#Today there’s a demand for well-dying programs.

[easykorean]

Easy to Learn Korean 1757 - End of life care (part one).

Continue reading Easy to Learn Korean 1757 – End of life care (part one).

[opencommunion]

"The suit describes how incarcerated Alabamians are forced to work for free in prison and paid extremely low wages to work for hundreds of private employers — including meatpacking plants and fast-food franchises like McDonald’s — as well as more than 100 city, county and state agencies. And it alleges that the state keeps the scheme going by systematically denying parole to those eligible to work outside jobs. ... In the case of the government officials, they’re also accused of conspiring to increase the size of the Alabama prison population — which is predominantly Black — through the discriminatory denial of parole so the state can continue profiting from forced labor. '[Prisoners] have been entrapped in a system of ​‘convict leasing’ in which incarcerated people are forced to work, often for little or no money, for the benefit of the numerous government entities and private businesses that ​‘employ’ them,' the suit charges. In Alabama, that charge comes with ugly historical baggage. Convict leasing — a practice of forced penal labor prevalent in the post-Emancipation South (in which incarcerated men were ​'leased' to private employers) — was a massive state revenue driver. Thanks to the Black Codes, a racist program to criminalize petty offenses both real and imagined, Black people were locked up at a massively disproportionate rate to their white neighbors. Many were then sent to work on plantations to fill the labor gap left by Emancipation. ... Convict leasing was formally abolished in Alabama in 1928, but prison labor has remained a significant source of income for the state. ... According to the lawsuit, Alabama reaped a $450 million benefit from forced prison labor in 2023 alone. ... Lakiera Walker worked for Jefferson County doing roadwork for approximately two years and was paid a $2 daily wage to handle large trash removal (including a Jacuzzi). She found out that the non-incarcerated workers on her team were making $10 per hour for the same job. One day, the lawsuit alleges, Walker’s boss attempted to coerce her into unwanted sexual activity; when she refused, he wrote her up on a disciplinary offense for ​'refusing to work.' She was then sent to work unpaid in the prison’s kitchen, and when her family called the commissioner and the warden to demand something be done, no action was taken. ... During Walker’s 15-year incarceration, she held a litany of unpaid jobs throughout the prison itself, too, including in the kitchen, housekeeping and healthcare. She even provided hospice care to dying patients. ​'The nurses really weren’t interested in taking care of sickly or terminally ill people, so they would get the inmates to do it,' Walker says. She says she was regularly required to work seven days a week, and she often had to work two shifts a day. None of these prison jobs were paid, and quitting or refusing work was not a viable option. ​'You can’t say, ​‘Hey, I can’t go to work today,’' Walker explains. ​'You would go to segregation, which was solitary confinement. … People were so tired and just hopeless at that point, they would kind of welcome solitary confinement, just to have a break.'

... Walker did finally make it home after all those years of forced labor, but many others are still trapped in the system. ... By 2022, the parole rate was 11% overall and only 7% for Black prisoners — meaning that 93% of parole-requesting Black prisoners were denied. That’s what happened to Alimireo English, a charismatic 48-year-old Black man who, according to a judge, should not be in prison right now. ... But instead of being back home with his family, at church with his faith community, or visiting his eldest son in New York, English is at the Ventress Correctional Facility in Clayton, Ala. His case did not come before the parole board until November 28, 2023, more than two years after he’d already been acquitted, but he was denied anyway. His next parole date is November 2024. 'They gotta keep me for another year until they can find somebody else on the street that they can pull back in and take my place,' English tells me. ​'If they can’t replace you, they don’t let you go.'

... English works as a dorm representative for the facility’s Faith Dorm, where he is on call 24 hours a day, seven days per week. He is responsible for the safety and well-being of 190 incarcerated men, many of them elderly or medically vulnerable. He handles custodial duties and maintenance, screens dorm visitors and is also the first responder for drug and health emergencies. In his scant free time, he runs a therapy and counseling group for his fellow prisoners. He consistently works 12 to 15 hour days and, for most of the week, he is the sole individual in charge of the dorm; a retired prison chaplain comes in to assist him a few times weekly, but otherwise English is not supervised by any corrections personnel. As the lawsuit highlights, ​'Since Mr. English has been in this position, the Faith Dorm has had no fights, deaths, or overdoses.' The plaintiffs’ legal team estimates that ADOC saves roughly $200,000 a year by not having a corrections officer in that one dorm. Meanwhile, English is paid nothing. ​'The inmates basically run the prison, but the officers are getting compensated for it,' English says. ​'The wages the inmates are paid for their work hasn’t changed since 1927.'

Several of the plaintiffs I spoke to also mentioned ​'institutional need,' a specific designation that plaintiffs have reported is added to certain prisoners’ files to signify their utility to their current facility. According to Walker and her lawyer, institutional need is yet another trick used by the ADOC to keep especially useful incarcerated workers from leaving, so the state can continue benefiting from that person’s skills. ... 'Most people, it stops them from going home or making parole because it says that we need you more in prison than the world needs you in society,' Walker explains. ​'This lady, her name is Lisa Smith, she’s been in prison about 30 years, and every time she comes up for parole, regardless of her crime, she’s an institutional need. She can fix anything in the prison — she can probably build a prison — but she’s not getting paid. Sometimes they won’t even call in a free world contractor because she knows what to do. It’s looking bleak that she will ever make it out of prison, because they need her there.'

... Because of a 1977 Supreme Court decision, incarcerated workers in the United States — including those in ADOC’s work release program — are legally prohibited from unionizing. The Supreme Court decision barring incarcerated workers from unionizing has not stopped organizations like the Industrial Workers of the World’s Incarcerated Workers Organizing Committee, Jailhouse Lawyers Speak and the Free Alabama Movement (FAM) from organizing labor actions, strikes and protests against prison slavery, or individual prisoners from finding their own ways to dissent. ... One of the founders of FAM, Kinetik Justice, is a plaintiff in the Alabama lawsuit. He has helped organize and lead several high-profile nationwide prison strikes since 2016. He’s been in ADOC custody for the past 29 years, and he has been repeatedly punished, harassed and tortured for his work organizing against forced labor. According to The Appeal, he spent 54 months in solitary confinement between 2014 and 2018 and has been repeatedly sent back into the hole. As he told Democracy Now! in 2016, ​'We understood our incarceration was pretty much about our labor and the money that was being generated from the prison system, therefore we began organizing around our labor and used it as a means and a method to bring about reform in the Alabama prison system.' He is no stranger to filing lawsuits on his own and his fellow prisoners’ behalf against ADOC, so it is fitting that this landmark class action suit bears his name."

[maharghaideovate]

New Wave of Online Recruitment: How DY Patil's HR Specialization Helps You Succeed in Hiring Today

This image represents the advanced recruitment strategies that students learn through DY Patil's HR Specialization in the Online MBA program. It highlights how the curriculum prepares future HR professionals to navigate modern hiring practices, including talent acquisition, candidate assessment, and leveraging technology in recruitment. DY Patil's focus on current HR trends ensures graduates are well-equipped to meet the demands of contemporary recruitment challenges

[simplidistance]

The Future of Education: Why Online MBAs Are Revolutionizing Business Learning

The landscape of education is undergoing a significant transformation, with online MBA programs leading the way in revolutionizing business learning. As more professionals seek to enhance their skills and advance their careers, the demand for flexible, high-quality education has skyrocketed. Online MBAs are meeting this demand by offering a blend of rigorous academic content and the convenience of remote learning. These programs provide students with the opportunity to gain a comprehensive understanding of business management while balancing their personal and professional lives. As a result, online MBAs are becoming an increasingly popular choice for those looking to make a mark in the business world.

LPU Online is one such program that exemplifies the benefits of online MBA education. It offers a diverse range of specializations, allowing students to tailor their learning to their specific career goals. The program is designed to provide a solid foundation in business principles while also incorporating real-world applications, making it highly relevant for today’s fast-paced business environment. LPU Online’s flexible structure allows students to study at their own pace, ensuring that they can continue working while pursuing their degree. This approach not only enhances their learning experience but also makes them more competitive in the job market.

Similarly, the DY Patil Online MBA program is a testament to the growing popularity of online education. Known for its robust curriculum and experienced faculty, DY Patil Online MBA offers students the tools they need to excel in various business fields. The program’s emphasis on practical learning, combined with its accessibility, makes it an ideal choice for working professionals. Additionally, the online format allows students to interact with a global network of peers and industry experts, further enriching their educational experience. This global perspective is crucial in today’s interconnected world, where businesses operate across borders and cultures.

For those interested in specialized fields such as healthcare and human resources, online programs like the MBA in Hospital Management Correspondence and MBA in HR Correspondence Courses offer targeted learning that addresses specific industry needs. These programs provide in-depth knowledge and skills relevant to their respective fields, making graduates well-prepared to take on leadership roles. The flexibility of online learning ensures that students can gain this expertise without disrupting their careers. As these specialized MBAs continue to evolve, they are likely to play a significant role in shaping the future of business education, making it more inclusive and accessible to a wider audience.

In conclusion, online MBA programs are revolutionizing business education by offering flexible, accessible, and high-quality learning opportunities. Whether through general management programs like LPU Online and DY Patil Online MBA or specialized courses such as MBA in Hospital Management Correspondence and MBA in HR Correspondence Courses, these programs are meeting the diverse needs of today’s professionals. As the demand for online education continues to grow, these programs are set to become the new standard in business learning, providing students with the skills and knowledge they need to thrive in a dynamic global economy.

[dy-patil-university-navi-mumbai]

Unlocking Unique Career Paths With Various Courses In Mumbai

In today’s fast-evolving world, students have a plethora of specialized courses that pave the way for distinctive and rewarding careers. If you’re passionate about solving mysteries, improving athletes' performance, or understanding the psychological aspects of sports, degrees in forensic science, sports nutrition and sports psychology might be your ideal pathway.

This article delves into these unique fields, highlighting top B.Sc. Forensic Science colleges in Mumbai, along with sports nutrition and sports psychology courses available across India.

B.Sc. Forensic Science: A Pathway to Uncovering Truth

Forensic science is an intriguing field that merges science with criminal justice. Pursuing a B.Sc. in Forensic Science allows students to become experts in analyzing crime scenes, gathering evidence and helping solve criminal cases. Mumbai, being a hub of educational excellence, hosts several prestigious colleges offering this course. These institutions equip students with the necessary skills in forensic biology, toxicology and fingerprint analysis, making them invaluable assets in law enforcement agencies, private investigation firms and forensic laboratories.

Top B.Sc. Forensic Science Colleges in Mumbai:

Institute of Forensic Science, Mumbai: Known for its comprehensive curriculum and hands-on training, this institute is one of the leading forensic science colleges in India.

DY Patil University, Navi Mumbai: Offering a cutting-edge B.Sc. Forensic Science program, DYPU combines theoretical knowledge with practical experience, ensuring that students are well-prepared for real-world challenges.

Sports Nutrition: Fueling Performance Excellence

As the importance of sports and fitness continues to grow, the demand for qualified sports nutritionists is on the rise. A degree in Sports Nutrition focuses on understanding the dietary needs of athletes and fitness enthusiasts to optimize their performance. This course covers various aspects of nutrition, physiology and metabolism, enabling students to design personalized nutrition plans for different types of sports.

Top Sports Nutrition Courses in India:

DY Patil University, Pune: DYPU offers a specialized program in sports nutrition that combines classroom learning with practical sessions, ensuring students gain a deep understanding of the role of nutrition in sports.

National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad: Known for its research-oriented approach, this institute provides a well-rounded course in sports nutrition, preparing students for careers in fitness centers, sports teams and health clubs.

Sports Psychology: Understanding the Mind of an Athlete

Sports psychology is a critical field that explores the mental aspects of athletic performance. It’s an ideal choice for those interested in helping athletes overcome psychological barriers, enhance focus and manage stress. A course in Sports Psychology covers areas such as motivation, performance anxiety and team dynamics, providing students with the skills needed to support athletes in achieving their full potential.

Top Sports Psychology Courses:

Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), Mumbai: TISS offers a well-regarded program in sports psychology, focusing on the psychological factors influencing sports performance.

DY Patil University, Pune: DYPU’s sports psychology program blends theory with practice, offering students opportunities to work with athletes and teams during their studies.

Conclusion: Pursue Excellence at DY Patil University

For students looking to pursue specialised careers in forensic science, sports nutrition, or sports psychology, DY Patil University (DYPU) stands out as a premier choice. With its state-of-the-art facilities, experienced faculty and strong industry connections, DYPU offers comprehensive programs that not only impart theoretical knowledge but also provide practical experience. The university’s commitment to excellence ensures that graduates are well-prepared to meet the demands of their chosen fields and excel in their careers.

Choosing DYPU means choosing a future of innovation, expertise and success. Whether you aim to uncover truths in forensic labs, optimise athlete performance through nutrition, or understand the psychological intricacies of sports, DYPU provides the foundation you need to thrive in these exciting and dynamic careers.

[adypy-00]

Don’t Miss Out on the Top Engineering Programs in Pune — Your Path to Success Awaits!

Are you ready to embark on an exciting journey towards a successful engineering career? Look no further than Ajeenkya DY Patil University in Pune, where a diverse range of B.Tech and M.Tech courses await you. In this blog, we’ll explore the cutting-edge programs offered by ADYPU, designed to equip you with the skills and knowledge needed to thrive in today’s competitive engineering landscape.

Exploring B.Tech Courses

B.Tech Computer Science Engineering: We offer a cutting-edge curriculum in computer science engineering. From programming languages to software development methodologies, our program is designed to provide you with practical learning opportunities that prepare you for the demands of the tech industry.

B.Tech Software Engineering: Our specialized focus on software engineering ensures that you graduate with the expertise needed to excel in this rapidly evolving field. You’ll learn the latest software development techniques and gain hands-on experience working on real-world projects.

B.Tech Automation & Robotics: Experience the interdisciplinary approach to automation and robotics at ADYPU. Our program integrates engineering principles with advanced technology, allowing you to explore the exciting world of automation and robotics.

B.Tech Biomedical Engineering: With a strong emphasis on healthcare technology and medical device innovation, our biomedical engineering program is shaping the future of healthcare. You’ll have the opportunity to work on cutting-edge research projects and make a real impact on people’s lives.

B.Tech Food Technology: The importance of food technology in ensuring food safety and quality cannot be overstated. Our program equips you with essential skills in food science, food engineering, and food safety, preparing you for a rewarding career in this field.

B.Tech Bioinformatics: Explore the interdisciplinary nature of bioinformatics at Ajeenkya DY Patil University. By combining biology, computer science, and information technology, you’ll learn how to analyze biological data effectively and contribute to groundbreaking research in the field.

B.Tech Mechanical Engineering: From manufacturing to automotive, mechanical engineering plays a crucial role in various industries. Our program covers the fundamentals of mechanical engineering and provides you with hands-on experience through practical projects and internships.

Discovering M.Tech Courses

M.Tech in Computer Science: Take your expertise in computer science to the next level with our M.Tech program. You’ll delve into advanced topics and have the opportunity to engage in cutting-edge research that prepares you for leadership roles in technology.

M.Tech in Biomedical Engineering: Address critical healthcare challenges with our M.Tech program in biomedical engineering. From medical device design to healthcare systems, you’ll gain the skills and knowledge needed to make a meaningful impact in the field.

M.Tech Automation and Robotics: Specialize in advanced robotics and automation technologies with our M.Tech program. You’ll explore the latest advancements in the field and have the opportunity to collaborate with industry partners on innovative projects.

Why Choose Ajeenkya DY Patil University?

State-of-the-Art Facilities: Our modern infrastructure includes state-of-the-art laboratories, research centers, and industry collaborations, providing you with hands-on learning experiences that prepare you for the real world.

Industry-Experienced Faculty: Learn from faculty members who bring practical insights and industry connections to the classroom. You’ll benefit from their expertise and mentorship as you pursue your engineering education.

Placement Opportunities: With a track record of high placement rates and partnerships with leading companies, we ensure that our students are well-positioned for successful careers upon graduation.

Admissions and Application Process

To apply for our B.Tech and M.Tech programs, visit our website for detailed admission criteria, entrance exams, and application deadlines. We offer a range of scholarships and financial aid options to support students in pursuing their engineering education. Explore our website to learn more about available opportunities.

Unlock Your Engineering Potentia: Your path to success begins at Ajeenkya DY Patil University. With our top engineering programs and commitment to excellence, we’re here to help you achieve your goals and make your mark in the world of engineering.

Visit our website to explore more about top engineering programs in Pune at ADYPU, Lohegaon Pune and start your application process today and embark on a fulfilling career in engineering.

[bigleapstrategy]

Analytics Mastery with DYPUSM's BBA in Mumbai

In today's business landscape, where data rules, a degree in business analytics can be your golden ticket. That's where DY Patil University School of Management (DYPUSM) in Navi Mumbai steps in with its innovative BBA in Business Analytics program. This course isn't just about digesting facts and figures; it’s a journey to becoming a savvy, data-literate leader. 

At DYPUSM, we understand that the world of business doesn’t just need number crunchers; it needs strategic thinkers who can translate data insights into real-world solutions. Our BBA in Business Analytics is designed to do just that. You won’t just learn the hows of data analysis; you’ll grasp the whys and the what's that make the info tick. Think of it as your launchpad into the world of business, where every byte of data can open doors to new opportunities. So, if you’re ready to ride the wave of data-driven decision-making, DYPUSM is where you want to be.

Why Choose BBA in Business Analytics at DYPUSM?

DYPUSM, a part of the prestigious DY Patil University, stands out among BBA colleges in Mumbai. The BBA in Business Analytics program is meticulously designed to equip students with the necessary skills to excel in the ever-evolving field of business analytics. It's not just about numbers; it's about understanding what they mean for a business and using that knowledge to drive decisions and strategies.

The curriculum is a blend of theoretical knowledge and practical application. From day one, students are immersed in a learning environment that encourages them to apply their classroom knowledge to real-world problems. This hands-on approach ensures that by the time you graduate, you're not just a student with a degree; you're a professional ready to take on the business world.

Affordable Excellence: BBA Fees in Mumbai

One of the key considerations for students and parents is the cost of education. DYPUSM stands committed to providing quality education at a reasonable cost. When it comes to BBA fees in Mumbai, DYPUSM offers one of the most competitive rates, ensuring that quality education is accessible to a wider range of students. Investing in this program is not just about paying fees; it's about investing in a future that promises growth and success.

The DYPUSM Edge

Located in the heart of Navi Mumbai, DY Patil University is not just a hallmark of excellence in education but also a hub for nurturing talent. At DYPUSM, students get more than just a degree; they get an experience that shapes their character and professional abilities. The school boasts a rich legacy of educational excellence, coupled with state-of-the-art facilities and an environment that fosters learning and innovation.

DYPUSM's strong industry connections mean that students have access to internships and placement opportunities with leading companies. This exposure is invaluable in today’s competitive job market. Whether it's finance, marketing, or the burgeoning field of analytics, DYPUSM ensures that its students are well-equipped to meet the demands of the industry.

Placement: A Testament to Quality

When it comes to judging how good a BBA in Business Analytics program really is, the proof is in the placements, right? At DYPUSM, we take this seriously. Our graduates don’t just get degrees; they land roles in some top-notch companies. It’s not by chance, but by design. Our BBA in Business Analytics program is crafted to not just educate but to set you up for real-world success. The impressive placement stats aren’t just numbers; they're a stamp of the quality education we deliver. It's about seeing our students thrive in the business world, and we're proud of it.

Beyond Academics: A Holistic Approach

Education at DYPUSM goes beyond academics. It’s about developing a well-rounded personality capable of leading and making a difference. The school encourages students to engage in various extracurricular activities, fostering skills like leadership, teamwork, and communication – essential in the modern business world.

Join the League of Future Business Leaders

As you stand at the crossroads of making a crucial decision about your education, consider DYPUSM. Here, you're not just choosing a BBA program; you're stepping into a world of opportunities that will shape your future. With a BBA in Business Analytics from DYPUSM, you equip yourself with the skills needed to navigate the complexities of the business world and emerge as a leader.

Conclusion

Wrapping it up, DY Patil University School of Management isn't just another place to study BBA in Business Analytics. It's more like a launchpad for your ambitions. Here, you don't just learn; you grow, you build, you thrive. Imagine this: you're getting a top-notch education in business analytics that doesn't break the bank, all in a campus buzzing with life and opportunities. DYPUSM is where you come to sharpen your skills and prepare for a world that's hungry for analytics experts. If you're eyeing a future where you're at the forefront of business decision-making, DYPUSM is where your journey begins. So, are you ready to turn your analytics aspirations into reality?

[the-firebird69]

There are several things happening in county line and several things were doing they will ensure that we will survive

-the morelock are getting cut to ribbons and it is because of their attitude mainly and their attitude sucks they're not 45 for anything they don't get ready for anything they walk around threatening people and think they get stuff and they're idiots we're going to clean them out and our son's lifestyle is unacceptable

-these people are gross and they're ignorant and sick and puke out information and things are going to win it is vulgar we're moving in soon and we're going to take care of the problem in the meantime they're leaving and they're getting in trouble last night was the first night of Halloween second night actually well actually it's the first night of the movie she committed the murder in the movie and she's in jail and she kind of belongs there they put her in the mental hospital she escaped and she's going around killing people because you suck Jason is doing the same thing and he's in the movie tonight kisses on fire and please and goes back to New York and it's found in the lake area it is very demented looking and he hits a lot of you it's kind of what he looks like for real anyways there's a lot of people who know that but here is in a nutshell you're very despicable human beings and they treat people badly but as our son and daughter say the next treat people worse even by hand if he had to he would kill people if you went to prison and he's done it before not by hand but in the hospitals people were dying and he had other people killing people who went in and they got a lot of those hospital people and it wasn't illegal either for him to do it and you're holding a viper the military with a several groups permission and had to move down and they were astounded and then fear and they should have been and it came for them one by one and they disappeared and it was hell for them and they're dead dead a long time ago there's a few other things happening there's a large Force forming at the 14th ring and the first ring the 30 households went out and 30 are still there and they plan on attacking sometime today cuz he's going to the mall

-it's a gross thing it's a disgrace you're fighting each other and he doesn't like you for it there's a few other things you should know

-I'm fighting for our lives because you demand we do Virginia good job and you suck at it and you're going to find out pretty soon as your number is freaking very fast you're very fast

+we have a lot of things to do I'm going to get to it that's so important stuff in town happening

-the sheriff is brought down to 100 and they're not really supplementing or put a new sheriff in and they're crazy they want to run it like that and they want to force their way in with equipment so we are getting rid of the McDonald's and the max it's a daily chore and they die most of all of them now and it's only a matter of time Fuller gone and foreigners are doing the job too and Big Time

-there are a few more things when is one of them is we know she's tired and he's saying it's very tired but we have to get this out we have a few more things he has all these ideas for vehicles that we need to take time to concentrate on these idiots and we can have trainees do the car thing for now

-we have to see what the program will be and it's good and it's a good thing and trainees is a good idea and we're going to go with it now

-punta Gorda has a few problems and they won't get fixed by having no police and we will straighten it out

-Florida population of morlock is about 4% including McDonald's plans and it will be reduced probably today to 2% due to evacuation a huge number of them will leave to be a massive power drain from them and we'll take their spots immediately

-there's a few more months and our son will start growing and feel much better I will heal and be strong and awake all the time until then we have you to thank for him being slightly ill

We will see you in the mall and we're going to be picking names and taking shots after and we don't miss

Thot Freya

Olympus

It's very tired and needs a nap but the bus is going to come in a minute

Hera

[collegencourses]

The Path to Success: Pursuing an Online MBA from IIM and Dy Patil

The Path to Success: Pursuing an Online MBA from IIM and Dy Patil

In today's fast-paced and competitive world, obtaining a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree has become crucial for professionals seeking career growth and advancement. With advancements in technology, pursuing an MBA online has become increasingly popular. This article explores the benefits and opportunities offered by the online MBA programs from the prestigious Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and Dy Patil University.

1. The Rise of Online MBA Programs

In recent years, online education has witnessed a significant surge in popularity, and MBA programs are no exception. Online MBA programs provide flexibility and convenience, allowing working professionals to enhance their skills and knowledge while managing personal and professional commitments. The online MBA programs from IIM and Dy Patil offer a unique opportunity to pursue a world-class education from the comfort of your own home.

2. Online MBA from IIM: The Gold Standard

The Indian Institute of Management (IIM) is renowned for its excellence in management education. An online MBA from IIM offers the same curriculum and quality of education as its on-campus counterpart. The program is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of business fundamentals, strategic thinking, leadership skills, and the ability to navigate complex business environments. Graduates of IIM's online MBA program are highly sought after by top companies worldwide.

3. Dy Patil Online MBA: Blending Convenience and Quality

Dy Patil University is a name synonymous with quality education. The online MBA program offered by Dy Patil is designed to cater to the needs of working professionals who wish to pursue an MBA without compromising their professional commitments. With experienced faculty members and a well-structured curriculum, Dy Patil's online MBA program equips students with the necessary skills to excel in their careers.

4. Flexibility and Convenience

One of the primary advantages of pursuing an online MBA from IIM or Dy Patil is the flexibility it offers. Unlike traditional classroom-based programs, online MBA programs allow students to access course materials and lectures at their convenience. This flexibility enables professionals to balance their work, personal life, and education, making it an ideal choice for those with demanding schedules.

5. Networking Opportunities

Contrary to popular belief, online MBA programs offer ample networking opportunities. Students enrolled in online MBA programs interact with professionals from diverse backgrounds, industries, and geographies. These programs often include virtual networking events, discussion forums, and collaborative projects, providing a platform for students to build valuable connections that can benefit them throughout their careers.

6. Advancing Your Career

An online MBA from IIM or Dy Patil can significantly boost your career prospects. Employers recognize the value of an MBA degree and the skills it imparts. Graduates of these programs often see improved career opportunities, higher salaries, and the potential to take on leadership roles within their organizations.

7. Program Accreditation and Recognition

Both IIM and Dy Patil are recognized and accredited institutions known for their commitment to academic excellence. Their online MBA programs hold the same accreditation as their on-campus counterparts, ensuring that the degree you earn is highly valued by employers and respected in the business community.

Conclusion

In conclusion, pursuing an online MBA from IIM or Dy Patil can open up a world of opportunities for ambitious professionals. These programs offer flexibility, convenience, networking opportunities, and the chance to earn a prestigious degree from renowned institutions. Whether you choose IIM or Dy Patil, rest assured that you'll receive a top-quality education that can propel your career to new heights. Don't let your busy schedule hold you back from achieving your MBA dreams - take the leap and embark on a transformative journey with an online MBA.

[cdevroe]

Will my next Mac be my last Mac?

Perhaps you’ve had this experience… you walk into a place of business and see the computer and software they use to do their scheduling, billing, and ordering and you notice they are decades old. But, have you seen how productive they are? More often than not they are so fast that the computer has a hard time keeping up with their inputs.

This idea keeps rolling around in my head that I could purposely construct a similar situation for myself on my personal computer.

Could my next Mac be the last Mac I ever need to buy? And can I run the same software on it for decades allowing me to become even more productive than I am today? What would I gain? What would I lose?

On average I buy a new Mac every 5 years or so. Each time I’ve upgraded to a new Mac I keep the old Mac around for at least an additional 5 years. The laptop my wife currently uses for Zoom is a Mac from 2012 and we see no reason to replace it anytime soon.

Macs last. And the technology inside is so capable these days - especially the M series chips - that I’m beginning to wonder if I will ever need to upgrade after I purchase my next Mac. And that sort of excites me.

I currently use a 2019 16” MacBook Pro. It has an 8-core 2.4 GHz i9 Intel processor with 64GB of DDR4 RAM and an 8GB Radeon Pro 5500M graphics chip. It also has a terabyte of flash storage. In 2019 this Mac cost $4,200. I am very happy with this computer. For my day-to-day work I have more than enough resources. There is very little reason to upgrade this computer for many, many years to come.

Though, having the M-series all day battery life, rather than the dismal 2 hours I get now, is a huge temptation.

Battery life aside, though, I could conceivably use this computer until 2024 (which would be my average) or even 2029 which would be my stretch goal.

So, let’s say I keep my average streak going and I buy a new Mac in 2024 or 2025. That would mean I’ll likely end up with an M3 or M4 series chip from Apple. I like the idea of that because those chips will be multiple iterations in on their already well regarded chipset. And some of the M1 series chips will be nearly 5 years old at that time so we will see if they have similar longevity to the Intel chips. If I were able to hold out until 2029 the benefits would be even greater. If I plan to spend a similar amount of money on my next Mac, is there a possibility I can plan on keeping it for the rest of my life?

Why would I want to do that? I’m only 42 and I plan on trying to live at least 4 more decades. Could I possibly have a Mac that would run for 40 years?

Let’s talk about the current trajectory of software.

I’m a little worried about software these days. The best software ever written may already be in our past. Modern day app frameworks that are full of bloat, the overwhelming demand for cloud-first apps that barely work without an internet connection, and the ability to create truly great user interfaces seems to be dying — all of these factors add up to an uncertain future in software from my point of view.

The rapid march of software progress can be an exhausting thing as you get older. What if I was to just stop updating my software? As it stands today, I really love my Mac. macOS Catalina (I haven't updated to Ventura yet) is pretty good — arguably not the best it has ever been, but certainly very good — and many of the apps I use day to day allow me to be very productive. I feel superhuman on my Mac with the current software it is running. And the programming languages I use; PHP, JavaScript, a bit of AppleScript or Swift, work amazingly well on my Mac.

To illustrate this point, in just about a month of early weekday mornings I wrote my own static site generator in PHP from scratch to build this site you’re reading now. It works remarkably well. It builds tens of thousands of files in just seconds. And my code isn’t very good. How much more productive do I need to get?

I could lose this superpower. Software will change. macOS is likely to become more restrictive. Programming languages will be deprecated. The keyboard and mouse may be replaced with gestures, voice, and eye movements. Which is all well and good for the next generation of users. In order to stay productive in my work and hobbies (photography, software development, and blogging) I think having a platform that stays in relative stasis over the next 4 decades could be an incredible asset.

I also think about large data sets like my photo library. Each time Apple releases an update of macOS I feel a pit in my stomach that they may change something that will completely blow away years of my cataloging work. They’ve done it before and I’d be naive to think it couldn’t happen again. Which is why I’ve developed my own workflow. I want my photo library to work until I die. And I don’t want to spend another minute redoing it.

The prospect of possibly having a computing platform that stays relatively the same for the rest of my life and prioritizes good usability, speed, reliability, and saving data locally to disk is very exciting. And it may just be that the only way I can ensure that I will have that is by stopping time and refusing to keep up with the latest technology.

--

It appears I'm not alone. While I've been thinking about this topic over the last several weeks, I've noticed others expressing similar sentiments in a variety of ways. I've only made note of a few of them. Such as Ev Williams wants to keep his small phone, Paul Stamatiou would like an old Powerbook to write on, Dan Rubin and Joe Van Cleave use typewriters every day, Jeremy Keith has expressed opinions about frontend web development getting out of hand. None of these people are saying exactly what I'm saying. But all of them are sort of part of the same milieu - people that have been around in computing for a long time sort of wishing for how we used to do things. In 5 or 10 more years perhaps we will long for how we did things today.

[maharghaideovate]

Evolution Of Online MBA & How Top Institutes are Embodying This New Trend

MBA , The most popular graduate degree in the world. The students want an MBA degree , the companies want a MBA graduate.

This much coveted degree is on the list of every graduate and thus with so much demand , institutes are finding it difficult to accommodate so many students into their curriculum , many institutes have launched online programs to meet this rising demand. In this blog we shall discuss the advantages of distance MBA colleges and why Symbiosis university distance learning stands out among them with their correspondence courses.

What Are correspondence courses ?

Correspondence courses are those which involves sending study materials, assignments and assessments through postal mail. However , in this modern age of technology specially after the pandemic, institutes have shifted towards online courses instead of the traditional mail system. You can find many such courses from different reputable institutes such as Symbiosis International Institute , DY Patil , Lovely Professional Institute etc. In this blog, we shall discuss about Symbiosis International Institute, one of the pioneers of education.

Symbiosis’s transition from offering correspondence courses to online MBA  

Symbiosis has been at the forefront of offering quality education since they were founded in 1971, based on the ideas of “ Vishwa Bharati” of Rabindranath Tagore and “ Antar Bharati” of Sane Guruji, Symbiosis corresponding courses also stand out from the rest. Recognizing the potential of online learning they quickly adapted to a modernized method of education which is online. They have a well-organized online curriculum that is both flexible and accessible to everyone, especially for white-collared working professionals without compromising their careers.

Key Features Of Symbiosis Distance Education

Interactive Online Classes: Symbiosis offers interactive online classes where students can engage with course materials, participate in live classes interact with faculty members, and clear their doubts regarding any issue.

Self-Paced Learning Modules: Symbiosis offers lucrative learning modules designed especially for working professionals so that they can learn at their own pace without hampering their professions.

Student Support: At Symbiosis Institute they have a broad spectrum of student support services regarding any problem faced by the students whether it's any technical issue or other issues regarding education or curriculum programs.

Details About the program :

Symbiosis University distance education has attractive curriculum activities that are specially curated for working professionals as it is very industry-oriented. They offer postgraduate diploma and certificate programs across industry sectors including Business Management, International Business, Information Technology, Banking and Finance, Supply Chain Management, Customer Relationship Management, Insurance Management, Education Management, Business and Corporate Law, and Entrepreneurship Development. They have collaborated with leading organizations like IBM, Cognizant, WIPRO, Vodafone, Cipla, etc. To provide practical industry-oriented study materials. This curriculum is nothing short of any full-time courses offered by other institutions and on top of that this database remains constantly updated by recent learning trends.

Conclusion

In today’s digital world it has become extremely easier to pursue a degree online simultaneously with your job. As the courses offered by top institutions are very flexible and the fees are much less compared to a regular MBA degree, these courses can help you elevate your career and help you reach your desired career path.

[simplidistance]

Exploring Top Distance MBA Programs in India: A Comparative Overview

In today's fast-paced world, pursuing higher education alongside professional commitments can be challenging. However, distance MBA programs offer a flexible and convenient solution. Among the leading options in India are DY Patil Distance MBA, Symbiosis Correspondence MBA, and Welingkar Distance MBA. These programs cater to the needs of working professionals, providing a perfect blend of academic rigor and practical exposure.

DY Patil Distance MBA

DY Patil University offers a comprehensive distance MBA program designed to equip students with essential management skills. The curriculum is industry-relevant, focusing on practical knowledge and real-world applications. With specializations in finance, marketing, human resources, and more, the DY Patil Distance MBA program ensures that students can tailor their education to their career goals. The university's robust online learning platform facilitates seamless access to study materials, lectures, and assessments.

Symbiosis Correspondence MBA

Symbiosis Centre for Distance Learning (SCDL) is renowned for its high-quality education and innovative teaching methodologies. The Symbiosis Correspondence MBA program is tailored for individuals seeking to advance their careers without compromising their work-life balance. The program offers business management, information technology, international business, and more specializations. SCDL's extensive alumni network and industry connections provides students with valuable opportunities for professional growth and networking.

Welingkar Distance MBA

Welingkar Institute of Management Development and Research offers a dynamic distance MBA program focusing on experiential learning and holistic development. The Welingkar Distance MBA curriculum integrates contemporary management practices with a global perspective. Specializations include operations, retail management, finance, and more. Welingkar's innovative approach, coupled with its strong industry ties, ensures that graduates are well-prepared to meet the demands of the modern business landscape.

In conclusion, DY Patil Distance MBA, Symbiosis Correspondence MBA, and Welingkar Distance MBA are excellent choices for aspiring professionals seeking flexible and quality education. Each program offers unique strengths, making them ideal for diverse career aspirations.

[dy-patil-university-navi-mumbai]

The Evolution of Creative Education With Diverse Media Courses in Mumbai

In today’s rapidly evolving digital landscape, creative education stands at the forefront of career opportunities. Programs like the BSc in Multimedia and Animation, Bachelor of Arts in Mass Communication and Performing Arts colleges in Mumbai are driving this shift, offering students a gateway to innovative and dynamic professions. Let’s explore how these programs are shaping the future of creative industries.

The Power of Visual Storytelling: BSc in Multimedia and Animation

Visual storytelling has never been more critical than in the digital age. The BSc in Multimedia and Animation is designed to equip students with the skills needed to excel in this vibrant field. This program covers a broad spectrum of subjects, including graphic design, 2D and 3D animation, video production and digital media.

Students gain hands-on experience with industry-standard software and tools, allowing them to create compelling visual content that can be used in advertising, entertainment, education and more. The curriculum is constantly updated to reflect the latest trends and technologies, ensuring graduates are well-prepared for the demands of the industry.

Crafting Narratives: Bachelor of Arts in Mass Communication

The Bachelor of Arts in Mass Communication program is another cornerstone of creative education, focusing on the art of storytelling across various media platforms. From journalism and public relations to digital media and broadcasting, this program offers a comprehensive education in communication theories and practices.

Students learn to craft narratives that inform, persuade and entertain audiences. The curriculum includes courses in media ethics, writing for media, communication research and media production. Practical experience is emphasised, with opportunities for internships and projects that allow students to apply their knowledge in real-world settings.

A Hub of Talent: Performing Arts Colleges in Mumbai

Mumbai, often referred to as the entertainment capital of India, is home to some of the country’s premier Performing Arts colleges. These institutions offer programs in theatre, dance, music and more, providing students with a rich and diverse education in the performing arts.

The curriculum in these colleges is designed to nurture talent and creativity, with a focus on both traditional and contemporary forms of performance. Students receive training from experienced professionals, gain insights into the industry and have numerous opportunities to showcase their skills through performances and productions.

Integration of Technology and Creativity

One of the defining features of modern creative education is the integration of technology. Whether it’s animation software, digital communication tools, or innovative performance techniques, technology plays a crucial role in these fields. Students are encouraged to embrace new technologies and use them to enhance their creative output.

Career Opportunities in Creative Fields

Graduates from these programs find themselves in high demand across various industries. The skills acquired through a BSc in Multimedia and Animation can lead to careers in animation studios, advertising agencies, game design companies and more. Those with a Bachelor of Arts in Mass Communication can pursue roles in journalism, digital marketing, public relations and corporate communications. Meanwhile, graduates from Performing Arts colleges in Mumbai can find opportunities in theatre companies, film and television, music production and live performance.

Conclusion: Embarking on a Creative Journey with DY Patil University

For those looking to embark on a creative journey, institutions like DY Patil University offer exceptional programs in these fields. With state-of-the-art facilities, experienced faculty and a curriculum designed to meet industry standards, DY Patil University provides students with the tools they need to succeed in the dynamic world of multimedia, mass communication and performing arts.

Choosing a path in creative education is not just about acquiring skills; it’s about discovering your passion and turning it into a rewarding career. With the right education and opportunities, you can be at the forefront of the creative revolution.

[adypy-00]

From Aspiring to Achieving: How Top Management Schools in Pune Can Shape Your Future Success

In today’s competitive business landscape, pursuing an MBA can be a pivotal move for aspiring professionals. Pune, also known as the “Oxford of the East,” has established itself as a premier destination for management education. With a multitude of top-tier management schools, Pune provides an ideal environment for students to transition from aspiring professionals to accomplished achievers. Among these esteemed institutions is Ajeenkya DY Patil University (ADYPU) in Lohegaon, which, along with other prominent schools, is playing a crucial role in shaping the future success of its students.

Pune’s Prominent Management Schools

Pune is home to an array of renowned management institutions, including Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Pune University, and the Institute of Management Development and Research. Ajeenkya DY Patil University stands out for its innovative approach and comprehensive MBA programs. These institutions are recognized for their commitment to academic excellence and the holistic development of their students.

Comprehensive Curriculum and Specializations

Management schools in Pune offer a diverse and comprehensive curriculum tailored to meet the varied interests and career aspirations of students. Specializations such as MBA in Marketing, MBA in HR, MBA in Operations, and MBA in Finance provide in-depth knowledge and practical skills essential for industry success. The curriculum balances theoretical foundations with practical applications through case studies, projects, and internships, ensuring graduates are well-prepared to meet industry demands.

Industry-Experienced Faculty

The quality of education at Pune’s management schools is significantly enhanced by the expertise of their faculty. Institutions like ADYPU boast a team of experienced and well-qualified educators, including industry veterans and accomplished academicians. Their wealth of knowledge and real-world experience enriches the classroom experience, providing students with valuable insights and mentorship that are crucial for developing future business leaders.

State-of-the-Art Infrastructure

To support a dynamic learning experience and foster an atmosphere of academic excellence and innovation, ADYPU and other top management schools in Pune offer students access to smart classrooms, well-equipped libraries, advanced computer labs, and innovative research centers.

Strong Industry Connections and Internships

A key advantage of studying at Pune’s top management schools is the strong industry connections they maintain. Collaborations with leading corporations and regular interaction with industry experts enhance the learning experience. Students benefit from internships, live projects, and corporate partnerships, gaining invaluable exposure and practical experience. These opportunities allow students to apply their theoretical knowledge in real-world scenarios, thereby enhancing their employability.

Placement Records and Alumni Success

ADYPU, along with other prominent institutions, boasts high placement rates, with graduates securing positions in top-tier companies. Specializations such as MBA in Marketing, MBA in HR, MBA in Operations, and MBA in Finance are particularly in demand. Notable alumni from these schools have made significant strides in their careers, holding key positions in various industries and launching successful entrepreneurial ventures.

Holistic Development and Extracurricular Activities

Management education in Pune emphasizes holistic development through a variety of extracurricular activities, leadership programs, and clubs. Students are encouraged to participate in cultural events, sports, and community service, fostering well-rounded personalities. These activities not only enhance interpersonal skills, but also leadership qualities, and teamwork, which are essential for personal and professional growth.

Entrepreneurial Support and Incubation Centers

For those inclined towards entrepreneurship, Pune’s management schools offer robust support systems. ADYPU, for example, has dedicated incubation centers and provides mentorship for aspiring entrepreneurs. Students receive guidance on developing business ideas, creating business plans, and launching startups. The success stories of student-led startups emerging from these institutions attest to the effectiveness of these entrepreneurial support initiatives.

Conclusion

Top management schools in Pune, such as Ajeenkya DY Patil University, play a crucial role in transforming students from aspiring professionals into successful achievers. With comprehensive curricula, experienced faculty, modern infrastructure, strong industry connections, and a focus on holistic development, these institutions equip students with the skills, knowledge, and opportunities needed to excel in their careers. Whether pursuing an MBA in Marketing, HR, Operations, or Finance, students can anticipate a transformative educational journey that lays the foundation for future success.

[unpopularwiththepopulace]

A retrospective on some of Broadway’s most important female costume designers across the last century

How much is our memory or perception of a production influenced by the manner in which we visually comprehend the characters for their physical appearance and attire? A lot.

How much attention in memory is often dedicated to celebrating the costume designers who create the visual forms we remember? Comparatively, not much.

Delving through the New York Public Library archives of late, I found I was able to zoom into pictures of productions like Sunday in the Park with George at a magnitude greater than before.

In doing so, I noticed myself marvelling at finer details on the costumes that simply aren’t visible from grainy 1985 proshots, or other lower resolution images.

And marvel I did.

At first, I began to set out to address the contributions made to the show by designer Patricia Zipprodt in collaboration with Ann Hould-Ward. Quickly I fell into a (rather substantial) tangent rabbit hole – concerning over a century’s worth of interconnected designers who are responsible for hundreds of some of the most memorable Broadway shows between them.

It is impossible to look at the work of just one or two of these women without also discussing the others that came before them or were inspired by them.

Journey with me then if you will on this retrospective endeavour to explore the work and legacy that some of these designers have created, and some of the contexts in which they did so.

A set of podcasts featuring Ann Hould-Ward, including Behind the Curtain (Ep. 229) and Broadway Nation (Eps. 17 and 18), invaluably introduce some of the information discussed here and, most crucially, provide a first-hand, verbal link back to this history. The latter show sets out the case for a “succession of dynamic women that goes back to the earliest days of the Broadway musical and continues right up to today”, all of whom “were mentored by one or more of the great [designers] before them, [all] became Tony award-winning [stars] in their own right, and [all] have passed on the [craft] to the next generation.”

A chronological, linear descendancy links these designers across multiple centuries, starting in 1880 with Aline Bernstein, then moving to Irene Sharaff, then to Patricia Zipprodt, then to the present day with Ann Hould-Ward. Other designers branch from or interact with this linear chronology in different ways, such as Florence Klotz and Ann Roth – who, like Patricia Zipprodt, were also mentored by Aline Bernstein – or Theoni V. Aldredge, who stands apart from this connected tree, but whose career closely parallels the chronology of its central portion. There were, of course, many other designers and women also working within this era that provided even further momentous contributions to the world of costume design, but in this piece, the focus will remain primarily on these seven figures.

As the main creditor of the designs for Sunday in the Park with George, let’s start with Patricia (Pat) Zipprodt.

Born in 1925, Pat studied at the Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT) in New York after winning a scholarship there in 1951. Through teaching herself “all of costume history by studying materials at the New York Public Library”, she passed her entrance exam to the United Scenic Artists Union in 1954. This itself was a feat only possible through Aline Bernstein’s pioneering steps in demanding and starting female acceptance into this same union for the first time just under 30 years previously.

Pat made her individual costume design debut a year after assisting Irene Sharaff on Happy Hunting in 1956 – Ethel Merman’s last new Broadway credit. Of the more than 50 shows she subsequently designed, some of Pat’s most significant musicals include: She Loves Me (1963) Fiddler on the Roof (1964) Cabaret (1966) Zorba (1968) 1776 (1969) Pippin (1972) Mack & Mabel (1974) Chicago (1975) Alice in Wonderland (1983) Sunday in the Park with George (1984) Sweet Charity (1986) Into the Woods (1987) - preliminary work

Other notable play credits included: The Little Foxes (1967) The Glass Menagerie (1983) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1990)

Yes. One person designed all of those shows. Many of the most beloved pieces in modern musical theatre history. Somewhat baffling.

Her work notably earned her 11 Tony nominations, 3 wins, an induction into the Theatre Hall of Fame in 1992, and the Irene Sharaff award for lifetime achievement in costume design in 1997.

By 1983, Pat was one of the most well-respected designers of her era. When the offer for Sunday in the Park with George came in, she was less than enamoured by being confined to the ill-suited basements at Playwright’s Horizons all day, designing full costumes for a story not even yet in existence. From-the-ground-up workshops are common now, but at the time, Sunday was one of the first of its kind.

Rather than flatly declining, she asked Ann Hould-Ward, previously her assistant and intern who had now been designing for 2-3 years on her own, if she was interested in collaborating. She was. The two divided the designing between them, like Pat creating Bernadette’s opening pink and white dress, and Ann her final red and purple dress.

Which indeed leads to the question of the infamous creation worn in the opening number. No attemptedly comprehensive look at the costumes in Sunday would be complete without addressing it or its masterful mechanics.

To enable Bernadette to spring miraculously and seemingly effortlessly from her outer confines, Ann and Pat enlisted the help of a man with a “Theatre Magics” company in Ohio. Dubbed ‘The Iron Dress’, the gasp-inducing motion required a wire frame embedded into the material, entities called ‘moonwalker legs and feet’, and two garage door openers coming up through the stage to lever the two halves apart. The mechanism – highly impressive in its periods of functionality – wasn’t without its flaws. Ann recalls “there were nights during previews where [Bernadette] couldn’t get out of the dress”. Or worse, a night where “the dress closed up completely. And it wouldn’t open up again!”. As Bernadette finished her number, there was nothing else within her power she could do, so she simply “grabbed it under her arm and carried it off stage.”

What visuals. Evidently, the course of costume design is not always plain sailing.

This sentiment is exhibited in the fact design work is a physical materialisation of other creators’ visions, thus foregrounding the tricky need for collaboration and compromise. This is at once a skill, very much part of the job description, and not always pleasant – in navigating any divides between one’s own ideas and those of other people.

Sunday in the Park with George was no exception in requiring such a moment of compromise and revision. With the show already on Broadway in previews, Stephen Sondheim decreed the little girl Louise’s dress “needs to be white” – not the “turquoisey blue” undertone Pat and Ann had already created it with. White, to better spotlight the painting’s centre.

Requests for alterations are easier to comprehend when they are done with equanimity and have justification. Sondheim said he would pay for the new dress himself, and in Seurat’s original painting, the little girl is very brightly the focal centre point of the piece. On this occasion, all agreed that Sondheim was “absolutely right”. A new dress was made.

Other artistic differences aren’t always as amicable.

In Pat Zipprodt’s first show, Happy Hunting with Ethel Merman in 1956, some creatives and directors were getting in vociferous, progress-stopping arguments over a dress and a scene in which Ethel was to jump over a fence. Then magically, the dress went missing. Pat was working at the time as an assistant to the senior Irene Sharaff, and Pat herself was the one to find the dress the next morning. It was in the basement. Covered in black and wholly unwearable. Sharaff had spray painted the dress black in protest against the “bickering”. Indeed, Sharaff disappeared, not to be seen again until the show arrived on Broadway.

Those that worked with her soon found that Sharaff was one to be listened to and respected – as Hal Prince did during West Side Story. After the show opened in 1957, Hal replaced her 40 pairs of meticulously created and individually dyed, battered, and re-dyed jeans with off-the-rack copies. His reasoning was this: “How foolish to be wasting money when we can make a promotional arrangement with Levi Strauss to supply blue jeans free for program credit?” A year later, he looked at their show, and wondered “What’s happened?”

What had happened was that the production had lost its spark and noticeable portions of its beauty, vibrancy, and subtle individuality. Sharaff’s unique creations quickly returned, and Hal had learned his lesson. By the time Sharaff’s mentee, Pat, had “designed the most expensive rags for the company to wear” with this same idiosyncratic dyeing process for Fiddler on the Roof in 1964, Hal recognised the value of this particularity and the disproportionately large payoff even ostensibly simple garments can bring.

Irene Sharaff is remembered as one of the greatest designers ever. Born in 1910, she was mentored by Aline Bernstein, first assisting her on 1928’s original staging of Hedda Gabler.

Throughout her 56 year career, she designed more than 52 Broadway musicals. Some particularly memorable entities include: The Boys from Syracuse (1938) Lady in the Dark (1943) Candide (1956) Happy Hunting (1956) Sweet Charity (1966) The King and I (1951, 1956) West Side Story (1957, 1961) Funny Girl (1964, 1968)

For the last three productions, she would reprise her work on Broadway in the subsequent and indelibly enduring film adaptations of the same shows. 

Her work in the theatre earned her 6 Tony nominations and 1 win, though her work in Hollywood was perhaps even more well rewarded – earning 5 Academy Awards from a total of 15 nominations.

Some of Sharaff’s additional film credits included: Meet Me in St. Louis (1944) Ziegfeld Follies (1946) An American in Paris (1951) Call Me Madam (1953) A Star is Born (1954) – partial Guys and Dolls (1955) Cleopatra (1963) Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) Hello Dolly! (1969) Mommie Dearest (1981)

It’s a remarkable list. But it is too more than just a list.

Famously, Judy’s red scarlet ballgown in Meet Me in St. Louis was termed the “most sophisticated costume [she’d] yet worn on the screen.”

It has been written that Sharaff’s “last film was probably the only bad one on which she worked,” – the infamous pillar of camp culture, Mommie Dearest, in 1981 – “but its perpetrators knew that to recreate the Hollywood of Joan Crawford, it required an artist who understood the particular glamour of the Crawford era.” And at the time, there were very few – if any – who could fill that requirement better than Irene Sharaff. 

The 1963 production of Cleopatra is perhaps an even more infamous endeavour. Notoriously fraught with problems, the film was at that point the most expensive ever made. It nearly bankrupted 20th Century Fox, in light of varying issues like long production delays, a revolving carousel of directors, the beginning of the infamous Burton/Taylor affair and resulting media storm, and bouts of Elizabeth’s ill-health that “nearly killed her”. In that turbulent environment, Sharaff is highlighted as one of the figures instrumental in the film’s eventual completion – “adjusting Elizabeth Taylor’s costumes when her weight fluctuated overnight” so the world finally received the visual spectacle they were all ardently anticipating.

But even beyond that, Sharaff’s work had impacts more significantly and extensively than the immediate products of the shows or films themselves. Within a few years of her “vibrant Thai silk costumes for ‘The King and I’ in 1951, …silk became Thailand’s best-known export.” Her designs changed the entire economic landscape of the country. 

It’s little wonder that in that era, Sharaff was known as “one of the most sought-after and highest-paid people in her profession.” With discussions and favourable comparisions alongside none other than Old Hollywood’s most beloved designer, Edith Head, Irene deserves her place in history to be recognised as one of the foremost significant pillars of the design world.

In this respected position, Irene Sharaff was able to pass on her knowledge by mentoring others too as well as Patricia Zipprodt, like Ann Roth and Florence Klotz, who have in turn gone on to further have their own highly commendable successes in the industry.

Florence “Flossie” Klotz, born in 1920, is the only Broadway costume designer to have won six Tony awards. She did so, all of them for musicals, and all of them directed by Hal Prince, in a marker of their long and meaningful collaboration.

Indeed, Flossie’s life partner was Ruth Mitchell – Hal’s long-time assistant, and herself legendary stage manager, associate director and producer of over 43 shows. Together, Flossie and Ruth were dubbed a “power couple of Broadway”.

Flossie’s shows with Hal included: Follies (1971) A Little Night Music (1973) Pacific Overtures (1976) Grind (1985) Kiss of the Spiderwoman (1993) Show Boat (1995)

And additional shows amongst her credits extend to: Side by Side by Sondheim (1977) On the Twentieth Century (1978) The Little Foxes (1981) A Doll’s Life (1982) Jerry’s Girls (1985)

Earlier in her career, she would first find her footing as an assistant designer on some of the Golden Age’s most pivotal shows like: The King and I (1951) Pal Joey (1952) Silk Stockings (1955) Carousel (1957) The Sound of Music (1959)

The original production of Follies marked the first time Florence was seriously recognised for her work. Before this point, she was not yet anywhere close to being considered as having broken into the ranks of Broadway’s “reigning designers” of that era. Follies changed matters, providing both an indication of the talent of her work to come, and creating history in being commended for producing some of the “best costumes to be seen on Broadway” in recent memory – as Clive Barnes wrote in The New York Times. Fuller discussion is merited given that the costumes of Follies are always one of the show’s central points of debate and have been crucial to the reception of the original production as well as every single revival that has followed in the 50 years since.

In this instance, Ted Chapin would record from his book ‘Everything Was Possible: The Birth of the Musical ‘Follies’ how “the costumes were so opulent, they put the show over-budget.” Moreover, that “talking about the show years later, [Florence] said the costumes could not be made today. ‘Not only would they cost upwards of $2 million, but we used fabrics from England that aren’t even made anymore.’” Broadway then does indeed no longer look like Broadway now.

This “surreal tableau” Flossie created, including “three-foot-high ostrich feather headdresses, Marie Antoinette wigs adorned with musical instruments and birdcages, and gowns embellished with translucent butterfly wings”, remains arguably one of the most impressive and jaw-dropping spectacles to have ever graced a Broadway stage even to this day.

As for Ann Roth, born in 1931, she is still to this day making her own history – recently becoming the joint eldest nominee at 89 for an Oscar (her 5th), for her work on 2020′s Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom. Now as of April 26th, Ann has just made history even further by becoming the oldest woman to win a competitive Academy Award ever. She has an impressive array of Hollywood credits to her name in addition to a roster of Broadway design projects, which have earned her 12 Tony nominations.

Some of her work in the theatre includes: The Women (1973) The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (1978) They're Playing Our Song (1979) Singin' in the Rain (1985) Present Laughter (1996) Hedda Gabler (2009) A Raisin in the Sun (2014) Shuffle Along (2016) The Prom (2018)

Making her way over to Hollywood in the ‘70s, she has left an indelible and lasting visual impact on the arts through films like: Klute (1971) The Goodbye Girl (1977) Hair (1979) 9 to 5 (1980) Silkwood (1983) Postcards from the Edge (1990) The Birdcage (1996) The Hours (2002) Mamma Mia! (2008) Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom (2020)

It’s clear from this branching 'tree' to see how far the impact of just one woman passing on her time and knowledge to others who are starting out can spread.

This art of acting as a conduit for valuable insights was something Irene Sharaff had learned from her own mentor and predecessor, Aline Bernstein. Aline was viewed as “the first woman in the [US] to gain prominence in the male-dominated field of set and costume design,” and was too a strong proponent of passing on the unique knowledge she had acquired as a pioneer and forerunner in the field. 

Born in 1880, Bernstein is recognised as “one of the first theatrical designers in New York to make sets and costumes entirely from scratch and craft moving sets” while Broadway was still very much in its infancy of taking shape as the world we know today. This she did for more than one hundred shows over decades of her work in the theatre. These shows included the spectacular Grand Street Follies (1924-27), and original premier productions of plays like some of the following: Ibsen’s Hedda Gabler (1928) J.M Barrie’s Peter Pan (1928) Grand Hotel (1930) Phillip Barry’s Animal Kingdom (1932) Chekov’s The Seagull (1937) Both Lillian Hellman’s The Children’s Hour (1934) and The Little Foxes (1939)

Beyond direct design work, Bernstein founded what was to become the Neighbourhood Playhouse (the notable New York acting school) and was influential in the “Little Theatre movement that sprung up across America in 1910”. These were the “forerunners of the non-profit theatres we see today” and she continued to work in this realm even after moving into commercial theatre.

Bernstein also established the Museum of Costume Art, which later became the Costume Institute of the Met Museum of Art, where she served as president from 1944 to her death in 1955. This is what the Met Gala raises money for every year. So for long as you have the world’s biggest celebrities parading up and down red carpets in high fashion pieces, you have Aline Bernstein to remember – as none of that would be happening without her.

During the last fifteen years of her life, Bernstein taught and served as a consultant in theatre programs at academic institutions including Yale, Harvard, and Vassar – keen to connect the community and facilitate an exchange of wisdom and information to new descendants and the next generation.

Many designers came somewhere out of this linear descendancy. One notable exception, with no American mentor, was Theoni V. Aldredge. Born in 1922 and trained in Greece, Theoni emigrated to the US, met her husband, Tom Aldredge – himself of Into the Woods and theatre notoriety – and went on to design more than 100 Broadway shows. For her work, she earned 3 Tony wins from 11 nominations from projects such as: Anyone Can Whistle (1964) A Chorus Line (1975) Annie (1977) Barnum (1980) 42nd Street (1980) Woman of the Year (1981) Dreamgirls (1981) La Cage aux Folles (1983) The Rink (1984)

One of the main features that typify Theoni’s design style and could be attributed to a certain unique and distinctive “European flair” is her strong use of vibrant colour. This is a sentiment instantly apparent in looking longitudinally at some of her work.

In Ann Hould-Ward’s words, Theoni speaks to the “great generosity” of this profession. Theoni went out of her way to call Ann apropos of nothing early in the morning at some unknown hotel just after Ann won her first Tony for Beauty and the Beast in 1994, purring “Dahhling, I told you so!” These were women that had their disagreements, yes, but ultimately shared their knowledge and congratulated each other for their successes.

Similar anecdotal goodwill can be found in Pat Zipprodt’s call to Ann on the night of the 1987 Tony’s – where Ann was nominated for Into the Woods – with Pat singing “Have wonderful night! You’re not gonna win! …[laugh] but I love you anyway!”

This well-wishing phone call is all the more poignant considering Pat was originally involved with doing the costumes for Into the Woods, in reprise of their previous collaboration on Sunday in the Park with George.

If, for example, Theoni instinctively is remembered for bright colour, one of the features that Pat is first remembered for is her dedicated approach to research for her designs. Indeed, the New York Public Library archives document how the remaining physical evidence of this research she conducted is “particularly thorough” in the section on Into the Woods. Before the show finally hit Broadway in 1987 with Ann Hould-Ward’s designs, records show Pat had done extensive investigation herself into materials, ideas and prospective creations all through 1986.

Both Ann and Pat worked on the show out of town in try-outs at the Old Globe theatre in San Diego. But when it came to negotiating Broadway contracts, the situation became “tricky” and later “untenable” with Pat and the producers. Ann was “allowed to step in and design” the show alone instead.

The lack of harboured resentment on Patricia’s behalf speaks to her character and the pair’s relationship, such that Ann still considered her “my dear and beloved friend” for over 25 years, and was “at [Pat’s] bed when she died”.

Though they parted ways ultimately for Into the Woods, you can very much feel a continuation between their work on Sunday in the Park with George a few years previously, especially considering how tactile the designs appear in both shows. This tactility is something the shows’ book writer and director, James Lapine, was specific about. Lapine would remark in his initial ideas and inspirations that he wanted a graphic quality to the costumes on this occasion, like “so many sketches of the fairy-tales do”.

Ann fed that sentiment through her final creations, with a wide variety of materials and textures being used across the whole show – like “ribbons with ribbons seamed through them”, “all sorts of applique”, “frothy organzas and rembriodered organzas”. A specific example documents how Joanna Gleason’s shawl as the Baker’s Wife was pieced together, cut apart, and put back together again before resembling its final form.

This highly involved principle demonstrates another manner of inventive design that uses a different method but maintains the aim of particularity as discussed previously with Patricia and Irene’s complex dyeing and re-dyeing process. Pushing the confines of what is possible with the materials at hand to create a variety of colours, shades, and textures ultimately produces visual entities that are complex to look at. Confusing the eye like this “holds attention longer”, Ann maintains, which makes viewers look more intricately at individual segments of the production, and enables the costume design to guide specific focus by not immediately ceding attention elsewhere.

Understanding the methods behind the resultant impacts of a show can be as, if not more, important and interesting than the final product of the show itself sometimes. A phone call Ann had last August with James Lapine reminds us this is a notion we may be treated more to in the imminent future, when he called to enquire as to the location of some design sketches for the book he is working on (Putting It Together: How Stephen Sondheim and I Created 'Sunday in the Park with George') to document more thoroughly the genesis of the pair’s landmark and beloved musical.

In continuation of the notion that origin stories contain their own intrinsic value beyond any final product, Ann first became Pat’s intern through a heart-warming and tenacious tale. Ann sent letters to three notable designers when finishing graduate school. Only Patricia Zipprodt replied, with a message to say she “didn’t have anything now but let me think about it and maybe in the future.” It got to the future, and Ann took the encouragement of her previous response to try and contact Pat again. Upon being told she was out of town with a show, Ann proceeded to chase Pat through various phone books and telephone wires across different states and theatres until she finally found her. She was bolstered by the specifics of their call and ran off the phone to write an imploring note – hinging on the premise of a shared connection to Montana. She took an arrow, stabbed it through a cowboy hat, put it in a box with the note that was written on raw hide, and mailed it to New York with bated breath and all of her hopes and wishes.

Pat was knife-edgingly close to missing the box, through a matter of circumstance and timing. Importantly, she didn’t. Ann got a response, and it boded well: “Alright alright alright! You can come to New York!”

Subsequently, Ann’s long career in the design world of the theatre has included notable credits such as: Sunday in the Park with George (1984) Into the Woods (1987, 1997) Falsettos (1992) Beauty and the Beast (1994, 1997) Little Me (1998) Company (2006) Road Show (2008) The People in the Picture (2011) Merrily We Roll Along (1985, 1990, 2012, segment in Six by Sondheim 2013) Passion (2013) The Visit (2015) The Color Purple (2015) The Prince of Egypt (2021)

From early days in the city sleeping on a piece of foam on a friend’s floor, to working collaboratively alongside Pat, to using what she’d learnt from her mentor in designing whole shows herself, and going on to win prestigious awards for her work – the cycle of the theatre and the importance of handing down wisdom from those who possess it is never more evident.

As Ann summarises it meaningfully, “the theatre is a continuing, changing, evolving, emotional ball”. It’s raw, it’s alive, it needs people, it needs stories, it needs documentation of history to remember all that came before.

In periods where there can physically be no new theatre, it’s made ever the more clear for the need not to forget what value there is in the tales to be told from the past.

Through this retrospective, we’ve seen the tour de force influence of a relatively small handful of women shaping a relatively large portion of the visual scape of some of Broadway’s brightest moments.

But it’s significant to consider how disproportionate this female impact was, in contrast with how massively male dominated the rest of the creative theatre industry has been across the last century.

Assessing variations in attitudes and approaches to relationships and families in these women in the context of their professional careers over this time period presents interesting observations. And indeed, manners in which things have changed over the past hundred years.

As Ann Hould-Ward speaks of her experiences, one of her reflections is how much this was a “very male dominated world”. And one that didn’t accommodate for women with families who also wanted careers. As an intern, she didn’t even feel she could tell Patricia Zipprodt about the existence of her own young child until after 6 months of working with her. With all of these male figures around them, it would be often questioned “How are you going to do the work? How are you going to manage [with a family]?”, and that it was “harder to convince people that you were going to be able to do out-of-towns, to be able to go places.” Simply put, the industry “didn't have many designers who were married with children.”

Patricia herself in the previous generation demonstrates this restricting ethos. “In 1993, Zipprodt married a man whose proposal she had refused some 43 years earlier.” She had just newly graduated college and “she declined [his proposal] and instead moved to New York.” Faced with the family or career conundrum, she chose the latter. By the 1950s, it then wasn’t seen as uncommon to have both, it was seen as impossible.

Her husband died just five years after the pair were married in 1998, as did Patricia herself the following year. One has to wonder if alternative decisions would’ve been made and lives lived differently if she’d experienced a different context for working women in her younger life.

But occupying any space in the theatre at all was only possible because of the efforts of and strides made by women in previous generations.

When Aline Bernstein first started designing for Broadway theatre in 1916, women couldn’t even vote. She became the first female member of the United Scenic Artists of America union in 1926, but only because she was sworn in under the false and male moniker of brother Bernstein. In fact, biographies often centralise on her involvement in a “passionate” extramarital love affair with novelist Thomas Wolfe – disproportionately so for all of her remarkable contributions to the theatrical, charitable and academic worlds, and instead having her life defined through her interactions with men.

As such, it is apparent how any significant interactions with men often had direct implications over a woman’s career, especially in this earlier half of the century. Only in their absence was there comparative capacity to flourish professionally.

Irene Sharaff had no notable relationships with men. She did however have a significant partnership with Chinese-American painter and writer Mai-mai Sze from “the mid-1930s until her death”. Though this was not (nor could not be) publicly recognised or documented at the time, later by close acquaintances the pair would be described as a “devoted couple”, “inseparable”, and as holding “love and admiration for one another [that] was apparent to everyone who knew them.” This manner of relationship for Irene in the context of her career can be theorised as having allowed her the capacity to “reach a level of professional success that would have been unthinkable for most straight women of [her] generation”.

Moving forwards in time, Irene and Mai-mai presently rest where their ashes are buried under “two halves of the same rock” at the entrance to the Music and Meditation Pavilion at Lucy Cavendish College in Cambridge, which was “built following a donation by Sharaff and Sze”. I postulate that this site would make for an interesting slice of history and a perhaps more thought-provoking deviation for tourists away from being shepherded up and down past King’s College on King’s Parade as more usually upon a visit to Cambridge.

In this more modern society at the other end of this linear tree of remarkable designers, options for women to be more open and in control of their personal and professional lives have increased somewhat.

Ann Hould-Ward later in her career would no longer “hide that [she] was a mother”, in fear of not being taken seriously. Rather, she “made a concerted effort to talk about [her] child”, saying “because at that point I had a modicum of success. And I thought it was supportive for other women that I could do this.”

If one aspect passed down between these women in history are details of the craft and knowledge accrued along the way, this statement by Ann represents an alternative facet and direction that teaching of the future can take. Namely, that by showing through example, newer generations will be able to comprehend the feasibility of occupying different options and spaces as professional women. Existing not just as designers, or wives, or mothers, or all, or one – but as people, who possess an immense talent and skill. And that it is now not just possible, but common, to be multifaceted and live the way you want to live while working.

This is not to say all of the restrictions and barriers faced by women in previous generations have been removed, but rather that as we build a larger wealth of history of women acting with autonomy and control to refer back to, things can only get easier to build upon for the future.

Who knows what Broadway and theatre in general will look like when it returns – both on the surface with respect to this facet of costume design, and also more deeply as to the inner machinations of how shows are put together and presented. The largely male environment and the need to tick corporate and commercial boxes will not have vanished. One can only hope that this long period of stasis will have foregrounded the need and, most importantly, provided the time to revaluate the ethos in which shows are often staged, and the ways in which minority groups – like women – are able to work and be successful within the theatre in all of the many shows to come. 

Notable sources:

Photographs – predominantly from the New York Public Library digital archives. IBDB – the Internet Broadway Database. Broadway Nation Podcast (Eps. #17 and #18), David Armstrong, featuring Ann Hould-Ward, 2020. Behind the Curtain: Broadway’s Living Legends Podcast (Ep. #229), Robert W Schneider and Kevin David Thomas, featuring Ann Hould-Ward, 2020. Sense of Occasion, Harold Prince, 2017. Everything Was Possible: The Birth of the Musical ‘Follies’, Ted Chapin, 2003. Finishing the Hat: Collected Lyrics (1954–1981) with Attendant Comments, Principles, Heresies, Grudges, Whines and Anecdotes, Stephen Sondheim, 2010. The Complete Book of 1970s Broadway Musicals, Dan Deitz, 2015. The Complete Book of 1980s Broadway Musicals, Dan Dietz, 2016. Inventory of the Patricia Zipprodt Papers and Designs at the New York Public Library, 2004 – https://www.nypl.org/sites/default/files/archivalcollections/pdf/thezippr.pdf Extravagant Crowd’s Carl Van Vecten’s Portraits of Women, Aline Bernstein – http://brbl-archive.library.yale.edu/exhibitions/cvvpw/gallery/bernstein.html Jewish Heroes & Heroines of America: 150 True Stories of American Jewish Heroism – Aline Bernstein, Seymour Brody, 1996 – https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/aline-bernstein Ann Hould-Ward Talks Original “Into the Woods” Costume Designs, 2016 – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4EPe77c6xzo&ab_channel=Playbill American Theatre Wing’s Working in the Theatre series, The Design Panel, 1993 – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9sp-aMQHf-U&t=2167s&ab_channel=AmericanTheatreWing Journal of the History of Ideas Blog, Mai-mai Sze and Irene Sharaff in Public and in Private, Erin McGuirl, 2016 – https://jhiblog.org/2016/05/16/mai-mai-sze-and-irene-sharaff-in-public-and-in-private/ Irene Sharaff’s obituary, The New York Times, Marvine Howe, 1993 – https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/17/obituaries/irene-sharaff-designer-83-dies-costumes-won-tony-and-oscars.html Obituary: Irene Sharaff, The Independent, David Shipman, 2011 – https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-irene-sharaff-1463219.html Broadway Design Exchange – Florence Klotz – https://www.broadwaydesignexchange.com/collections/florence-klotz Obituary: Florence Klotz, The New York Times, 2006 – https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/03/obituaries/03klotz.html

[the-firebird69]

Last night he was thinking every few often I wonder if this is a preempt cuz I don't have any preparation done at all and a lot of people are saying it's a preempt and it was realistic you come to himself mostly a little bit he was going wait a minute this is getting annoying cuz people are bothering him but he went through it it knows why it's just difficult his tour is difficult and very long arduous and many people say impossible but he's doing it religiously and he's applying himself. And she is as well and it's very stressful so I'm asking people to help out here he needs funding believe it or not he's poor he's making tons of people Rich who are us and we don't need to be and we need to help our people and saying to use the money and Hera is putting those programs into action and we are too now. But he needs help now and he needs funding right now he cannot be holding to their government we cannot and I've been asking and asking and demanding and telling and we need teams now permanent ones on it and we need it right now we need people to stand up right now and get in here and do it

Thor Freya I'm getting people reacting and they're sending teams and they're signing people to it and I needed that a long time ago really this is far from mission what do you think he's doing grabbing money these people are not paying him a dime it's up to us

We know about the money situation but you're right I'm kind of not applying enough effort and really he needs money and we're doing it now we are making it happen we have a lot of things we're trying and that's what we should keep doing across the board because if he goes without money well he's going to get hurt possibly and there's certain things we won't do and these people don't understand it especially the morlock now this is going to go really badly for them because they have a plan to just keep doing this horrible horrible crap they're doing and it's just like Tommy f but they're less understanding about it people noticed it today too just saying you don't understand a damn word I'm saying shut that off shut yourself down get out of the street and they say no so they get shot literally 50% of what was left is gone and out of the bridge she doesn't understand why he's attacking it yet he's attacking it and his people are getting destroyed literally they're all dying there's probably about 500,000 trillion out there and they're going to be dead in a few minutes and really there's more than that it's it's a huge number you're not going to believe it it's like 5 million affiliate they're coming out of nowhere it's cloning and they're going to be destroyed shortly and we did not have a thing in the river last night but we are we were attacking and they got hit very bad they blaming a lot of parties including our son we need them out and we're doing a full scale attack tonight it will make sure that it happens one of them is War of the worlds and it happens before the dropping of the Great lakes and the river and the Gulf of Mexico it really has to it's going on shortly and we can we can tell you why it's because Tom Cruise goes up there and they see that the towns are disappearing no that won't be for a while it won't be a month maybe within 2 weeks we have to move him before then literally I think it might drop in within 2 weeks not even longer because the excavate the diamonds out so we have to get moving immediately and we have to get him a money and we have to get them the thing from the lawyer and tons of stuff has to happen and we will look at it cuz he's having trouble putting their stuff out there at all and he wants it out there to get it going we need to preempt the golf stuff in order to do it and let people know what's going to happen and we need to have a few of the cataclysms occur

Nuada Arrianna