#SpanishConquistador

[isadoraartphotography]

Lens Artist Photo Challange - A Day of My Week

Lens Artist Photo Challange – A Day of My Week

The photo challenge this week is to add photos from A Day of My Week. Since the unmentionable came into our lives creating difficulties in travel and daily outings, I haven’t any recent photos of my day. I limit where I go due to immune issues I have. I went into my archives and discovered this post from 2012. I hope is turns out to be a new view of photographa for those who haven’t seen them. My…

[copperwhimsea]

Lens Artist Photo Challange - A Day of My Week

Lens Artist Photo Challange – A Day of My Week

The photo challenge this week is to add photos from A Day of My Week. Since the unmentionable came into our lives creating difficulties in travel and daily outings, I haven’t any recent photos of my day. I limit where I go due to immune issues I have. I went into my archives and discovered this post from 2012. I hope is turns out to be a new view of photographa for those who haven’t seen them. My…

[recyclegoods]

Check out my awesome amazing stores, tons of cool stuff. Store links on my bio @recycledstufff . . . #vintage #antiques #midcentury #collectibles #toys #etsy #ebay #conquistador #conquistadores #conquistadors #spanish #spanishconquistador #spanishrevival #vintage1960s #statue #statues #sculpture #sculptureart #homedecor #sculptures #artwork #art #mcm https://www.instagram.com/p/B_R2459gfZ8/?igshid=goxxvc9pwikz

[freebargainbooks]

[retrostockposts]

Illustration of a spanish conquistador wearing chest armor shield viewed from front set on isolated white background done in retro style.

[deltondemarestarts]

Detail time lapse of @inkline_uno cover, had a lot of fun on this one, and real nice to see the homie making moves out in Birmingham. #art #arte #deltondemarest #denverart #birmingham #denver #sketchtovector #digitalart #vectorart #vector #alienjesus #spanishconquistador #nazi #romansoldiers #stonehenge #inkline (at Delton Demarest Arts)

[angelhandstattoo]

Finished this section of Homar’s nautical sleeve; this one depicting an Aztec skull and headdress and a Spanish skull with conquistador helmet...looking forward to the next phase of the project! 😄💀⚓️ . . @joatwood @avalontattoo_2 #joatwoodtattoos #angelhandstattoo #avalontattoo2 #AdamsAve #sandiegotattoo #northparktattoo #ladytattooers #tattoo #tattooer #inked #freshlyinked #radtattoos #sandiegotattooshop #sandiegotattooartist #northparktattooer #femaletattooartists #tattoosofinstagram #NorthPark #NorthParkSD #art #artistsofinstagram #blackandgrey #blackandgreytattoo #aztec #aztectattoo #aztecwarrior #spanishconquistador #skull #skulltattoo (at Avalon Tattoo II) https://www.instagram.com/p/ByRoz2ZHiy1/?igshid=jhfi149vd6t8

[findandselect-blog]

Lima Vacation Travel Guide | Expedia has been published on Find and Select Business Reviews

New Post has been published on http://www.findandselect.com/travel/lima-vacation-travel-guide-expedia.html

Lima Vacation Travel Guide | Expedia

Before you set out exploring the mysteriousmountain city of Machu Picchu, the floating villages of Lake Titicaca and the tropical treasures of the Amazon jungle, discover the striking contrasts of Peru’scoastal capital Lima.

Ancient and modern… rich and poor… fascinating and entertaining… practical and elegant: Lima is a city of contrasts.

Almost a third of all Peruvians call thissprawling metropolis home and they live in everything from modern high-risecondos to humble hill-top shacks.

The painted façades burst with color in summer… but this image is paled by the fog that risesfrom the Pacific Ocean in winter.

In this ever-changing city you can find anew surprise at every turn.

All you have to do is prepare your senses; Along the boulevards of Central Lima you’llbe immersed in the sounds of chaotic traffic, while quiet benches await in coastal parks.

Everywhere you go in Lima you can feel thehot desert sun warm your skin, and at the same time taste the salty sea air.

To experience the bohemian side of Lima, followthe Bajada de los Baños, a walkway that runs from the coast throughthe quaint Barranco district.

Stroll over the Bridge of Sighs, a legendary place of forbidden romance betweena wealthy girl and a handsome street sweeper.

Rich or poor, all Peruvians find common groundin the city’s many public parks.

El Malecón, a continuous stretch of pathsand flower beds, allows you to explore the coastal cliffs ofthe Miraflores district on foot.

It’s in modern neighborhoods like this thatyou almost forget that Lima was built on the ruined pyramidsand temples of ancient civilizations.

Yet, in its heart you can retrace the steps of the Lima peoplein Huaca Pucllana, a place of ceremony and sacrifice from around1,500 years ago.

Indigenous Peruvians still observe the ritualsand beliefs of their forefathers, despite being devout Catholics today.

This religion was introduced to them by Spanishconquistadores, along with the Castilian language and Baroquearchitecture.

To see fine examples of their colonial legacy,visit the Plaza de Armas, which is also known as the Plaza Mayor.

It was here that the Spanish explorer FranciscoPizarro founded Lima in the 16th century.

His quest to make the “City of the Kings” the capital of the New World started withthe construction of the Lima Cathedral.

Inside, look for Pizarro’s tomb, early religiousartworks and the gold-plated altar.

Pizarro lived and worked in the GovernmentPalace across the street, which is still the official seat of governmenttoday.

Take a horse-and-carriage tour from the Plaza, a romantic way of exploring Lima’s UNESCO-protected Historic Center with its typical colonialbalconies.

Peru gained independence in 1821, but theSpanish influence has never been erased.

Take a peek inside inner-city museums andlibraries to find stately rooms, soaring glass ceilings and colorful tiledcourtyards.

Another highlight is the 18th-century MuseoLarco, which stands on the ruins of a 7th-centurypyramid.

The colonial mansion in the Pueblo Libre districthouses an impressive collection of ceramics, artworks and golden jewelry from pre-Columbiantimes.

The exhibits show the history of ancient Peruthrough arts and crafts.

After lunch on the patio, cross the garden to the Sala Erótica to seethe museum’s most talked about pieces… Nearby Parque de las Leyendas, which is Lima’s zoo, introduces the wild animals of Peru’s remoteAmazon jungle to all who can’t travel there themselves.

Another popular family attraction is Parquede Exposición in the city center, where kids and adults alike love splashingaround in the water fountains.

As the day turns into night, the park’s magical light show is a reminderthat ANYTHING is possible in Lima.

Don’t forget, Lima is the perfect steppingstone to the many natural, cultural and historic treasures that Peruis so famous for.

Take your pick from coastal deserts… lushrainforests….

fertile altiplanos….

and snow-capped mountains to see the manyfaces of Peru.

Source: Youtube

[americanshaman-blog1]

Spanish Hegemony in the Yucatan

When the Spanish Conquista arrived to the shores of the Yucatan, its aim was not only to conquer and pillage militarily, but to also establish a colonial center of power replete with an indigenous labor source committed to serving their masters by order of a divine Catholic God.  This called for a drastic program of indoctrination, re-education, re organization, and conversion that came to be known as Reduccion.  This reduction involved three dimensions of space, conduct, and language utilized to transform the indigenous people from what the Spaniards viewed them as, into what the Spaniards wanted them to be.  The actual institutions used in the Conquista Pacifica demonstrated a dual strategy of church and state represented respectively by the Missionary Guardianias and the secular Cabildo government.  Although the Spanish failed in the end to completely dominate and convert the indigenous Maya, the processes put in place by the Reduccion did bring a massive change resulting in both a new hybrid culture and a redefined native ethnic culture.

Prior to the arrival of the Spanish, Mayan residential units blanketed the Yucatan peninsula, excluding the frontier regions of the deep jungle.  The 15th century witnessed a host of major problems for the Maya, including pestilence, famine, and civil war.  In Friar Diego De Landa’s account from Yucatan: Before and After the Conquest, he recalls, “hurricane . . . an epidemic of pestilencial fevers . . . plague . . . wars and other afflictions” (Gates 18-19).  These calamities left behind a war torn and beleaguered population, still able to resist the Conquista for twenty years, but unable to unite and look past lineage conflicts developed in previous generations.  When the military invasion ceased, the Spanish faced the difficult reality of trying to occupy an entire ethnic region with little resources, far from aid and oversight in Spain.

In 1552, missionaries lobbied in the Royal Court of Spain for the crown to send a high ranking courtier to set forth law  and maintain order in the Yucatan.  In response, the crown appointed Tomas Lopez Medel as Oydor (Auditor), a position which gave him authority over the entire colony.  After evaluating the many dilemmas in the region, Lopez Medel drafted a series of Ordenanzas (Ordinances) in which he implemented new theories of urban design and social control hoping the Mayans would be receptive to Christian civility and order, (Hanks 23 Sept 08).  These Ordenanzas became the complete template for what became the Reduccion, a program ideally meant to bring order and organization to the region.

The availability of space in the Mayan region that was beyond the observation of the Spanish controlled urban centers was a major issue for the Conquista because it would allow the Mayans to continue to practice their idolatrous behaviors or even to organize resistance.  The metropolitan cultures encountered by the early Spaniards indicated the Maya were no savages; the Christian Spanish inferred then, that the Maya were a civilization debauched by Satan into performing human sacrifices and acts of cannibalism. The difficulty of transmitting a religion, at its heart defined by a written tradition, from one entirely alien language into another allowed for a host of theological and conceptual problems to possibly occur in the Mayan conversion. The Ordenanzas brought three distinct elements of the Reduccion into focus: space, conduct, & language; and it was these three areas the Ordenanzas hoped to target and correct (Hanks 23 Sept 08).

To deal with the wide dispersion of the indigenous Maya, the Reduccion forcibly relocated the Mayans from their small villages to entirely new towns.  While towns had previously existed before the Spanish (there were about 400 Kah, or small towns, in the Yucatan originally), they were not organized in the Pueblo System the Spanish had developed, and they also were more difficult for the Spanish to control.  This would make attempts for the Spanish to wipe out “paganism” in the Yucatan, where the Mayan response to the Christians “was often to flee, and a series of refuge settlements arose, deep in the bush of Southeastern Yucatan, where the traditional way of life could be pursued free of interference from Spanish Authorities,” (Sharer 518).  To counteract this the original fields, orchards, and villages were destroyed, and within thirty years they had been replaced by 147 new pueblos with Cabildo governments which will be discussed later in this essay.  Stones used in previous Mayan temples were reused to create over twenty Monasteries, which unlike European Monasteries were in the center of the Pueblo rather than on the outskirts of the town (Hanks 23 Sept 08).  In this way, the Spanish were able to disrupt the Mayan people and keep them in areas where they could be overseen in self management.

The religious practices and war-like behaviors exhibited by the Maya, coupled with their environmentally appropriate lack of clothing made Mayan conduct a primary concern of the Reduccion.  Landa remembers a somewhat exaggerated system of practices in which, “idolatry, divorce, public orgies, and the buying and selling of slaves” were the chief vices (Gates 29).  These sins were to be brought to a stop by a forced conversion of the entire population and re-education of the children in order to instill Christian values at the earliest levels.  Landa explains the Franciscan’s methods and their outcomes:

The method taken for indoctrinating the Indians was by collecting the small children of the lords and leading men, and establishing them around the monasteries . . . they gathered them for catechism, from which frequent visiting many asked baptism, with much devotion.  The children then, after being taught, informed the friars of idolatries and orgies . . . punishing those who returned to their old life. (Gates 29)

These practices recall those instituted by the National Socialist party in corrupting the ideology of youth in Nazi Germany, both for its disregard for free thinking and its efficiency and success at turning children against their parents. The teaching of these children returned the Church to the difficulties in communicating with the Mayan people, both in translating theological concepts and in censuring their previous theologies.  The importance of knowing the native language was demonstrated in the prestige awarded to Lengua and Grande Lengua (Proficient and well known authorities on indigenous languages).  The Lengua published grammars, dictionaries, and even sermons to be read by non-fluent speakers.  The presence of these prewritten sermons and catechisms, along with the practice of mass baptisms came under criticism by many as containing discrepancies in areas far too important to be left up to a non-fluent speaker (Hanks 2 Oct 08).  Ah Kin, the pre-Conquista Mayan scribes that cared for Mayan archives and books, were recruited as Maestro Cantors, and entrusted with the re-education of the children as well as the instruction of the Escribanos (scribes for the secular government).  This gave the Maestro Cantors tremendous influence, either by supporting the church’s indoctrination or by confusing and sabotaging the intended message.

To oversee the proper implementation of the Reduccion and to guide the progress of the conquest, the Spanish established two political hierarchies: a secular Cabildo government and the missionary Guardianias.  The Cabildo government was the local level of government in the Yucatan, organized around a town council led by a Batab (Hanks 2 Oct 2008).  The Cabildo government was run by indigenous Maya, any of whom that had received schooling would have been trained by the Maestro Cantor in catechism.   Natives doing labor outside the pueblos were organized into Guardianias, the Franciscan orders way of organizing a parish around a mission like convent, to spread the Catholic church’s control over everyday Mayan life.  With these systems in place, the Reduccion was carried out by the secular enforcement of Ordenanzas by the Cabildo government and the religious inspection of the indigenous Maya’s lifestyle by the Church.

The Spanish Conquest’s goal was to bring the indigenous Mayan population into a hegemony where the Mayans were so dominated they internalized the values of the Spanish and supported the domination as an eager source of labor.  The drastic nature of such a goal bespoke its failure, but in failing the Spanish Conquest transformed the Mayan population in almost as drastic a way as was intended.  The thoroughness of the Spanish was guaranteed by the zeal of Diego De Landa, and his unauthorized inquisition, but left little love for the Spanish overlords.  Later, Bishop Toral would attempt to reform the brutality of Landa’s conversions, but the final triumph of Landa would leave the Church infrastructure of the colonial period strongly supportive of the oppressive secular government.  

This relationship between Church and State served not only as a conservative element, but also as a channel for progressive political ideas to aid the indigenous populations.  The relationship that was started by the Spanish developed into a deeply rooted connection in the region.  This connection would remain important long after the Spanish were repulsed from the country of Mexico, a lasting effect of the Reduccion.  In spite of the Conquest’s failure to transform the Yucatan into a permanent part of the Spanish Empire, this resulting synthesis has infiltrated every element of the Yucatan, resulting in new spatial zones, new ideas of proper conduct, and linguistic changes incorporating Spanish into traditional Mayan vernacular.

Works Cited:

Gates, William; Yucatan: Before and After The Conquest (New York: Dover Publications, 1978).

Hank, William; Anthropology 179: Ethnography of the Maya Lectures (UC Berkeley, Fall 2008).

Sharer, Richard J; The Ancient Maya 5th Edition (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994).

[mandmando]

Castillo San Cristóbal #History #OldSanJuan #Colonial #SpanishConquistador #rcnocrop

[retrostockposts]

Illustration of a spanish conquistador looking to the side with one head at the back and the other hand lifting raising torch set inside circle on isolated background done in retro style.

[retrostockposts]

Illustration of a spanish conquistador wearing head with hat and feather viewed from front set on isolated white background done in retro style.

[retrostockposts]

Illustration of a spanish conquistador looking to the side with one head at the back and the other hand lifting raising torch set inside circle on isolated background done in retro style.

[deltondemarestarts]

Don't think I have ever shared this album artwork that I did for the homie @inkline_uno and his #stonescry project, seems to be a more relevant cover these days. Always a pleasure working on explorative concepts. #art #arte #deltondemarest #denverart #birmingham #sketchtovector #digitalart #vectorart #vector #alienjesus #spanishconquistador #nazi #romansoldiers #stonehenge (at Delton Demarest Arts)

[deltondemarestarts]

Time lapse of the full cover of the homie @inkline_uno #stonescry project he released in 2014. Always a pleasure to work for friends. #art #arte #deltondemarest #denverart #denver #birmingham #sketchtovector #digitalart #vectorart #vector #alienjesus #spanishconquistador #nazi #romansoldiers #stonehenge #inkline (at Delton Demarest Arts)

[retrostockposts]

Illustration of a spanish conquistador wearing head with hat and feather viewed from front set on isolated white background done in retro style.