#Tamilnadu ceremony

[varmaviharisblog]

Guru dattatreya | Mahayagnam | shri guru mahadev | Dattatreya temple | s...

[carnivalstudiossalem]

Best Wedding Photography in Salem: Capturing Your Special Day with Perfection

Top wedding photographers in Salem combine technical expertise with a passion for storytelling, ensuring that every click tells the unique story of your special day. They understand the importance of creating a comfortable environment, allowing couples and guests to relax, resulting in natural and heartfelt images. Whether it’s an intimate ceremony or a grand celebration, these professionals are adept at capturing a wide range of styles—from traditional and classic portraits to contemporary, documentary-style shots.

Address: 66, Brindavan Rd, Sinthampalayam, Fairlands, Salem, TamilNadu 636004.

Whatsapp       : https://wa.me/+919852248522

Website          : http://www.carnivalstudios.in/

Facebook       : https://www.facebook.com/CarnivalStudioss/

Instagram      : https://www.instagram.com/carnivalstudios/

YouTube        : https://www.youtube.com/@carnivalstudios

Location         : https://maps.app.goo.gl/64tuS1G8frBFns9w6

[motherteresacharitabletrust]

Mother Teresa Charitable Trust Celebrated Teachers' Day on 5th Sept. 2024 at Mother's Castle 40, Thiruvenkadapuram Main Road, Choolaimedu. Chennai - 94. Tamilnadu, India. Free tuition class student participated. Teachers Mrs. Kalaiselvi felicitated Cake Cut ceremony held Founder Dr. G.K. Dhas addressed the gathering.

Join & Support : https://www.motherteresacharities.org

#TeachersDay#Education#MotherTeresaCharitableTrust#FreeTution#gratitude#Legacy#service#freetutionclasses

[dialurbantamilnadu]

Unveiling the Charms of Tamilnadu Matrimony: Your Ultimate Marriage Bureau

Are you looking for a soulmate to share your life with in Tamilnadu? Look no further than Dialurban, your ultimate marriage bureau that is dedicated to helping you find the perfect match. With its vast database of eligible brides and grooms, Dialurban is the go-to platform for those seeking a partner for marriage in Tamilnadu.

Why Choose Dialurban for Tamilnadu Matrimony?

1. Extensive Database: Dialurban boasts an extensive database of profiles of individuals looking for a life partner in Tamilnadu. Whether you are looking for a traditional match or a modern one, Dialurban has something for everyone.

2. Personalized Matchmaking: The team at Dialurban understands the importance of finding a compatible partner. They offer personalized matchmaking services to ensure that you find someone who not only shares your values and beliefs but also complements your personality.

3. Verified Profiles: Say goodbye to the hassle of dealing with fake profiles. Dialurban verifies each profile to ensure that you are connecting with genuine individuals who are serious about marriage.

4. Privacy and Security: Your privacy and security are of utmost importance at Dialurban. You can rest assured that your information is safe and secure with them.

The Charms of Tamilnadu Matrimony

Tamilnadu is known for its rich cultural heritage and traditions, especially when it comes to marriage. Tamilnadu matrimony is a beautiful blend of rituals, customs, and celebrations that make it a truly unique and special experience. From the colorful and vibrant attire to the mouth-watering cuisine, Tamilnadu weddings are a sight to behold. Traditional Rituals: Tamilnadu weddings are steeped in tradition, with ceremonies that have been passed down through generations. From the auspicious muhurtham to the exchange of garlands, each ritual has its own significance.

[harshal1346545]

Five Popular Festivals of Tamil Nadu You Should Not Miss to Understand the Essence of This State 

Joyful Festival in Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu is one of the overwhelmed states in the southern part of India that boasts of cultural practices. These festivals give one an idea of the rich culture together with the religious beliefs of the Tamil speaking people. 

1. Pongal – Harvest festival of Tamilnadu 

Pongal is a festival that is observed in the month of January and reminds of the start of the harvest period. It is a four day festival and each day of the festival has its own importance. The first day of the Sankranti festival, Bhogi, is a fire ceremony in which people get rid of unwanted items to represent new opportunities. The fourth, and final day of the festival is named Pongal, that is specifically dedicated to the Sun God or Surya. Mattu Pongal, the third day, deals with the worship of cattle, which plays a major part in farming. The last day targets family prosperity and is called Kanuma. Yes, ‘Pongal’, the sweet dish prepared in this Tamil festival, is the same as the name of the festival. 

2. In the cultural framework, the New Year of the Tamil calendar began in the month of Chithirai, on the first day of the Tamil month Puthandu – the New year day of Tamil people. 

Puthandu which is observed in April is the Tamil New Year festival. This is the time of the year that homes get painted with colorful Kolams and many houses prepare their beloved dishes such as mango pickle. This festival conveys the idea of the renewal of life and the happiness of the coming spring. 

3. Natyanjali Dance Festival 

Natyanjali is a dance festival, which is performed to Lord Nataraja, who is form of Lord Shiva. Held during Mahashivratri in the Nataraja Temple in Chidambaram, this festival covers Indian classical dances including the Bharatanatyam, Kathak, and Kathakali. Despite the fact that people have a diverse culture, activities of this nature foster unity. 

4. Thaipusam 

Festival is Thaipusam that falls in January or February, devoted to lord Subramaniam, the son of Shiva. The people here can be seen to bear baskets called ‘kavadis’ which are elaborate works that are flowered and containing pots of milk as symbolic of penance and devotion. It is a colorful festival characterized by prayer and enthusiasm in the performance of the rites and the dancing and beating of drums during the processions. 

5. Thiruvaiyaru Festival 

The Thiruvaiyaru Festival is celebrated to honor Saint Thyagaraja who was a highly respected Carnatic music composer. This is celebrated in January at Thiruvaiyaru located near Cauvery River and this event contains music festivals and religious programs.

6. Karthigai Deepam is the festival of lights celebrated in the Tamil month of Karthigai. 

Karthigai Deepam occurs in the month of November and December and the whole of Tamil Nadu is bright with lights and different lamps. Basically it is a ten day festival and the final day or the concluding part involves lighting Karthigai Deepam lamp on hills and temples. It implies the victory of the force of light against the force of darkness. 

7. Mahamaham Festival 

Another major fair Kumbakonam is Mahamaham, which is a biennial affair of Kumbakonam. The followers visit the Mahamaham Tank for a dip with the belief that this would remove all their vices. The Spiritual Festival is marked when the planet Jupiter confines itself with the zodiac sign Leo which can be regarded as propitious for spiritual liberation. 

Hotels in Chennai 

A wide variability typical of Indians and a range of necessities from economy to luxury can be found in Chennai, which is the capital city of Tamil Nadu. Whether you're visiting for festivals or leisure, here are some popular areas to consider staying:

Marina Beach Area: Famous for being close to Marina Beach, this place provides accommodation in luxury sea view hotels in chennai and nearby attractions. 

T Nagar: An active shopping area with all categories of hotels including the budget hotels to the first class hotels. Suits those people who like shopping and active nightlife. 

Egmore: Located to the south of Chennai Central Railway Station, Egmore has large quantity heritage accommodations as well as locations for work-related and recreational activities. 

Anna Nagar: A neighborhood of multiple apartments, individual cottages, stylish hotels, and is generally more suitable for a peaceful, country-type feel. 

Mylapore: Mylapore has gone to be an area famous for cultural values and temples . where guest and boutique hotels and guesthouses are dressed in traditional finesse. 

Planning Your Trip 

Here are some famous festivals of Tamil Nadu that one should experience to the fullest during the trip. Having a number of different types of lodging and boasting of a rich culture, Chennai is the perfect place to start exploring the celebrations of the state. It is the entailing beats of Natyanjali or the spiritual passion of Mahamaham, the festivals that reveal the cultural essence of Tamil Nadu.

[pooma-today]

The National UN Volunteers-India

Department of Employment and Skills development, Govt of TAMILNADU

World Environment Day celebration - June 5

Govt ITI - Ramanathapuram district, Tamilnadu

World Environment Day Marked by Tree Planting Initiative in Ramanathapuram

Ramanathapuram, June 5, 2024 – In a significant move to foster environmental consciousness, the National UN Volunteers-India, in collaboration with the Department of Employment and Skills Development, Government of Tamil Nadu, celebrated World Environment Day with a tree planting event at the Government Industrial Training Institute (ITI) in Ramanathapuram district.

Under the leadership of Mr. S Subash Srinivasan, Special Sub Inspector of Police, Economic Offences Wing, Ramanathapuram District, the event saw enthusiastic participation from students, faculty, and community members. The initiative aimed not only to beautify the campus but also to instill a sense of responsibility towards environmental stewardship among the participants.

The event commenced with a pledge to save nature, led by Mr. Srinivasan, who emphasized the importance of individual actions in the larger context of global environmental challenges. Following the pledge, the attendees engaged in planting saplings across the institute’s grounds.

Distinguished guests, including Mr. Selvam, Forest Ranger, Mr. T. Valai Anandhan, Principal of Govt ITI, and Mr. G Hariharasudhan, Training Officer for Industry 4.0, graced the occasion. Each guest shared insights on the critical role of sustainable practices and the impact of deforestation on climate change.

The ceremony concluded with a commitment from the institute to nurture the saplings into full-grown trees, symbolizing the growth of environmental awareness and action within the community.

This event is a part of a series of initiatives by the National UN Volunteers-India to promote environmental education and active participation in sustainability efforts.

[militaryleak]

RENK Group AG Breaks Ground on New Factory in Indian Defense Industrial Corridor

RENK Group AG, a globally leading manufacturer of mission-critical drive solutions in military and civil end markets, is expanding its presence in India. By 2025, a new ~7000 square metre production site for military and civil applications will be built in the Defense Industrial Corridor of Tamilnadu State. RENK will realize this project together with renowned developer Horizon Industrial Parks (Horizon) which is owned and managed by Blackstone Real Estate Funds. The official start of construction was announced by Andre Neumann, CEO of the RENK Group's Marine and Industrial segment, Praveen Mohan, Managing Director of the Indian subsidiary RENK Gears Pvt Ltd, and Urvish Rambhia, Principal at Blackstone, at a groundbreaking ceremony. The new plant will be located at Shoolagiri Park, a large industrial estate owned and managed by Horizon. On behalf of RENK, Horizon will build an office complex, production halls and a warehouse. After the planned opening in the first quarter of 2025, gearboxes, transmissions and couplings for military and civil applications will be manufactured at this site. The groundbreaking ceremony marks a significant milestone in the RENK Group's global expansion strategy, bringing the company even closer to the Indo-Pacific, a region that is very important politically and economically. The new production facility will enable RENK to strengthen its presence in the Indian market while optimizing its global supply chains. #military #defense #defence #militaryleak

RENK Group AG, a globally leading manufacturer of mission-critical drive solutions in military and civil end markets, is expanding its presence in India. By 2025, a new ~7000 square metre production site for military and civil applications will be built in the Defense Industrial Corridor of Tamilnadu State. RENK will realize this project together with renowned developer Horizon Industrial Parks…

[mohifashion]

Where to Shop for Bridesmaid Lehengas in Colorado

Are you in search of Bridesmaid Lehengas, Engagement Lehengas, and Bridal Dresses in Colorado, USA? With a plethora of options available, it can be daunting to find the perfect dress that will make you feel regal on your special day. Look no further than these premier Indian boutiques in Colorado, each offering unique selections and exceptional quality.

From fashion outlets like India Fashion X, Omnama Fashions to upscale boutiques, we've got you covered. Continue reading to explore the finest bridesmaid lehengas available at each of these establishments and prepare to dazzle with your beauty and grace.

Colorado is situated in the United States, hosts a vibrant Indian community that celebrates various religious festivals. One of the most enchanting traditional ceremonies in Colorado is the Indian wedding, which encompasses a rich tapestry of rituals such as Haldi, Sangeet, saat phere, and vidaai. In Colorado, you can explore a diverse array of bridal lehengas, engagement lehengas, wedding guest lehengas, designer sarees, anarkali suits, sherwanis, and much more.

India Fashion X

Address: Buckley Plaza Shopping Center, 4343 S. Buckley Rd. 2nd floor # 220, Aurora, CO 80015, United States

Website: www.indiafashionxpress.com

India Fashion X is established in Colorado in 2002, India Fashion X, led by Savi, embraces a lifelong passion for fashion ignited at the age of 12. Inspired by her stylish sisters, she began her journey as a teen cosmetic stylist, later venturing into clothing. With over 3000 handcrafted designs, including sarees, lehenga for woman, and exclusive marriage bridal lehenga, they cater to diverse Indian fashion needs.

Omnama Fashions

Address: 6398 Tremolite Dr, Castle Rock, CO 80108, United States

Website: www.omnamafashions.com

Shweta, the founder of Omnama Fashions, established the boutique in 2011 with a mission to offer affordable Indian clothing in Denver and its surrounding areas. Operating as a home-based boutique, Omnama Fashions specializes in Ethnic Indian attire, including party wear suits, Indian saree, lehenga choli designs, and anarkalis, catering to the diverse fashion needs of the Denver metro area.

Mohi Fashion

Website: www.mohifashion.com

Mohi is a curated multi-designer online marketplace offering lehengas, sarees, designer wear, lehenga for engagement, lehenga for reception, ghagra choli for women and men's groom wear. They source their products from Surat, Jaipur, Kolkata, Tamilnadu, Chandni Chowk, Lucknow, Assam, Pakistani wear and so on providing a focus on reflecting the diversity of South Asian fashion. Mohi Fashion provides a 10% discount on all MRPs year-round and exclusive offers, along with video consultations for brides and customizable outfits in all sizes.

[tarathijewels]

Affordable Elegance: Buy Imitation Bangles Online at Tarathi Jewels for Every Occasion

Looking for trendy imitation jewelry online? Explore a wide range of options to buy imitation haaram online, buy imitation choker online, buy imitation choker necklace online, buy imitation earrings online, and buy imitation bangles online. Find affordable and stylish imitation jewelry pieces to elevate your look

Accessorizing is an art, and adding a touch of cultural flair through bangles can take your look to the next level. But who says elegance has to break the bank? Embrace the beauty of affordable elegance with a stunning collection of imitation bangles from Tarathi Jewels. Their online platform allows you to buy imitation bangles online [buy imitation bangles online] for any occasion, without compromising on style or quality.

A World of Designs at Your Fingertips

Tarathi Jewels curates a diverse collection, catering to every taste and cultural preference. Find timeless elegance with intricate gold-plated bangles or celebrate the vibrancy of Rajasthan with delicate kundan-studded pieces. For a modern touch, explore trendy designs featuring playful bohemian styles with colorful beads and tassels, sleek geometric patterns, or bold statements with chunky bangles adorned with captivating stones.

More Than Just Beautiful, They’re Durable Too

You don’t have to worry about compromising on quality. Tarathi Jewels meticulously crafts their bangles with high-grade materials, ensuring they are both stunning and durable, allowing you to wear them with confidence for years to come.

The Perfect Complement for Every Occasion

Whether it’s a casual gathering, a traditional ceremony, or a festive celebration, Tarathi Jewels has the perfect bangles to complete your look. Their versatile collection allows you to mix and match styles to create a unique combination that reflects your personality.

Convenience at Your Doorstep

Forget the hassle of crowded markets! Tarathi Jewels offers a convenient and comfortable shopping experience. Browse their extensive collection at your own pace, compare styles and prices with ease, and buy imitation bangles online [buy imitation bangles online] within minutes without leaving your home.

Embrace Affordability and Style with Confidence

Tarathi Jewels believes that everyone deserves to experience the beauty and cultural significance of bangles. With their commitment to affordability, exquisite designs, and convenient online platform, they make it possible for you to express your unique style and cultural pride. Visit their website today and embark on a journey of affordable elegance!

Discover the best deals to buy imitation haaram online, buy imitation choker online, buy imitation choker necklace online, buy imitation earrings online, and buy imitation bangles online. Explore trendy and affordable imitation jewelry pieces to elevate your style effortlessly. Shop now!

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[neosciencehub]

PM Modi Lays Foundation Stone for New ISRO Complex in TN

PM Modi Lays Foundation Stone for New ISRO Complex in TN @neosciencehub #neosciencehub #science #PMModi #ISRO #Annamalai #gaganyaan #GaganyaanMission #ISRO #IndianAstronaut #India #spacecraft #space #TamilNadu

Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Wednesday, launched new projects and laid the foundation stones for upcoming initiatives. The total investment for these projects exceeds Rs 17,000 crore, signifying a substantial shift towards progress and infrastructure development within the state. During the ceremony, PM Modi emphasized the transformative impact of these projects and underscored the…

[thebusinessdevelopment]

Tamil Brahmin Wedding Photography

Capturing the Elegance of Tradition: Tamil Brahmin Wedding Photography

A Tamil Brahmin wedding is a beautiful tapestry of traditions, rituals, and the unbreakable bond of two souls. At MoonWedlock Tamil Nadu Wedding Photography, we specialize in preserving the magic of these timeless ceremonies through our Tamil Brahmin wedding photography. Our lens captures not just moments but the essence of the rich cultural heritage, love, and celebration that make Tamil Brahmin weddings extraordinary.

Tamil Brahmin Wedding Photography: A Celebration of Tradition and Love

Our team of dedicated photographers understands the significance of every ritual, every expression, and every smile during a Tamil Brahmin wedding. With a blend of candid and traditional photography styles, we strive to encapsulate the entire spectrum of emotions and customs that make these weddings truly unique.

What Sets Our Tamil Brahmin Wedding Photography Apart:

Cultural Sensitivity: We approach Tamil Brahmin weddings with a deep respect for the customs and traditions, ensuring that we capture every significant moment with cultural sensitivity.

Experienced Team: Our skilled photographers have extensive experience in Tamil Brahmin wedding photography, guaranteeing that no essential moment is missed.

Candid Moments: We specialize in candid photography, ensuring that we catch genuine emotions, from laughter to tears, in their purest form.

Beautiful Portraits: We create elegant and timeless portraits of the bride, groom, and their families, capturing their grace and radiance.

Storytelling: Our Tamil Brahmin wedding photography tells a beautiful and cohesive story, allowing you to relive your special day for years to come.

Why Choose MoonWedlock Tamil Nadu Wedding Photography?

Passion for Perfection: We are driven by a passion for capturing the perfect shot and ensuring your memories are preserved with the highest quality.

Client-Centered Approach: We work closely with our clients to understand their preferences and expectations, tailoring our photography style to their desires.

A Legacy of Excellence: With a strong history of delivering exceptional photography services, we've earned the trust of countless couples celebrating their Tamil Brahmin weddings.

Portfolio: Explore our portfolio at https://www.moonwedlocktn.com/tamilnadu-wedding-photography-works/a-classic-tamil-wedding-photography-of-guhan-suganya/ witness the magic of our Tamil Brahmin wedding photography.

Preserve the beauty and tradition of your Tamil Brahmin wedding with MoonWedlock Tamil Nadu Wedding Photography. Contact us today to discuss your wedding photography needs and let us capture the timeless moments that will become cherished memories for a lifetime.

[subikshafoods]

Unveiling the Secrets: Why To Buy Tasty Curd In Tamilnadu? Part 2

As far as dairy products are concerned, Tamil Nadu is famous for its high-quality and tasty curd. The secret to the delicious taste of Tamil Nadu curd is the unique methods and traditions followed from generation to generation. Hello everyone, welcome to this article exploring the reasons for choosing to buy tasty curd in tamilnadu, its rich flavours, health benefits and cultural significance.

Rich flavours that tantalize your taste buds

Tamilnadu curd stands out for its rich and irresistible flavours. The unique fermentation process followed enhances the flavour and texture, giving your palate a complete delight. Curd in Tamil Nadu is usually made from whole milk, which adds a creamy consistency and sweet taste.

Cultural significance and traditional practices

In Tamil Nadu, curd has immense cultural significance and is an integral part of the daily diet. It is often considered a sacred food and is offered to deities during religious ceremonies. The traditional method of making curd uses an earthen pot, which is believed to enhance the flavour and nutrition of the curd.

Finally, Tamil Nadu curd is a culinary treasure that offers a wonderful experience while offering a plethora of health benefits to your taste buds. Its unique flavours, cultural significance and traditional customs make it a must-try delicacy. So, the next time you crave a tasty and nutritious snack, buy tasty curd in tamilnadu.

Find us inside Subiksha Foods at No 110 A, Bypass Road, Bethaniyapuram, Opp Babu Sharkar Marriage Mahal, Madurai — 625016, or call us at +91 80567 44906. You will be able to browse our website at https://subikshafoods.in/ for details.

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[samkkshopping]

South Indian pride traditional kanchipuram/Kanjivaram silk sarees have made remarkable impression from the city of Tamilnadu i.e., Kanchipuram region. The flamboyant and lustrous drapery of Kanjivaram silk sarees has gratified its spark all over the globe. Kanjivaram border and pallu are quite different from body as they are woven separately and then intricately joined to the saree.

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15 दिन में तीसरी बार तमिलनाडु से जुड़ेंगे पीएम: मेडिकल यूनिवर्सिटी के दीक्षांत समारोह में शामिल होंगे मोदी; वीडियो कॉन्फ्रेंसिंग के जरिए स्टूडेंट्स को संबोधित भी करेंगे

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Juniper Publishers-Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

A Study on Sthalavrikshas in Temples of Madurai District, Tamil Nadu

Authored by Vinoth Kumar A

Abstract

India delivers rich biodiversity and it is not just the world’s twelve mega diverse countries, but also one of the eight major centers of origin and diversification of domesticated taxa. These taxa are conserved and have been considered sacred because of their cultural, religious and economic importance. In Tamil Nadu, some sacred trees are in the status of extinct, endangered, threatened, and vulnerable and vary rare habit. The sacred trees are very good examples of ex situ conservation, where a single plant is conserved and worshipped. A study of Sthalavrikshas is also known as sacred trees (or) temple trees was conducted in the temples of the Madurai district during 2016-2017. The study revealed the presence of Sthalavrikshas in 65 temples out of 100 temples studied. Totally 31 species of Sthalavriksha recorded in these 65 temples.

Keywords:Biodiversity; Conservation; Sthalavrikshas

Introduction

Sacred groves and sthalavriksha (temple tree) have been acting as a major role in the conservation of plants and animals. In the location are certain ethnic groups and residential district in India, which have been worshiping forests, trees and certain animals since time immemorial. Occurrence of sacred groves at several spaces in India, clearly defines the community’s attachment to nature. Sacred plants play a really significant role in ecology. Due to their ecological value and effective properties, sacred plants continue to be employed in the religious and social festivals of the Hindus. The five most sacred leaves of pipal, Cluster fig, white fig, banyan and mango are ubiquitously employed in making prayers and oblations. On auspicious occasions, mango leaves are attached to train and strung up on doors as a welcome banner, and leaves of purasu and banyan make workable plates and bowls during community feasts. Leaves of some other trees are also customarily offered to deities e.g., Vilvam (Bengal quince) to Lord Siva, of banana and Arjuna to Lord Ganesha, and of kontrai (Cassia fistula) to all the gods and goddesses. The red flowers of the Indian coral tree are used in the worship of Lord Vishnu and Lord Siva; of Alari (Nerium indicum) in the worship of Lord Siva and the Sun-god; of ketaki (Yucca gloriosa) in the worship of Lakshmi, and of pala or breadfruit (Artocarpus integrifolia) in the worship of Lord Vishnu. The purpose of some flowers is prohibited in worship rites like vaagai (sirisa or parrot tree/Albizia lebbeck) in the worship of Lord Ganesha and vengai (Pterocarpus marsupium) in the worship of Lord Siva. The wood of the sacred trees like vilvam, banyan, vanni, purasu and pipal is never employed as fuel, as it is believed to invite the anger of gods. But it is employed in other ways, in sacrificial rites and ceremonies. Sudhakar [1]. Sthalavriksha worship in temples is a popular exercise. Most of these temples have their own Sthalavrikshas (temple trees) and Nanthavanam (flower garden). Sacred plants provide food, shelter and nesting substratum for several species of birds and squirrels. All souls of certain species are completely protected. Sthalavriksha is a natural tree found in the temple site before construction of the temple and most temple myths (Sthalapuranas) and temple histories (Sthalavaralaru) refer to a prime deity that was first unearthed or found under the tree Gunasekaran & Balasubramanian [2]. Every temple has one plant or tree as sthalavriksham. Sthalavriksha means the tree of the locality (sthal-place; vriksha-tree). In Tamilnadu state, about sacred trees are in the status of extinct, endangered, threatened, and vulnerable and vary rare habit. Such trees are both ethno botanically or culturally important and ecological representative of the area.

Sthalavriksha or temple tree is a single plant worshipped as equal as the prime deity in the temples. In both Hinduism and Buddhism, temple tree worship holds a bigger significance. The plant, primarily worshipped are Peepal (Ficus religiosa), Neem (Azardirachta indica), Bael (Aegle marmelos), Sandalwood (Santlum album), etc. There are temples which have more than one Sthalavriksham simultaneously, whereas some temples like a Sri Kallalagar temple (Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce and (Pterocarpus santalinus L.f.) to have different Sthalavriksham is different yugas. On that point are also examples of more than temple having the same trees as sthalavriksham (eg.) Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.serr. and Azardirachta indica Adr. Juss. etc. Some of the important temple festivals are associated with the sthalavriksham of the temples concerned mavadi sevai of kanci Ekambareswara temple and makizhadi sevai of tiruvottiyur temple are two such festivals. Sthalavriksha mostly occurs in tree habit, in main or big temples of Tamilnadu. In some temples, it occurs in herb, shrub, grass or climber forms. Sacred trees are therefore handled as any other sacred space, and it is thus not surprising that many of the customs and ceremonies mentioned in sacred places, in general, are also observed at the sites of sacred trees. This habit shows characteristically the importance of medicinal plants in Indian System of Medicine. Medicinal parts of the Sacred Trees (Sthalavrikshas) are practiced in different forms. It is presented in the form of paste, juice, dried powder and made into tablets and juices mixed with sugar and honey to cure various diseases Amirthalingam [3].

Materials and Methods

Study Area

Historical Background: Madurai is one of the major districts of Tamilnadu State. Madurai is located along the bank of the river Vaigai. It is an ancient urban center known for its age old legacy and agile of contemporary modern lifestyle-a singular spot for worship and the Modern-day of living. Madurai is also visited by different names like “City of Jasmine” (Malligai maanagar), “Temple City” (Koil maanagar), “City that never sleeps” (Thoonga Nagaram) and “City of four junctions” (Naanmada koodal).

Location & Geographical Area: The Madurai district lies between 9° 56’ 20.7348’’ N and 78° 7’ 18.1884’’ E. It takes in an area of 3741.73 Sq. Km and is bordered on the west by Theni district, on the north by Dindigul district, on the east by Sivagangai district and along the south by Virudhunagar district. The district is empowered with a semi arid tropical climate with normal rainfall of 827.1 mm as against 923.1 mm for the state. The present study was extended out in Madurai district, Tamilnadu. 130 temples were enumerated, data gathered from the local people. Flowering twigs of trees set up within the temple premises were collected and identified taxonomically using the Floras. The tree species grown as Sthalavriksha in 65 temples in Madurai district were enumerated. The survey documented several interesting facets of tree worship. The local people, including Temple handoff, Priests, Temple Defendable and Worshipers was interacted with temple area of Madurai district that have indigenous knowledge about sacred plants of their locality and information’s were collected by group discussions and interviews with them in their local language (Tamil). Binomials of the plants with family, their local names, parts used and Medicinal uses were recorded (Figure 1).

Interview and Ethno Medicinal Data Collection: The ethno medicinal information was collected by interacting with the priest and people living around the temples through interview as a recorded data.

Collection of Plant: The floral parts and twigs were collected from the Sthalavriksha for Binomial name identification. Generally, the plant specimens were collected with flower and fruit. In case, if there are no flowers and fruit conditions, the plant twig with few leaves was collected for proper identification.

Result

Sthalavriksha worship in temples is an ancient religious practice in India. This study is the first attempt to survey the Sthalavrikshas of 100 temples in Madurai district. Tamilnadu, India. Of the surveyed 100 temples, there were only 68 temples in which Sthalavriksha were present. The temples found among them 12 were Lord Shiva temples, 28 were Lord Amman temples, 7 were Goddess Sakthi temples, and 7 were Lord Murugan temples, 3 were Vinayaga temples, 11 various deity temples. A total of 31 plant species belonging 20 families was recorded in the study. Most of these plants belong to Dicotyledons of angiosperms and one species belong to Monocotyledons (Borassus flabellifer L.). 30 Sthalavriksha plants were trees while one was a shrub (Tabernaemontana divaricata R.Br.ex Roem & Schult.). All the Sthalavrikshas documented in the study are given in Table 1 In Madurai district; the ancient temples were recorded for this study. The temples include Meenakshi Amman temple, Kallalagar temple, Thiruvaapudaiyar temple, Inmailum Nanmai Taruvar Temple, Puttu Sokanathar Temple etc. A total of 31 Sthalavriksha species belonging to 20 families were recorded, and Dominant families were Moraceae and Fabaceae with 4 species each, Moraceae, represented by 4 species (Ficus benghalensis L. Ficus microcarpa L.f. Ficus religiosa L. Ficus tintoria G.Forst). Fabaceae represented by 4 species (Prosopsis cineraria (L.) Druce, Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. Acacia leucophloea Wild. and Prosopsis cineraria (L.) Druce) and the other dominated families were Anacardiaceae and Mimosaceae. Each family is represented by 2 species, Mimosaceae (Albizia amara (Roxb.) Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del.) and Anacardiaceae, includes 2 species (Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr and Mangifera indica L.) Among these Rutaceae was the dominant family represented by 16 temples followed by Moraceae represented by 6 temples and followed by Meliaceae and Rubiaceae represented by 4 temples each. The frequently occurring species was Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa recorded in 17 temples followed by Ficus benghalensis L. Druce in 6 temples and Azardirachta indica Adr. Juss and Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser was recorded in 4 temples each. All the 31 species were reported to have medicinal properties. Tholkappiyavathi et al., (2013) reported that 16 temples have Sthalavrikshas while 20 such element exists in remaining temples. 9 species of Sthalavrikshas have been recorded in these 16 temples. Prabakaran et al. [4] surveyed the sthalavriksha of 106 temples in Salem, Namakkal, Karur district. They record sthalavriksha were found in 81 temples and a total 18 plant species belong to 18 genera and 14 families.Among this Caesalpiniaceae was the dominant family represented by 3 species followed by Rutaceae and Moraceae represented by 2 species each (Figure 2) .

Economically Important on Species

Most of the plants put down from sacred plants (Sthalavriksha) of Madurai district are economically significant. The medicinal plants comprise about 31 species, 29 species having timber value and 19 species were regarded for minor forest produce. Many multipurpose species have also been reported from the groves. Of these, 23 species are used as timber and medicine, 34 species as medicine and minor forest produce, 18 species as minor forest products and timber, and 10 species as timber, medicine and minor forest produce. Sukumaran et al. [5] reported 329 species belonging to 251 genera of 100 families and economically important plants such as medicinal value (194 sp.), timber value (34sp.) and minor forest product (19sp.) (Figure 3).

Quantitative Analyses of Medicinal Use

The village people have used the Sthalavriksha plants for many ills. It may be noted here that most of the sacred trees usually have great medicinal value. Traditional medicine continues to act as an important role in health maintenance. Medicinal parts of the Sacred Trees (Sthalavrikshas) are practiced in dissimilar kinds. It is presented in the form of a paste, juice, dried powder and juices mixed with sugar and honey to cure several diseases. The similar documented was made for 31 plants belong to 20 families are identified as traditional medical used species (Table 2). Gastrointestinal problems like digestive problems, diarrhea, dysentery, stomach ache and constipation were treated using specific herbal prescriptions by the local peoples same reported. Respiratory problem like cough, cold, and asthma also used medicinal plant. The plant parts, mostly reported in this regard were Leaves (29%), Bark (25%), Fruit (14), Root (12%), Flower (8%), Stem (6%), Seed (4%) and Latex (2%). Gunasekaran et al. [6] Ethnomedicinal uses of 91 Sthalavrikshas (temple trees) in Tamil Nadu, southern India, posses medicinal uses and cured various diseases like Toothache, Dysentery, Stomach ache, Diar¬rhea, etc.

Medicinal Preparations

The medicinal preparations followed by the Sthalavrikshas of Madurai district to cure a disease were based on many kinds of preparations which are as follows.

a) Decoction: A decoction was obtained by boiling the plant in water until the volume of liquid was reduced to more than ½ or ¾ of the original amount of liquid.

b) Extract: The plant material was ground with some amount of water as per the need and filtered. The filtrate was used as an extract.

c) Juice: The juice was obtained by grinding the plant material and this preparation was administered wholly (This juiciest material used for filtered or non-filtered)

d) Latex: Latex was obtained by detaching the leaf or young stem at normal region of the plants and used.

e) Paste: The paste was prepared by grinding fresh, dried material with water.

f) Powder: The powder was prepared by grinding dried material.

g) Raw: The plant material is also used in raw form, was used immediately after harvesting.

It was also likewise mentioned that the sthalavrikshas in Madurai district in Tamilnadu used the medicinal preparation mostly in the form of Paste (19%), followed by decoction (20%), juice (20%), extract (15%), Powder (9%), Raw and Latex (17%). Some of the sacred plants cure to various diseases, taken from various forms, such as Aegle marmelos species bark decoction is used to treat intermittent fever. Bark powder used for skin diseases. Leaf act as a blood purifier. Cassia fistula species taken from various forms, Leaf (paste) flower (juice) and root (extract) cured of some diseases such as skin diseases, snakebite, fever and cold. Gunasekaran et al. [6]- Ethno medicinal uses of 91 Sthalavrikshas (temple trees) in Tamil Nadu, southern India, they reported medicinal uses and taken from various formations such as juice, decoction, powder, paste, used to cure for various diseases and ailments like Diarrhea, fever, cough, cold, etc.

From the present investigation, it was noted that the Sthalavriksha plants on Madurai district of the study area used to herbal preparation made from the medicinal plants mostly used for the treatment of diarrhea (5 species: Aegle marmelos, Mangifera indica, Acacia nilotica, Morinda tinctoria, Tamarindus indica), dysentery (5 species: Acacia nilotica, Acacia leucophloea, Syzygium cumini, Tabernaemontana divaricata, Morinda tinctoria), fever (5 species: Acacia leucophloea, Aegle marmelos, Mimusops elengi, Morinda tinctoria, Neolamarckia cadamba), cough (5 species: Ailanthus excels, Acacia leucophloea, Lepisanthes tetraphylla, Prosopis cineraria, Millingtonia hortensis), skin diseases (9 species: Aegle marmelos, Azardirachta indica, Alangium salviifolium, Cassia fistula, Ficus religiosa, Millingtonia hortensis, Pongamia pinnata, Pterocarpus santalinus, Borassus flabellifer). Gunasekaran et al. [6] - Ethnomedicinal uses of 91 Sthalavrikshas (temple trees) in Tamil Nadu, southern India, they reported medicinal plants, mostly cured of fever (23 species), dysentery (13 species), asthma (10 species), rheumatism (10 species) and diarrhea (8 species). Nandkishor et al. [7] reported that the Some Sacred Trees and their Medicinal Uses from Amravati District (Maharashtra), used the medicinal plants, mostly for the treatment of fever (12 species), followed by dysentery (8 species) and diarrhea (3 species) [8-10].

Conservation Status of the Plants

The plant species Pterocarpus santalinus comes under the endangered category, all other species are of least concerned status (Table 1).

The Necessity of Security

Sthalavrikshas worshipped in plants are a means of conservation of plants. Plants in the temple gardens are cultivated and maintained and this is also a means of conservation of plants. The role of people in the conservation of plant has been an age old practice since historic period. It was concluded that the Sthalavriksha worship is an age old practice; myths, beliefs and this practice play a major role in the conservation of plants. Thus, the above results and discussion proved the relation of the human and the nature towards plant conservation. The traditional worshipping has protected many plants which have tremendous medicinal value and made them as sacred, so that with the fear of deity nobody eradicates it. So we have to protect these sacred plants for us and our next generation for better survival. On the basis of this study, we have to follow our ancestor’s belief in humanity and nature sustainability.

Conclusion

Madurai district, unitary of the ancient districts of Tamil Nadu famous for its religious culture, was studying for the sthalavriksha plants. It was noted that a total of 31 plant species was recorded. The recorded plant species belong to 20 families. Among that family of Moraceae and Fabaceae dominated together with 4 species followed by Rutaceae, Rubiaceae, Anacardiaceae and Mimosaceae family consequently represented with 2 plant species. Medicines are obtained from the Sthalavrikshas and are used in different forms. Sthalavrikshas are valued for their botanical, medicinal, environmental, religious and mythical importance. The sthalavrikshas of Tamilnadu constitute a lot of genetic resources for the conservation of species diversity. Propagation of sthalavrikshas in temples contributes to the conservation of our floral diversity. Some trees are significant for their economic use of shipbuilding or in the timber industry, some for providing homes for various animals, birds, and others for their medicinal value. In the present study, it is concluded that the religious activities are having a close relationship with plants boost up the mental health of local people of Madurai district and many of the sacred plants found in the household and temples were used for various religious cultural activities as well as for health care. These sacred plants are worshiped by the local people for getting the blessing of health and wealth by positive powers of nature. Hence the religious ceremonies, rites act as a protective factor or device for the conservation of sacred plants. So, it is the duty of the present generation to preserve and promote these aesthetic treasures to conserve biodiversity and nature, which will surely play a part in the progression of human beings. These sacred trees preserved through millennia by our ancestors as potential bio resources should be respected and conserved for the future generation. The sthalavrikshas is a mean of conservation of biodiversity.

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