#Spatangoida

[drhoz]

#2762 - Pericosmus crawfordi

Originally described as Meoma crawfordi by Captain Frederick Wollaston Hutton FRS FGS (1836 – 1905), an English-born New Zealand naturalist who applied the theory of natural selection to explain the origins and nature of the natural history of New Zealand. One of the most prolific nineteenth century naturalists of New Zealand. However he also had it as Meoma brevipatalata later in the same publication. AKA Megalaster compressus, Pericosmus compressus, Pericosmus mccoyi (named after the same guy that gave it the previous name) and Linthia compressus.

This particular example is from Duntroonian New Zealand Stage (28 - 27 Mya) in the Late Oligocene, but the species (presumably in the form of the synonyms above) hung around from the Paleogene (34.3 - 27.3 Mya) to the Miocene (13.7 - 12.7 Mya). The species has also been found in Miocene and Oligocene Australian rocks. A delightful little detail on the card is that it was found next to the Mackenzie's hayshed.

The genus is still around, but is rarely collected since they live in tropical waters 200 to 500m deep, usually. They're slow-moving shallow infaunal deposit feeders and detritivores.

University of Otago Geology Museum, Dunedin, Aotearoa New Zealand.

[animalids]

Heart urchin (Maretia planulata)

Photo by Loh Kok Sheng

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[fossilroulette]

Name: Hemiaster Location: Texas, USA, Kiamichi Formation Age: 100-113 million years ago, Cretaceous Period

The star (in blue) in the photograph is a clue to a circuitous history of descent. Early ancestors of irregular sea urchins had two-part bodies. Later generations had five-part bodies. Even later generations had new two-part bodies, like the specimen of Hemiaster in the photograph.

Most animals, from worms to tigers, have two-part bodies. Animals like regular sea urchins are exceptions. They are part of a group of animals with bodies divided into five equal parts.

The earliest, fossilized animals in the five-part group had five arms, but only two symmetrical parts to their bodies. Later animals were born with five-part bodies and five-part symmetry. The two-part species in the group went extinct, leaving only five-part species.

From one five-part species of sea urchin, a new population appeared with two-part bodies. That population diversified into irregular urchins, including Hemiaster. Those animals didn’t return to the two-part symmetry of their ancient relatives. They developed a new organization system on top of the five-part system. Five-part remnants include features like the blue star.

More evidence for this roundabout succession of body plans comes from young, growing heart urchins. Urchins, both regular and irregular, are two-sided when born. Then, they metamorphose into five-sided animals. After metamorphosis, heart urchins start to grow differently from regular urchins, losing their five-part symmetry and developing two symmetric body halves.

Specimen Number: BEG 34005

References: Emlet, Richard B. “Morphological evolution of newly metamorphosed sea urchins-a phylogenetic and functional analysis.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 50(2010):571-588. Peterson, Kevin J., Cesar Arenas-Mena, and Eric H. Davidson. “The A/P axis in echinoderm ontogeny and evolution: evidence from fossils and moleculse.” Evolution & Development 2(2000):93-101. Sumrall, Colin D., and Gregory A. Wray. “Ontogeny in the fossil record: Diversification of body plans and the evolution of “aberrant” symmetry in Paleozoic echinoderms.” Paleobiology 33(2007):149-163.

Where are similar fossils found?

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[drhoz]

Lovenia elongata heart urchin buries herself