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allthatchernobyl · 4 years ago

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De Afrodito a Dionisio

Empecé a bajar ideas hace unos días cuando se cumplieron nueve años de la muerte de Leo Mattioli y hoy, que cumpliría 48 años, creo que es un buen momento para aflojar con el divague e ir cerrando este texto. Me termino de decidir cuando veo que se anuncia la publicación de un inédito de Sandro porque en mi mundo decir Leo es decir Sandro y decir Sandro, obviamente, es decir Leo. Seguramente la fuerza vital de esta simbiosis emocional la tenga que buscar en mi configuración personal: Sandro es el artista favorito de mi vieja y Leo Mattioli el de mi hermana mayor. En esta casa las canciones de uno y otro se escuchan desde siempre y se mezclan en el aire. Pero estoy seguro de que, más allá de eso, hay una historia que empieza en Sandro y continúa -y termina- en Leo. Empiezo por acá: El Gitano y el León fueron los únicos dos crooners de origen plebeyo que arribaron al éxito popular absoluto en nuestro país.

Cierto es que el fenómeno Leo Mattioli es más regional. Aunque supo conquistar al público a lo largo y ancho del país y llenar las salas más prestigiosas de Avenida Corrientes, Leo pertenece a Santa Fe del mismo modo que La mona Jimenez le pertenece a Cordoba o Woody Allen a Nueva York. Leo Mattioli es un sentimiento que ningún santafesino, por mas snob que sea, desconoce. Porque es signiicado y a la vez significante. Porque es lo que designa y también lo designado. Es la plaza a la hora de la siesta y es la gente que la camina. Es el boliche y sus luces calientes así como el recuerdo del boliche y sus luces calientes. El caso de Sandro es más complejo porque su historia es más larga y su éxito mayor. Quiero decir que aquello que designa Sandro es más voluble: su piedra filosofal del rock, su cine de cantores, su éxito en el resto del continente, su contacto con otros personajes del ambiente, su imagen de sex-symbol, su época y su épica. Hay tantos Sandros como sandristas -o nenas, que somos todos- mientras que Leo representa un tiempo y un espacio con la fidelidad que da el pertenecer. Sandro es Afrodito: veneración de la sensualidad y la belleza. Leo es Dionisio: la transformación de la erótica afrodisíaca en deseo ordinario. Fertilidad y vicio. Con Leo asistimos a la muerte de lo simbólico para asistir al nacimiento de lo real. “Sin habernos lavado la cara/Sin hacernos asco a nada”. Leo se toca, saliva, se muerde. En su universo no hay lugar para la metáfora. Está ahí, como cantaba Cienfuegos: La sangre y la leche juntas. Y yo agrego la carne y el sudor y el aliento caliente y las miradas lascivas. Y el body heat mojado de nuestras pampas condensado en el ambiente de algún boliche de pueblo. Lo que en Sandro se queda en sugerencia y erotismo, en Leo se transforma en decidida sexualidad y exceso. Al respecto podríamos decir que las épocas de uno y otro son las que signan estas diferencias pero me parece una lectura por lo menos haragana (aunque no por ello errónea). Por el contrario, me gusta diseccionar la diégesis de uno y otro y entender la de una como la secuela del otro. La mejor forma de explicarme la encuentro ubicando a Leo como la única célula sobreviviente que se desprende de la música romántica hispanoparlante de éxito, lease Camilo Sesto, Leo Dan, Los Pasteles Verdes y un eterno etcétera. Hay ejemplos concretos -su disco Canciones Románticas del 2003- pero no solo ejemplos concretos. Quiero decir: además de un disco homenaje, toda su música desciende de ese universo al que se le suma la erótica carnal y desprejuiciada que embandera su música y, finalmente, lo que Gaston Ribba llama acertadamente “tufillo prostibulario”.

Sandro es el hijo sudaca y tercermundista de Elvis -no podía evitar que aparezca la sombra de El Rey en algún momento del texto- pero a Leo esa herencia le queda ya lejos y toca -anécdotas- de oído. Sandro fue un crooner hasta el final de sus días en el escenario. Envuelto en su bata roja y arropado por luces de cabaret, nunca pudo dejar de ser Elvis. Lejos de la pavada onanista que empuja a muchos a abandonar su lugar en el mundo para querer trascenderlo, el gitano hizo propia la estela de su estrella y sostuvo sus insignias hasta el final de sus días. Leo también fue un crooner aunque nunca lo supo o, mejor, nunca le importó. Sin bajarnos de los escenarios: Leo se duele en sus canciones casi siempre autobiográficas del mismo modo que Sandro se dolía en su teatro -en tanto ficción- de amor y pasión. Los dos fueron las citas y las referencias de otros en un mundo pop que es, naturalmente, un mundo rebalsado de citas y referencias. Sandro consagrado a una verdad mayor y Leo a su propia verdad que resultó ser, también, una verdad mayor. La figura de Sandro se configura en un mundo cargado de iconos, la de Leo en una cultura ya decididamente de mixtura. En los Dos (mayúsculas adrede) se sostiene la santa trinidad: Dios, micrófono y sexo. En el margen escribo: Se me ocurre una analogía muy tonta pero que me parece divertida, Sandro es Shakespeare y Leo es lo que Orson Welles hizo con las obras del inglés. Otra diferencia sustancial que los amalgama: Sandro nace para ser un estrella y las estrellas nacen para ser reflejo de su público. Leo, por su parte, fue un estrellado. Quiero decir que la carrera de Leo está signada desde el principio por la tragedia y por el ritmo meteórico que exigió siempre la movida tropical mientras que el ascenso de Sandro, si bien pronunciado y feroz, se da en una dinámica más propia del desarrollo clásico proporcionado por la industria musical. Por su parte, Leo canta en su primer disco solista (Un homenaje al cielo, 2000) una canción como “Solo le pido a Dios” en la que ya empieza a aferrarse a su materialidad. Y se sabe: uno se aferra a lo que comienza a perder. ¿Como no resultaría tremendamente significativa la obra de un tipo que empieza a despedirse en su primer disco?

Ya que estamos por acá: Toda leyenda tiene su evento -mito, en algunos casos- fundacional: El de Sandro puede variar según a quien se le pregunte. A mí me gusta ubicarlo en el lanzamiento de Beat Latino (1968), pero habrá discrepancias al respecto y eso es para otro texto. El de Leo, en cambio, admite menores discusiones: El accidente que sufriera el 15 de enero del 2000 -del que saldría con su primer y fantástico disco como solista (lanzamiento definitivo de su carrera)- y que signaría desde sus secuelas la naturaleza de la vida del León en la década siguiente y final. Leo vivió como un rockero de otro tiempo: rápido y con dolor. Basta revisar esa década final: los trajines, los cambios de look, el reguero de discos y canciones y variantes dentro de un estilo definido, sus visitas al sillón de Susana o la mesa de Mirtha, sus infinitas noches recorriendo la provincia en presentaciones retrasadas y mínimas hasta grandes recitales en prestigiosos teatros. Sandro perteneció a otro tiempo y a otro ambiente que si bien fue su ruina -inevitable, ya decía Bukowski “encuentra lo que amas y deja que te destruya”- le permitió vivir a otro ritmo. Sobre el final arriba de los escenarios los Dos paraban sus recitales para ir tras bastidores a recargar el oxígeno que sus pulmones ya se negaban a proporcionarles. Pero Leo andaba por los treinta y pico y Sandro ya había pasado cómodo los 50. El público crea a sus ídolos a imagen y semejanza pero a sus dioses les da otras libertades. La libertad de Sandro fue la vida domestica, la de Leo la de ser mártir de un genero bastardeado hasta el hartazgo por la gente -de- bien. En lo musical la paleta de Sandro, se sabe, va desde el rock and roll hasta la balada pasando por todo lo que hay entre ellas e incluyendo, también, lo que habita en los márgenes. Fue un compositor de alto vuelo -aunque su raíz es de intérprete- con un sello vocal inigualable en estas tierras. El alcance de su música es de los pocos que no entiende de fronteras en un país condenado a etiquetar y descartar. A Sandro lo han admirado desde Pappo y Charly García hasta Leo Mattioli. La paleta de Leo ofrece principalmente una cumbia florida y de un romanticismo carnal que la gente prestigiosa tildaría de grasa. Grasa, sí: caliente y plebeya como todas las cosas por las que vale la pena vivir (pensemos en el primer Sandro y sirva como ejemplo cabal su temazo New Wave “Eso que se hace de a dos”). Pero Leo también fue -quien osaría dudarlo- un compositor de primer nivel, un intérprete sanguíneo y un cantante imponente. La herencia de Sandro es global y la de Leo -ya lo dije- regional. Por eso en la cumbia santafesina post-Leo Mattioli no hay nadie que pueda ignorar su estigma -en el sentido religioso del termino-. Hombre o mujer, sus hacedores llevan la cruz de Leo con o sin pesar -los que la llevan con pesar son los que más me repelen- y subsisten en un mundo que parece saber que ya nada podrá hacer más que mantener encendido un fuego que de aquí en adelante irá sin remedio hacia las cenizas.

#sandro #leo mattioli

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thenewlittleprincess · 4 years ago

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Hey, Sunflower!

"Chico Jimenez here, on KELP, on a sunny morning, Monday, November 17, 2025 at 7.24 am, with the best of Latin music por los chicos y las chicas de El Paso, Texas."

"La vida está una bella cancion! Woof!"

"Some words of wisdom from our mascot, Charlie Chihuahua. And that last song by Tomas Andrzewski, Tierra del Amor, bouncin' up the Latin charts, was surely a beautiful song.

"And now we have a special guest on KELP Morning. Let me welcome La Princesita!"

"Hola! Muchas gracias! El Paso, vos quiero muchá!" says the Princess.

"De nada, princesita. Now I've noticed you always say that, everywhere you go. What is it? Vos . . ." asks Chico.

"Vos quiero muchá!" says the Princess.

"Now, in Tex-Mex, that doesn't mean a hell of a lot. What exactly are you tryin' to say, say in English?" asks Chico.

"Oh! It means 'I love you all!'" says the Princess.

"Oh. Around these parts, we'd probably say something like 'Los quiero a todos'," says Chico.

"Yeah, I can understand that but it sounds really formal, like I'm not that close to them. I want to be a close bessie of me fans in Texas!" says the Princess.

"OK, and I think you are. You're really popular around here, with Latinos and Anglos alike," says Chico.

"I'm so happy! Love to be loved! That's why I said I love them too!" says the Princess.

"I hear you've got a new song, just to introduce to El Paso," says Chico.

"Right 'tis! Every Monday I do a new song for the week. Last week, it was 'Princesistos, Princesistas'," says the Princess. "I sang that in . . . let me see if I can remember all the names . . . Tucson, Phoenix, Las Vegas, Salt Lake and Trinidad," says the Princess.

"And I have to say somethin': I heard some terrible news that ladrones were copyin' these radio broadcasts off the radio and sellin' them like podcasts at like 50 Units a pop. I want to kill them, truth be told, grubby li'l snide creatures they are! Dunno' give yar brass to los ladrones! No le des vos pisto a los ladrones!" says the Princess.

"Dad says there's somethin' about I'm not allowed to release videos on the ICT except Latin ones through Pina Colada. I want to do these ones about Guatemala in English, so everyone can understand them, not just Latino people, because Guatemalans need all the help they can get now," says the Princess.

"But, at Christmas, at the same time we release our Spanish-language videopack, "Princesita", Pina Colada will release these songs about Guatemala in English and Spanish, in another videopack, called "Princess At War." So you can buy them off the ICT at their normal prices. Just don't try to jump the queue or it'll cost you a fortune!'" the Princess says.

"OK, thank you for warnin' our listeners, princesita. Now, what is your new song?" Chico asks.

"It's called 'Hey, Sunflower!' It's about the flowers and we are livin' in the same world but they're the lucky ones! Like the junta in Guatemala doesn't affect them at all. They stay beautiful while the people get hurt," says the Princess.

"Well, that surely sounds interesting! OK, your band is here now so you can go over and do the song for us," says Chico.

"Cheers, Chico!" the Princess says.

Coco Loco leads on acoustic guitar. It is a classic flamenco rumba but played fast: Am G F but instead of going down to Em, it is what the Princess calls “rolled down and quickly wound back up” : Am G F G Am. It sounds something like the video at the bottom of the page.

The Princess joins in, improvising melodies off that chord pattern on her electric piano.

Then Pom-Pom starts the drum machine.

The Three Angels are shaking three tambourines and banging out the machine's beat on them too.

All-About-The starts the bass line.

Then everyone is doing Am in unison and the Princess starts singing . . . or is it shouting?

Hey, hey, hey, hey, hey, hey, hey, hey!

Then everyone plays that Am G F G Am pattern and the Princess really does sing.

The sun is shining, just like every day

We can go out and play the same games we always play

But something's changed today, we cannot see

We're no longer equal, no longer free

We must be careful

They're [the Three Angels back up the Princess with harmonies here] watchin' you and me

[Then the Princess alone] Watchin' you and me

[A little melody with Coco's guitar and the Princess' piano in unison]

[The whole band backs up the Princess]

Hey, sunflower

As beautiful as you were yesterday

Hey, hey, hey, sunflower!

Golden [clap, clap] shining [clap, clap]

You don't care

Our country's dying

'Cos you can always be free

You can laugh at the people you see

[Stop]

[Musical Interlude - The Princess starts a melody on the electric piano and the whole band copies it - Then everyone plays chords except the Princess, who does the "supersonic" improvised melodies, with flourishes and glissandoes, for which she is famous]

[As the band plays chords, the Princess sings, playing the same chords on her piano]

Diego, he walked out of his factory

Because what they pay him's not enough to eat

He and all the workers took their cries to the street

Now they're all gone

The Army's victory

But their children are cryin'

[The band provides singing back-up for the Princess on the next two lines]

"Mummy, feed me!"

[The whole band backs up the Princess]

Hey, sunflower

As beautiful as you were yesterday

Hey, hey, hey, sunflower!

Golden [clap, clap] shining [clap, clap]

You don't care

Our country's dying

'Cos you can always be free

You can laugh at the people you see

[Musical Interlude - The Princess and Coco "duel" on the piano and guitar with melodies]

[Then the whole band plays Am louder and louder and the Princess shouts:]

Wo-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-h! Ya! Ya! Ya! Ya!

[Then the Princess reverts to singing and playing chords as the band backs her up musically]

The Army chased the people out of their houses

Droppin' fire from the sky shootin' all around

The fathers can only come back to work

By sunset they're in town with their wives and boys and girls

They have nothin' but food and bunk beds

[the Three Angels back up the Princess with harmonies here]

No more land

[Then the Princess alone]

No more land

[The whole band backs up the Princess]

Hey, sunflower

As beautiful as you were yesterday

Hey, hey, hey, sunflower!

Golden [clap, clap] shining [clap, clap]

You don't care

Our country's dying

'Cos you can always be free

You can laugh at the people you see

[The Princess and the band, slowly] Hey ... sunflow . . .er

[The Princess shouts, alone] As beautiful as you were when we were free

[The Princess and whole band sing together]

Hey, hey, hey sunflower

Nothing has changed for you

Take me to yesterday with you.

[Musical conclusion - The Princess leads the band on melodies]

"OK , thank you, that was great!" says Chico.

"De nada, Chico! Cheers for lettin' me sing it here!" says the Princess.

"Come sit down and have some water, muchacha. You sound winded!" says Chico.

"Cheers!" says the Princess.

[The sound of the Princess drinking]

"See, your band is breakin' out Cokes and . . . all kind o' stuff to chill out [Laughter from Chico and the band]. Just make yourselves at home, ladies and gentlemen. Nuestro estudio es su estudio! Princesita, it's a cute little song about flowers but you sure did get the politics into it," Chico says.

"It's not politics like Democratico Revolutionario and Cristiano Nacional anymore. They used to argue. But this is different. This is life and death. And I cannot sing songs about flowers and let people forget what's happenin' to el pueblo de Guatemala, like everythin’s fine," says the Princess.

"And President Hemingway reported to Congress about Guatemala this week,” Chico says. “And she said basically what you've been saying. I guess you're happy about that?" Chico asks.

"Of course, everyone who's tellin' the truth is gonna wind up sayin' the same thing, aren't they?" says the Princess. "And your President is tellin' the truth. Full marks. She's honest. But where are the troops? Why are the junta still there? Tellin' the truth is good. It's godly. But ya have to DO somethin' too or it's music to watch people get killed to. So we've got to keep on beggin' and pleadin' until she gets it straight and DOES somethin'!"

"I'm sure that'll come," says Chico. "I'm sure that'll come, muchacha. Our system is kind o' slow here but eventually things do get done.”

“Like I always say, ‘Pronto llegara, nuestro tiempo,’” says the Princess. “Can your listeners understand that?”

“Yes, they sure can,” says Chico.

youtube

#Guatemala #2025 #new lyrics #original fiction #child #popstar #interview #radio #our time #sunflower #faith in god #tex-mex #thenewlittleprincess #dictatorship #revolution #flamenco #rumba #guitar #Spanish

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sciencespies · 5 years ago

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Heavily Trafficked Songbirds a Victim of Venezuelan Collapse

https://sciencespies.com/nature/heavily-trafficked-songbirds-a-victim-of-venezuelan-collapse/

Heavily Trafficked Songbirds a Victim of Venezuelan Collapse

The black-helmeted, crimson-jacketed males flit from branch to branch chirping at the female birds, who are shaded gray with less flamboyant flashes of orange and red. The environment is hot and humid, just the way the tropical birds like it. But this conditioned climate exists in a Smithsonian facility in the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia, thousands of miles from the birds’ ancestral home along the Caribbean coast of Venezuela.

These 20-odd red siskins are part of a population helping researchers to learn more about this endangered South American songbird. They aren’t the only ones in captivity. In fact, the diminishing Venezuelan population of birds in the wild is likely dwarfed by the number of siskins held and trafficked by breeders and pet owners around the world.

Researchers are working on learning more about trafficking rings in an effort to potentially co-opt some of the breeders and other players to help with siskin conservation. Meanwhile, plans are underway to reintroduce the birds to parts of their former range in Venezuela to bolster the fast-dwindling wild population.

The only thing standing in their way is widespread societal collapse in the birds’ native country. On March 26, the U.S. Department of Justice formally charged President Nicolás Maduro and 14 other current and former Venezuelan officials with narco-terrorism, corruption, drug trafficking and other criminal charges while a news report in February describes how the school system is in dire straits as teachers leave the country or otherwise abandon their posts.

“We would like to think the reintroduction could happen soon, but politics keep getting in the way,” says Michael Braun, an evolutionary biologist at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of National History, who works with the birds.

A local breeder voluntarily surrenders a male red siskin. “We were surprised and heartened to find many people interested in helping to save our natural heritage,” says Cardozo-Urdaneta.

(Leonel Ovalle-Moleiro, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute)

Red siskins, listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, face threats from habitat loss, and poaching for the pet trade. The small finches live in the northern coastal foothills of Venezuela, and at least historically in Trinidad, though no birds have been seen in the island country for decades. Some birds may cross into Colombia while another distinct population lives in Guyana.

Red siskins can crossbreed with canaries to create red canaries, a bird prized by pet owners. In fact, many of the siskins trapped over the last century were likely taken for interbreeding purposes, though pure red siskins are also highly prized by pet owners.

“These birds have been maintained in private aviculture since the 1800s,” says Warren Lynch, the bird unit manager in charge of the climate-controlled facility at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute in Front Royal, Virginia. As siskins whistle and flit about in an enclosure behind him, the researcher discusses the complex dynamics of the ongoing trade of these birds. “Any red canaries you see are a result of that interbreeding.”

The use or trade of red siskins is illegal in Venezuela, but the breakdown of basic law due to the continuing political crisis in the country means that poachers and traffickers can act with near impunity.

The majority of Venezuela’s exported red siskins (above: female in the wild) are sent to the United States.

(Jhonathan Miranda, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute )

At the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, red siskins (above) are part of a captive population helping researchers to learn more about this endangered South American songbird.

(Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute)

The diminishing native population of birds in the wild (above: male in Venezuela) is likely dwarfed by the number of siskins held and trafficked by breeders and pet owners around the world.

(Jhonathan Miranda, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute )

Just the same, learning and understanding the operations of the illegal trade in siskins may offer researchers a leg up in disrupting the capture of birds in the wild. Braun and colleagues conducted a study, published recently in Animal Conservation, in which they analyzed social networks in the South American country from 2010 to 2017. The researchers suspected that the people trafficking red siskins may be using some of the same networks and routes used by drug traffickers or other illicit traders.

“Efforts of this type in Latin America are rare, because high impunity, low resources, and a very diverse market can make it difficult to understand illegal activities scientifically without putting the team at risk,” says Arlene Cardozo-Urdaneta, a research professional in the Spatial Ecology Laboratory of the Venezuela Institute of Scientific Investigations and one of the co-authors of the study.

The researchers used known contacts to get in touch with other players in the process and gained the trust of dozens of breeders, harvesters and others involved in red siskin trade. They also monitored specialized Facebook and Whatsapp groups dedicated to wildlife sales. They recorded 1,013 instances of siskins being either offered for sale or requested for purchase.

They also found that while drug traffickers or other illicit operators might be moving siskins occasionally, a lot of siskin trade occurred between people highly specialized in dealing with the birds.

“This is not a product they’re selling on the street corner in Venezuela,” says Kathryn-Rodriguez Clark, a population ecologist in animal care sciences at the National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, who was also a co-author of the study.

Brian O’Shea, a collection manager for ornithology for the North Carolina Museum of Natural Science who was not involved in the recent study, says the researchers’ findings make sense. “Siskins have always been a target of a unique niche.”

Basically, the process of trafficking a siskin may start with a trapper in a rural area. Their traps use a live male bird that sings in one side of the two-compartment cage. Territorial males will come by to check out their potential rival and get trapped in the other compartment of the cage once they enter.

Many of the breeders share a common interest with conservationists—they are fascinated by the bird and carry a deep understanding of its biology and natural habitat.

(Raul Jimenez, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute)

At this point the bird is sold for as little as $5 per animal to a commercial vendor who attempts to adapt wild birds to living in a cage. More than 60 percent die during this stage in the network, Rodriguez-Clark says.

“For the bird, it’s probably not a picnic,” she says.

The rest are often passed to one or more intermediaries, who move the birds to cities, or sometimes pass them on to what amounts to bird launderers, who sell them as legal captive-bred birds for about $80. In other cases, the birds are sent via smugglers to international breeders or pet owners, who may pay as much as $500 for a bird. The smugglers use everything from medicine bottles to suitcases. One man was even caught in Venezuela with siskins trapped in hair curlers taped to his body, the researchers say.

Rodriguez-Clark’s preliminary data shows many of these stay in Venezuela. But the majority of exported birds are sent to the United States.

These dollars mean a lot to Venezuelans undergoing a devastating economic crisis, and while the researchers didn’t examine whether the crisis has resulted in an uptick in siskin trade, Cardozo-Urdaneta says it’s likely. “The appeal of more valuable foreign currency may led to increases in the international wildlife trade,” she says.

Based on their research, Rodriguez-Clark and her colleagues detected about 70 birds taken from the wild in western Venezuela alone every year. Since estimates put the wild bird population in the low thousands at most, this take is worrisome, says Rodriguez-Clark.

Now that the researchers know how these networks function, they are optimistic that they might be able to interrupt the trade of wild-caught birds by co-opting some of these players to become active in conservation efforts. Many of the players caught up in the illegal trade share a common interest with conservationists—they are fascinated by the bird and carry a deep understanding of its biology and natural habitat. “We were surprised and heartened to find many people interested in helping, and in generating changes to save our natural heritage, even in the most remote areas,” Cardozo-Urdaneta says.

Putting this shared passion into practice could involve a banding program that helps to verify whether an individual siskin was bred in captivity or taken from the wild. Breeders would put closed-ring bands on the small feet of young birds that couldn’t be placed on adult feet. If the bird doesn’t have one, it may have been caught from the wild. Conservation-minded bird enthusiasts could ensure their hobby isn’t contributing to the bird’s demise in the wild by verifying these bands, while breeders could pledge to only work with banded birds.

“We have to do a little bit of conservation jujitsu,” Rodriguez-Clark says.

Meanwhile, zoos are working to breed captive siskins destined for eventual release in the wild. The Red Siskin Initiative, an effort started by some of the authors of this paper, partners with a number of international institutions. The Initiative is working to help coffee farmers in siskin environments to participate in the Smithsonian’s highly successful Bird Friendly certification project, as well as producing a red siskin chocolate bar made from bird-friendly cacao.

“What we would do for red siskin habitat would also improve things for migratory birds,” Braun says, since siskins use some of the same coffee farms as many birds that summer in the U.S. and travel down to Venezuela, such as the golden winged warbler or Connecticut warbler.

The Initiative is also coordinating breeding efforts between zoos in the U.S. and the newly constructed Red Siskin Conservation Center in Turmero, Venezuela.

Trappers use a two-compartment cage (above) holding a live male bird that sings from one side. Territorial males will come by to check out their potential rival and get trapped in the other compartment of the cage once they enter.

(Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute)

Facilities like the Smithsonian location in Front Royal are writing protocols on breeding and husbandry so they can exchange information with this center and other zoos in Venezuela.

“Basically what they want is a recipe,” Lynch says after pointing out a female with several recent chicks in the enclosure at Front Royal.

But researchers are still worried about the situation in Venezuela. In fact, Braun and his colleagues kept a discovery of a distinct population of siskins in Guyana in 2000 under wraps for years until the government there placed it on their endangered species list.

“We don’t tell anyone where they are, because they are still being poached,” says Royer.

The trouble with reintroduction, Rodriguez-Clark says, is that any release of these birds would only be successful if the original threats to the birds are mitigated. But poaching is unlikely to stop given the ongoing political crisis in Venezuela.

Nonetheless, she believes that more conservation money could help save the bird from extinction. “Give us $2 million and 10 years and we can save this bird from extinction,” Rodriguez-Clark says.

O’Shea says that since captive breeding efforts seem to be going well, zoos may eventually end up with a surplus. Eventually they will need to think about releasing some of them, regardless of the situation.

“People are always going to want to trap these things no matter what,” he says, adding that he’s not sure released birds would face extra danger, especially if their release spots are secretive.

Despite the current crisis, red siskins are a culturally important bird in Venezuela, where they are called cardenalitos. Siskins are even featured on some of the bills of their national currency. Rodriguez-Clark hopes that if the situation improves, Venezuelans will get behind reintroduction efforts and conservation of red siskin habitat, which will help a number of other vulnerable species as well.

“It could transform into something very positive for Venezuela,” Braun adds.

#Nature

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joseantoniosanchezserrano · 7 years ago

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¡Cómo pasa el tiempo!

¡Cómo pasa el tiempo! ¡Y que curiosa es la hemeroteca!

Año 2010, es decir, casi antes de ayer….

Todavía no estaba en esto de la “política” activa, y me dedicaba junto a buenos amigos, de forma altruista, a cubrir la información para el informativo de Radio Morata y la revista La Voz del Tajuña que ya tenía unos pocos números.

Allá donde nuestros trabajos y tiempo libre nos permitían, nos…

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#la voz del tajuña #pedro sanchez #perales de tajuña #psm #Psoe #radio morata #tomas gomez #trinidad jimenez

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uncgarchives · 6 years ago

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In honor of Black History Month, the UNC Greensboro Cello Music Collection is featuring biographies of black cellists who have made an impact in the music world.

Nicasio Jiménez [Jr.] (b. 12 March 1849, Trinidad, Cuba - d. 1 June 1891, Tours, France) was born into a musical family, his father was violinist Jose Julian Jiménez (photographed) and his brother, José Manuel (Lico) Jiménez (also photographed), was a composer and a pianist. In 1867, when Jiménez was 18 years old, he and his family traveled to Germany in the hopes of furthering their musical education and escaping the increasing political volatility in Cuba. In 1868, Jiménez began as a student at the Leipzig Conservatory, studying with Emil Hegar (who was a student of Friedrich Grützmacher and would become the teacher of Julius Klengel). Upon immigration to Germany, the Jiménez family supported themselves through performance. Nicasio Jiménez performed in the Gewandhaus Orchestra from 1871-1875 (Hegar was the first cellist). Jiménez also appeared in a number of solo performances, in which he received favorable reviews: “…the rendering of the 2nd and 3rd movement of Concerto No. 3 by G. Goltermann by Hr. Nicasio Jimenez … a performance in which Hr. J. has already marked himself a thoroughly respectable artist on this instrument. Proficient in intonation and various styles of bowing, this gentleman knows at the same time to elicit a respectable tone on the violoncello, warmed entirely by innate feeling…” (Musikalisches Wochenblatt, 1870). Additionally, Nicasio, his father, and his brother toured throughout Europe and the Americas as the Negertrio, debuting in October of 1871. The trio toured until 1875, performing mostly a 19th century Romantic repertoire. Needless to say, a trio of black classically-trained musicians performing in the 1800s attracted attention. After the Jiménez trio completed their tour, Nicasio Jiménez became cello faculty (c. 1876) at the newly opened Conservatoire à rayonnement régional de Tours, where he remained teaching until his death in 1891. **There is a wonderful article by Josephine Wright about the Jiménez trio in “The Black Perspective in Music,” Vol. 9, No. 2 (Autumn 1981), pp. 161-176. **This photograph was found on the Runaway Slave Ads (@runawayslaveads) Facebook page. It is the only photograph of Nicasio Jiménez I know to exist. If you are interested in historic photographs from African American history, I highly recommend following the page.

#black history #black history month #black musicians #cellists #unc greensboro #music archives

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uniquetyphoonmiracle · 6 months ago

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Estoy en CONIL de la FRONTERA [rebautizado por mi como COÑIL porque MUCHOS COÑOS de buen VER pero difícil PROBAR en Bares de COPAS ATESTADO de FUMATAS Y BORRACHAS con la MUSICA A TOPE ..pues me invito la RRPP DOMINICANA LADY amiga de una SEVILLANA con una AGENCIA DE MODELOS en mayo 2002 aprovechando que iba a correr la TUNE UP SEVILLE _NEW YORK MARATHON ganando un Dorsal que valen 600€ pero preferí correr la MARATON DEL PACIFICO DE MAZATLAN porque tanto vi un anuncio en una revista que me dieron en la 1/2 maratón del PARDO, porque iba a estar con la MEXICANA y porque NEW YORK ya lo conocia ..y LADY me presento a malogrado SERGIO LUYK y al atleta REYES ESTEVEZ en disco AVE NOX así como me llevo al CAFE DE LOS ARTISTAS bajo la antigua catarata de PLAZA DE COLON donde se puso NACHO CANO junto a mi que fue novio de la CRUZ o PENELOPE tras conocerla con 14 y 25 años en video LA FUERZA DEL DESTINO del cd DESCANSO DOMINICAL de MECANO y cuyo debut en solitario UN MUNDO SEPARADO POR EL MISMO DIOS tiene un video con fútbol de niños y JERUSALEN comprandeselo mi padre]..tras haber pasado junto a DOS HERMANAS [=fabrica de consoladores FLESH_LIGHT de un matrimonio Yankee con lo que se hace rico al distribuir para EUROPA], UTRERA [grupo LOS MUERTOS DE CRISTO, malogrado REYES, entrenador CAPARROS con el que me fotografie en Bar SAN ELOY en Sevilla y le salio LEUCEMIA haciendo debutar en Sevilla a Sergio RAMOS nacido en CAMAS y casado con pilar RUBIO que fue novia por 10 años del cantante de Hamlet=cd LA PUTA Y EL DIABLO, Malogrado PUERTA que murió con 22 años teniendo embarazada a su novia de 42 años que fue al funeral con camiseta de GSUS=JESUS y JESUS NAVAS nacido en LOS PALACIOS Y VILLAFRANCA junto a donde también pase..y que se iba a retirar pero lo han renovado hasta diciembre] y LEBRIJA [donde nació LOPEZ CARO=EXPENSIVE..ultimo entrenador de ZIDANE y que ascendió al filial del REAL MADRID a 2da DIVISION con mi ex vecino MANUEL TELLO JORGE cuyo padre fue el abogado de mi herencia así como con ALEX el ex novio por 13 años de Natalia de OT a la que dejó tras no querer o tener hijos con 39 o 40 años]

Luego volví en 2004 con Benjamin Antonio Moreno Silva y su novia Yolanda..y estando en la planta de arriba del atestado pub_terraza LA LUNA hablaba con la camarera de un homenaje a CAMARON DE LA ISLA [que dio su último concierto en colegio SAN JUAN EVANGELISTA redactor del APOCALIPSIS muriendo a continuación de CANCER siendo fumador con 41 años y habiendo cantado ese día SALUD es LO QUIERO YO QUIERO y también era autor de SALUD ANTES QUE DINERO]..y se acerco la modelo MARIA PINEDA [Famosa por ser novia de bailarín JOAQUIN CORTES] la cual murió de cancer con 54 años cuando se iba a casar y al amanecer del día en que iba a salir la procesión del CRISTO DEL MEDINACELLI de la que era devota]

En 2006 volví con RAMON VALLE_INCLAN y me llamó una noche PAULA JIMENEZ DE ARMAS diciendo que tenía una llamada perdida mía tras haber tenido SEXO con ella en el baño de la disco LA MANSION después de ver final EUROPA LEAGUE'06 que gano por 1era vez el SEVILLA tras clasificarse gracias al gol de malogrado PUERTA..y al salir un día del pub LA LUNA un grupo de VASCOS se lamentaba de que habían hecho 1000 KM de ida y mañana otros 1000 se habían gastado un dineral y no habían echado un POLVO..y cuando estuvimos en adjunta playa de EL PALMAR [=PERDER/MORIR..por la batalla de TRAFALGAR donde los ingleses intentaron remolcar A GIBRALTAR el buque insignia español o el SANTISIMA TRINIDAD se les hundio]..fotografié en una barandilla de la playa una pintada con MUERTE A FLORENTINO

También pasé junto a EL PALMAR DE TROYA que tiene su propio VATIKANO a raíz de supuestas Apariciones marianas en los 60 y donde veneran una Estatua de FRANFO

jeep renegade [alguien que renuncia a sus ideales creencias o fidelidades publicamente] pasando el puente del CENTENARIO DE SEVILLA con barrio HELIOPOLIS [CIUDAD DEL SOL] de fondo

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manuel-leon-saa · 3 years ago

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Muy buenos días a todos(as). Hoy es san Patricio, es santo patrono de los(as) irlandeses(as). El color verde asociado a la celebración mundial de este santo, es porque el original San Patricio usaba hojas de trébol para explicar la Santísima Trinidad (Padre, Hijo y Espíritu Santo). UN saludo especial a: Patricio Adasme Bruna Patricio Adasme Herrera Patricio Aguilera Jorquera Patricio Ahumada Barraza Patricio Ahumada Olavarria Patricio Altamirano Tapia Patricio Altamirano Vera Patricio Arancibia Contreras Patricio Araya Herrera Patricio Araya Perez Patricio Arellano Leon Patricio Astudillo Chacana Patricio Astudillo Martinez Patricio Bruna Benavides Patricio Bugueño Rojas Patricio Bustamante Bruna Patricio Bustamante Contreras Patricio Calderon Estay Patricio Campos Aliaga Patricio Canouet Nuñez Patricio Cepeda Contreras Patricio Cepeda Perez Patricio Cespedes Fernandez Patricio Chavez Jimenez Patricio Correa Vargas Patricio Cortez Carmona Patricio Cuevas Barrera Patricio Espinoza Espinoza Patricio Flores Maldonado Patricio Fuenzalida Hurtubia Patricio Gonzalez Ortega Patricio Gonzalez Tamayo Patricio Gonzalez Toro Patricio Henriquez Arancibia Patricio Herrera Cordero Patricio Herrera Ferrer Patricio Herrera Herrera Patricio Herrera Nuñez Patricio Ibaceta Ahumada Patricio Labarca Semeñek Patricio Lazcano Rodriguez Patricio Lazo Figueroa Patricio Lazo Gallardo Patricio Leon Castillo Patricio Maldini Echeverria Patricio Martinez Uribe Patricio Meza Lobos Patricio Millon Ponce Patricio Montenegro Montenegro Patricio Muñoz Herrera Patricio Muñoz Saa Patricio Muñoz Tello Patricio Muñoz Ticona Patricio Olmedo Contreras Patricio Paez Fernandez Patricio Perez Silva Patricio Pizarro Lemus Patricio Pulgar Fernandez Patricio Quiroz Vargas Patricio Riquelme Muñoz Patricio Salazar Lopez Patricio Sanchez Otarola Patricio Sepulveda Vega Patricio Toledo Hernandez Patricio Toledo Riquelme Patricio Valdivieso Polanco Patricio Vargas Alvarez Patricio Vargas Marambio Patricio Vargas Osorio Patricio Venegas Cortes Patricio Vera Herrera Patricio Vera Herrera Patricio Vilches Salgado Patricio Zamora Vicencio https://www.instagram.com/p/CbM9rBfODn6/?utm_medium=tumblr

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ivanreycristo · 2 years ago

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VIRGINIA MAESTRO.. yo tambien FLIPO con tus FOTOS de ADOLESCENCIA como esta en VERONA (ROMEO Y JULIETA.. en cuyo ARENA estreno KYLIE MINOGUE "ALL THE LOVERS" del cd APHRODITE q compre en CANCUN cuando salio en JULIO 2010 y estrenando el disco en el dia del ORGULLO GAY de MADRID dandola planton los FOTOGRAFOS x llegar tarde a la reunion con la Ministra de IGUALDAD bibiana AIDO q no pudo llegar a TIEMPO desde BARCELONA y la sustituyo la nombrada MINISTRA de SANIDAD TRINIDAD JIMENEZ q fue nombrada para la crisis del VIRUS H1N1 O GRIPE A.. y luego hizo una presentacion mundial en el club AMANTE de IBIZA con una rueda de prensa actuando luego en PACHA dentro del club SWEDISH HOUSE MAFIA mientras brasileño JESUS LUZ entonces NOVIO-HIJO de MADONNA=VIRGEN.. se estrenaba como DJ en la disco SPACE donde DANNII MINOGUE conocio al padre de su hijo KRIS SMITH tras ser grabada con camaras ocultas en un TABLE DANCE O PUTI-CLUB haciendola un NUMERITO una CHICA O PUTA)..

X cierto.. con pantalones ROJOS y pintada de TERESA.. xq tu eres la q ME INTERESA y no SANTA TERESAS DE JESUS ni la PUTA ROJA DE LA PASIONARIA O DOLORES IBARRURI jaja

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newstfionline · 6 years ago

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Venezuelans become Latin America’s new underclass.

By Anthony Faiola, NY Times, July 27, 2018

PORT-OF-SPAIN, Trinidad and Tobago--Free-spending Venezuelans once crammed store aisles in foreign countries famously uttering “dame dos”--”I’ll take two.” But the citizens of what was once South America’s richest nation per capita are now confronting a devastating reversal of fortune, emerging as the region’s new underclass.

As their oil-rich country buckles under the weight of a failed socialist experiment, an estimated 5,000 people a day are departing the country in Latin America’s largest migrant outflow in decades.

Venezuelan professionals are abandoning hospitals and universities to scrounge livings as street vendors in Peru and janitors in Ecuador. Here in Trinidad and Tobago--a petroleum-producing Caribbean nation off Venezuela’s northern coast--Venezuelan lawyers are working as day laborers and sex workers. A former well-to-do bureaucrat who once spent a summer eating traditional shark sandwiches and drinking whisky on Trinidad’s Maracas Bay is now working as a maid.

The U.N. refugee agency has called on nations to offer protection to the Venezuelans, as they did for millions of Syrians fleeing civil war. But in a part of world with massive gaps in protection for refugees, Venezuelans fleeing starvation at home are often trading one harrowing plight for another. Trinidad, for instance, has no asylum laws for refugees, leaving thousands of desperate Venezuelans here at risk of detention, deportation, police abuse and worse.

Sometimes much worse.

Luz, a 21-year-old Venezuelan single mother, came to Trinidad by boat with two friends in May, trusting a man with a soft Caribbean lilt who claimed to be from a Christian group offering aid and resettlement. Instead, she said, the three women were taken to a house and beaten before being abused by what appeared to be a pornography ring. Each woman, she said, was filmed while being raped by a series of men.

“We are helpless,” Luz said. “All because of the crisis.” She and the other two women escaped and are now in the care of a Catholic charity.

Carolina Jimenez, a senior official with Amnesty International, said, “Venezuela’s unprecedented situation has turned a domestic human rights crisis into a regional human rights crisis.”

“Countries in the region are not prepared to take in so many migrants and do not have the asylum systems needed to prevent job exploitation and human trafficking,” she said. “These people should be protected, but instead they are being taken advantage of.”

From the 1950s through the early 1980s, Venezuela was an economic dynamo--a nation with the world’s largest oil reserves and a beacon for immigrants from as far away as Italy and Spain. Then oil shocks and currency crises plunged the country into turmoil.

Hugo Chávez, who became president in 1999, adopted a form of socialism that resulted in many businesses collapsing or being nationalized. A purge of the state-run oil industry--a center of opposition to his rule--removed thousands of workers, who were often replaced by political supporters with little to no technical experience.

Venezuela’s slide turned into a free fall under President Nicolás Maduro--a former bus driver and union leader who inherited power after Chávez’s death in 2013. Critics say his government’s mismanagement and corruption and Maduro’s own ruthless bid to cement power--even as oil prices tumbled--have broken the nation.

Wealthy Venezuelans have been fleeing their homeland for years, landing in multimillion-dollar homes in Miami and Madrid. But as the economic crisis escalates, those leaving now are increasingly destitute, including members of a crippled middle class. The United Nations projects 2 million Venezuelans will exit their nation this year--on top of an exodus of 1.8 million over the past two years.

Those with means and visas are still venturing to the United States, where Venezuelans now make up the single largest pool of asylum seekers. Far more often, escaping Venezuelans are finding themselves in Latin American and Caribbean nations.

But in a region where many already live on the margins of society, governments are making it harder for Venezuelan refugees to stay.

Last year, Panama slapped new visa requirements on Venezuelans. This year, Colombia ended a program that allowed tens of thousands of Venezuelans to circulate in its border area. Chile welcomed tens of thousands of Venezuelans who showed up at its land border in 2017. But in April, it threw up new hurdles, requiring them to have a passport--something the vast majority do not possess--and to apply for asylum through Chilean consulates in Venezuela rather than at the border.

The regulations are “leaving Venezuelans with no choice but to work for pennies in the informal sector while being extremely vulnerable to exploitation and a high level of abuse,” said Geoff Ramsey, a Venezuela expert at the Washington Office on Latin America, a think tank.

Tens of thousands of Venezuelans fleeing to the Caribbean--where many island nations lack asylum laws--face particular challenges. Mary Anne Goiri, spokeswoman for Venex, an aid group on the island of Curacao, said Venezuelan migrants there were being brutally exploited. In one case, she said, a restaurant owner had been holding the cash savings of one of his undocumented Venezuelan workers. When the employee asked for her money back, the owner beat her and called the police to have her detained, Goiri said.

Up to 45,000 Venezuelans, aid groups say, have crossed the narrow straits in recent years to Trinidad and Tobago, a country of 1.4 million. As many as 160 a week are still making the trip.

Irregular migration is criminalized here, and Venezuelans who arrive on smugglers’ boats face possible detention and fines. In April, Trinidad sparked international condemnation following the deportation of 82 Venezuelans.

“We cannot and will not allow U.N. spokespersons to convert us into a refugee camp,” Prime Minister Keith Rowley said after the incident.

In Trinidad, diplomats and international agencies say, there is also evidence of a worrying trend: Desperate Venezuelans, particularly women, have become commodities to be bought and sold.

In Trinidad, the International Organization for Migration, a United Nations body, has received 23 suspected cases of trafficked Venezuelans in the past three months--compared with no Venezuelan cases last year, according to Jewel Ali, the organization’s local director.

They include victims like Luz--who said she lost one of her three children in April after the hospital in her Venezuelan town ran out of medication to treat her daughter’s bacterial infection. When she was approached to come to Trinidad, the offer seemed too good to be true.

“But I told myself, I’m going anyway. I’m not going to lose the chance for my kids to be better off just because I had some doubts,” she said.

The ordeal--five weeks spent captive and repeatedly filmed being raped--had “damaged” her, she said. At one point, Luz said, she and a friend were tied up and raped side by side.

“We were looking at each other,” Luz said, tearing up. “We would cry. And I would tell her, ‘Sister, be strong, you have a daughter.’ I would just keep repeating that.”

The case has been documented by the U.N. refugee agency as a potential act of trafficking. Alana Wheeler, head of Trinidad’s counter-trafficking unit, said authorities were looking into Luz’s case and could not comment on an active investigation.

In a telephone interview from a detention center for migrants in the Trinidadian town of Arima, a 34-year-old single father said he came ashore in November after selling his possessions to pay for passage. He was arrested in June. Although he produced his asylum documents from the U.N. refugee agency--which give him a legal right to remain in the country--a policeman demanded $700, he said.

“I told him I didn’t have the money, so they took my belongings, what money I had and detained me,” said the man, who spoke on the condition of anonymity for fear of reprisals from the Trinidadian authorities.

Dozens of Venezuelans are being held at the facility, he said. He said guards are serving food by throwing it to the floor and that he had witnessed several Venezuelan inmates being beaten. One migrant with advanced cancer, he said, is receiving no medical attention. No soap, shampoo or clean clothes are being provided, he said.

Guards, he said, routinely humiliate the Venezuelans. Trinidad’s Ministry of National Security did not respond to repeated requests for comment.

“They tell us, ‘Go back to your country, or we’re going to make your life impossible,’” the Venezuelan said.

For many Venezuelans, life in Trinidad amounts to a jarring turnaround. Jhohanna Mota, a 42-year-old former secretary from coastal Venezuela, studied English in Trinidad in the 1990s. She spent Sundays at the beach and evenings at the discos. In 2016--with inflation soaring and food growing scarce in Venezuela--she opted to abandon her three-bedroom house to come back to Trinidad with her two sons.

But it has not gone as planned. She said she worked under the table in a bakery for a year, doing 8½-hour shifts for $20 a day. Then she got fired. “My boss didn’t want to employ an ‘illegal.’” She tried to legalize her stay but said she was duped into paying $800 for a visa that turned out to be fake.

She now faces a hearing and potential deportation proceedings. In the meantime, she is supporting her boys as a house cleaner--and is at risk of arrest for working without a job permit.

“Every time I walk out my door, I know I could end up in jail,” she said, weeping as her two boys sat in the hall of the building where they all now sleep in one rented room. “I think, ‘What will happen to my boys? Why am I doing this? How did we get here?’”

#Venezuela #Trinidad #Venezuelans in Trinidad #Venezuelan refugees

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guadalajaradispensas · 6 years ago

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1865 Films #168495 & #168494 (by/por Linda V.)

001 film #168495

002 OAH 2752 pt. 2

003 1950

004 1615

005 MEXICO OAH ROLLO 2752

006 SLATE

007 continua del rollo anterior

008 Andres Romo & Jacoba Gomez /Aguascalientes-Jalos/ tree image #14

016 Juan Flores & Ines de Arce /Zacoalco-Mexicalingo / dispensa de vanas

024 Jose de Jesus Quintero & Bruna Contreras /Mascota / tree img #24

027 Eusebio Curiel & Pastora Quintero /Mascota / tree #227

030 Miguel Romero & Refugio Cardenas /Etzatlan / tree #32

037 Vicente Padilla & Juana Ruvalcaba /San Juan / tree #40

042 Antonio Luna & Isabel Rosales /Tepic / dispensa de vagos

048 Francisco Ruiz de Velasco & Maria Macaria Perez /Arandas / trees #50

054 Esteban Jimenez & Estefana Larias /Tecalitlan

056 Jesus Castaneda & Hermenegilda Ramirez /Ixtlahuacan / trees #59

063 Pragedis Martin & Epitacia Gonzalez /Jalos / trees #68

069 Pedro de Leon & Eugenia Ibarra /Cocula /tree #72

075 Nicolas Romero & Ma Concepcion Guinchard /Teocaltiche-Aguascalientes /vanas

083 Jose Solorzano & Josefa Patino /Mexico-Jocotepec / vagos

089 Saturnino Meza & Demetria Diaz /Tomatlan / tree #89

094 Roberto Pelayo & Refugio Briseno /Ayutla / tree #96

098 Jose Gonzalez & Refugio Gonzalez /Tapalpa / tree #12

106 Crescencio Garcia & Pascuala Asencio /Zapopan / tree #110

111 Ricardo Rubio & Severa Escobedo /Cuquio / tree #116

117 Mariano de la Mora & Trinidad de la Mora /Tecalitlan / tree #118

125 Fernando Garcia & Ma Sostenes Pinedo /Totatiche / tree #125

130 Justo Gonzalez & Maria Gertrudes Serrano /Encarnacion / tree #134

137 Justo Gomez & Maria Ines Perez /San Juan / tree #138

141 Simon Lopez & Valeria Avalos /Ixtlan / tree #144

146 Antonio Gonzalez & Eulalia Santoscoy /Lagos-Ahualulco / vagedad militar

152 Geronimo Ulloa & Merced Silva /Colima / tree #156

158 Federico Cramer & Dolores Riebeling /Alemania-Guadalajara / vanas

164 Jesus Dominguez & Maura Gomez /Etzatlan-Guadalajara / vanas

169 Hermenegildo Lozano & Pascuala Sandoval /Guanajuato-Guadalajara

177 Celso Lozano & Emilia Hermosillo /Lagos / vanas

182 Blas Elizondo Perez & Josefa Sagredo Garcia Rojas /Aguascalientes-Espana

193 Desiderio Hernandez & Feliciana Hernandez /Guadalajara / tree # 198

202 Dolores Garcia & Margarita Castellanos /Zapopan-Zahuayo / tree #205

206 Juan Betancourt & Eulalia Macedo /Tomatlan /revalidacion tree #207

211 Sabino Cortez & Felipa Chavez /Tomatlan / tree #211

215 Nicomedes Lopez & acinta Hernandez /Lagos /tree #217

219 Jose Maria Jimenez & Juana Meza /Tomatlan /tree #219

223 Severiano Hernandez & Feliciana Melendres /Tomatlan /tree #223

229 Urbano Betancourt & Elena Betancourt /Tomatlan /tree #230

236 Francisco Andrade & Petronila Araiza /Tomatlan /tree #236

240 Juan Macedo & Sebastiana Betancourt /Tomatlan / tree #241

244 Carlos Agasini & Julia Romero /Guadalajara-Tepic / militar

250 Abundio Orosco & Francisca Becerra /Teocaltiche /tree #252

255 Atanacio Oropeza & Merced Gonzalez /Nochistlan /tree #258

262 Francisco Llamas & Bernardina Gutirrez /Nochistlan /tree #263

266 Miguel Diaz Naredo & Altagracia Pedroza/Zacatecas-Aguascalientes

273 Pedro de Alva & Maria Josefa Pedroza /Encarnacion /tree #280

282 Carlos Luna & Carlota Lara /Puebla-Guadalajara

287 Matias Castellanos & Hilaria Alvarez /Analco-Ocotlan /vago

297 Jesus Contreras & Ines Cervantes /Atoyac

306 Marcelino Diaz & Francisca Arrezola /Amacueca

312 Jose Maria Zepeda & Maria Trinidad Montoy /Tizapan /tree #314

320 Vicente Contreras & Petra Ibarra /Jocotepec-Mexico

326 Santiago Odiaga & Merced Santoscoy /Madrid-Guadalajara

332 Juan NepomucenoGaray & Francisca Arana /Tonala /tree #337

341 Felix Ramirez & Benita Moreno /San Juan /tree #342

345 Macario Lopez & Agtanacia de Jesus Vergara /Zapopan

348 Fernando Telles & Maria del Refugio Valdivia /Bolanos

351 Jesus Bueno & Benancia Gutierrez /Tepic /vanas

357 Doroteo Martinez & Francisca Juarez /Calvillo /tree #358

363 blank page

364 FIN

365 168494

366 OAH 2751 pt 1

367 SLATE

368 PRINCIPIO

369 Fernando Lara & Tranquilina Venegas /Tepic /vago

374 Clemente Naranjo & Leonarda Hernandez/Tepic-Cocula

382 Pedro Chavez & Eleuteria Barbosa /Tamazula /trees #382

388 Remigio Sarabia & Antonia Flores /Sinaloa -Aguascalientes-Guad

394 Antonio de la Mora & Silveria de la Mora /Tecolotlan

401 Expediente Archivados /Guadalajara

408 Expedientes matrimoniales arcivados 1866 -names of couples-

410 Diferentes negocios civiles-different names & dates

419 Varios expedientes

422 Victor Hernandez & Casimira Rivera /Ixtlan /trees #425

427 Pedro Esparza & Placida Hernandez /Ixtlan /tree #430

432 Vicente Gomez & Macedonia Delgado /Adobes

435 Constantino de Lengerke & Josefa Ramos /ultramar

441 Instrucciones para edificar un templo en Tepatitlan

443 Luis Iberri & Josefa Narvez /Tepic-San Juan

449 Caso de Primitivo Aguinaga y Manuel Castellanos /Mexico

451 letters written by Arzobispo de Guadalajara Pedro Espinoza,

Obispo Juan Francisco Escalante y Pedro Loza, Arsobispo de Sonora

457 Nicolas Cruz & Leandra Aguirre /Tomatlan /tree #457

463 Sixto Gomez & Gabriela Ysac /San Juan /tree #464

467 Feliciano Suarez & Tomasa Rodriguez /Tonala /tree #470

478 Raymundo Ibarra & Ma Bernae Godines /Chapala-Ocotlan /tree #481

484 Filomeno Vargas & Mercedes Goonzalez /Yahualica /trees #484

488 Miguel Arredondo & Cruz Zepeda /Mazamitla /tree #490

495 Marcos Gonzalez & Salvadora Franco /Tepatitlan /tree #494

498 Jose Maria preciado & Juana Mendoza /Purificacion /tree #501

503 Hermenegildo Martin & Marina Gonzalez /San Miguel el Alto /tree #507

508 Francisco Hernandez & Juana Martin /San Miguel el Alto /tree #511

513 Crescencio Ramirez & Ursula Ruiz /Aguascalientes /trees #514

517 Eustaquio Ramirez & Segunda Ruiz /Arandas /tree #521

524 Juan Gutierrez & Donaciana Zamores /Lagos /tree #526

531 Liborio G Tayedo & Luisa Macias /Ixtlan

539 Curz Saucedo & Maria Isabel Escobedo /Aguascalientes-Huejuquilla

543 Antonio Perezchica & Petra Figueroa /Calvillo /tree #544

548 Manuel Placencia & Salome Perez/Teocaltiche /tree #550

553 Marcelo Gonzalez & Mercedes Martinez /Yahualica /trees #553

558 Hilario Gonzalez & Petra Barba /Jalos /tree #564

565 Aquilino Uribe & Ambrosia Pelayo /Ejutla /tree #567

569 Estevan Valverde & Juana azo /Cotija-Tamazula

577 Jose Trinidad Magana & Agapita Macias /Tamazula

585 Magdaleno Hernandez & Felipa Torres /Tepatitlan

592 Doroteo Agredano & Presentacion Rodriguez /Cuquio/tree #597

598 Antonio Martinez & Mariana Campos /Aguascalientes /tree #603

605 Paulino Gonzalez & Rosalia Becerra /Guadalajara

610 Ildefonso Larraza & Refugio Perez Verdia /Espana-Guadalajara

618 Pantaleon Garcia & Lucia Jimenez /Mexticacan-Ojuelos/trees#620

623 Jose Sandoval & Francisca Medrano /Cuquio-Analco /vagos

627 Atanacio Santillan & Casimira Martinez /Rincon de Romos/tree #630

634 Crisanto Guillen & Mariana Delgadillo /Yahualica-Cuquio

648 Cipriano Belauzaraan & Josefa Avila /Guanajuato-Zacatecas-

Aguascalientes /tree #653

656 Andres Romo & Jacoba Gomez /Aguascaientes /tree #661

664 Juan Flores & Ines de Arce /Mexicalingo /vanas

667 CONTINUA EN EL ROLLO SIGUIENTE

668 MEXICO OAH ROLLO 2751 FIN

669 END OF ROLL

#1865

3 notes · View notes