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huimultd-solid-state-relays · 6 years ago

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N1-§4 What are the Types of Solid-State Relays?(2)

2. I/O form:

According to the I/O form, the solid-state relays can be divided to four types: DC input-AC output type solid state relays (DC-AC SSR relays), DC input-DC output type solid state relays (DC-DC SSR relays), AC input-AC output type solid state relays (AC-AC SSR relays), AC input-DC output type solid state relays(AC-DC SSR relays).

3. Switch Type:

According to the switch type, the SSR switches can be divided into normally open type solid state relays (or NO-SSRs) and normally closed type solid state relays (or NC-SSRs). The normally open solid-state relays will be turned on, only when the input terminals are applied with the control signal. On the contrary, the normally closed solid state relays will be turned off, when the input signal is applied to the input terminal. (Unless otherwise specified, the solid state relays in this document refer to normally open solid state relays by default.)

4. Isolation/Coupling:

According to isolation/coupling methods, the SSR can be divided into Reed Relay Coupled type solid state relays, Transformer Coupled type solid state relays, Photo Coupled type solid state relays, and Hybrid type solid state relays.

1) Reed Relay Coupling SSR (Figure 4.5, a) uses reed-switch as the isolation method. When the control signal is applied directly (or through the preamplifier) to the coil of the reed relay, the reed switch will close at once and the thyristor switch will be activated to make the load conduct. 2) Transformer Coupling SSR (Figure 4.5, b) uses a transformer as an isolation device. The transformer can convert the low power control signal from the primary coil to the secondary coil to generate a signal for driving the electronic switch. And if the input control signal is a DC voltage, a DC-AC converter is required in the input circuit. After processing by rectification, amplification or other modifications, the signal from the secondary coil can be used to drive the switching component. 3) Photo Coupling SSR (Figure 4.5, c), also known as photo-isolated SSR, or opto-coupled SSR, uses an optical coupler as an isolator. The optical coupler is an opto-isolator that consists of an infrared source (usually, a light-emitting diode, or LED) and a photo-sensitive semiconductor component (such as a photosensitive diode, a photo-sensitive transistor, and a photo-sensitive thyristor). According to the different components (Figure 4.6), the opto-coupler can be into Opto-Diode Coupler(Photo-Diode Coupler), Opto-Transistor Coupler(Photo-Transistor Coupler), Opto-SCR Coupler (Photo-SCR Coupler), and Opto-Triac Coupler(Photo-Triac Coupler).

The photo-semiconductor device detects the infra-red radiation from the LED, and then produces a signal to drive the semiconductor switch. Compared with reed relay and transformer, the optical isolator has better physical isolation ability, to ensure the electrical insulation between high voltage output load circuit and low voltage input signal circuit. And on account of the excellent isolation performance and very compact size of the optocoupler, the optocoupler solid state relay is used in a very wide range of applications. 4) Hybrid solid state relay is a special solid state relay which combines the advantages of EMR and SSR, with high efficiency and low power consumption. The input and output circuits of the hybrid solid-state relays are composed of an SSR relay and a reed switcher (or a micro-electromagnetic relay) in parallel, controlled by different control signals (Figure 4.7).

When Input Signal 1 is applied, the SSR immediately switches to the on state. Since the electronic switch has no moving parts, it can switch the load stably and quickly, and does not generate an arc due to high line voltage or heavy surge current during switching. After the load current is generated, the EMR will be controlled by the control signal 2 and switched on. Because the EMR is connected in parallel with the SSR, the output contact of the EMR is energized without voltage, and there is no arcing across the contacts. Then after a certain delay, the contact bouncing of the EMR settles down, and the SSR will be turned off. The EMR works almost with no heat, so the hybrid SSR relays can be run without a heat sink installed.

5. Circuit Structure:

According to different circuit structure, the solid-state relay can be divided into Discrete Structure Type solid state relays and Hybrid Structure Type solid state relays. The discrete structure solid state relays are mostly assembled by discrete components and printed-circuit board, and then packaged by epoxy resin potting, plastic sealing or resin wrapping. The hybrid structure solid state relays use thick-film combine technology to assemble discrete components and semiconductor integrated circuits (IC), and then encapsulate them in a metal or a ceramic housing.

6. Performance:

According to the performance, the solid-state relay can be divided into the Standard Type solid state relays, and the Industrial Type solid state relays. The rated current of the standard solid-state relay is generally 10A to 120A, and the rated current of the industrial solid-state relay is relatively large, can be 60A to 2000A or larger. Therefore, the industrial SSR relay can meet the strict requirements of the industrial environment and industrial machinery.

7. Mounting:

According to the mounting methods, the solid-state relays can be divided into Panel Mounting Type solid state relays (or Surface Mounting Type), DIN Rail Mounting Type solid state relays, and Printed Circuit Board Mounting Type solid state relays (or PCB Mounting Type). And the PCB mounting SSR can be further divided into Socket Mounting Type SSR (or Plug-in Mounting Type) and Bracket Mounting Type SSR (or Flange Mounting Type). The plug-in solid-state relays with many package standard (like SIP, Mini-SIP, and DIP), can be directly soldered on the printed circuit board, relying on natural cooling, without the need for a heat sink; the flange mounting solid state relays require the additional metal plate or heat sink to dissipate heat.

8. Application:

According to the application, the solid state relays can be divided into General Application Solid State Relays, Two-way Transmission Solid State Relays, Automotive Solid-State Relays, Latching Solid State Relays (the input signal runs as a logical Exclusive OR, or XOR, so any input can latch/unlatch the output), and so on.

#solid state relay category #automotive relay #ssr switch #electronic relay #solid state relay types

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shunlongwei · 5 years ago

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mrhotmaster · 5 years ago

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Redmi Note 9 Pro Detailed Review: Honest

Redmi Note 9 Pro Review

This is not the successor of Redmi Note 8 Pro you expected.

The Redmi Note 9 Pro has recently been propelled in India, and its beginning cost of Rs. 12,999 is shockingly low on the grounds that Xiaomi has settled on a couple of extremely intriguing choices with regards to terms of situating and highlights. It is difficult to remain on the ball, and the Redmi Note 9 Pro goes facing the imposing Realme 6 and Samsung M30s. Long-term fanatics of the arrangement may be astounded at how Xiaomi has really kept down a little with this model, since desires are consistently when another age of Redmi Note cell phones is declared. Past models, most eminently the Redmi Note 8 Pro (Review), have been characterized by their situating over the standard Redmi arrangement and the optimistic highlights they offer. While costs are still entirely sensible, Xiaomi has made a propensity for conveying things that individuals will be enticed to spend somewhat more cash on, such huge showcases, high-limit batteries, different cameras, premium styling, and class-driving determinations. The tradeoff at that new minimal effort is that the Redmi Note 9 Pro doesn't offer a significant number of the present most buzzworthy highlights –a 90Hz presentation, amazingly quick charging, and high-goals cameras. This telephone is increasingly about center determinations and the general use understanding. In an intriguing mix, however, a portion of these highlights can be found in another higher-level gadget, the Redmi Note 9 Pro Max. So what's in a name? Does this repositioning imply that the Redmi Note 9 Pro is a failure, or would it be able to satisfy its celebrated forerunners' gauges? Allow's find to out.

Redmi Note 9 Pro Plan

By any standard, the Redmi Note 9 Pro is a massive telephone. At 8.8mm thick and 209g in weight, numerous individuals will discover this gadget massive and cumbersome. That is the place Xiaomi's new 'Atmosphere Balance' structure reasoning comes in – the organization says that weight is disseminated splendidly uniformly and the outside plan is even to make use progressively agreeable. We discovered one-gave utilize troublesome yet not feasible. As far as looks, Xiaomi has gone with three generally straightforward hues – Interstellar Black, Glacier White, and Aurora Blue. You won't discover any graidents or examples here, however the appearance is definitely not unpretentious. Our Aurora Blue unit was brilliant and energetic, with an exceptionally sparkly, intelligent back board. You'll see light play over the surface when utilizing this telephone, giving the sentiment of profundity. Fortunately the back board isn't excessively dangerous, yet it picks up fingerprints when you contact it.

Xiaomi has thought of a particular new camera knock structure which plays into the topic of evenness. Indeed, even the glimmer is focused beneath the four camera focal points. This is a decent plan contact that will set the Redmi Note 9 arrangement separated and make this telephone and its kin unmistakable. The camera module sticks out a considerable amount however. The front and back of the Redmi Note 9 Pro are both made utilizing Gorilla Glass 5, while the casing is polycarbonate. The most particular element on the front is obviously the new implanted selfie camera, which is focused at the highest point of the screen. It is to some degree diverting, and the screen's backdrop illumination is somewhat lopsided around it. Curiously, we noticed that the image of the Redmi Note 9 Pro on the front of its crate appears to show a littler opening and thin jaw than the gadget really has. So, the telephone despite everything looks present day and certainly resists desires at its cost classification. The following intriguing structure contact is the side-mounted unique mark sensor, which is installed into the force button. This sits in a slight break on the privilege of the telephone which fixed up genuinely well with the thumb of our correct hand. You'll locate this badly designed in case you're left-given, and we'd recommend enrolling different fingers so you can open this telephone whether it's in your grasp or lying on a table. Xiaomi says that this methodology was picked in light of the fact that it's faster than an in-show sensor and more helpful than having one on the back, in addition to it doesn't disturb the structure of the back board. This is unquestionably a pattern in the spending fragment at the present time, however. We additionally need to take note of that the decision of a LCD screen instead of AMOLED plays into how an in-show sensor can be actualized. The volume catches are put ungracefully over the sensor, and aren't anything but difficult to reach while on a call. On the left, there's a plate with spaces for two Nano-SIMs and a microSD card. Xiaomi's trademark infrared producer is on the top, and can be utilized to control a few home apparatuses. There's the standard USB Type-C port, 3.5mm sound attachment, and speaker on the base. Numerous individuals will be glad to take note of that there is in actuality a warning and charging LED covered up in the earpiece. Xiaomi has done well as far as plan, and the Redmi Note 9 Pro feels crisp without really changing a lot for a telephone right now. There's likewise a P2i covering for sprinkle obstruction, however obviously no legitimate waterproofing.

Redmi Note 9 Pro Details And Programming

Redmi Note arrangement telephones commonly have noteworthy determinations, and Xiaomi has gone with a bigger screen and battery than any time in recent memory. You get a big full HD plus display of 6.7 inches of resolution 1080 by 2400 pixels which has a perspective to suit the front selfie camera. What may shock numerous fans who follow flow patterns, since it is a standard 60Hz board and doesn't have a 90Hz invigorate rate like some other as of late propelled gadgets, most prominently the Realme 6【₹ 13,990】(Review).

Xiaomi claims that there aren't numerous applications that exploit a high invigorate rate, individuals can't generally differentiate, it does not merit the battery life tradeoff, and the Snapdragon 720G SoC isn't sufficiently amazing. We don't really concur with every one of these focuses, yet we do need to recall that a few trade offs are normal at Rs. 12,999. The 5020mAh battery is likewise intriguing. For every charge, Xiaomi claims 29 hours of calling for VoLTE and 14 hours of play. You will receive an 18W loader in this case–the Redmi Note 9 Pro Max is charged faster. The Snapdragon 720G is a cutting edge SoC with two elite 2.3GHz centers and six force proficient 1.8GHz centers, all fabricated on a 8nm procedure which is said to bring about more prominent force effectiveness and lower heat dissemination. Purchasers will take note of that the Redmi Note 8 Pro's help for Amazon's Alexa close by Google Assistant has been dropped – Xiaomi reveals to us this depended on explicit capacities of the MediaTek processor utilized for the past model. Xiaomi found that this is the first time that a 7xx Snapdragon Processor has come across for this cost in a Redmi Note setup gadget. It's an anticipated move considering the weapons contest makers are in, however raises doubt about Qualcomm's system of propelling the 7xx-arrangement as a top notch level to counterbalance the descending relocation of the 6xx-arrangement. You can get the Redmi Note 9 Pro with 4GB of RAM and 64GB of capacity for Rs. 12,999, or with 6GB of RAM and 128GB of capacity for Rs. 15,999. It's intriguing to take note of that when the Redmi Note 8 Pro had propelled a half year prior, Xiaomi had featured how 6GB of RAM was the base sum on offer. The Redmi Note 9 Pro Max will give you 6GB of RAM and 64GB of capacity at Rs. 14,999, and is additionally the main alternative on the off chance that you need to step up to 8GB. The way that these two kin models cover may create some turmoil in the market. Different features incorporate NavIC support alongside standard GPS, double band Wi-Fi air conditioning, Bluetooth 5, and all the standard sensors. Alongside the 18W charger and USB Type-C link, you get just a SIM launch instrument and plastic case in the crate alongside this telephone – the blue and white variations will deliver with an unmistakable case while the dark one will get a smoky translucent one. MIUI 11 sudden spikes in demand for top of Android 10, and our audit unit had the February security fix. Unfortunately, bloatware and special substance remain portions of Xiaomi's business system. The organization says that clients can expel as well as impair a portion of these highlights however we saw loads of nasty notices.

There's no application cabinet, yet you do get some degree of UI customisation. Swiping up on the homescreen dispatches the MI program which additionally lets you look for introduced applications. This is to some degree helpful however we wish we could reassign this alternate route. There's a Dark Mode, downloadable UI topics, and Google's Digital Wellbeing settings. You can clone applications and store touchy information in a Second Space for protection, and type fast answers to messages from inside the notice popups for some applications.

Redmi Note 9 Pro Execution And Battery Life

Now, with the sort of equipment utilized at even the low finish of the market, there isn't a lot of that can be said about ordinary utilization. The Redmi Note 9 Pro is more than incredible enough to deal with anything from essential calls and informing as far as possible up to overwhelming 3D gaming, with no difficulty at all. Performing various tasks was additionally smooth and inconvenience free. In case you're utilized to a higher showcase revive rate you may locate that absent, yet a great many people shouldn't generally mind – other than the sentiment of passing up something. Ergonomically, this isn't the simplest telephone to use, as we've said. The huge screen accomplishes work pleasantly for recordings and games, yet the size and situation of the camera knock make holding the Redmi Note 9 Pro in scene while messing around only somewhat awkward. Holding it up to accept long calls could likewise get exhausting. The side-mounted unique mark sensor and face acknowledgment were both fast and viable as far as we can tell.

The screen is sensibly brilliant and fresh. Hues do look energetic, and there are a few changes in the Settings application on the off chance that you need to play with them. We found the camera gap a bit of diverting when watching recordings full-screen. Some applications are intended to veil indents at the highest point of the screen with a dark band, and these might should be refreshed to represent the size and arrangement of camera gaps like the one on this telephone. We weren't dazzled with the speaker however – sound was uproarious, yet unforgiving and tinny.

With respect to benchmarks, there were no curve balls. The Snapdragon 720G offers class-driving execution for a spending telephone. In Geekbench's single-and multi-center tests we saw 279,978 scores in the AnTuTu just as 568 and 1761 in Geekbench single & multi center tests. In its Slingshot Unlimited Test, 3DMark has provided us with 3,665 focuses and GFXBench Manhattan 3.1 and Car Chase game play recreations have been performed individually at 26fps and 15fps. The high end option is defaulted by PUBG Mobile. We played a couple of rounds for around 20 minutes and found that the Redmi Note 9 Pro got somewhat warm, as opposed to Xiaomi's cases. The telephone never got excessively awkward yet we would not like to play for a lot of longer. Illustrations were reliably smooth however, and ongoing interaction was agreeable. Black-top 9: Legends didn't give us any difficulty either. We were anxious to test this present telephone's battery. With conventional use, we were extremely satisfied to see the Redmi Note 9 Pro effectively enduring through an entire day and about portion of the subsequent day before requiring a revive. During this time we played a few games, gushed video, and took loads of photographs and recordings. Our HD circle video test ran for 16 hours, 2 minutes which is acceptable yet not as extraordinary as we were expecting, taking into account that a few rivals right now gloat of scores that cross 20 hours.

Redmi Note 9 Pro Cameras

The squared-off camera knock on the back may likewise astonish some Redmi Note arrangement fans. The essential shooter has a 48-megapixel goals and f/1.79 gap, and uses the new Samsung Isocell GM2 sensor. A 64-megapixel camera like that on the Redmi Note 8 Pro or other permanently valuible telephones is not available.That is basically an aftereffect of the Redmi Note 9 Pro tending to a lower showcase level with its lower costs – you do get a 64-megapixel camera with the Redmi Note 9 Pro Max. By it you'll locate a 8-megapixel wide-point camera, which is entirely standard at this cost level. The 2-megapixel profundity sensor in the lower push is likewise fundamental and ordinary. What is fascinating is the way that the large scale camera has a 5-megapixel goals, which ought to be a pleasant knock up from the scarcely valuable 2-megapixel ones we've seen in many telephones generally.

Xiaomi brags of an improved Night Mode, super stage discovery self-adjust, and a shading profile upgraded for Indian tastes.It is possible to record your video on 4K 30fps or on 1080p at 60fps. Up to 960fps can be shot with 720p Slow Motion clips. One of this present telephone's essential objective crowds is video content makers, particularly TikTok clients, so there's a Short Video mode with a 15-second cutoff. You can likewise shoot video utilizing the large scale camera, or spare RAW 8-piece film for outside handling. The front camera has a 16-megapixel goals, and indeed the Redmi Note 9 Pro Max offers a stage up to 32 megapixels. Slow-mo up to 120fps is conceivable also. There's AI beautification which is on of course. The camera application is clear generally, yet there are a few idiosyncrasies. For example, you need to open a submenu to locate the Macro camera symbol. There are 0.6x, 1x and 2x zoom selectors directly over the shade button – the initial two switch between the wide-point and standard cameras, however the zoom is all computerized. Of course, we needed to physically cripple Xiaomi's publicizing watermark on photographs. Beginning with daytime photographs, we saw the essential camera as sensibly great, yet it doesn't break any new ground as far as quality or adaptability. Close-ups looked great and subtleties were clear in frontal area subjects. Inaccessible items were likewise very much spoken to if there was satisfactory light and surfaces weren't excessively perplexing. The wide-point camera isn't really awful, yet quality certainly endures. In spite of promising contortion revision, there's still some genuinely evident distorting along the edges of casings.

The 5-megapixel large scale camera delivers a lot more excellent shots than we've seen from most other full scale cameras, and the camera application makes it clear when you're holding the telephone at the right separation to bolt center. A significant number of our endeavors despite everything turn out looking dull however, regularly with cleaned out hues and ineffectively adjusted exposures. Around evening time, we found the Redmi Note 9 Pro's essential camera to be acceptable if there was heaps of fake light around, in any case subtleties were lost. Scenes in low light went overlooked. The wide-edge camera conveyed dinky outcomes, yet we didn't anticipate a lot from it. Night mode was shockingly incapable – it helped offset dim scenes with splendid lights that would somehow simply be overexposed blotches, yet it didn't do anything at all for shots of subjects in obscurity, which different telephones are fit for improving.

The front camera is genuinely acceptable in the daytime just as around evening time, yet we didn't care for the forceful beautification which made faces look counterfeit. Subtleties were acceptable in the daytime just as around evening time, and picture shots had pleasantly obscured foundations.

Movie took 1080p images and appeared highly changed. Our lonely reaction was to the over-exposure of our test video. At 4K, hues went totally crooked and our example shots had an overwhelming, unnatural red tone. The shine impact was quite awful around evening time when taking shots at 1080p. A similar circumstance was apparent around evening time – 1080p film was not usable on the off chance that we were moving, yet we figured out how to catch usable film on the off chance that we stopped.

Decision

With more than 100 million units sold, the Redmi Note 9 Pro has an immense inheritance to satisfy. At its cost, the base variation is an amazing alternative, and increases current standards as far as highlights and execution. In any case, this telephone is a greater amount of a move up to the Redmi Note 8【₹ 9,093】than the Redmi Note 8 Pro (Review), as its name may recommend, and that will be a touch of mistaking for purchasers. We like the Redmi Note 9 Pro for its general style, and it could without much of a stretch remain by full-valued leads from five or six years prior. The particulars are noteworthy and we had not very many grumblings when utilizing this telephone for everyday assignments just as general amusement. The essential camera is a frustration however, particularly in low light. We additionally saw this telephone a piece as unreasonably cumbersome for our loving.

In this audit we have referenced Redmi Note 9 Pro Max in better quality, and in particular, Xiaomi has cut its costs so that the initial move up from the Redmi Note 9 Pro foundation, priced in Rs. 12,999, is really the model of the kin. For Rs. 14,999, you show signs of improvement front and back cameras, more RAM, and quicker charging. The Rs. 15,999 variation of the standard Redmi Note 9 Pro is evaluated much higher, just for more stockpiling. In any case, you get the moderately more unfortunate list of capabilities, making this specific variation exceptionally difficult to prescribe. The lineup appears to be undeniably more tangled and befuddling than it should be – and there's presently affirmation of another Redmi Note 9S which may or probably won't come to India. While it's difficult to see the incentive in the 6GB+128GB rendition of the Redmi Note 9 Pro, the 4GB+64GB form has been propelled at a mind boggling cost. We would like to see Xiaomi improve things on the camera front through programming refreshes. In the event that that occurs, this telephone could be incredibly, difficult to beat.

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REVIEWS

⓼

DES

IGN

⓼

DIS

PLAY

⓼

SOFT

WARE

⓼

SHOW

⓽

BATT

ERY

⓻

CAM

ERA

⓽

FOR MON

✔GOOD

✘BAD

☞ Worth For Money

☞Strong Processor

☞ Photo Quality Is Not Good At Low Light

☞ Little Heavy

KEY SPECIFICATIONS

DISPLAY

6.67Inch

AndroiD 10

RESOLUTION

1080x2400P

REAR CAMERA

48MP+8MP+

5MP+2MP

FRONT CAMERA

16MP

STORAGE

64GB

RAM

4GB

BATTERY

5020mAh

PROCESSOR

Snapdragon 720G

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louisonurmark · 6 years ago

Text

Ever since Mercedes-Benz bestowed the GLS moniker to its largest SUV, it’s been billing it as the “S-Class of SUVs” – even though the car was really just a bigger GLE with an extra row of seats. Now, however, Stuttgart has finally put its money where its mouth is by giving the new X167 model more of everything, in an effort to fend off advancing competition like the new BMW X7.

Not least of its efforts is the car’s impressive girth. Measuring 5,207 mm long and 1,956 mm wide, the new GLS is 77 mm longer and 22 mm wider than before, while its 3,135 mm wheelbase is 60 mm longer. To put that into perspective, that’s just 39 mm shorter than a long-wheelbase S-Class and 57 mm wider.

Masking that increase in dimensions is a more athletic design that bears more than a passing resemblance to the latest GLE, complete with the upright octagonal grille that is becoming a hallmark of Mercedes SUVs. Marking its status as a true range-topping model, the car comes as standard with Multibeam LED headlights with three daytime running light sections (as per the S-Class) and a whopping 112 diodes on each side.

Along the side, there are squared-off wheel arches and softer, calmer surfacing than before, topped off by the powerful rear haunches that flow into the tail lights. Speaking of which, the broad two-piece LED lamps get three-dimensional blocks which are again reminiscent of the GLE, and they’re joined by a full-width chrome strip. Despite the massive size, the GLS has a drag coefficient of just 0.32, down from 0.35.

The dashboard is also shared with the GLE, with the usual Mercedes flatscreen display panel – with twin 12.3-inch displays as standard – mounted on a distinctive vent-like support, plus a tall centre console with integrated grab handles. As on the GLE, the GLS comes with the Mercedes-Benz User Experience (MBUX) infotainment system with an optional Interior Assistant gesture control system.

It’s at the rear, however, where the GLS really earns its lofty billing. All seven seats are power-adjustable as standard, and you can also spec the car with six seats – replete with armrests for the second row – for even greater luxury. These second-row seats, which offer 87 mm more legroom than before when placed in their rearmost positions, can be outfitted with heating, ventilation and massage functions.

Those passengers also get access to an extended centre console with cupholders, a wireless smartphone charging pad and additional USB ports so that your kids’ phones will never run out of battery. There’s even an optional five-zone (!) climate control system with a dedicated heater and air-conditioner for the third row – which, by the way, is full-sized and can seat people up to 194 cm in height.

Entertainment is provided by way of the optional MBUX Rear Seat Entertainment System, which consists of twin 11.6-inch touchscreens that can be used to watch movies, listen to music, use the integrated web browser or even view trip information. Another optional feature is a seven-inch Android tablet as part of the Rear Comfort package Plus, which can be used to control the infotainment, seats and climate control.

The seats can be folded flat using buttons in the boot, and there’s also a button to stow all seats simultaneously. Do that and cargo capacity swells to a humongous 2,400 litres, and the loading of larger, heavier items can be made easier by lowering the standard Airmatic air suspension by approximately 50 mm.

Mercedes-Benz GLS, 2019, smaragdgrün, Leder Schwarz / macchiatobeige Mercedes-Benz GLS, 2019, emerald green, black / macchiato beige leather

Motivation comes from a range of petrol and diesel engines, the former with an EQ Boost 48-volt mild hybrid system that adds 22 hp and 250 Nm of boost. From launch, the GLS 450 will be offered with an M256 3.0 litre twin-turbocharged straight-six producing 367 hp and 500 Nm of torque, while a GLS 580 will arrive shortly after. This debuts a new mild hybrid version of the M176 4.0 litre biturbo V8, producing 489 hp and 700 Nm.

On the oil burning side is the OM656 3.0 litre turbo straight-six in two variations – a GLS 350 d with 286 hp and 600 Nm and a GLS 400 d with 330 hp and 700 Nm on tap. Both versions come with a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) converter with an ammonia slip catalyst (ASC) for more efficient use of AdBlue liquid.

All models are fitted with a nine-speed 9G-Tronic automatic transmission as well as a 4Matic all-wheel drive system – this can send up to 100% of torque to each axle and induce oversteer or understeer on demand for improved safety and agility. A new off-road transfer case with a low-range gearbox is available.

The air-sprung chassis comes with Adaptive Damping System Plus as standard, but buyers can specify a 48-volt E-Active Body Control system which can individually control the spring and damper rates on each wheel, providing improved comfort and off-road performance. This system enables the car to lean into corners and even rock itself free when stuck in sand.

Another new feature is the Carwash function that will enable easier entrances into carwashes. In this mode, the suspension moves into the highest position to reduce track width, while the mirrors fold, the windows and sunroof close, the 360-degree camera system is switched on and the rain-sensing wipers are turned off. The climate control also enters into air recirculation mode.

As expected, safety kit is vast and includes the full complement of semi-autonomous driving features. These include Distronic adaptive cruise control with the new Active Stop-and-Go Assist that will automatically keep the car in its lane at speeds of up to 60 km/h – mirroring the Level 3 self-driving functionality on the new Audi A8. Trailer Manoeuvring Assist is also offered as an option in Europe.

X167 Mercedes-Benz GLS – greater comfort and luxury Ever since Mercedes-Benz bestowed the GLS moniker to its largest SUV, it’s been billing it as the “S-Class of SUVs” – even though the car was really just a bigger GLE with an extra row of seats.

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rayrigg · 6 years ago

Photo

• Updated version of Kia's best-selling model in the UK

• Efficient new 1.6-litre ‘U3’ diesel powerplant replaces 1.7-litre unit

• Cutting-edge EcoDynamics+ mild-hybrid 48-volt technology on 2.0-litre CRDi engine

• Prices from £20,305 - NOW AVAILABLE WITH 2.9% APR REPRESENTATIVE FINANCE AND UP TO £750 PCP DEPOSIT CONTRIBUTION

The new Kia Sportage features a range of enhancements to cement its position as the brand’s best-selling model in Europe. The new Sportage pairs an updated exterior and interior design with new safety and infotainment technologies, as well as efficient new powertrains complying with future emissions standards. Upgrades to the Sportage range also include modifications to ‘GT-Line’ models.

The car’s advanced all-new EcoDynamics+ 48V diesel mild-hybrid powertrain is the first to be launched as part of Kia’s global powertrain electrification strategy. With this development, Kia becomes the first manufacturer to offer hybrid, plug-in hybrid, battery-electric and 48-volt mild-hybrid technology across its model line-up. Kia will launch 16 advanced powertrain vehicles by 2025, including five new hybrids, five plug-in hybrids, five battery-electric vehicles and, in 2020, a new fuel-cell electric vehicle.

More than 131,000 examples of the Sportage were purchased by European customers in 2017, representing a quarter of the brand’s total European sales. In the UK market, almost 40,000 buyers chose the Sportage last year. One Sportage was sold every 69 seconds globally in 2017, making it Kia’s international best-seller. The five-millionth Sportage was built in March 2018, three months into the car’s 25th year on sale, following its introduction in 1993. The Sportage for Europe is produced at Kia’s manufacturing facility in Žilina, Slovakia.

An evolution of Kia design The original design of the fourth-generation Sportage was led by Kia’s European design studio in Frankfurt, Germany, with input from the company’s design centres in Namyang, Korea and Irvine, California. The three studios have modernised the look of the Sportage, which features a range of updates to its sporty exterior design. Changes extend to ‘GT-Line’ models, which feature a series of unique upgrades compared to other trim grades.

There is a redesigned front bumper with new fog lamp housings, and new gloss black or bright chrome inserts leading from the fog lamps into the lower air intake. The Sportage is also now available with an evolved version of its ‘tiger-nose’ grille, with new gloss black or matt black grille. New full-LED headlamps with four-point LED daytime running lights and redesigned fog lamps also provide maximum visibility and enhance the SUV’s light signature for a more modern appearance. Silver painted front and rear skid plates are fitted to ‘Edition 25’, ‘4’, ‘GT-Line’ and ‘GT-Line S’ models.

At the rear, the slim combination lamps retain their horizontal shape, with the revised design featuring a new C-shaped LED light signature. The reversing lamp is integrated into the new rear bumper with longer reflectors positioned below and is now finished with a flash of chrome across its base.

In profile, the upgraded model is available with new 16-, 17- and 19-inch alloy wheel designs, and some versions have the sill trim finished in chrome. Five new paint colours are available on the new Sportage, including new shades of silver, grey, blue, and copper.

Changes to ‘GT-Line’ include a new design gloss black radiator grille, gloss black and silver skid plates, and dark chrome inserts on the front bumper, the side sills and rear tailgate. The unique 19-inch alloy wheels of the ‘GT-Line’ have been redesigned, and all models are fitted with a dual exhaust rear valance and revised ‘ice cube’ LED fog lamp designs.

A drag co-efficient of 0.33 Cd remains unchanged following the updates to the SUV’s exterior design. While its length increases up 5mm, dimensions and profile remain largely the same (4,485mm long, 1,855mm wide, 1,635mm tall, with a 2,670mm wheelbase). The ‘GT-Line’ model is 10mm longer, at 4,495mm, due to its unique bumper design.

While the layout of the cabin is retained, a series of minor upgrades further engender a sense of modernity. The upgraded model is equipped with a new steering wheel and revised driver instrument cluster, while ‘GT-Line’ models are available with new black leather seat trim with red accents. The design of the ventilation and air conditioning controls at the centre of the dashboard have also been revised, with new bezels around the dials adding further clarity to the dashboard layout.

Updated powertrains, all meeting Euro 6d TEMP emissions regulations The line-up of petrol engines remains the same in the upgraded Sportage, though with minor modifications to emissions, with buyers able to choose between two powerplants. Both petrol engines are direct-injection (GDi) 1.6-litre units from Kia's Gamma family are now fitted with new particulate filters to further reduce harmful emissions, ensuring full compliance with the Euro 6d TEMP emissions standard. The naturally-aspirated 130bhp 1.6-litre GDi engine offers a torque output of 161Nm, and CO2 emissions from 162g/km.

In the Sportage, the T-GDi (Turbocharged Gasoline Direct injection) engine develops 174bhp at 5,500rpm, while maximum torque is 265Nm from 1,500rpm to 4,500rpm. The result is instantaneous response to throttle inputs and rapid acceleration without interruption. It was developed entirely in-house by Kia engineers at the Namyang research and development centre in Korea, with input from Kia's European technical centre in Frankfurt. It accelerates the Sportage from 0-60mph in 8.9 seconds (2WD manual) or an even faster 8.8 seconds with the AWD 7DCT. For the 1.6 T-GDi engine, CO2emissions are as low as 173g/km, with fuel economy up to 39.2mpg (combined). Sportage models equipped with the T-GDi engine are available with either front- or all-wheel drive, and a seven-speed Dual-Clutch Transmission (DCT) on all-wheel drive models.

EcoDynamics+ delivers Kia’s first mild hybrid diesel powertrain The Sportage now offers a wider range of diesel engines, including Kia’s ‘EcoDynamics+’ 2.0-litre ‘R’ diesel mild-hybrid powertrain and 1.6-litre ‘U3’ diesel engine.

EcoDynamics+ has been engineered to deliver greater efficiency from internal combustion engines on the road, by using electric power delivered and recuperated seamlessly. In the Sportage, the system supplements acceleration with power from a compact 0.44 kWh 48-volt lithium-ion battery, and extends engine ‘off time’ with a new Mild-Hybrid Starter-Generator (MHSG) unit. The MHSG is connected by belt to the engine’s crankshaft, and switches seamlessly between ‘motor’ and ‘generator’ modes.

In ‘motor’ mode the battery is discharged under acceleration, providing up power assistance to the engine, to reduce engine load and emissions. Under deceleration – when braking, or coasting towards a junction or downhill – the MHSG switches to ‘generator’ mode, recuperating energy from the crankshaft to recharge the battery on-the-go. An advanced Electronic Control Unit (ECU) calculates the most efficient use of available energy and adjusts accordingly, taking into account the amount of charge remaining in the car’s batteries.

The battery and MHSG also support a new ‘Moving Stop & Start’ function. If the battery has sufficient charge, the combustion engine turns off automatically during in-gear deceleration and braking. The MHSG seamlessly re-ignites the engine when the driver presses the throttle pedal.

The compact nature of the mild-hybrid powertrain made it relatively straightforward to integrate into the Sportage’s existing architecture. The 48-volt battery is located beneath the boot floor, minimising the impact on practicality. Because the MHSG integrates directly with the engine, driving the crankshaft via a belt, there was little need to repackage the engine bay.

Equipped with Kia’s Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) active emissions control technology, the EcoDynamics+ powertrain can reduce CO2 emissions by up to four per cent on the Worldwide-harmonised Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) and up to seven per cent on the reconverted New European Driving Cycle 2.0.

The EcoDynamics+ powertrain is paired with an all-wheel drive system, transmitting power via a newly-adopted eight-speed automatic transmission.

All-new ‘U3’ diesel engine The Sportage’s existing 1.7-litre CRDi (Common-Rail Direct injection) diesel engine has been replaced with Kia’s efficient 1.6-litre ‘U3’ CRDi engine. The new 1.6-litre diesel engine produces 114 or 134bhp, with emissions rated from 130g/km for 114bhp models, and 126g/km for higher-powered models (combined, WLTP, converted back to NEDC 2.0). Driving the front wheels via six-speed manual transmission as standard, 134bhp models are also available with all-wheel drive and a seven-speed Dual-Clutch Transmission (DCT). The ‘U3’ engine features SCR active emissions control technology to regulate NOx and diesel particulate matter.

Comfort built in as standard The Kia Sportage rides on fully independent front and rear suspension, carried over unchanged for the updated model. Delivering a comfortable ride and superior damping over poor road surfaces, the chassis is nevertheless tuned to offer intuitive and engaging handling. ‘GT-Line’ models feature their own specially-tuned suspension characteristics, endowing the Sportage with sharper, more athletic handling and a slightly firmer ride – crucially, without compromising the SUV’s fundamental comfort and stability. The suspension characteristics for the Sportage ‘GT-Line’ were tested and fine-tuned on a variety of European roads, with European drivers in mind.

The fourth-generation Sportage is available as standard with Kia’s ‘R-MDPS’ rack-mounted electric motor-driven power steering. The R-MDPS system delivers quick responses and enhanced steering feel, placing the Sportage among the most agile models in the compact SUV class. The Sportage is fitted as standard with a column-mounted power steering system, which delivers linear responses to driver inputs and maximum stability and confidence at the wheel.

The Sportage is equipped with 305 mm ventilated disc brakes at the front and 302 mm solid disc brakes at the rear.

Cutting-edge safety systems A number of advanced driver assistance systems are offered on the Sportage, all designed to minimise the possibility of an accident. In certain models these complement the comprehensive active and passive safety features fitted to every version. As a result of the measures taken first to prevent accidents and then to mitigate against the effects of them if they are unavoidable, the Sportage has earned a five-star safety rating from Euro NCAP. The Sportage was commended for its ability to protect passengers of all statures in all seats, faring especially well in a side-on impact with a pole, and it scored 71 per cent for its active safety assist technologies.

All models from grade ‘2’ have Lane Keep Assist System (LKAS) to alert a tired driver who may be about to stray into the path of a vehicle approaching from behind; High Beam Assist (HBA) to switch between full and dipped beam automatically when there are other vehicles in their vicinity on unlit roads; and Speed Limit Information Function (SLIF) within the instrument cluster.

All models have a reversing camera integrated into the 7- or 8-inch touchscreen, and reversing sensors are standard on grade ‘2’ and above. Front parking sensors are included on ‘Edition 25’, ‘4’, ‘GT-Line’ and ‘GT-Line S’ versions and a 360-degree Around View Monitor delivers a helicopter-style view from above the vehicle to aid manoeuvring, and is fitted to all ‘Edition 25’, ‘4’ and ‘GT-Line S’ models.

All versions have Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS) with Electronic Brake-force Distribution (EBD) and Brake Assist (BAS), so that the car comes to rest in the shortest possible distance in an emergency, and with maximum retardation, regardless of the pressure applied to the pedal by the driver. Electronic Stability Control (ESC) and Vehicle Stability Management (VSM) prevent the car from skidding in corners or when accelerating on surfaces with different levels of grip between left and right. Hill-start Assist holds the car for two seconds when setting off on inclines to prevent it rolling backwards.

Downhill Brake Control limits the car's speed when travelling down steep or slippery off-road inclines, preventing the need for the driver to cover the brake pedal and risk losing traction. It maintains a steady speed of 5mph. And all versions have Trailer Stability Assist, which uses the ABS, ESC and VSM systems to counter-act the possibility of a caravan or trailer snaking in high winds or when the Sportage is being driven at too high a speed.

Cruise control is available on grade ‘1’, while cruise control with a speed limiter is available from grade ‘2’ onwards, with an advanced adaptive cruise control system fitted to ‘GT-Line S’ models. Emergency Stop Signalling flashes the high-level brake light in an emergency stop to warn the drivers of following vehicles, and a Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) ensures the driver is given advance notice of a loss of pressure long before it could lead to sudden deflation.

There are six airbags (twin front, front side and side curtain) as standard. Front seat-belt pre-tensioners reduce the forces on the wearer’s chest in a collision, and ISOFIX top tethers and anchors are fitted to allow child seats to be mounted. A passenger airbag cut-off switch is standard to permit a rear-facing child seat to be carried in the front of the car. Speed-sensing automatic door locks ensure the security of all passengers. They are automatically disabled in the event of an accident.

The body shell of the Sportage is made up of 51 per cent Advanced High-strength Steel, which affords greater protection by better withstanding impacts and dissipating any crash energy through carefully designed load paths away from the passenger cell.

Tech giants The upgraded Sportage adopts a series of Kia’s latest advanced driving assistance and infotainment systems, building on its reputation for high occupant safety and high-tech convenience.

The latest driver assist technologies available in the Sportage include Adaptive Cruise Control with Stop and Go, an Around View Monitor for easier parking manoeuvres, and Driver Attention Warning (DAW), available from grade ‘2’ upwards, to combat fatigue and inattentiveness at the wheel. Sportage buyers have access to a wide array of existing driver assist systems. These include Forward Collision-Avoidance Assist (FCA) with pedestrian detection and Blind-Spot Collision Warning (BCW) on ‘Edition 25’, ‘4’, ‘GT-Line S’ models, while Lane Keeping Assist System (LKAS), High Beam Assist (HBA) and Speed Limit Information Function (SLIF) are fitted to all versions grade ‘2’ and above.

Every Sportage is equipped as standard with Kia’s Vehicle Stability Management (VSM), which maximises stability when braking and cornering by controlling the car’s Electronic Stability Control (ESC) if it detects a loss of traction. The Sportage is also fitted with driver and front passenger airbags, first-row side airbags, and first- and second-row curtain airbags.

The infotainment systems in the Sportage have been upgraded on the Sportage. Depending on grade there is either a 7.0-inch touchscreen infotainment, or satellite navigation system, or a new ‘frameless’ 8.0-inch system, each with DAB digital radio. All satellite navigation systems (Grade ‘2’ and above) include Kia’s Connected Services powered by TomTom® as standard, offering a wide range of driving-oriented information. Connectivity features include live traffic updates, speed camera locations and alerts, local search, and weather forecasts, depending on legal restrictions applied in each country. The Kia Connected Services system has been updated in the Sportage to show drivers the price of fuel at nearby filling stations, as well as the location and real-time availability of parking spaces. Grade ‘1’ comes with a 7.0-inch touchscreen, with Grade ‘2’ and ‘GT-Line’ versions adding satellite navigation with a 7.0-inch touchscreen. ‘Edition 25’, ‘4’, and ‘GT-Line S’ models feature an 8.0-inch system with satellite navigation.

All models in the Sportage line-up feature Apple CarPlayTM and Android AutoTM with voice control, as well as Bluetooth® with music streaming. A USB port for connection of an audio media device are provided in the front, and a USB charging port in the rear is provided on grade ‘4’ and ‘GT-Line S’. The 160-watt audio system comes with DAB radio with MP3 compatibility and features six-speakers. A shark fin antenna is fitted to all Sportage models for clearer reception. For audiophiles, ‘Edition 25’, ‘4’ and ‘GT-Line S’ feature an uprated eight-speaker system from JBL®, with a more powerful 320-watt output, external amplifier and Clari-Fi™ music restoration technology.

Other available convenience features in the Sportage include a wireless smartphone charger at the base of the centre console (standard on ‘GT-Line S’), rear-view parking camera with dynamic parking lines (all grades), and a Smart Power Tailgate (fitted to ‘GT-Line S’).

Specification highlights Even Grade ‘1’ comes as standard with 16-inch alloy wheels and all-round disc brakes, projection front fog lights, LED daytime running lamps, chrome window surrounds, smart black cloth upholstery with a light grey headlining, electrically adjustable door mirrors, a leather-trimmed steering wheel and gearshifter, all-round electric windows, air conditioning, a DAB radio, Bluetooth® with voice recognition, steering wheel controls and music streaming, USB port, an LED front map light, a ventilation duct and 12-volt power outlet in the rear. Other key equipment includes automatic light control, a driver’s manual seat height adjuster, remote central locking with foldaway key, reversing camera system and Apple CarPlayTM and Android AutoTM smartphone connectivity. In addition, there’s Trailer Stability Assist (TSA), Hill-Start Assist Control (HAC), Downhill Brake Control (DBC) and cruise control.

Grade ‘2’ expands on this with 17-inch alloy wheels, a shark-fin antenna, body-coloured exterior handles with chrome inserts, a 7.0-inch touch-screen satellite navigation system and Kia Connected Services with TomTom®, roof rails, privacy glass on the rear side windows and tailgate, black premium cloth upholstery and powered lumbar adjustment for the driver's seat, electrically folding door mirrors with LED indicators, reversing sensors, automatic wipers, an auto-dimming rear-view mirror, dual automatic air conditioning, heated front seats and the Lane-Keep Assist System (LKAS), High-Beam Assist (HBA), Cruise Control and Speed Limiter and Speed Limit Information Function (SLIF).

Grade ‘4’ models feature an 8.0-inch touchscreen satellite navigation system, panoramic sunroof, a front wiper de-icer, black leather upholstery, 10-way driver's & 8-way passenger's power adjustable seat (sliding, reclining, height adjustment), a high-gloss black centre fascia, stainless steel door scuff plates, engine start/stop button with Smart Entry system, a rear USB charging point, heated steering wheel, Electronic Parking Brake (EPB), a 360-degree around view monitor, a 4.2-inch LCD TFT colour information display and an eight-speaker JBL® premium sound system with sub-woofer, external amp and front centre speaker. On the outside of the Sportage ‘4’, there’s black wheel arch body mouldings and side sills with chrome insert, silver painted front and rear skid plates, LED bi-function headlights and adaptive lighting system, LED rear lights, front parking sensors and 19-inch alloy wheels. Forward Collision-Avoidance Assist (FCA) City with pedestrian detection is standard, along with Blind-Spot Collision Warning (BCW).

To celebrate 25 years of the Kia Sportage, a special ‘Edition 25’ grade is available from launch and paired exclusively with the 1.6 GDi engine with manual transmission. Largely based on the grade ‘4’, the ‘Edition 25’ comes with 17-inch alloy wheels, black cloth and leather upholstery and premium paint at no extra cost. Other highlights include engine start/stop button with Smart Entry system, an eight-speaker JBL® premium sound system with sub-woofer, external amp and front centre speaker and an 8.0-inch touchscreen satellite navigation system to name a few.

‘GT-Line’ sits in the range between grades ‘2’ and ‘4’ and has sporty styling flourishes which mark it out as a more dynamic version of the Sportage. There are exclusive 19-inch alloy wheels, LED rear combination lamps, front parking sensors, engine start/stop button with smart entry system, front wiper de-icer and with the DCT gearbox, paddle shifters. A ‘GT-Line’ exterior styling pack adds ice-cube LED front fog lights, LED Bi-function headlights with adaptive lighting system. On the inside, there’s black leather upholstery with red piping and stitching, a high-gloss black centre fascia, black headlining, stainless steel sill pedals and scuff plates and a D-shaped leather-covered sports steering wheel.

‘GT-Line S’ offers all of the equipment that ‘GT-Line’ features plus more luxurious flourishes – adaptive cruise control, a panoramic sunroof, 10-way power adjustable driver and 8-way adjustable front passenger seats, ventilated front seats, heated steering wheel, Electronic Parking Brake (EPB), an LED boot light and LED personal lamp, the 8.0-inch touchscreen satellite navigation system and 8-speaker JBL® premium sound system with subwoofer, external amplifier and front centre speaker, Smart Power Tailgate and a wireless phone charger. Safety devices include Forward Collision-Avoidance Assist (FCA) City including pedestrian detection, a 360-degree around view monitor, Blind-Spot Collision Warning (BCW).

Market, warranty and after-care The Sportage slots into the compact SUV/crossover market, which is expected to grow from 9.4 per cent of the total in Europe in 2015 to 10.2 per cent by 2018, with total sales for the sector predicted at 1.6 million.

The Sportage has proved to be a huge success for Kia in Europe. It is the second best-selling car in its class in the UK, ahead of the Audi Q3, BMW X1, Ford Kuga, Peugeot 3008, Range Rover Evoque, SEAT Ateca and Volkswagen Tiguan. The Sportage is Kia's best-selling model in the UK, claiming around 40 per cent of the company's sales.

In keeping with every Kia, the Sportage comes with a unique-in-the-UK seven-year or 100,000-mile warranty, subject to certain wear and tear conditions. The warranty is fully transferable should the car be sold before the time or mileage limits have been reached.

The Sportage is available with Kia’s ‘Kia Care’ service plans, which have been developed to provide customers with a wide range of service plan options for any Kia model within the first seven years of the vehicle’s life – matching its industry-leading seven-year warranty.

The service plans include a comprehensive range of options including the original, traditional, first three and five services, but in addition a customer can now purchase services up to and including the seventh service which matches the full length of the warranty. The plans are available for all Kia owners and can be purchased at any point of ownership for cars up to five years old.

TO ARRANGE A TEST DRIVE PLEASE CONTACT YOUR PREFERRED BRANCH:

Windermere: 015394 42451

Morecambe: 01524 382222

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jacknicholson1963 · 7 years ago

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New engines for the Royal Navy’s Type 23 Frigates

Originally designed with a service life of around 18 years, the RN’s Type 23 Frigates will now have to serve for around 30 years. All 13 frigates are undergoing life extension (LIFEX) refits and an important component of these upgrades is the Power Generation Machinery Upgrade (PGMU) to replace the ships’ four diesel generator sets.

The Type 23 LIFEX programme is being run by the Surface Ship Support Alliance (a partnership between the MoD, Babcock and BAE Systems) and began in June 2015 when HMS Argyll was taken in hand at Devonport. At the time of writing HMS Argyll, Westminster, Montrose, Northumberland and Kent have all completed LIFEX refits. The most obvious external change is the fitting of the CAAM Sea Ceptor missile system to replace the ageing GWS-26 Sea Wolf but the refits also include major changes to equipment, the combat system, chilled water arrangements and work to extend the life of the hull and superstructure. Unfortunately, the first ships to undergo LIFEX have not received new engines and will have to wait until their next major refit. HMS Richmond will be the first ship to receive the machinery upgrade and is currently mid-way through her refit in Devonport. Work has also started on the LIFEX of HMS Portland and HMS Lancaster at Devonport. The LIFEX refit of each Type 23 is costing at least £35M per ship, not including the PGMU. Totalling around £600M for this work across the frigate fleet, this is a very necessary and worthwhile investment but could have been much reduced if the Type 26 frigates had been ordered earlier.

The oldest Type 23s HMS Argyll and HMS Lancaster will never receive the PGMU. Assuming they survive future defence cuts, they will have to soldier on with their Paxman diesels until they go out of service in 2023 and 2024 respectively. The project is set to be completed by 2024 when last of the other 11 ships receives its new engines.

The MTU 20V-4000 M53B Diesel Engine (Photo: Rolls Royce)

The first of the new MTU 12V 4000 M53B diesel generator sets were delivered to Devonport Naval Base in late 2016 for fitting to HMS Richmond. The new gensets are manufactured in Germany by MTU (A subsidiary of the Land & Sea division of Rolls-Royce) and provide 1.65MW each. This will provide the ship with approximately 20% increase in available power for onboard weapons, sensors and electronics as well as for cruising propulsion. The old Paxman Valenta 12 RP2000CZ diesel design dates from the 1960s and are becoming increasingly maintenance-intensive. They are rated at 1.3MW but and have reduced power output as low as 1MW in hot climates. The new diesels perform better in hot conditions and will drastically reduce maintenance time and running cost. The MTU 4000 gensets include sophisticated noise reduction and shock resistance measures and are exceptionally reliable. The PGMU project presented a considerable engineering challenge as new equipment had to fit within the existing structural and compartment constraints and integrate with the ship’s services and systems.

The PGMU project comprises 5 separate components (which the DE&S tendered for in ‘lots’); diesel generators, power conversion equipment, electrical switchboards, the machinery control and surveillance system (MCAS) and the integration work. A £68M contract was signed by the DE&S with MTU to supply the 48 generator sets in April 2015. The contract includes a complete logistics package, spare parts and initial training. The RN’s mechanical engineering training establishment, HMS Sultan will receive equipment and electronic manuals so it can provide relevant training for MEs serving on the upgraded Type 23s.

Hitzinger UK won a £12M contract for the voltage converters and Rolls-Royce signed a £18M contract in January 2016 to deliver the updated MCAS. Babcock Marine and Technology is responsible for the integration of the new systems aboard the ships and was awarded a £3.6M for this task. The project includes installing 600m of new pipework in each ship together with over 8km of new cable. The Upper Auxiliary Machinery Room (UAMR) and the Forward Auxiliary Machinery Rooms (FAMR) have to be almost entirely stripped out and new machinery foundations and uptakes and downtakes fitted.

The MTU 4000 gensets have specialist mounting and are surrounded by an acoustic enclosure, ensuring low radiated noise levels, critical to anti-submarine warfare. (Photo: Rolls Royce)

The new propulsion package fitted to the Type 23s will not only improve ship availability, fuel efficiency and available power but will provide useful experience for the RN as similar MTU gensets are being fitted the future Type 26 frigates. Although the Type 26 is an evolution of the Type 23’s propulsion system there are significant differences. Type 23 utilised a CODLAG arrangement – Combined Diesel Electrical AND Gas Turbine. Both the gensets driving the motors and both Spey Gas Turbines are required to be online to achieve full speed. The Type 26 is CODELOG Combined Diesel-Electric OR Gas Turbine. The single MT-30 gas turbine alone is sufficient to drive the ship at full speed without the need for the motors, and in that mode the gensets can provide power purely for the ships electrical needs.

Although the Type 23’s legacy Spey gas turbines do not, the new MTU propulsion system meets the requirements of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) III emissions directive. Meeting civilian emissions standards is challenging for the unique requirements of naval vessels but it is obviously desirable to maximise fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. The RN has utilised various new hydrodynamic features to minimise drag on its ship hulls. These have been incorporated at the design stage of the modern vessels Type 45, the aircraft carriers and the Type 26 but the older Type 23s have undergone some modifications in service including self-polishing anti-fouling coatings on the hull and propeller blades, stern wedges, and improved propeller designs. The intention is that the Type 26 frigates will be fully compliant with IMO’s MARPOL (Nitrogen oxides) NOx regulations and will be fitted with a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system together with the efficient MTU4000 20V diesel generators and MT-30 Gas Turbines.

HMS Montrose in the final stages of her LIFEX (May 2017) in Devonport. Babcock’s Frigate Refit Complex comprises 3 covered dry docks and is being heavily utilised for the LIFEX programme. The future Type 26 frigates will not fit inside this facility, although the Type 31 designs probably can be accommodated.

from Save the Royal Navy https://www.savetheroyalnavy.org/new-engines-for-the-royal-navys-type-23-frigates/

#Save the Royal Navy

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constructionfirm · 7 years ago

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Customizable Convection Heating

Offices, hotels, schools, retail stores, sports facilities and other building types typically have rooms that can be efficiently heated by the use of electric heaters, such as convectors, radiant ceiling panels or infrared radiant heaters.

For these applications, the “appearance” of the heating unit is just as important as its performance.

Architects spend countless hours on interior design creating a desired atmosphere in these spaces. Think about how the use of light and the choice of color, furnishings and materials affect the ambiance in a hotel lobby or office boardroom. Consequently, heating units need to “blend in with” or “complement” their surrounding environment.

At the same time, these units must help specifying architects and engineers solve heating problems such as counteracting cold drafty areas near windows, reducing condensation of the glass and aiding in the de-stratification of the air in the space.

With all these factors to consider, there is no one-size-fits-all heating solution for every building. Rather, specifying architects and engineers must solve their distinct heating problems with customizable solutions to ensure optimal cost-efficiency and overall functionality.

For the right combination of customization and performance, convectors may be an ideal solution for buildings with complex heating needs.

Why Choose Convectors Convectors are non-fan forced heaters that use natural convection to move the heated air back into the conditioned space – making them much quieter than fan heaters. Without the use of a fan to blow air, the convector is a great choice for minimizing the circulation of dust and pollens, making for a better work environment.

Convectors are ideal for use in areas with large spans of windows, such as offices, schools and hotel lobbies. Typically mounted at floor level on exterior walls and under windows, convectors provide an upward movement of air to counteract cold downdrafts and minimize condensation.

Available in a variety of sizes, configurations and colors, convectors also offer design and installation versatility. Architects and engineers can leverage customizable features to develop convectors that fit the custom design specifications of a project as well as solve heating problems without wasting energy or space. Models are available that can be located in a trench, housed in custom enclosures or mounted in a variety of other ways. Convectors have a wide array of control options from built-in thermostats for controlling individual units to silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) controls that can integrate into Building Management Systems (BMS).

How Convectors Work Tapping into a natural phenomenon known as “convection,” air inside a convector is heated becoming less dense than the surrounding cool air, enabling it to rise due to buoyancy. As the heated air rises, the cooler air on the floor is drawn into the convector, creating a constant flow. By placing convectors under a window, the heated air rises and blocks the down draft of cold air, creating a heated air curtain.

All convectors contain two components that work together to safely deliver heated air to the space: the element and an over temperature limit.

The element converts electrical energy to heat by passing an electrical current through a specifically designed resistance wire. The elements used in convectors are metal sheathed, and constructed of a spiral wound resistance wire encapsulated in an insulating powder (Magnesium Oxide, MgO) encased in a metal sheath.

Fins are added to the element rod to improve heat transfer by creating a chimney effect, directing air to flow over the element and the larger fin surface to heat the air passing through the unit. Most convection heaters have aluminum fins pressure bonded to the rod. However, heavy-duty and explosion-proof convectors have customized steel fins brazed to the rod to better handle higher demands.

Over-temperature limits are temperature-sensing devices located on or near the element that interrupt the flow of electricity to the element if an abnormally hot condition occurs. In convectors, the over temperature limit device is most commonly activated when an air inlet or discharge opening is blocked by drapery or furniture, causing heat to build up. Convector Use: When, Where and How

Convectors are typically installed along the perimeter of rooms to block the downdrafts caused by the cold outside wall cooling the air next to it, and to counteract transmission losses. In most cases, convectors are mounted at the floor level along an outside wall and under windows, allowing heated air to rise from the top of the unit and block the cold “down draft” air.

Convectors will draw colder air from the floor area, heat it up and then release it toward the ceiling where it cools, falling back to the floor to complete the cycle. This cycling or rotating effect works best with low to medium ceilings of 8- to 10-foot heights. To efficiently heat buildings with large expanses of multi-story windows, a second series of convectors can be included at every floor level to prevent the cascading effect of the downdraft. While the rising heated air is blocking the downdraft, it also provides a warm air curtain that acts as a buffer to prevent the heat loss from the space to the cold wall.

For well-insulated buildings with small amounts of glass, the use of more compact convectors may be sufficient. These heaters would only be mounted under the window area, allowing for fewer heaters to be installed and reducing the initial cost. These units, however, would still provide the dual function of counter-acting the downdraft and the transmission effect.

A Warm Place of Work Commercial buildings run the gamut from hospitals and assisted-living facilities to schools, hotels and retail stores. To accommodate the very different environments in these facilities, many manufacturers of convectors offer a variety of styles and configurations including: • Front- and bottom-inlet convectors • Recess-mounted cabinet convectors • Sill-line convectors • Architectural convectors, which feature design elements that help them blend into or complement most interior spaces

Similar to residential applications, convectors in commercial applications should be installed on the exterior wall. Within individual office or conference areas, heavy-duty baseboards, draft-barrier convectors or sill-line commercial convectors are the best choice. The decor of the room as well as its heat loss will determine which style best suits the application.

Large open, multi-person, perimeter offices are ideal spaces for heavy-duty baseboards, draft barrier or sill-line commercial convectors and architectural convectors if the window area does not reach the floor. Placing the convector along the entire length of exterior wall eliminates the discomfort of the cold wall effect for people located nearby. The use of convectors in lobbies is similar to large open offices except additional consideration must be given to the fact that people move around more in lobbies.

Likewise, in lobbies with multi-story windows and atriums, the amount of heated air necessary to block the downdraft of this large expanse of window, and keep the moisture from forming on the top portion of the window, cannot be generated from floor level convection equipment alone. In these cases, sill or pedestal-mounted convectors installed at floor level, working in conjunction with convectors mounted approximately every 10 to 15 feet up the window, will provide sufficient heated air.

Regardless of the office or lobby size, if floor-to-ceiling glass is present, pedestal convectors should be considered.

Keeping A Cozy Home Since convectors have no moving parts and use natural air flow rather than forced air flow, they are ideally suited to quiet living spaces. This includes bedrooms and home offices where convectors can be installed along exterior walls under windows to provide silent, gentle heat.

However, when installing a convector, specifiers and engineers must ensure there is adequate wall space for placement of furniture and drapery, and the location of electrical receptacles is taken into account to avoid dangerous hazards. Convectors with electronic hydronic elements have a lower surface temperature than standard convectors, making them safe choices for a nursery or child’s bedroom.

For basements, standard convectors should be installed along the above-ground walls to eliminate the cold downdraft, as well as under windows along other walls. Basements with interior divisions should have a heater and thermostat in each area. In large open basements, several smaller heaters will produce a better heated air distribution than a singular large heater. If the area is only occasionally occupied, portable baseboards may be the better choice. Heating the basement has the additional benefit of warming the floor of the rooms above adding to the main floor comfort level.

Industrial, No-Hassle Heat Factories, warehouses, sports complexes and similar facilities require heaters that can withstand a great deal of abuse but still function properly with little maintenance. For restrooms, lunchrooms, small to medium workshops and assembly areas with low to medium ceilings, slope top or cabinet-style heavy-duty convectors provide even heating, yet are constructed to withstand normal daily industrial abuse.

Used on exterior walls, the sloped design of slope top convectors prevent them from being used as shelves or step stools. Cabinet convectors can be recessed when space is limited and the wall that the heater is recessed into is a non-exterior wall. In some industrial applications, there is the potential of hazardous gasses being present, and explosion-proof convectors may be better suited for these spaces.

Convection heaters can meet the heating demands of virtually any building without sacrificing aesthetics or efficiency. Easily customized, made-to-order convection solutions enable specifiers and engineers to blend heaters into their designs without wasting energy or budget.

About the author: Jim Herring is the supervisor of Total Custom Solutions & Technical Services at Marley Engineered Products®, a leading North American designer and manufacturer of reliable comfort heating and ventilation solutions for residential, commercial and institutional buildings. Recognized by contractors, architects, engineers and HVAC professionals for providing a wide range of high-performance, reliable heating and ventilation solutions, Marley Engineered Products’ brands include QMark®, Berko®, Fahrenheat® and Leading Edge®.

Marley Engineered Products’ manufacturing operations are based in Bennettsville, S.C., with regional sales representatives located throughout the U.S. and an administrative office in Burr Ridge, Ill.

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