#UV Vis spectrophotometer manufacturer

[microsilindia]

Exploring the Role of UV VIS Spectrophotometer in Modern Science

A UV Vis spectrophotometer measures the absorbance or transmittance of ultraviolet and visible light by a sample, providing insights into its composition and concentration. Commonly used in chemistry, biology, and material sciences, it enables precise analysis of molecules with chromophores. Applications include protein quantification, DNA analysis, and quality control in industries like pharmaceuticals and environmental monitoring. Microsil India, a trusted UV Vis spectrophotometer manufacturer, delivers precise, high-quality instruments for advanced research, industrial analysis, and academic applications, ensuring accuracy and reliability every time.

[lasanyinternational]

Visible Spectrophotometer Model – LI – 721s | Lasany International

Visible Spectrophotometer Model LI-721s by Lasany International is a precision instrument designed for accurate measurement of light absorbance in the visible spectrum. It features user-friendly controls and high reliability for various laboratory applications. This model ensures precise, consistent results suitable for research and quality control purposes.

[ftirspectrophotometer]

Leading UV-Vis Spectrophotometer Xenon Lamp Manufacturer

Uncover brilliance in every wavelength with our Xenon Lamp-powered UV-Vis Spectrophotometers. Precision analysis for scientific excellence! We are leading UV-Vis Spectrophotometer Xenon Lamp Manufacturer, supplier and exporter from India. For product details or quotes contact us via email and chat support.

[qualityherb]

Development Trends of Chinese Plant Extract Manufacturers

Chinese Plant Extract Manufacturers can generally be divided into four tiers. The first tier includes A-share listed companies such as Layn Natural Ingredients and Chen Guang Biotechnology Group (CCGB), which are technologically advanced, have large-scale operations, and have high visibility. The second tier consists of some New Third Board-listed companies, such as Day Natural, and Red Star Pharmaceutical, which have a certain level of visibility and are continuously expanding in scale. The third tier includes companies like BGG WORLD and JOYWIN Natural Products, recognized by the industry, while the rest are relatively weaker players in the fourth tier.

Plant Extract Manufacturers typically feature the following main characteristics and equipment:

Extraction equipment: These devices are used to extract useful compounds from plant materials. Extraction processes can utilize various methods such as solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and distillation.

Separation and purification equipment: Extracted mixtures need to be separated and purified to obtain the desired compounds. This may involve techniques such as chromatography, crystallization, and membrane separation.

Testing and analysis equipment: Factories are typically equipped with devices for testing and analyzing to ensure product quality and purity. These devices may include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry (MS), and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometers (UV-Vis).

Production and packaging equipment: Once compounds are extracted, separated, and purified, they are processed into final product forms and packaged for sale. This may involve processes such as formulation, drying, filling, and packaging.

Quality control and compliance: Plant extraction factories need to comply with relevant quality control standards and regulations to ensure product quality, safety, and compliance. This may include implementing good manufacturing practices (GMP), quality management systems (QMS), etc.

Major publicly listed companies in the Plant Extract Manufacturers:

Layn Natural Ingredients: Layn specializes in the research, production, and sales of plant extracts and natural drugs. Its flagship products may include various plant extracts used in pharmaceuticals, health products, cosmetics, etc. For example, they may provide active ingredients extracted from various plants for the manufacture of health products and medicines. Specific products may include grape seed extract, soy isoflavones, green tea extract, etc.

Chen Guang Biotechnology Group: CCGB is a high-tech enterprise specializing in the extraction, separation, purification, and application of effective plant components. Its main products include six major series with hundreds of products, among which natural pigments have the highest sales volume nationwide, capsanthin ranks first in the world in terms of sales volume, and capsicum oleoresin accounts for over 85% of domestic production. Lutein, lycopene, and other varieties are also important in the international market.

Possible future directions for Chinese Plant Extract Manufacturers:

Technological innovation and process improvement: With the continuous advancement of technology, plant extraction techniques and processes will continue to improve and innovate. Factories may invest more resources in the research and application of new extraction technologies to improve extraction efficiency, reduce costs, and develop more types of plant extracts.

Product diversification and functionality enhancement: With the increasing focus on health and beauty, the demand for plant extract products is expected to continue growing. Factories may increase efforts in the research and development of product diversification and functionality enhancement to develop more types of plant extract products with unique characteristics to meet the needs of different customer groups.

Quality control and compliance: With the intensification of market competition, factories may pay more attention to quality control and compliance. Strengthening quality management during the production process to ensure the safety, efficacy, and stability of products, and strictly comply with relevant laws and standards.

Sustainable development and environmental awareness: Against the backdrop of increasing environmental awareness, factories may pay more attention to sustainable development and environmental protection. Adopting more environmentally friendly production processes and materials to reduce energy consumption and waste emissions, and actively participating in green production and circular economy.

Expansion into international markets: With the advancement of globalization, Chinese plant extraction factories may increase their efforts to expand into international markets. Actively participating in international cooperation and exchanges, opening up overseas markets, and enhancing brand influence and competitiveness.

Chinese Plant Extract Manufacturer

[doubleroptics]

Double R Optics is leading Spectrophotometer manufacturer in India.  Also we are best spectrophotometer suppliers.  All kind of spectrophotometer at reasonable price.  High quality and full range of Advanced UV – VIS Spectrophotometer, Microprocessor spectrophotometer etc.

[coslab1-blog]

India’s leading all scientific lab equipment manufacturer and supplier for educational and scientific purpose with worldwide shipping services.

Our scientific equipment include:

Digital Microscope, Educational Microscope, Compound microscope, Multi head microscope, Pharmacy Instrument Manufacturers , Physics laboratory Equipment, UV/VIS Spectrophotometer Exporter or other lab equipment.

[naturavitalisindustriespvtltd]

Essential Oils Exporters From India | Natura Vitalis

Natura Vitalis Industries Pvt. Ltd.  is a well-established group engaged in manufacturing of Natural Essential Oils, Spice Oils, Aromatherapy oils, Herbal Extracts, Oleoresins, Phytochemicals and Nicotine compounds on a large scale.

Our Quality control department is well equipped with a High-tech in-house laboratory consisting of analytical equipments like HPLC, GC-MS, GC, UV-VIS Spectrophotometer, Polarimeter etc.

Our products are exported across the globe and we have firm presence in Europe, Asia, North America, Canada, Australia, Middle East etc. and continuing to expand throughout the world by serving products of International standards.

For any clarifications or queries, please feel free to contact us:

Mobile: +91-9810431486, +91-7838690001, +91-9999040662

Email ID: info@nvitalis.com

Visit Website: www.nvitalis.com

[microsilindia]

How to Choose the Right UV VIS Spectrophotometer in India

A UV-Vis spectrophotometer measures the absorbance and transmittance of light in the ultraviolet and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is widely used in chemistry, biology, and materials science for analyzing the concentration of solutions, studying reaction kinetics, and characterizing compounds. Microsil India: Leading UV-Vis spectrophotometer manufacturer in India, delivering precision, reliability, and innovation for accurate scientific and industrial applications. The instrument provides vital data for qualitative and quantitative analysis in various research fields.

[lasanyinternational]

Double Beam UV-VIS Touch Screen Spectrophotometer (Model No-LI-2904) is a high-tech device used to analyze samples by measuring how much light they absorb at different wavelengths. It has a touch screen for easy operation and is perfect for research, quality control, and teaching labs. This spectrophotometer helps determine the characteristics of various samples by studying their light absorption.

[ftirspectrophotometer]

https://tonesbox.com/blogs/107394/Double-Beam-Spectrophotometer-Manufacturer-Supplier-Exporter-in-India

A leading double beam spectrophotometer manufacturer and supplier, FTIR spectrophotometers prioritize compliance with international standards to meet the requirements of the modern laboratory. Our Double Beam UV-VIS Spectrophotometer is an essential instrument in analytical chemistry, pharmaceutical and environmental monitoring, and several other applications. Even though, in a state of fluctuation of the light intensity, it is crafted to provide precise results. 

[alexdear]

What are the Types of a Spectrophotometer?

Spectrophotometry is a scientific technique used to measure the intensity of light either transmitted through or reflected from gas, liquid or solid samples.  In transmission, which is directly related to absorbance per Beer's law, spectrophotometry is the technique that measures how much a substance absorbs a beam of light passing through it.  By measuring the intensity at each wavelength, a spectrum is created and this can tell us much information about the sample through which the light passed.

In reflectance, spectrophotometry measures the amount of light that is reflected from an opaque specimen.  Again a spectrum is created by measuring the intensity at each wavelength of light.  All this can be done with a spectrophotometer.

 The  is an optical instrument for measuring the intensity of light relative to wavelength. Electromagnetic energy, collected from the sample, enters the device through the aperture (yellow line) and is separated into its component wavelengths by the holographic grating. Simply put, the grating acts to separate each color from the white light.  The separated light is then focused onto a CCD array detector where the intensity of each wavelength (or each color if in the visible region) is then measured by a pixel of the array. The CCD is then read-off to a computer and the result is a spectrum which displays the intensity of each wavelength of light.

 Types of Spectrophotometers

Spectrophotometers are either single-beam or double-beam. Single-beam spectrophotometers measure the light intensity before and after the sample is introduced, while double-beam spectrophotometers compare the intensity of light between the reference light path and the sample that’s being measured. Double-beam models are more accurate because they are not as sensitive to light source fluctuations, but single-beam options have a higher range and are more compact.

 Infrared Spectrometer

Infrared spectrometers, sometimes referred to as IR spectrometers, measure vibrations in the interatomic bonds within the sample being tested. When the sample is exposed to infrared wavelengths, the vibrations are measured at different frequencies. This spectrometer can also measure the number of absorbing molecules.

 Infrared spectrometers can identify and study chemicals in gas, solid, or liquid form. It is useful for forensic analysis, organic and inorganic chemistry, microelectronics, manufacturing, art history, and various other applications.

 Raman Spectrometer

Raman spectrometers are most often used in chemistry to provide the structural fingerprint to identify molecules. This type of spectroscopy relies on inelastic scattering of photons. It uses a source of monochromatic light, typically from a laser. Generally, it’s in the visible light, near-infrared, or near-ultraviolet spectrum, though it’s also possible to use x-rays. The laser interacts with excitations within the sample, which shifts the energy either up or down. That shift provides information about the vibrational modes, similar to the information infrared spectroscopy offers.

 UV-Vis Spectrometer

UV-Visible spectroscopy exposes the sample to ultraviolet light, which excites the electrons upon absorbance of the light energy. The absorbance is measured based on how excited the electrons become. This type of spectroscopy is commonly used to research the chemical bonding of molecules in the sample material.

 Near IR spectroscopy is based on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths from 780 to 2,400 nanometers. The light interacts with the sample and then the detector measures the transmittance and absorbance. Near IR spectroscopy has a wide range of applications, including, neonatal research, blood sugar, functional neuroimaging, urology, ergonomics, atmospheric chemistry, and more.

 X-Ray Spectrometer

X-Ray spectrometers excite the inner electrons of the sample. When the excited electrons fall into the empty space generated as a result of energy absorption, x-rays are procured.

 Regardless of the type, make, or model of spectrophotometer your lab requires, Drawell Scientific can help you get what you need. Of course, you can also consult our engineers first, and we will do our best to help you answer your questions.

[racefox286]

Plane Diffraction Grating

Videos For Plane Diffraction Grating

Diffraction Grating Explanation With Theory

Grating Element Of Plane Diffraction Grating

Diffraction Gratings - University Of Virginia

Plane Diffraction Grating Theory

Diffraction Grating

Diffraction Grating History Create parallel groves which enforce a phase lag with each adjacent reflection. Grooves can be transparent/opaque rulings on a transmissive material, formed by opaque lines on a mirror, or consist of tilted facets. Phase lags with integral multiples of a given wavelength interfere constructively. A diffraction grating is a periodically structure of subsequent most evenly spaced grating lines. Those grooves or opaque lines diffract the incident light depending on its periocity and microstructure. Plane ruled diffraction gratings are blazed for maximum efficiency in the first order Littrow configuration at specific wavelengths. Ruled reflection gratings are especially well suited for spectroscopic systems requiring high resolution. High efficiency at design wavelength and blaze angle.

Hitachi Diffraction Gratings Analyze a Variety of Radiations Ranging from X-rays to Infrared.

Learn2Trade is a UK-based platform specializing in educational content on trading. MYC Forex & Commodities Signals (@MYC Signals) When it comes to producing forex signals, MYC. Download Signal for Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, and Windows. Signal telegram. Telegram Forex Signals Trading is your home of profitable success rate Telegram forex signals, our members have consistently enjoyed our daily Telegram forex signals. As a way to give an opportunity for non-subscribers to benefit from our signals, we have a free Telegram Forex Signals Channel.

Hitachi diffraction gratings are adopted in a wide range of scientific and industrial fields, e.g. large spectrograph for photobiological research and Spectrophotometers for extreme ultraviolet explorer.

Videos For Plane Diffraction Grating

*

These gratings are available in North America and Europe.

Features

The diffraction gratings capable of analyzing a variety of radiations ranging from soft X-rays to far infrared are now expanding their application areas as optical elements indispensable for spectroscopy. The diffraction gratings developed by Hitachi have been used in various application areas, and are now highly evaluated as the world's foremost optical elements. For example, a total of 36 diffraction gratings having a size of 15 × 15 cm and arranged in a mosaic pattern, are adopted in the large spectrograph used in the Okazaki National Research Institutes, National Institute for Basic Biology. The spectrograph has successfully realized the world's largest artificial rainbow whose intensity is 20 times the sunlight energy right above the equator. Furthermore, the Hitachi plane diffraction gratings consisting of varied space grooves have also been adopted in the Spectrophotometers of the extreme ultraviolet explorer scheduled to be launched by NASA of the U.S.A. Hitachi has developed the reflection plane gratings and concave gratings to meet such most-advanced technological fields as exemplified above. These gratings are available in a wide variety of models to meet your diversified needs.

Large spectrograph at the Institute for Basic Biology

Diffraction Grating Explanation With Theory

Control computer

Power supply room

Condensing mirror

30 kW xenon lamp

Deflection mirror

Optical fiber room

Operation room

Illumination room

Diffraction grating

“Flying into the Rainbow' by Naoya Sakagami (In the arrival lobby of New Haneda Airport)

A tool to customize your desktop goose. Contribute to lim10dev/desktop-goose-customizer development by creating an account on GitHub. Desktop goose free. A modding launcher for the Desktop Goose by the ResourceHub project desktop-goose resourcehub resourcelauncher resourcehub-launcher desktop-goose-modding C# GPL-3.0 9.

Grating Element Of Plane Diffraction Grating

An art object representing a rainbow under the dome, which was created using the Hitachi diffraction grating parts.

*

These gratings are available in North America and Europe.

Plane Diffraction Gratings

A wide variety of high performance, mechanically-ruled diffraction gratings.

The ruling engine equipped with a highly sensitive laser interferometer is able to rule grating grooves with ultrahigh accuracy, and realizes high resolution spectroscopic instruments.

Burnishing process, by using a diamond tool, serves to form triangularly shaped echelette grooves whose surfaces are extremely smooth yielding minimum stray light.

The grooves, having an exact blaze angle, can be formed by selecting an appropriate diamond tool and measuring the groove profiles with a scanning electron microscope. These processes allow the grating to provide a highly efficient diffraction efficiency in the designed wavelength region.

Grating grooves having 2 or more different blaze anoles can be combined on a single diffraction grating. This structure allows for broader wavelength coverage.

A variety of diffraction gratings with variable spaced grooves and shapes are manufactured.

Concave Diffraction Grating

From X-rays to Infrared! Gratings can now be designed to meet specific requirements.

Coma-type aberration-corrected concave grating for high resolution Seya-amioka monochromator: This grating eliminates the coma-type aberration of the Seya-Namioka monochromator, which has been most widely used in monochromators with concave gratings that provide high resolution. Hitachi is manufacturing a wide variety of aberration-corrected gratings for Seya-Namioka monochromator which cover a wavelength range from the vacuum ultra-violet to the near infrared region.

Diffraction gratings for compact, high efficiency monochromator: These gratings are designed for normal incidence mounting.　They reduce aberrations and at the same time increase the efficiency of light intensity. A as a result, a high quality of image focusing of the concave grating is available.

Diffraction gratings for flat field spectrograph: Variable space grooves enable flat-field image focusing of concave grating spectrograph. The spectrograph permits simultaneous measurement of multi-wavelength spectra when combined with a linear array detector. Gratings are designed optimally for the grazing-incidence optical system (for soft X-ray) and the normal incidence optical system (for VIS-UV ray), respectively.

Diffraction gratings for multi wavelength optical communication: A compact and efficient aberration corrected concave grating is manufactured for transmitting multiple wavelength light beams through an optical fiber and acts to separate the beams at the receiving terminal.

Diffraction gratings for soft X-rays: Highly dispersive concave gratings for grazing-incidence mounting are available especially used for synchrotron radiation and extreme ultra-violet applications. These gratings are very effective for the application of soft x-rays whose reflectance is extremely low on a metal surface.

UV-Vis/NIR Basic Course

The basics of spectrophotometer, from 'What can an ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometer Do?' to 'Structure of a spectrophotometer.'

Science & Medical Systems

Diffraction Gratings - University Of Virginia

Analytical Systems

Spectrophotometers (UV-Vis/NIR, FL)

Related Links

© Hitachi High-Tech Corporation. 2001, 2021. All rights reserved.

Plane Diffraction Grating Theory

[coslab1-blog]

This UV VIS spectrophotometer leverages scanning diode array technology. Using fiber-optic based sample cells and light sources, high-end detection systems with exceptional sensitivity and noise performance can be easily assembled.

[howtotricksblog-blog]

Cost And Versatile Spectroscopic Experiments

Ocean Optics manufacture an extensive range of cuvette holders for a range of measurement types including absorbance, transmittance, fluorescence, reflectance, emission and temperature controlled, together with disposable and quartz cuvettes for use on the cuvette holders. Learn more about how to sell school supplies online. Ultra-micro, semi-micro and macro spectrophotometer cuvettes may be purchased in reusable or disposable models. The concentration of the sample is a function of the abbreviated light path. Accuracy and high quality: Firefly cuvettes are made with the best quality quartz and glass material available.

UV quartz cuvettes made in such method have much stronger chemical resistance and better life time than cuvettes made in other way such as being glued together. See right how it fits perfectly into the slot for cuvettes. Each case consists of cuvettes with the same impression number.

The general materials of a cuvette can be glass, quartz (for UV), or plastic, and so on. The width of a cuvette affects the path length of the beam getting through the sample, resulting in different absorbance. Online furniture shopping has become popular for this very reason: it connects customers with furniture that has the style, color, and pricing they want.

Globe Scientific supplies a complete line of cuvettes, sample cups and printer paper for use on the Dade Dimension® analyzers. If you have a tight budget, than you are going to want to go with an Optical Glass cuvette. The main components of a UV Vis spectrophotometer are a light source, sample holder, dispersive device to separate the different wavelengths of the light, and a suitable detector, for example a photo diode detector.

It would thus be desirable to provide an optical configuration for fluorescence measurements wherein the path lengths of the excitation beam and emitted beam are short. By measuring and comparing a series of standard solutions -with known concentrations - of the analyte, the concentration of the analyte in the sample can be determined.

We try improving the quality of our products for every consignment we dispatch. Standard Fluorometer UV quartz cuvette with 4 clear windows. Single- or limited-use applications can benefit from disposable or semi-disposable cuvettes. Quartz Cuvettes for Vernier UV-VIS Spectrophotometer is made for and available separatley from Vernier UV-VIS Spectrophotometer (TC1590).

They are packaged in a practical dust-proof support-container made of PS foam containing 100 cuvettes. Products include cuvettes manufactured from clear polystyrene resin, fit most spectrophotometers, and are available with double seal polyethylene caps. The unique shape of the UVette allows sample measurement using two different optical path lengths, which are clearly marked.

Precision Cells cuvettes are guaranteed to give you the best optical transmission. 16. After measurement clean used cuvettes. Categorize products not just by type and brand, but by compatibility, so a customer can select their own phone from the list and see everything you have.

[annieboltonworld]

Juniper Publishers- Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

Evaluation of Green Clover Leaves as Green and Economic Sorbent for Removal of High Levels of Iron from Different Water Sources

Authored by Hassouna MEM

Abstract

Green clover powdered leaves and their modified forms with lactic acid and tri sodium citrate have been used as low cost and eco-friendly adsorbents for the removal of iron from aqueous media. Samples were collected from different water supplies (surface, tap and ground water).The different factors affecting the adsorption procedure such as: adsorbent dose, stirring time and pH have been optimized for the sake of realizing maximum removal efficiency. The removal efficiency of the unmodified green clover was increased with the increase of the pH value until reaching its maximum uptake in the range 4-7. Both the sodium citrate and lactic acid modified green clover powders showed maximum uptake in the pH range 5-6. The removal process was slow in the first 35 min. then the uptake% was gradually increased till equilibrium after 50 min in case of unmodified green clover, the tri sodium citrate modified form showed equilibrium after 40 min. and the lactic acid modified one reached equilibrium after 50 min. Desorption processes proved the possibility of regeneration and reuse of the adsorbent.Modified forms displayed better adsorption capacity and capability comparable with that of the crude leaves. The removal process was applied on some samples of wastewater successfully.

Keywords: Water sources; Heavy metals; Fe; Green clover leaves; Economic sorbent; Adsorption

Introduction

Air, food, soil and water were narrated to be the media where heavy metals such as copper, cadmium, nickel, lead, and zinc are introduced into the environment [1-4]. Heavy metals cause serious health disease, including reduced growth and development, cancer, organ and nervous system damage. In severe cases, it leads to death [5]. These heavy metals are reported to be hazardous resulting in damage to ecosystems as well as human health [6,7] especially if their concentration is more than the accepted limit [8]. Their higher sources include contaminant water discharged from hospitals [9], several industries such as Cd–Ni battery, metal plating and alloy manufacturing [10-13]. Chemical precipitation, ion exchange, electrodialysis, solvent extraction, coagulation, evaporation and adsorption are among the most known techniques for the removal of metal ions from aqueous solutions [14-17].Iron is one of the earth’s most spreading resources making up about 5% of the earth crust. It is one of the major heavy metal impurities that are commonly present in many water sources which cause several problems for the human health [18]. There are many methods for removal of iron from ground water, viz., oxidation with chlorine and potassium permanganate, treatment with limestone, liquid–liquid extraction, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, bioremediation, activated carbon and other filtering materials [19-23]. Many of these methods became not economically feasible for the removal processes.In recent years, the need for safe and economical methods has necessitated the use of low cost agricultural by-products such as sugarcane bagasse [24-26], rice husk [27,28], sawdust [29,30], coconut husk [31], oil palm shell [32], black gram husk [33], neem bark [34] , tea waste, turkish coffee and walnut shell. Some more adsorbents like papaya wood [35], maize leaf [36], teak leaf powder [37], coraindrumsativum [38], lalang (Imperata cylindrica) leaf powder [39], peanut hull pellets [40], sago waste [41], saltbush (Atriplex canescens) leaves [42,43], tree fern [44-45], grape stalk wastes [46], etc. Sorption methods are considered flexible and easy to operate with much less sludge disposal problems and economically feasible [47,48].However, the expense of individual sorbents varies depending on the degree of processing required and local availability. In general, an adsorbent can be termed a low cost one if it requires little processing, abundant in nature, an agricultural waste or is a by-product or a waste material from an industry. On the other hand, plant wastes can be used in their crude form, or in most cases, require to be modified or treated for being applied for the cleansing of heavy metals. Thus, the present study was forwarded towards the use of green clover powdered leaves as economic sorbent in both crude and modified forms with tri sodium citrate and lactic acid for removal of iron from different water sources. The different factors affecting the adsorption procedure such as: adsorbent dose, stirring time and pH have been optimized to achieve maximum removal efficiency.

Experimental Materials and Methodsa) Chemicals

Ferrous ammonium sulphate (Aldrich), Hydrochloric acid (BDH), 1, 10 Phenanthroline(Aldriin 0.1M HCL,) Tri sodium Citrate(Aldrich) and Hydroxylamine hydrochloride(Aldrich).b) ReagentsGreen clover leaves are collected from the agricultural Egyptian fields. The leaves are washed, air dried and then are finely powdered in a mixer till being near the nano size. The final product is applied as the crude green clover leaves powder for the removal of iron from water samples according to the proposed procedure.100 g of the crude green clover powder are refluxed with 500 ml of 0.5M lactic acid solution over a boiling water for 6h.The produced precipitate was separated, repeatedly washed with DDW till free from acid then dried in an oven at 60ºC for two hrs. After cooling in a desiccator to room temperature, it is finely grinded once again.100 g of the crude green clover powder are, similarly, refluxed with 500 mL of 0.5 M trisodium citrate solution over a boiling water bath for 6 h. The produced precipitate was separated, repeatedly washed with DDW till free from both the sodium and citrate ions, then dried and grinded.UV/Vis. Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV/Vis. Perkin Elemer Lambada 3B Spectrophotometer using 1cm Quartz cell” was used in the determination of residual iron in the effluents after the adsorption processes); Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer AA 240FS, Agilent Technologies, used for rapid and confirmational determination of iron; pH meter (The pH measurements were carried out using the microprocessor pH meter BT 500 BOECO, Germany, which was calibrated against two standard buffer solutions at pH4 and 9 and Mechanical Shaker (with up to 200 rpm with speed control was used).The morphologies of the prepared samples and composites were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray diffractometer was used to investigate the phase structure of the investigated samples under the following conditions which were kept constant in all the analysis processes Cu: X-ray tube, scan speed = 8/min, current = 30 mA, voltage = 40 kV and preset time = 10s.The residual iron in the solution is determined spectrophotometrically after its reduction to Fe (II). In a 25 ml volumetric flask, add 0.5 ml of the 10% hydroxylamine solution, 2 mL 10% tri sodium citrate solution then transfer 5 ml of the standard Fe (II) solution. The pH is in the range 3-4. Add 2.5 ml of 0.2 % 1, 10 phenanthroline solution, dilute to the mark with DDW and mix thoroughly. After 5 min the absorbance of the solution is measured at 512 nm against a blank.The concentration of residual iron in the solution after the adsorption process is directly measured at λmax equals 372.0 nm with detection limit of 50μg/L using a mixture of Acetelyne –Nitrous Oxide flame.To investigate the effect of pH on the uptake % (adsorption) of iron from aqueous media by the crude green clover leaves powder, aliquots of 25 mL containing 20 ppm of the metal ion are transferred to a group of 100 mL conical flasks each containing 0.1 g of the crude adsorbent. Adjust the pH of each flask to a value ranging from 2-10, respectively using 0.1M NaOH and HCl solutions and stir for 1hr. Centrifuge the contents of each flask and determine the residual iron content in the supernatant solution. The sorption percentage of the metal ion by the green clover leaves powder is calculated from the relation:Uptak e (%) = [(Co-C) / Co] ×100Where Co and C are the initial and final concentrations of metal ion respectively. The optimum pH was found to be in the range 4-7.When the same procedure was parallely repeated using the sodium citrate and lactic acid modified powder instead, the optimum pH was in the range 5-6.Aliquots of 25 mL solution containing 20 ppm iron are transferred to a group of 100 mL conical flasks. Adjust the pH of each flask to the optimum value. Varying amounts of the crude green clover leaves powder in the range 0.05 - 0.35 g are added to each flask, respectively. The mixtures were stirred for 1h. The residual iron content in the supernatant soln. separated by centrifugation is determined spectrophotometrically.A group of 100 mL conical flasks, each of which is charged with 0.2g of the crude green clover leaves powder and aliquots of 25 mL solution containing 20 ppm of iron at the optimum pH and the shaking time is changed for different intervals of time (10-80 min.) for each flask in its role, respectively.Applying the optimum conditions of the weight of green clover leaves powder, pH and stirring time in a group of flasks. Aliquots of 25 ml solution containing varying concentrations of iron in the range 10-100 ppm are added to the flasks, respectively. The same procedure is applied and the residual iron content is determined from which the uptake percent is calculated.Different volumes of iron samples in the range from 10-100 mL were used.Results and DiscussionCellulosic materials and their derivatives have shown quite good metal ion adsorptive capacity. Among all the heavy metal removal techniques reported so far, adsorption technique using cellulose-based agricultural waste products appears to be most attractive since it is an effective and relatively simple method for removal of heavy metal ions. However, the leaves and pseudostem are usually discarded as waste products of the food and herbalism industries.The use of plant’s leaves is reported in literature for the removal of various heavy metals from wastewater e.g., adsorption of thallium(I) ions using eucalyptus leaves powder [10], the adsorption of lead by maize leaf [36], Cu(II) by teak leaves powder [37], Pb by Lalang (Imperata cylindrica) leaf powder [39], Zn(II) by leaves of saltbush(Atriplex canescens) [42,43] , by cypress and cinchona leaves [49], Cr(VI) by black tea leaves [50] and biosorption of Cu(II), Pb(II), and and Cu(II) ions in aqueous solutions using Mangifera indica (Mango) leaf powder [51].Hence, the thinking of trying green clover leaves fine powder as a low cost adsorbent for the treatment of a real local problem viz., the flourishing existence of iron (and manganese) in the ground water of some wells at El-Wasta, a town which lies 35 Km to the north of Beni-Suef Governorate.Different factors that affect the adsorption process have been extensively studied to improve the uptake % of iron from the aqueous solutions.The pH of the aqueous solution plays the most important role in the adsorption process. It not only influences the speciation of metal ions but also the charges on the sorption sites. The results indicated low sorption efficiency at low pH values (pH=2-3). This was attributed to the high concentration and high mobility of H+, which are preferentially adsorbed rather than metal ions [52,53]. The removal efficiency of the sorbent is increased by increasing the pH value until reaches its maximum uptake at the range 4-7 by the unmodified green clover. The sodium citrate and lactic acid modified green clover powders showed maximum uptake at pH range 5-6 (Figure 1). Heavy metal biosorption onto specific and non specific biosorbents is pH dependent; other researchers [54] found that an increase in adsorption is a result of increasing the pH of the solution (Figure 1).The amount of removed metal ions by adsorption depends on the time after which equilibrium is reached, this is expressed as the equilibrium time. The results indicate that removal was slow in the first 35 min then the uptake % was gradually increased till equilibrium at 50 min for the unmodified powder. While the powder modified with tri sodium citrate shows equilibrium after 40 min and the lactic acid form reached equilibrium after 50 min. The rate of biosorption seems to occur in two steps, the first one is very rapid surface biosorption, while the second is slow intracellular diffusion (Figure 2).The biosorbent dose is considered the most important parameter affecting the removal efficiency. For the unmodified powder, a dose of 0.35 g sorbent has achieved an uptake of 91% of iron at optimum pH conditions. While for the tri sodium citrate modified form, a dose of 0.25 g achieved an uptake % of iron of 97.5%. Correspondingly, 0.25 g of the lactic acid modified one achieved iron removal of 93.5% (Figure 3)At lower concentrations the adsorption sites utilized the available metal ion more rapidly when compared to higher concentrations where the metal ions need to diffuse to the sorbent surface by intra particle diffusion. The maximum metal uptake was 92 % in the case of the unmodified green clover, 94% for lactic acid modified powder and 97% in the case of tri sodium citrate modified form at metal ion concentration of 10 ppm (Figure 4).At optimum conditions the volume of 25 mL achieved the best adsorption percentage with all tested green clover leaves powders. It is clear from the figure that iron removal decreases with the increase of volume (Figure 5)Structures and morphologies of the crude green clover powder, its loaded composites with lactic acid and trisodium citrate ones are studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Figure 6). Anchor scan parameters, graphics and the peak list for every xrd scan. These scans assure the successful loading (modifying) of the crude green clover leaves powder with the two modifiers viz., lactic acid and trisodium citrate. Modification succeeded in increasing the removal percentage, but hasn’t had any improvement effect on selectivity.XRD scans assures the successful loading of the crude powder with the two modifiers used.Adsorption studies applying the three adsorbents, under study, proved that they are nonselective towards heavy metals that may be present in wastewaters as pollutants. The spiking of the iron authentic samples with different concentrations of other metal ions e.g., Fe(III), Mn(II), Ni(II) and Cu (II) resulted in additive concentrations of the collection of metal ions present in a solution without any discrimination among them.However, the non selectivity of such types of adsorbents is frequent in the literature, their tolerance is attributed to being low cost and available. Current work in our laboratory is devoted for the development and applications of selective and low cost adsorbent.The adsorbed iron ions on the adsorbent surface are treated with 25 mL 0.1M HCl and stirred for 1h. The amount of iron ions remained in the solution after filtration or centrifugation was measured using the recommended spectrophotometric method and the percentage desorption (Rb) was calculated according to the relation:where Ct is the experimental concentration in the solution at time t (ppm), Ca is the adsorbed concentration of sorbate onto the adsorbent.i. Effect of pH on desorption of iron: In strong acidic media at pH range(1.4-2.2)the three forms of the green clover leaves powder showed high desorption percentages, on increasing the pH values desorption percentage decreases (Figure 7).ii. Stirring Time: The desorption percentages % were gradually increased till equilibrium at 35 min for the unmodified and lactic acid modified powders, while the powder modified with tri sodium citrate shows equilibrium after 40 min. A value of 89% has been recorded for the unmodified green clover powder, 93% for the trisodium citrate modified form and 91% for lactic acid one (Figure 8).iii. Real samples: Water samples collected from tap water, Bahr Youssef water, ground water and Ibrahemia water, samples were subjected to the adsorption procedure as illustrated previously and the residual iron is analyzed by two methods of finish viz., colorimetry and AAS (Table 2).ConclusionGreen clover leaves powders proved to be potential biosorbents for the removal of iron from aqueous solutions being available low cost material. Results of desorption study also confirmed that there is a possibility to regenerate and reuse the biosorbent again.

For more Open Access Journals in Juniper Publishers please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/journals.php

For more articles in Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/ijesnr/

To know more about Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources To read more…Fulltext please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/ijesnr/IJESNR.MS.ID.555559.php

[lasanyinternational]

High-Performance Liquid Lasany Chromatography – HPLC LI - 6200

Lasany International is a trusted supplier of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems, widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Explore our range of HPLC solutions and discover the vital role they play in pharmaceutical analysis and quality control. 

Visit Our Website :- www.lasany.org

Feel Free to ContactUs :-9888911439

Follow Us On Instagram :- https://www.instagram.com/lasanyinternational/Facebook :- https://www.facebook.com/lasanyinternationals/Linkedin :- https://www.linkedin.com/in/lasanyinternational/Twitter :- https://twitter.com/LasanyInternat3