the quality of the electron beam is determined right when the electrons leave the gun,” says Fernando Sannibale of the Accelerator and Fusion Research Division (AFRD), who heads the APEX project. “We need tight electron bunches with high charge, high energy, and a very high repetition rate. And we need the gun to operate reliably over long periods.”

A video artist’s ultra-slow-motion impression of an APEX-style electron gun firing a continuous train of electron bunches into a superconducting linear accelerator (in reality this would happen a million times a second). As they approach the speed of light the bunches contract, maintaining beam quality. After acceleration, the electron bunches are diverted in one or more undulators, the key components of free electron lasers. Oscillating back and forth in the changing magnetic field, they create beams of structured x-ray pulses. Before entering the experimental areas the electron bunches are diverted to a beam dump. (Animation created by Illumina Visual for Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)

The APEX gun was conceived in 2006 by Sannibale and John Staples of AFRD and represents critical technology for the next generation of light sources. Initially funded under Berkeley Lab’s Laboratory Directed Research and Development program, since 2009 APEX has been supported by DOE’s Office of Science as part of a national program of research and development for accelerators and detectors.

A new kind of light source

In scientific parlance, a light source isn’t just a light bulb but a big machine that produces bright beams of light extending into the x-ray region. Typically light sources are user facilities, open to many scientists working on a wide range of experiments. Synchrotron light sources like Berkeley Lab’s Advanced Light Source (ALS), based on storage rings in which electrons circulate at high energies, are mainstays of scientific investigations in chemistry, complex materials, the life sciences, and other research frontiers.

The newest light sources are free electron lasers (FELs). Instead of synchrotrons, most FELs use linear accelerators to boost a train of electron bunches to relatively high energies, then send them through undulators, long rows of magnets that wiggle the electrons back and forth to make them shed much brighter x-ray beams than a synchrotron light source can achieve – and not just brighter, but coherent (laser-like) as well.

Unlike synchrotron sources, however, many FELs have tediously slow repetition rates. SLAC’s pioneering Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), for example, produces electron bunches, and thus x-ray pulses, about 100 times a second. Low rates don’t just glacially slow the time needed to do many experiments. Future experiments hope to explore the extreme time scales at which electrons move within molecules; these experiments will need very short x-ray pulses repeating hundreds of thousands or even a million times a second.

High-repetition-rate x-ray beams call for superconducting electron accelerators operating in what’s known as continuous-wave mode (CW). Rather than single pulses or groups of pulses separated by large time intervals, in CW a continuous electromagnetic field accelerates a train of short-spaced electron bunches to the FEL undulators without interruption. The oscillating voltage of the accelerating field is synchronized with the bunches in the train at constant radio frequency (RF).

Daniele Filippetto, responsible for APEX’s photocathode laser and beam diagnostics, adjusts the mirror that directs the laser to fire into the gun, parallel to the emerging electron beam, to stimulate electron emission from the photocathode. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory photo by Roy Kaltschmidt

For such an accelerator, the electron gun itself must operate in continuous wave mode at radio frequency, which poses a challenge. Producing a train of extremely short, fast-repeating, high-charge bunches, with the electrons in each bunch remaining tightly packed, requires a source of electrons that can spit them out rapidly and repeatedly in the presence of strong electric fields.

“The problem is that a high-frequency, high-power RF cavity can’t operate in CW; it has to be pulsed or it would melt,” says Sannibale. “So to operate in CW, we have to start with lower frequencies.”

The APEX gun operates at 187 megahe Distribution Power Line Monitoring System  rtz (187 million cycles per second), or VHF – which means “very high frequency” but is low compared to the RF of the accelerator itself, measured in gigahertz (billions of cycles per second). The longer wavelength allows the gun’s cavity to be considerably larger than that of comparable higher-frequency guns, which means a greater surface area over which to distribute the heat, keeping the gun relatively cool while it accelerates a continuous wave of electron bunches.

The electron bunches come from a photocathode, a rod inside the gun that throws off electrons when hit by photons from a laser. The laser beam enters the gun’s beam-exit port in the opposite direction from the electron beam it stimulates, and is aligned closely parallel to it.

The first requirement for a photocathode that can produce a million bunches of electrons each second is high “quantum efficiency,” meaning it needs fewer photons to kick out each electron. The SLAC’s LCLS cathode, for example, is made of copper; it needs about 100,000 photons from a powerful laser to free a single electron. APEX is researching cathodes that will create high-charge bunches with just a hundred photons per electron.

“The materials we’re most interested in are called multi-alkali antimonides, which can produce high-charge electron bunches at high rates; these photocathodes are being developed at Berkeley Lab by Howard Padmore’s group at the ALS,” says Sannibale. “The only catch is, the compounds are highly reactive. The slightest trace of water, oxygen, or carbon monoxide poisons them – so we have to get that kind of stuff out of the neighborhood.”

To suck everything out of the gun’s copper cavity it is ringed by slots, outside of which are mounted 24 pumps called “NEGs,” plus one vacuum ion pump. NEG stands for “nonevaporable getter,” a material that can react with and capture virtually everything except noble gases and some hydrocarbons, for which the ion pump is needed. The pumps is designed to pull the vacuum in the cavity down to a hard 10-10 Torr, as devoid of molecules as some regions of outer space.

Other kinds of photocathodes will be tested as well, including cesium-telluride cathodes like those already in use at FLASH in Germany and other FELs; these are provided by Italy’s National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) in Milan. Cesium-telluride cathodes are more robust and have quantum efficiency comparable to the multi-alkali antimonide cathodes, but require higher-energy photons to generate electron emission, and thus more powerful lasers.

Because the APEX gun is intended for advanced FEL user facilities, it has been fitted with a mechanism for unloading and reloading photocathodes relatively quickly (within an hour or two) without losing any of the gun’s vacuum.

From right, John Staples and Fernando Sannibale of the Accelerator and Fusion Research Division conceived APEX, and Russell Wells (left) of Engineering led its construction. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory photo by Roy Kaltschmidt

Advancing a technological frontier

The APEX project is proceeding in three overlapping phases, starting with building the gun from scratch. In phase 0, now almost complete, the gun was designed by Russell Wells of t Fault detection & location  he Engineering Division, fabricated in Berkeley Lab workshops, and installed in the Beam Test Facility at the Advanced Light Source. By December 15 of 2011 the RF fields were reliably performing at the nominal power, marking success for the project’s first fundamental milestone. Next the cathode load-lock mechanism will be installed; subsequently the gun’s vacuum performance will be verified.

Testing photocathode performance is already underway during the last stages of phase 0. As a first step, done in collaboration with a group at Brookhaven National Lab, the photocathode laser will be used to test a cathode amplifier made of diamond – not a source of electrons itself, but a way to multiply the number of electrons produced by a copper cathode three millimeters behind it; the performance of this promising diamond amplifier has never been measured in a RF gun, so the test will have scientific value in its own right. It’s also a good way to check the APEX system before tackling the challenges of multi-alkali antimonide cathodes.

Even as phase 0 is coming to an end, phase I has already begun. The emphasis is on rigorous proof of the photocathode candidates, the promising multi-alkali antimonides and the more robust cesium telluride. The other focus of phase I is testing beam quality at low energy, part of beam dynamics studies under postdoc Chris Papadopoulos.

After accelerating very quickly over a very short distance inside the gun, well-formed electron bunches (having low emittance, in accelerator-speak) leave the gun and enter the injector, the first stage of the accelerator itself. Since APEX is being tested in tight quarters – only three by 15 meters, with limited shielding – the bunches can be accelerated to at most 30 MeV (30 million electron volts), instead of the 70-100 MeV that will be required of a working injector operating in a FEL. During phase I the test won’t achieve even this energy: initially the beam will be kept at the energy of the bunches as they leave the gun, three quarters of an MeV.

However, says Sannibale, “We can only claim victory if we can demonstrate beam quality at higher energy.” That’s the main goal of phase II, which will test beam quality – emittance, bunch length, bunch charge, energy spread, and brightness – at 30 MeV. “Although we won’t be testing at the full energy required by a real injector, it will be high enough to show beam quality. Space charge forces will be sufficiently small to allow for a reliable characterization of the beam.”

Since its inception six years ago APEX has made significant progress. An electron gun that operates at radio frequency in continuous wave mode to produce a high-quality beam at an unprecedented repetition rate – it’s a concept that’s well on the road to final proof.

“APEX-style injectors will provide the front ends for a new generation of light sources, including Berkeley Lab’s own proposal for a facility with up to 10 FELs, 20 x-ray beamlines, and repetition rates up to a hundred thousand times a second for each. Each FEL will be independently tunable for wavelength, pul Vending Telemeter  se length, polarization, and other experimental requirements,” Sannibale says. “APEX is the front end of an accelerator, but it’s at the forefront of a whole new way of doing photon science.”

Images: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory photo by Roy Kaltschmidt

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Physici 3g modem  sts Use Laser Light to Gain Access to Long-Lived Sound Waves

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The diagram illustrates light (in red and blue) generating acoustic waves in a pristine crystal (center).

Yale scientists used laser light  Industrial 3g router  to gain access to long-lived sound waves in crystalline solids as the basis for information storage. The result was published online April 2 in the journal Nature Physics.

Acoustic technologies that harness the power of sound are ubiquitous in the modern world. They are crucial elements in everyday technologies ranging from cell phones to global positioning systems. As society transitions to sophisticated quantum technologies that utilize the properties of quantum mechanics, scientists are looking to develop acoustic technologies for applications in quantum computing and sensitive metrology.

At room temperature, sound waves usually die out rapidly,  Remote Machine Monitoring & Maintenance System  making them less appealing for information storage. But at cryogenic temperatures, where many quantum technologies operate, sound waves in pristine crystals such as silicon, quartz, and sapphire can last much longer.

Fig. 1: The bulk crystalline optomechanical system.a, Travelling optical pump and probe beams impinge on the bulk crystalline resonator; interaction between these optical waves is mediated by a phonon-cavity mode that is confined to the crystalline confocal resonator.b, Schematic of the acoustic resonator showing deformation of the crystal associated with motion of the fundamental longitudinal acoustic phonon mode; the displacement, beam waist and spatial period are exaggerated for c automation  onceptual clarity.c, Surface plots showing the displacement amplitude profile for the first three spatial longitudinal acoustic modes. The fundamental (i) and first two higher-spatial-order (ii and iii) longitudinal acoustic modes are shown.Nature Physics(2018)doi:10.1038/s41567-018-0090-3

The new study, led by assistant professor of applied physics and physics Peter Rakich, describes how such long-lived sound waves can be both efficiently generated and controlled using laser light.

William Renninger, a former member of the Rakich lab who is now a professor at the University of Rochester, is the study’s first author. “This surprisingly simple system combines aspects of classical nonlinear optics and quantum cavity optomechanics to enable exciting techniques for state-of-the-art devices in addition to avenues for fundamental exploration,” Renninger said.

The researchers said there is a potential for commercial application of these acoustic devices. A laser based on sound could enable new approaches for precision time-keeping in modern communication systems.

In addition, “such interactions between light and sound in specially engineered crystals could enable new devices for future quantum networks,” said Prashanta Kharel, a graduate student in Rakich’s lab and co-author of the study.

Co-author Ryan Behunin, a former member of the Rakich lab who is now a professor at Northern Arizona University, said, “We’re very excited about the prospects for this work. In the future we hope this system will enable searches for new physics, unique forms of precision sensing, and novel approaches to quantum information processing.”

The Office of Naval Research, the Packard Fellowship for Science and Engineering, and the National Science Foundation supported the research.

Publication: W. H. Renninger, et al., “Bulk crystalline optomechanics,” Nature Physics (2018) doi:10.1038/s41567-018-0090-3

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

A Promising New Treatment for Multiple Scl LTE router  erosis

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New research shows that auto-reactive T cells in MS patients produce different types of inflammatory hormones called cytokines than they do in healthy subjects, opening the door to new treatments for the disease.

Evidence has long suggested multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease, but researchers have been puzzled because they found the same T cells that attack the myelin sheathing around nerve cells in MS patients are present in healthy subjects as well.

Now researchers from the Yale School of Medicine and colleagues at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) report that auto-reactive T cells in MS patients produce different types of inflammatory hormones called cytokines than they do in healthy subjects.

“In most people, these T ce M2M gateway  lls are acting to repair tissue, but in MS patients, they do damag azure iot certified  e to the nervous system,” said Dr. David Hafler, the William S. and Lois Stiles Edgerly Professor of Neurology and senior author of the study, published May  Industrial LTE router  14 in the journal Science Translational Medicine.

The Yale-led team analyzed T cell populations from 23 MS patients and 22 healthy controls. Existing drugs can target the MS-specific cytokines identified in the study and should be a promising new treatment for the disease, the authors say.

Hafler also noted that the same sort of process might be found in other autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and Type 1 diabetes.

Yonghao Cao of Yale and Brittany A. Goods of MIT are co-first authors of the paper.

The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society.

Publication: Yonghao Cao, et al., “Functional inflammatory profiles distinguish myelin-reactive T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis,” Science Translational Medicine, 13 May 2015: Vol. 7, Issue 287, p. 287ra74; DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa8038

Image: Image courtesy of MIT

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Using “Multiferroics” Researchers Make  da monitoring  Major Improvements in Computer Processing

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A picture of spin wave devices, showing magneto-electric cells used for voltage-controlled spin wave generation in the spin wave bus material (yellow stripe). The yellow stripe is about four micrometers in diameter.

A team of UCLA researchers has demonstrated that using an emerging class of magnetic materials called “multiferroics” to generate spin waves could reduce wasted heat and increase power efficiency for computer processing by up to 1,000 times.

Have you ever wondered why your laptop or smartphone feels warm when you’re using it? That heat is a byproduct of the microprocessors in your device using electric current to power computer processing functions — and it is actually wasted energy.

Now, a team led by researchers from the UCLA Henry Samueli Sc prestashop 多语商城 hool of Engineering and Applied Science has made major improvements in computer processing using an emerging class of magnetic materials called “multiferroics,” and these advances could make future devices far more energy-efficient than current technologies.

With today’s device microprocessors, electric current passes through transistors, which are essentially very small electronic switches. Because current involves the movement of electrons, this process produces heat — which makes devices warm to the touch. These switches can also “leak” electrons, making it difficult to completely turn them off. And as chips continue to get smaller, with more circuits packed into smaller spaces, the amount of wasted heat grows.

The UCLA Engineering team used multiferroic magnetic materials to reduce the amount of power consumed by “logic devices,” a type of circuit on a computer chip dedicated to performing functions such as calculations. A multiferroic can be switched on or off by applying alternating voltage — the difference in electrical potential. It then carries power through the material in a cascading wave through the spins of electrons, a process referred to as a spin wave bus.

A spin wave can be thought of as similar to an ocean wave, which keeps water molecules in essentially the same place while the energy is carried through the water, as opposed to an electric current, which can be envisioned as water flowing through a pipe, said principal investigator Kang L. Wang, UCLA’s Raytheon Professor of Electrical Engineering and director of the Western Institute of Nanoelectronics (WIN).

“Spin waves open an opportunity to realize fundamentally new ways of computing while solving some of the key challenges faced by scaling of conventional semiconductor technology, potentially creating a new paradigm of spin-based electronics,” Wang said.

The UCLA researchers were able to demonstrate that using this multiferroic material to generate spin waves could reduce wasted heat and therefore increase power efficiency for processing by up to 1,000 times. Their research is published in the journal Applied Physics Letters.

“Electrical control of magnetism without involving charge currents is a fast-growing area of interest in magnetics research,” said co-author Pedram Khalili, a UCLA assistant adjunct professor of electrical engineering. “It can have major implications for future information processing and data-storage devices, and our recent results are exciting in that context.”

The researchers previously applied this technology in a similar way to com m2m iot  puter memory.

Sergiy Cherepov, a former UCLA postdoctoral scholar, was the lead author on the research. Cherepov, Khalili and Wang are members of the National Science Foundation–funded Center for Translational Applications of Nanoscale Multiferroic Systems (TANMS), which focuses on multiferroic device applications.

The research was funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency’s Non-Volatile Logic program and the by the Nanoelectronics Research Initiative through the WIN.

Other authors included Juan G. Alzate, Kin Wong , Mark Lewis, Pramey Upadhyaya, Jayshankar Nath and Mingqiang Bao of UCLA’s electrical engineering department; Alexandre Bur, Tao Wu and TANMS director Gregory Carman of UCLA’s mechanical and aerospace engineering department; and Alexander Khitun, adjunct professor of electrical engineering at UC Riverside’s Bourns College of Engineering.

Publication: Sergiy Cherepov, et al., “Electric-fi M2M gateway  eld-induced spin wave generation using multiferroic magnetoelectric cells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 082403 (2014); doi:10.1063/1.4865916

Image: UCLA Newsroom

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