#Smart Lighting and Internet of Things (IoT) & Environment Monitoring System | Smart greenhouse IoT project | IOT based Greenhouse Monitoring

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Smart Lighting and Internet of Things (IoT)

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Dholera SIR: Pioneering Sustainable Urban Development in India

Dholera Special Investment Region (SIR),Dholera smart city in gujrat, India, represents a bold step forward in the realm of sustainable urban development. As part of the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) project, Dholera SIR is designed to be a futuristic city that integrates advanced technology, innovative planning, and a commitment to sustainability. This pioneering project is setting new standards for urban development in India, aiming to create a smart, eco-friendly, and economically vibrant urban center.

Vision and Master Planning

The vision for Dholera SIR is to develop a globally competitive industrial hub that also prioritizes environmental sustainability and quality of life. Spanning over 920 square kilometers, the city is meticulously planned to accommodate more than 2 million residents while providing ample space for industrial, commercial, and recreational activities. The master plan includes well-defined zones for residential, industrial, and green spaces, ensuring a balanced and harmonious urban environment.

Sustainable Infrastructure

Sustainability is at the core of Dholera SIR's infrastructure development. The city is designed with state-of-the-art utilities and services that incorporate sustainable practices. The power supply system integrates renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, significantly reducing the city's carbon footprint. The Dholera Solar Park, one of the largest in the world, exemplifies the city's commitment to green energy, generating substantial amounts of clean electricity.

Water management in Dholera SIR is equally innovative. Advanced techniques for rainwater harvesting, wastewater recycling, and efficient water distribution ensure that theDholera smart city conserves and optimizes its water resources. These measures are crucial in a region where water scarcity can pose significant challenges.

Smart Technologies

Dholera SIR is leveraging cutting-edge technology to enhance urban living and operational efficiency. The city is equipped with an extensive fiber optic network, providing high-speed internet connectivity that supports smart city applications. Intelligent traffic management systems, smart street lighting, and integrated surveillance systems are deployed to improve safety, reduce energy consumption,Dholera international airport and manage urban mobility effectively.

The Internet of Things (IoT) plays a vital role in Dholera's smart infrastructure. Sensors and connected devices monitor and manage various city functions in real time, from energy usage to waste collection. This data-driven approach enables proactive maintenance, reduces operational costs, and enhances the overall quality of life for residents.

Green Spaces and Livability

Dholera SIR places a strong emphasis on creating green spaces and promoting a healthy living environment. Parks, gardens, and open spaces are strategically integrated into the urban landscape, providing residents with ample opportunities for recreation and relaxation.TATA semiconductor plant These green areas not only enhance the aesthetic appeal of the city but also contribute to environmental sustainability by improving air quality and supporting biodiversity.

The city's design also promotes walkability and the use of public transportation. Well-planned pedestrian pathways, cycling tracks, and an efficient public transport system reduce the reliance on private vehicles, thereby lowering greenhouse gas emissions and traffic congestion.

Economic and Social Impact

Dholera SIR is set to become a major economic driver, attracting investments from both domestic and international companies. The city's advanced infrastructure,Developers in Dholera strategic location, and investor-friendly policies create a conducive environment for business growth. Sectors such as manufacturing, logistics, information technology, and renewable energy are expected to thrive, generating employment opportunities and boosting the regional economy.

In addition to economic benefits, Dholera SIR aims to provide a high quality of life for its residents. Solar park in Dholera The city is planned with comprehensive social infrastructure, including educational institutions, healthcare facilities, and cultural centers. Quality housing, efficient public services, and modern amenities ensure a comfortable and convenient lifestyle for the city's diverse population.

Conclusion

Dholera SIR is pioneering a new model of sustainable urban development in India. Its blend of advanced technology, innovative planning, and commitment to environmental sustainability sets it apart as a future-ready city. As Dholera SIR continues to grow and evolve, it will serve as a blueprint for other urban centers in India and around the world, demonstrating that economic growth and environmental stewardship can go hand in hand.

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The Impact of Technology on the Environment

The industrial revolution has brought about new technologies with immense power. This was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States, in the period from about 1760 to 1840. This has been succeeded by continued industrialisation and further technological advancements in developed countries around the world, and the impact of this technology on the environment has included the misuse and damage of our natural earth.

Many of the technologies we use every day consume a lot more resources and power than they need to, and using and manufacturing them can create a mess. These technologies have damaged our world in two main ways; pollution and the depletion of natural resources.

1. Air and water pollution (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vP3pbh_-pu8)

 Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide and methane are introduced into the earth’s atmosphere. The main sources all relate to technologies which emerged following the industrial revolution such as the burning of fossil fuels, factories, power stations, mass agriculture and vehicles. The consequences of air pollution include negative health impacts for humans and animals and global warming, whereby the increased amount of greenhouse gases in the air trap thermal energy in the Earth’s atmosphere and cause the global temperature to rise.

Water pollution on the other hand is the contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater, usually due to human activities. Some of the most common water pollutants are domestic waste, industrial effluents and insecticides and pesticides. A specific example is the release of inadequately treated wastewater into natural water bodies, which can lead to degradation of aquatic ecosystems. Other detrimental effects include diseases such as typhoid and cholera, eutrophication and the destruction of ecosystems which negatively affects the food chain.

2. Depletion of natural resources (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TjAgr3Yzo5E)

Resource depletion is another negative impact of technology on the environment. It refers to the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished. Natural resources consist of those that are in existence without humans having created them and they can be either renewable or non-renewable. There are several types of resource depletion, with the most severe being aquifer depletion, deforestation, mining for fossil fuels and minerals, contamination of resources, soil erosion and overconsumption of resources. These mainly occur as a result of agriculture, mining, water usage and consumption of fossil fuels, all of which have been enabled by advancements in technology.

Due to the increasing global population, levels of natural resource degradation are also increasing. This has resulted in the estimation of the world’s eco-footprint to be one and a half times the ability of the earth to sustainably provide each individual with enough resources that meet their consumption levels. Since the industrial revolution, large-scale mineral and oil exploration has been increasing, causing more and more natural oil and mineral depletion. Combined with advancements in technology, development and research, the exploitation of minerals has become easier and humans are therefore digging deeper to access more which has led to many resources entering into a production decline.

Moreover, the consequence of deforestation has never been more severe, with the World Bank reporting that the net loss of global forest between 1990 and 2015 was 1.3 million km2. This is primarily for agricultural reasons but also logging for fuel and making space for residential areas, encouraged by increasing population pressure. Not only does this result in a loss of trees which are important as they remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, but thousands of plants and animals lose their natural habitats and have become extinct.

3.  Waste (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhdziTQRqHg)

Manufacturing technology creates large amounts of waste, and used computers and electronics get thrown out when they break or become outdated. Called "technotrash," these electronics contain all sorts of hazardous materials that are very unsafe for the environment. They need to be disposed of using special methods.

4.  Disrupting ecology (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOht6qmuG-k)

Clearing land where animals used to live to build factories and allowing pollution to contaminate the food chain can greatly affect the environment's natural cycles.

5.  Health hazards (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBK3PNZj52k)

Using toxic materials that can harm our health can cause cancer, and technology addiction can lead to other health problems like obesity and carpal tunnel syndrome.

Environmental Technology

Despite the negative impact of technology on environment, a recent rise in global concern for climate change has led to the development of new environmental technology aiming to help solve some of the biggest environmental concerns that we face as a society through a shift towards a more sustainable, low-carbon economy. Environmental technology is also known as ‘green’ or ‘clean’ technology and refers to the development of new technologies which aim to conserve, monitor or reduce the negative impact of technology on the environment and the consumption of resources.

The Paris agreement, signed in 2016, has obliged almost every country in the world to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change by keeping the rise in the global average temperature at less than 2°C above pre-industrial levels.

This section will focus on the positive impact of technology on the environment as a result of the development of environmental technology such as renewable energy, ‘smart technology’, electric vehicles and carbon dioxide removal.

Renewable energy

Renewable energy, also known as ‘clean energy’, is energy that is collected from renewable resources which are naturally replenished such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Modern environmental technology has enabled us to capture this naturally occurring energy and convert it into electricity or useful heat through devices such as solar panels, wind and water turbines, which reflects a highly positive impact of technology on the environment.

Having overtaken coal in 2015 to become our second largest generator of electricity, renewable sources currently produce more than 20% of the UK’s electricity, and EU targets means that this is likely to increase to 30% by 2020. While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable technologies are also suited to remote areas and developing countries, where energy is often crucial in human development.

The cost of renewable energy technologies such as solar panels and wind turbines are falling and government investment is on the rise. This has contributed towards the amount of rooftop solar installations in Australia growing from approximately 4,600 households to over 1.6 million between 2007 and 2017.

Smart technology

Smart home technology uses devices such as linking sensors and other appliances connected to the Internet of Things (IoT) that can be remotely monitored and programmed in order to be as energy efficient as possible and to respond to the needs of the users.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of internet-connected objects able to collect and exchange data using embedded sensor technologies. This data allows devices in the network to autonomously ‘make decisions’ based on real-time information. For example, intelligent lighting systems only illuminate areas that require it and a smart thermostat keeps homes at certain temperatures during certain times of day, therefore reducing wastage.

This environmental technology has been enabled by increased connectivity to the internet as a result of the increase in availability of WiFi, Bluetooth and smart sensors in buildings and cities. Experts are predicting that cities of the future will be places where every car, phone, air conditioner, light and more are interconnected, bringing about the concept of energy efficient ‘smart cities’.

Electric vehicles

The environmental technology of the electric vehicle is propelled by one or more electric motors, using energy stored in rechargeable batteries. Since 2008, there has been an increase in the manufacturing of electric vehicles due to the desire to reduce environmental concerns such as air pollution and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Electric vehicles demonstrate a positive impact of technology on the environment because they do not produce carbon emissions, which contribute towards the ‘greenhouse effect’ and leads to global warming. Furthermore, they do not contribute to air pollution, meaning they are cleaner and less harmful to human health, animals, plants, and water.

There have recently been several environmental technology government incentives encouraging plug-in vehicles, tax credits and subsidies to promote the introduction and adoption of electric vehicles. Electric vehicles could potentially be the way forward for a greener society because companies such as Bloomberg have predicted that they could become cheaper than petrol cars by 2024 and according to Nissan, there are now in fact more electric vehicle charging stations in the UK than fuel stations.

Direct Air Capture’ (DAC) – Environmental Technology removing Carbon from the atmosphere

For a slightly more ambitious technology to conclude with, the idea of pulling carbon dioxide directly out of the atmosphere has been circulating climate change mitigation research for years, however it has only recently been implemented and is still in the early stages of development.

The environmental technology is known as ‘Direct Air Capture’ (DAC) and is the process of capturing carbon dioxide directly from the ambient air and generating a concentrated stream of CO2 for sequestration or utilisation. The air is then pushed through a filter by many large fans, where CO2 is removed. It is thought that this technology can be used to manage emissions from distributed sources, such as exhaust fumes from cars. Full-scale DAC operations are able to absorb the equivalent amount of carbon to the annual emissions of 250,000 average cars.

Many argue that DAC is essential for climate change mitigation and that it can help reach the Paris Climate Agreement goals, as carbon dioxide in the air has been the main cause of the problem after all. However, the high cost of DAC currently means that it is not an option on a large scale and some believe that reliance on this technology would pose a risk as it may reduce emission reduction as people may be under the pretense that all of their emissions will simply be removed.

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Monitoring Energy in Residential Buildings with Building Information Modeling (BIM)

Managing building energy requirements precisely can garner an environment for construction professionals and project stakeholders to make well-informed decisions, and even leverage significant long-term benefits. A BEMS or Building Energy Management System is an efficient and modern technique to control and monitor energy flow or movements in a building. In this blog, we would be talking about residential buildings.

1.   Introduction (Why is it a big deal?)

Energy monitoring in a residential building includes various aspects viz. HVAC or Heating, Ventilation, & Air Conditioning. It also includes lighting or security systems. This is applicable for commercial and residential projects, but we would be concentrating on residential projects.

Every building has different energy consumption; some of the largest consumers of energy can be listed as residential and commercial buildings, but as residents stay indoors for a very long time in residential buildings, the consumption can be more, or even required for longer durations for greater sustainability.

Thus, building management systems are essential tools to control and manage the requirements of a building. Residential buildings do consume a lot of energy since it is a 24/7 infrastructure, thus, the power consumption is continuous.

The world energy consumption continues to grow, and residential energy consumption in the United States is calculated to be more than 25% of the total energy consumption. It has been calculated that 40% of building electricity expenditure comes from residential structures.

Residential appliances account for more than 30% of the energy consumption and contribute directly to Carbon Dioxide or CO2 emissions. Implementing a building energy management system can mitigate strong greenhouse emissions, control excess energy consumption, & reduce overhead costs.

The three most important aspects of residential energy monitoring would be

1. Reduction of building energy usage  

2. Reduction in electricity bills

3. Environment conservation without affecting living standards

2.   Optimizing  Energy Management with Monitoring

Energy monitoring facilitates energy management through automation systems. This can be achieved through monitoring of duty cycles to conserve load, monitor load management to regulate power consumption, schedule various start-stop systems for HVAC, and adopt real-time control of residential building systems.

Various emerging technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, and Building Monitoring Systems are changing the dynamics of how buildings are designed, built, and optimized. Smart residential buildings use cutting-edge technology to enhance occupant experience, sustain optimal performance levels, and reduce costs.

Residential Building Intelligence can be optimized whilst being –

Intelligent

Smart buildings can provide intelligent insights to make well-informed decisions. Real-time reporting through data garners significant insights on comparison and performance. This can make a system efficient and optimized for greater sustainability.

Feasible

A net positive approach can be achieved through building smart buildings that provide future sustainability through the right amount of demand and supply management of energy.  Being net positive makes a building create or conserve more energy rather than consume.

Flexible

Energy monitoring for residential buildings can be achieved through agile and dynamic work models viz. activity-based working, re-configuration, willingness to adapt to new technology, and changing technology requirements.

Experience

Residents can have greater control over the environment whilst creating a bespoke level of personal preference.

Productive

Smart efficient buildings facilitate better control over space and the environment. This creates better well-being and reduces health issues.

A multitude of technologies are deployed viz. smart sensors, Internet of Things (IoT), big data, state-of-the-art HVAC and lighting systems, etc. This creates an efficient and easy energy management system to garner greater control over the residential infrastructure.  

High volumes of data through sensors can be analyzed to derive actionable intelligence or building performance.  This allows faster diagnosis of errors or faults to save on cost and time.

Advanced security features consume lesser amounts of energy, these integrated into a residential building make life safer and easier for the occupants.

3.   Stakeholders

Deploying energy monitoring systems in residential buildings makes it easier for property owners, contractors, and facility managers to manage infrastructure through a simplistic approach. A robust energy monitoring system makes it easy for all the stakeholders to deploy during the modeling, construction, and management phase.

It all instills significant savings for the entire project – from planning, design, construction, and maintenance.  For building owners, an energy monitoring system can garner the following benefits viz.

Reduction in operating costs    

As energy systems use automated sensors and controls that regulate various elements like gas, water, and electricity, it creates a scenario wherein owners can leverage reduced operating costs throughout the entire project life cycle.

Faster fault detection

With faster fault detections or automatic notifications sent out to various stakeholders, it becomes easier to manage a residential building whilst analyzing data to determine system performance and maintenance post-construction.

Occupant Satisfaction

With efficient energy management, occupants staying in the building have a greater chance of leveraging a better life and sustainability. This creates a comfortable ecosystem in terms of enhanced air quality, thermal comfort, sanitation facilities, etc.

4.   Tools to monitor and analyze (IoT)

To find opportunities for improvement in a residential building, owners and facility managers are looking at deploying IoT on a full-scale basis. Sensors embedded in building systems can garner exceptional data insights for HVAC, lighting, and security systems.

The growth of smart buildings requires solutions such as IoT and big data to derive and make impactful decisions on energy monitoring and its use. Modular IoT embeds are low-cost solutions for medium-to-large residential projects that provide exponential long-term benefits in terms of analyzing plug loads, operating electrical systems and instruments, or managing AC systems.

With the growth of environmental concerns, building owners need to assess their energy requirements and devise a robust system to monitor and manage them as well.  Furthermore, as compliance grows more stringent, energy monitoring and facility managers need to be looked at as an important investment to optimize building operations through wireless & web-based solutions.

Building management systems will be in high demand considering better decision-making at every level of the building project.

Water Management

While the world looks at the water crisis as one of the major challenges, the AEC industry is looking at alternatives through green buildings for efficient consumption of water. To use water efficiently, new engineering processes and tools have been deployed for various residential structures.

Sustainable residential architecture is an integrated design that offers a comprehensive approach to sustainable water management and drainage systems design. This can significantly reduce the usage of water, and an efficient water system is designed through a cohesive system rather than an individual component working in silos.

The level of architectural design needs to improve to meet the growing demands of good living standards. Water supply and drainage are key aspects of a building, and they must be paid attention to. BIM has proved to be an excellent solution for collaborative and innovative design, with modern clash detection techniques water systems or pipelines can simulate the flow of water through a pipe for a specific space.

Applications of BIM for water supply management

Collaborative Design Structure

BIM uses 3D models that are information-rich and contain all the data of the water supply and drainage design. Various power consumption factors can be calculated, and as Revit is a parametric application, it is easy to update the 3D model whilst changes are made. This facilitates work simplification and collaborative efficiency of the project.  

Modern technology has the potential to detect pressure stresses in pipes and come up with an optimum solution to proactively adjust the water pressure. With intelligent sensors and IoT, water flow can be adjusted, and there reducing stresses in pipes. This in turn minimizes building and maintenance costs rendering long-term benefits for the building owner and residents as well.

Visual Advantage

With BIM and its tools, features such as height characteristics, architectural contours, and structures can be factored in and visually observed on a screen. This creates greater data capture and garners asset optimization. Designers and engineers are simulating rainwater harvesting using BIM methodologies and information databases.

Green Rating Systems

With the adoption of BIM on a global level, there have been various rating systems that have been set up for green building projects. These rating systems help mitigate confusion across the entire project lifecycle and augment coordination, measurement, and sustainability. This rating system can be termed as Leadership and Energy Design (LEED), Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), Building Environmental Assessment Method (BEAM), etc.

The application of LEED focuses on overall building performance to achieve green building design. Information in the form of measurements or numbers is factored in to assess water management performance.

BREEAM looks at the flow rate of water for various spaces viz. baths, dishwashers, washing machines, etc. This rating system can be used to monitor and manage water use.

Other BIM applications for water management  

International high-rise buildings have been built using BIM by designing a special kind of curtain wall that enhances water harvesting. Water catchment is one of the most important aspects whilst analyzing and managing water.

An efficient water system was designed using BIM and LEED, wherein the process was divided into 5 systems viz. LEED Strategy, BIM execution plan, conceptual design, detailed design, implementation, and documentation.

BIM can be applied at any stage of the building lifecycle, and this significantly reduces water consumption.

Solar Technology

Another important aspect of the modern green building would be the adoption of solar technology or photovoltaic cell that consumes 50% lesser electricity than traditional power systems. This is achieved due to innovative building design, highly efficient building materials, and technology.

Revit uses state-of-the-art energy analysis tools and features to calculate the amount of radiation that would be hitting a building or infrastructure. This helps architects, designers, and engineers plan and design the size of a window, position, etc. This data can be used to design a solar power system that is extremely efficient for the entire building and its occupants.

All this and more happens in a 3D model wherein each element and space is visible to all the stakeholders to make informed decisions. Models built in Revit can be exported to a dynamo for coding purposes and imported back to Revit. This generates intelligent insights & daylight simulations through automation and customization.

Built-in tools analyze solar power design to detailed panel layouts and their effects on the overall building performance. Using Dynamo, nodes can be generated to optimize, automate, and parameterize the solar power deployment.  

To Summarize

An efficient energy monitoring system has a myriad of benefits for its occupants and the environment as well. Energy monitoring for a residential project can significantly enhance the living quality for a resident, and provide huge benefits for owners and other stakeholders in terms of cost and time savings.

Moving into the future, energy monitoring systems would significantly cut down greenhouse gases and carbon footprints. Furthermore, the onset of technological advancements like big data, IoT, & AI will boost energy monitoring systems to the next level of performance and data analysis.

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Smart Farming, or the Future of Agriculture

We are a Ukraine-based company which means that our parents and grandparents lived in the era of infamous Soviet collective farms, where tractors were considered to be an ultimate technology. For them, a smart farm will sound like a fairy tale.

So let it be, a fairy tale of a smart farm.

First of all, what is a smart farm?

Smart Farming is a concept of farming management using modern Information and Communication Technologies to increase the quantity and quality of products.

Among the technologies available for present-day farmers there are

Sensing technologies, including soil scanning, water, light, humidity, temperature management;

Software applications — specialized software solutions that target specific farm types;

Communication technologies, such as cellular communication;

Positioning technologies, including GPS;

Hardware and software systems that enable IoT-based solutions, robotics and automation; and

Data analytics, that underlies the decision making and prediction processes.

Technologies involved in smart farming, according to Beecham Research

Armed with all possible tools, farmers can monitor the field conditions without even going to the field and make strategic decisions for the whole farm or for a single plant.

The driving force of the smart farming is the IoT — the concept of connected smart machines and sensors integrated on farms to make farming processes data-driven and data-enabled.

IoT-based farming cycle:

The core of the IoT is the data — and more data. To optimize the farming process, IoT devices installed on a farm should collect and process data in a repeated cycle that enables farmers to quickly react to emerging issues and changes in ambient conditions.

Observation — sensors record observational data from the crops, livestock, the soil or atmosphere.

Diagnostics — the sensor values are fed to specific software with predefined decision rules and models that ascertains the condition of the examined object and any deficiencies or needs.

Decisions — after issues are revealed, the software determines whether location-specific treatment is necessary and if so, which.

Implementation — the treatment needs to be performed by means of the correct operation of machines.

After evaluation, the cycle repeats from the beginning.

Applications of IoT in agriculture

It is believed that the IoT can add value to all areas of farming from growing crops to forestry. In this blogpost, we’ll talk about two big spheres where IoT systems can revolutionize agriculture: precision farming and farming automation/robotization.

Precision Farming

Precision farming, or precision agriculture, is an umbrella notion for IoT-based approaches that make farming more controlled and accurate. In simple words, plants and cattle get precisely the treatment they need, determined with great accuracy. The biggest difference from the classical approach is that precision farming allows decisions to be made per square meter or even per plant/animal rather than for a field.

By precisely measuring variations within a field, farmers can boost the effectiveness of pesticides and fertilizers, or use them selectively.

Precision Livestock Farming

Like in the case of precision agriculture, Smart Farming techniques, enable farmers to better monitor the needs of individual animals and adjust their nutrition correspondingly, thereby preventing disease and enhancing herd health.

Besides, large farm owners can use wireless IoT applications to monitor the location, well-being, and health of their cattle. With this information they can identify animals that are sick so they can be separated from the herd, and prevent the spread of disease.

Automation in Smart Greenhouses

Traditional greenhouses control the environmental parameters through manual intervention or a proportional control mechanism which often results in production loss, energy loss, and increased labor cost.

And IoT driven smart greenhouse intelligently monitors as well as controls the climate, eliminating the need for manual intervention. To do so, different sensors that measure the environmental parameters according to the plant requirement are used and store it in a cloud for further processing and control with minimal manual intervention.

Agricultural Drones

Agriculture is one of the major industries to incorporate both ground-based and aerial drones for crop health assessment, irrigation, crop monitoring, crop spraying, planting, soil and field analysis and other spheres.

Since drones collect multispectral, thermal, and visual imagery during the flight, the collected data provide farmers with insights into plant health indices, plant counting and yield prediction, plant height measurement, canopy cover mapping, field water ponding mapping, scouting reports, stockpile measuring, chlorophyll measurement, nitrogen content in wheat, drainage mapping, weed pressure mapping, and so on.

Importantly, IoT-based smart farming targets not only large-scale farming operations, but can also add value to growing trends in agriculture like organic farming, family farming, including breeding particular cattle and/or growing specific cultures, preservation of particular or high quality varieties etc., and enhance highly transparent farming to consumers, society and market consciousness.

Internet of food and farm 2020

If we have the Internet of Things and the Internet of Medical Things, why not have one for food? The European Commission project Internet of Food and Farm 2020 (IoF2020), a part of Horizon 2020 Industrial Leadership, explores through research and regular conferences the potential of IoT technologies for the European food and farming industry.

It is believed that the potential of a smart web of sensors, actuators, cameras, robots, drones, and other connected devices brings an unprecedented level of control and automated decision-making and makes it possible to build a lasting innovative ecosystem.

Third Green Revolution

Smart Farming and IoT-driven agriculture pave the way for what can be called a Third Green Revolution.

Following the plant breeding and genetics revolutions, the Third Green Revolution is taking over the agriculture based upon the combined application of Information and Communication Technologies such as precision equipment, the Internet of Things, sensors and actuators, geo-positioning systems, Big Data, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs, drones), robotics, etc.

In the future depicted by this revolution, pesticide and fertilizer use will drop while overall efficiency will be optimized. IoT technologies will enable better traceability of food which in turn will lead to increased food safety. It will also be beneficial for the environment, for example, through more efficient use of water, or optimization of treatments and inputs.

Therefore, Smart Farming has a real potential to deliver a more productive and sustainable agricultural production, based on a more precise and resource-efficient approach. New farms will finally realize the eternal dream of the mankind and feed our growing population that may reach 9.6 billion by 2050.

[netmetic]

Optimizing Public Transport in Smart Cities with Event-Driven Architecture

With more and more Internet of Things (IoT) devices entering the market daily, it’s getting easier and easier to capture interesting data from the sensors and control systems involved with running a modern city. Low Energy Bluetooth (LEB) devices, GPS, near-field communication, mobile apps, streaming apps — data comes from everywhere today, and cities are generating data at a rapidly increasing rate. Smart cities use this data to enhance the quality of life for their citizens, and there’s no better example than when you apply a “smart city” mindset to public transportation systems.

By optimizing your public transport systems you can help citizens get where they’re going more quickly by reducing congestion on roadways and intelligently allocating and routing buses to areas with more travelers. That means locals, visitors and workers spend less time in transit and more time enjoying your city, successfully completing errands or getting to and from work.

Finally, smarter transportation can reduce environmental impact. The EPA has found that investing in public transport and other types of transportation can lower greenhouse gas emissions. Considering that in 2017 the transportation sector represented the largest source of emissions from fossil fuel combustion, this is a significant win.

A Tale of Two Smart Cities: One with Smart Public Transport, One Without

Smart public transport may be the most important element of smart city planning because it affects everyone. All citizens and visitors need to get from one place to another, quickly and safely, and in today’s densely populated cities that means public transport.

In cities with smart public transport, people waiting at a bus stop know their bus will be on time because they get alerts about estimated arrival times. They may or may not know that their city’s department of transportation automatically deploys more buses when necessary, staggers arrival times to avoid “bus bunching,” and keeps buses on the go by continuously analyzing sensor data and proactively fixing things before they take a bus out of service.

Contrast this with a city not using data to make public transport more efficient — people will wait for a bus, worrying that it won’t arrive on time to get them to work, a doctor’s appointment, or a job interview. Data from the sensors on the buses would be stored in databases and analyzed in batches after-the-fact, preventing the DoT from dynamically re-routing buses or proactively fixing buses before they fail.

This seems like a no-brainer, doesn’t it? So what’s holding back progress on smart city public transport initiatives? Why are cities slow to implement this service? The answer is different in every city, unfortunately. In some cities, budget is the issue. In others, bureaucracy or lack of voter conviction stand in the way.

The good news, however, is that technology like ours is reducing the cost and difficulty of implementing smart public transport, making it easier to overcome financial and political barriers. The opportunity is available for cities willing to move forward with smart city public transport initiatives — even with the remaining challenges to face.

Bringing Public Transport Online: Challenges a City May Face

Unfortunately, the best way to enable smart public transport in cities isn’t as easy as equipping buses with sensors and collecting data. Nor is it as easy as equipping bus stops with other sensors to send a signal when the bus arrives.

Many well-intentioned city planners or CTOs unwittingly create silos when trying to implement smart transport systems without the use of event streaming.

Let’s look at an example.

A fleet of buses is connected over 4G and equipped with 30 sensors to monitor speed, fuel efficiency, etc. Now, city officials want to measure the average speed of a route in order to gauge efficiency. It is one of the leading indicators of congestion management in a city.

Previously, this would have been handled via a REST call into a back-end system, with the data being written into a database. If you want to know the speed every second or every minute for all the buses in a city, how often are you going to poll for that information? The more often you poll the database, the slower it will be, and you could even impact your ability to write to it. So, it becomes an expensive matter of how many database licenses you can afford, instead of dealing with the matter at hand – how can we set up the system so we don’t rely on this type of integration?

The answer is event-driven architecture and an event mesh.

Event-Driven IoT and the Benefits of an Event Mesh

In keeping track of vehicles in-route and transit demand, many events occur per second. The timely processing of this information is critical to successfully operating a smart city transport service. In addition, any system downtime will result in significant loss of data — hindering your ability to operate at the capacity you need.

The most innovative smart cities are relying on event-driven architecture to solve these challenges. Event-driven architecture is designed to capture and distribute digital events, and it enables cities to better respond to and capitalize on events as they happen, instead of after they happen.

With event-driven architecture, you’re able to create a modular framework for your data to be processed in a stream, which will allow multiple organizations within your city to utilize data for their use case — from traffic lights to parking meters.

Instead of relying on polling, a network of event brokers – called an event mesh – can be used to publish data as it happens to the systems that subscribe to certain types (topics) of events.

The best part? When another project comes around that could benefit from the bus data, it can get a free, filtered stream of whatever information it needs. This means that as bus stop displays are upgraded, they can get a real-time stream of reliable status updates, as can new commuter apps.

The event mesh also offers guaranteed delivery burst-handling. Rather than being bombarded with the firehose of data from all the buses that are online, the database or system of record can get a copy of the data in a buffered manner. The inflow of data is throttled to the underlying systems, which is much more efficient and controlled.

Smart City Public Transport Case in Point: Singapore

With minimal land area and a growing population, Singapore’s government knew that transportation was becoming a bigger and bigger issue. The Intelligent Transport System (ITS) was a recent solution to this growing problem.

As part of the ITS initiative, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) of Singapore built one of the world’s first Electronic Road Pricing systems (ERPs) with event-driven architecture at its core. In this system, vehicles are equipped with onboard devices that leverage GPS to transmit real-time position, speed, and more. With this information, the LTA is able to implement real-time road tolling as well as finer-grained road pricing. Drivers are also able to receive real-time alerts to notify them of congestion, as well as suggestions of alternate routes to avoid tolling.

Bringing it back to average road speed for a second, it should be noted that Singapore is now one of the least congested major cities, with an average vehicle speed of 27km/h on main roads (compare this to 16km/h in London).

In 2020, the ITS system will extend to Singapore’s large bus fleet. The city plans to introduce autonomous buses that will reduce passenger density and improve bus punctuality.

Read more about Singapore’s Smart City Revolution and upcoming ERP.

Making Your Smart City Public Transport Efficient with Event-Driven Architecture – A Summary

Your public transport system is already producing millions of data points for you, and one of the greatest opportunities your city has today is to harness this data for smarter transportation infrastructure.

In a smart city, the amount of data generated per second can be staggering. You’ll need a system that can handle the magnitude of information coming in from the millions of events happening all over the city per day, while providing processes for citizen privacy. This is especially true for public transport.

In a world where city populations (and traffic) are growing, a smart transportation initiative based on event-driven architecture and powered by an event mesh is the best way to manage your public transport system.

Our event-driven solution is already helping leaders of smart public transport initiatives build the necessary event-driven architecture to carry them into a brighter future.

Looking Beyond Smart Public Transport

All of the IoT data that your city produces from sensors, apps and GPS becomes infinitely more usable when treated as events. An event mesh enables you to manage the events across multiple industries (transportation, energy, security, health services) and environments (hybrid cloud, multi-cloud, on-premises, and IoT).

By enhancing the system using a publish-subscribe event streaming and management platform, you’re able to manage the event volume that your city generates and organize it in a way that can be used safely by the entire city – not just one department (i.e. public transport). It’s scalable, reliable, and with its clustering features, downtime is significantly reduced.

The multiple event brokers in an event mesh automatically stream the events to subscriber systems to do everything from re-routing buses to instantly updating bus displays to give travelers accurate information. Information goes from where it’s happening to where it needs to be so the right actions can be taken.

In the near future, smart cities will become the go-to destination for modern citizens looking for best-in-class services and communities. Smart cities will benefit from the available data of their populace and, in turn, citizens will become active participants in improving their cities.

The post Optimizing Public Transport in Smart Cities with Event-Driven Architecture appeared first on Solace.

Optimizing Public Transport in Smart Cities with Event-Driven Architecture published first on https://jiohow.tumblr.com/

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IoT and Smart Cities

New Post has been published on https://lanpdt.com/iot-and-smart-cities/

IoT and Smart Cities

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IoT and Smart Cities:

Why Small Cities in the USA Need to Seriously Consider Such Implementation

Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interconnected computing devices, machines (mechanical and digital) and objects provided with unique identifiers and the possibility for each member to transfer data over a network. Increasingly, there are so many examples of IoT already present, that can be seen everywhere: transportation, healthcare, business, security, energy and much more. However, constructing an IoT system is a complex and expensive task.

IoT system has 4 main components and each of them is equally crucial for overall functioning. The first components are sensors or devices (cameras, microphones, different types of readers, etc.), responsible for collecting data. Some devices, such as a smartphone, can have multiple sensors. Next step is to transfer collected data to the cloud by using a certain medium in real time. Connectivity (second component) between sensors and cloud can be done through various ways of communication such as cellular or satellite networks, Bluetooth, Wi-fi and others. Once the data is collected in the cloud it is time for the third component, data processing. This step can be simple, such as temperature or humidity range checking, or very complex in some cases due to combining smart system with engineering and computer science. For example, when real-time object recognition is involved there are problems in application algorithms designing which demands serious study development. Last component, user interface, can be achieved by triggering alarms, sending e-mails and messages or any similar way of presenting information to the end-user.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_single_image image=”11665″ alignment=”center” img_size=”1280×833″][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]There is a long list of smart devices, equipped with processors and sensors, capable to collect and exchange data and act upon it. Human interaction can be minimal, in the form of resetting, monitoring, and analyzing. Taking into consideration how many possibilities there are it’s no surprise that the idea of Smart Cities found its fertile ground in IoT.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]

US Smart Cities initiative

Big cities are growing rapidly, generating over 65 percent of global greenhouse emission, and are forced to urgently fix this and problems with transportation and energy infrastructure, water and waste management or urban design. Small cities have other things on their mind since they usually don’t have enough resources or staff for the fast implementations of the modernization projects. So, they have to look for opportunities and grab every chance they get to upgrade. Big or small, cities have to find ways to speed up the reform in order to avoid chaos in public service. The obvious solution to all these problems was introducing the Smart City concept.

Smart City is an urban area that uses technologies to improve functioning. The idea behind Smart City initiative was to use technology whenever and wherever it is possible, in order to organize public service activities and make them smooth, economical and eco-friendly. The three major goals were to improve citizens’ quality of life, business conditions, and environmental sustainability. But, the crucial problem was to find the technology with the ability to cover all the bases.  

The system capable to make a city “smart” and meet all the requirements actually is an IoT system. By introducing this technology, cities will be able to digitize and gather valuable information, create smart infrastructure, buildings, properties, and industrial environment, and integrate government services into one system.  But first, there are some implementation challenges and other obstacles to overcome, such as connectivity and digital infrastructure. Obviously, cities have to invest in loT. Here, we are facing yet again the small cities’ problem, how to find resources.

According to Cedar Rapids, IA case, it can be done. This city with a current population of 128,829 citizens was devastated by floods and tornadoes in 2008 but managed to bounce back in style. Based on Livability.com “2019 Top 100 best places to live”, among 1000 examined cities Cedar Rapids is currently taking 50th place.  The city government has worked with state and local partners in order to implement strategies for smart growth, especially with community-oriented projects on developing public transportation and healthcare. Their latest achievement in collaboration with company Passport Parking is introducing a mobile application that allows users to pay for parking from their smartphones. 

Small and Smart – with IoT

Every city has a different budget and priorities, and although it might seem like a good opportunity to use templates, it usually isn’t. One thing remains the same in every city: citizens expect better services and responsiveness from their local governments, at the same cost. In order to achieve that, small and medium-size cities have to base their work on several points: focusing on local problems, optimizing investment capacity, using commercial models from the private sector and exchanging knowledge and template solutions with other small cities, when and where possible.

The most common area in which IoT has been implemented in small cities, to improve neighborhood safety is video surveillance, which allows police to monitor large city areas, detect crime and respond to these and other incidences on time and with less police force. Strategically situated cameras and sensors can record any suspicious activity on high-resolution security footage and even use face recognition if necessary. IoT combined with telematics has been used to help to monitor the roads and vehicles with automatic license plate recognition, changing driving habits with video and audio notifications, and avoiding accidents with vehicle-in-reverse detection, and collision avoidance system.

Intelligent street lighting was another IoT initiative that can help make substantial energy savings for small cities. The outdated ways of keeping the roads and sidewalks safe were replaced by LED street lighting with network connectivity, remote intelligent control and communication features. Among other characteristics, this adaptive system can automatically adjust light levels or turn the lights on/off in some less populated city areas due to a lack of people on the streets, all based on sensor collected data.

Another effective use of technology highly recommended and praised is in waste management. IoT applications with information received in real-time can rearrange garbage truck routes, modernize waste collecting with sensor-enabled bins and raise environmental sustainability to the whole new level with smart waste bins capable of identifying and sorting waste into categories. Small cities can find it useful for their waste management budgets to be able to save on fuel, engage less labor force and protect the environment, at the same time.

IoT can also be used to improve the work of utilities, such as water supply for example. In Cary, N.C. (estimated population 164,000 citizens) city officials took an opportunity to implement Smart City initiative to benefit both citizens and the community.  Instead of just replacing old with new water meters, they invested in water supply monitoring system which enabled better control of water usage for city residents by setting alerts. With the same system, the city can pinpoint leaks and prevent floods and water wasting.

These are only a few of many ways how IoT system can be customized to benefit small cities. Some could argue that IoT system is too focused on technology and only helps authorities to monitor citizens while watching over infrastructure. To others, it seems more focused on the citizen’s interest, than on technology. One way or another, small cities do not have other choices but to focus on IoT systems, while balancing with privacy and efficacy.

References:

Calum McClelland, 2017 – IoT explained – How Does an IoT System Actually Work?

https://medium.com/iotforall/iot-explained-how-does-an-iot-system-actually-work-e90e2c435fe7

Tyler Falk, 2011 – UN: Cities contribute 70 percent of global greenhouse-gas emissions

https://www.zdnet.com/article/un-cities-contribute-70-percent-of-global-greenhouse-gas-emissions/

IoT for all, 2018 – IoT and Smart Cities — the State of Play Globally

https://www.iotforall.com/smart-cities-globally/

Cedar Rapids IA – official website

http://www.cedar-rapids.org/discover_cedar_rapids/about_us/index.php

Livability, 2019 Top 100 best places to live

https://livability.com/best-places/top-100-best-places-to-live/2019/ia/cedar-rapids

Town of Cary – Official Website

https://www.townofcary.org/services-publications/water-sewer/water/aquastar/how-to-use-aquastar/setting-alerts[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row]

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iot based projects ece 2018 2019

S.No. iot projects Code PROJECT TITLES (2018-2019) 1 IOT_001 IOT and E Glove based nurse calling system 2 IOT_002 Evidence Collection In Car Using Android Phone Application Along With IOT 3 IOT_003 IOT-Intelligent Smart Traffic Management for Ambulance using RFID 4 IOT_004 IOT-HIVE Home Automation System for Intrusion Detection 5 IOT_005 IOT – ChargeItSpot 6 IOT_006 IOT - Web Laboratory- Remote Virtual Lab Access With Graph Generation. 7 IOT_007 IOT - Bellandur Lake - Analysis and Metering of Industrial Waste Water. 8 IOT_008 IoT based Refrigerator, Storage room and FMCG products stock monitoring with Email alert of Purchase Order 9 IOT_009 Intelligent Anti-Theft Tracking and Accident Detection System for Automobiles Based on IOT 10 IOT_010 IOT-Electricity Energy Unit limits Per Sqft Land – Resource management responsibility per family 11 IOT_011 IOT_Airport Baggage Conveyor and Voice notification using Android Technology 12 IOT_012 IOT Based Underground Cable Fault Detection 13 IOT_013 IOT Based Automated Waste Segregator 14 IOT_014 IOT Ayurvedic Medicine Beetel Leaf Vine Cultivation using IOT & Wireless Sensor Network 15 IOT_015 IOT – NAVGUIDE - Electric Aid For Visually Impaired People 16 IOT_016 IOT - Mobility Assistance Trainer For Visually Impaired 17 IOT_017 Cotton Flucker And Fabric For Irrigation And Farm Monitoring 18 IOT_018 PI3 - Blocked Driveway - Supportive Aid For Parked Car Blocked 19 IOT_019 IOT V2I Communication – Rescue Time 20 IOT_020 IOT - SRE - Semantic Rules Engine for the Industrial Gateways 21 IOT_021 IOT V2I Communication - RSU Unit for Persistent Traffic Measurement 22 IOT_022 IOT - Safe Drive - Dangerous Driving Recognition of Delivery Boys 23 IOT_023 IOT Wearable - Municipal Crews in Secure with Smart Wea 24 IOT_024 IOT – Smart Urban Data Logger – Environment and Garbage 25 IOT_025 IOT - Distributed Strategy for Emergency Ambulance Routing 26 IOT_026 IOT_ High security prison management 27 IOT_027 IOT - Prisoner posture Analysis and Behaviour 28 IOT_028 IOT Based Remote Virtual Lab Industrial Automation using Cloud Server 29 IOT_029 Gesture Based Billing Trolley For Shopping Malls Using RFID 30 IOT_030 Monthly Grocery Distribution System based on Family Members Count using RFID 31 IOT_031 Mind wave based robot control and home automation 32 IOT_032 An IOT Based Agriculture Application for Data Monitoring Based on Embedded and MATLAB Image Processing 33 IOT_033 IOT - Node MCU based real time data logger for monitoring weather for agricultural purpose 34 IOT_034 IOT – Smart Parking System through Website Reservation 35 IOT_035 IOT - Smart Socket for Residence with AWS 36 IOT_036 IOT Based Smart Talking Energy Meter 37 IOT_037 Smart Soil Testing System For Farmers 38 IOT_038 Wearable Device - Talking Medical Instrument. 39 IOT_039 IOT-Industrial Breath Exhale 40 IOT_040 IOT Based Smart Geyser Automation wrt Environment Condition to Save Electricity 41 IOT_041 IOT based Novel Low-Cost Sensor for Human Bite Force Measurement 42 IOT_042 IOT - Smart Seating Management in Public Bus Transportation using IoT and Embedded system 43 IOT_043 IOT- Industrial CAN Analyzer For Production QC 44 IOT_044 IOT based Smart Greenhouse 45 IOT_045 Dynamic Solid Waste Collection and Management 46 IOT_046 IOT_Airport Baggage Conveyor and Voice notification using Android Technology 47 IOT_047 IOT Based Underground Cable Fault Detection 48 IOT_048 IOT-An Internet-of-Things Enabled Connected Navigation System for Urban Bus Riders 49 IOT_049 Micro service-based IoT for Smart Buildings 50 IOT_050 IOT based irrigation system with without internet and pump set control with status notification 51 IOT_051 IOT Aadhaar Card based Biometrics Electronic Voting System with Embedded Security Along With Remote Access 53 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 r 64 65 67 69 71 72 73 74 52 IOT_052 IOT-HIVE Home Automation System for Intrusion Detection 53 IOT_053 IOT - Wearable Device - Based Automatic Patient Health Care System 54 IOT_054 IOT - Camcorder piracy - Aadhaar Based Anti-Piracy Screen 55 IOT_055 IOT - Evidence Collection in Automotive Industry for Legal Claim 56 IOT_056 IOT – CLCTO – Co-operative Logistics Cargo Transport Optimization 57 IOT_057 IOT - Web Laboratory- Remote Virtual Lab Access With Graph Generation. 58 IOT_058 IOT Based Air and Noise Pollution Monitoring in Urban and Rural Areas, Important Zones 59 IOT_059 IOT-Intelligent Smart Traffic Management for Ambulance using RFID 60 IOT_060 IOT - Where’s The Bear- Automating Wildlife Image Processing Using IOT 61 IOT_061 IOT - ER Lock - Intelligent Anti-Theft Tracking and Accident Detection System for Automobiles Based on IOT 62 IOT_062 IOT - Child Safety Wearable Device 63 IOT_063 IOT - Smart Refrigerator 64 IOT_064 IOT - Leaf Lattice and Smart Agriculture 65 IOT_065 IOT - Aadhar Card based Biometrics Electronic Voting System with Embedded Security Along With Remote Access 66 IOT_066 IOT based flood crop loss assessment and smart security 67 IOT_067 A Wireless IoT System Towards Gait Detection in Stroke Patients 68 IOT_068 IOT base Smart Home Appliances by using Cloud Intelligent Tetris Switch 69 IOT_069 An IoT Based Remote HRV Monitoring System for Hypertensive Patients 70 IOT_070 Smart Crossing System using IoT 71 IOT_071 IOT-Electricity Energy Unit limits Per Sqft Land – Resource management responsibility per family 72 IOT_072 IOT based Garbage and Street Light Monitoring System 73 IOT_073 IoT & Android based On-Street and Off-Street Parking Availability Prediction & Space Reservation 74 IOT_074 IOT Based Monitoring and Smart Planning of Urban Solid Waste Management 75 IOT_075 IOT - Residence Energy Control System Based On Wireless Smart Socket And IOT 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 76 IOT_076 IoT Based Monitoring and Smart Planning of Urban Solid Waste Management 77 IOT_077 IOT, GPRS & Raspberry PI Based Global Industrial Process Monitoring Through Wireless Communication 78 IOT_078 IOT Based Multi Function War Assistance Robot 79 IOT_079 IOT - RECoS – Smart Socket for Electric Vehicle, Washing Machine, Geyser Energy Control 80 IOT_080 IOT and ARM based drug remainder for patients

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Study Reveals Climate Change is Occurring at an Increased Pace web design

www.inhandnetworks.com

The top map shows global temperatures in the late 21st century, based on current warming trends. The bottom map illustrates the velocity of climate change, or how far species in any given area will need to migrate by the end of the 21 Industrial VPN router  st century to experience climate similar to present. Courtesy of Stanford University

According to scientists at Stanford University, climate change is on pace to occur 10 times faster than any change recorded in past 65 million years.

The planet is undergoing one of the largest changes in climate since the dinosaurs went extinct. But what might be even more troubling for humans, plants and animals is the speed of the change. Stanford climate scientists warn that the likely rate of change over the next century will be at least 10 times quicker than any climate shift in the past 65 million years.

If the trend continues at its current rapid pace, it will place significant stress on terrestrial ecosystems around the world, and many species will need to make behavioral, evolutionary or geographic adaptations to survive.

Although some of the changes the planet will experience in the next few decades are already “baked into the system,” how different the climate looks at the end of the 21st century will depend largely on how humans respond.

The findings come from a review of climate research by Noah Diffenbaugh, an a inhand networks ssociate professor of environmental Earth system science, and Chris Field, a professor of biology and of environmental Earth system science and the director of the Department of Global Ecology at the Carnegie Institution. The work is part of a special report on climate change in the current issue of Science.

Diffenbaugh and Field, b vending telemetry  oth senior fellows at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, conducted the targeted but broad review of scientific literature on aspects of climate change that can affect ecosystems, and investigated how recent observations and projections for the next century compare to past events in Earth’s history.

For instance, the planet experienced a 5 degree Celsius hike in temperature 20,000 years ago, as Earth emerged from the last ice age. This is a change comparable to the high-end of the projections for warming over the 20th and 21st centuries.

The geologic record shows that, 20,000 years ago, as the ice sheet that covered much of North America receded northward, plants and animals recolonized areas that had been under ice. As the climate continued to warm, those plants and animals moved northward, to cooler climes.

“We know from past changes that ecosystems have responded to a few degrees of global temperature change over thousands of years,” said Diffenbaugh. “But the unprecedented trajectory that we’re on now is forcing that change to occur over decades. That’s orders of magnitude faster, and we’re already seeing that some species are challenged by that rate of change.”

Some of the strongest evidence for how the global climate system responds to high levels of carbon dioxide comes from paleoclimate studies. Fifty-five million years ago, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was elevated to a level comparable to today. The Arctic Ocean did not have ice in the summer, and nearby land was warm enough to support alligators and palm trees.

“There are two key differences for ecosystems in the coming decades compared with the geologic past,” Diffenbaugh said. “One is the rapid pace of modern climate change. The other is that today there are multiple human stressors that were not present 55 million years ago, such as urbanization and air and water pollution.”

Record-setting heat

Diffenbaugh and Field also reviewed results from two-dozen climate models to describe possible climate outcomes from present day to the end of the century. In general, extreme weather events, such as heat waves and heavy rainfall, are expected to become more severe and more frequent.

For example, the researchers note that, with continued emissions of greenhouse gases at the high end of the scenarios, annual temperatures over North America, Europe and East Asia will increase 2-4 degrees C by 2046-2065. With that amount of warming, the hottest summer of the last 20 years is expected to occur every other year, or even more frequently.

By the end of the century, should the current emissions of greenhouse gases remain unchecked, temperatures over the northern hemisphere will tip 5-6 degrees C warmer than today’s averages. In this case, the hottest summer of the last 20 years becomes the new annual norm.

“It’s not easy to intuit the exact impact from annual temperatures warming by 6 C,” Diffenbaugh said. “But this would present a novel climate for most land areas. Given the impacts those kinds of seasons currently have on terrestrial forests, agriculture and human health, we’ll likely see substantial stress from severely hot conditions.”

The scientists also projected the velocity of climate change, defined as the distance per year that species of plants and animals would need to migrate to live in annual temperatures similar to current conditions. Around the world, including much of the United States, species face needing to move toward the poles or higher in the mountains by at least one kilometer per year. Many parts of the world face much larger changes.

The human element

Some climate changes will be unavoidable, because humans have already emitted greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, and the atmosphere and oceans have already been heated.

“There is already some inertia in place,” Diffenbaugh said. “If every new power plant or factory in the world produced zero emissions, we’d still see impact from the existing infrastructure, and from gases already released.”

The more dramatic changes that could occur by the end of the century, however, are not written in stone. There are many human variables at play that could slow the pace and magnitude of change – or accelerate it.

Consider the 2.5 billion people who lack access to modern energy resources. This energy poverty means they lack fundamental benefits for illumination, cooking and transportation, and they’re more susceptible to extreme weather disasters. Increased energy access will improve their quality of life – and in some cases their chances of survival – but will increase global energy consumption and possibly hasten warming.

Diffenbaugh said that the range of climate projections offered in the report can inform decision-makers about the risks that different levels of climate change pose for ecosystems.

“There’s no question that a climate in which every summer is hotter than the hottest of the last 20 years poses real risks for ecosystems across the globe,” Diffenbaugh said. “However, there are opportunities to decrease those risks, while also ensuring access to the benefits of energy consumption.”

Publication: Noah S. Diffenbaugh and Christopher B. Field, “Changes in Ecologically Critical Terrestrial Climate Conditions,” Science 2 August 2013: Vol. 341 no. 6145 pp. 486-492; DOI: 10.1126/science.1237123

Image: Stanford University

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Smart Lighting Market Is Rising Significantly From A Variety Of Industries

Market Highlights:

Energy conservation and greenhouse emissions are among the top most concerns across the globe and Smart Lighting system comes as solutions, by providing user-friendly, Eco Friendly, Cost-effective, and Energy efficient systems. Smart Lighting Systems are anticipated for increased and vast application in day to day life and thus Smart Lighting Systems market is estimated for a remarkable growth in the upcoming years.

The global smart lighting market is all set to shape up for a transformation in the recent future. This transformation will be attributed by the evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) since IoT enables easy monitoring and control enabling energy efficiency; manufacturers have started using semiconductors in place of wires and gas to power smart lighting systems.  The constantly increasing energy prices and a rise in the demand for energy will drive the need for smart lighting systems.

According to a recent study report published by the Market Research Future, the global smart lighting market is expected to grow at a phenomenal rate of CAGR during 2017 -2027.                                                Smart Lighting Market growth is propelled by the growing awareness about environment benefits of energy efficiency, rising and improving wireless communication technology and growing investment in smart home & cities market among others.

Request a Sample report @ https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/sample_request/991.

Some of the prominent players in the global smart lighting market: Koninklijke Philips N.V. (Netherland), Osram GmbH (Germany), Lutron Electronics Co. Inc. (U.S.), Legrand S.A. (France), Daintree Networks (U.S.), Bridgelux (U.S.), Echelon Corporation (U.S.), Streetlight Vision (France), Zumtobel (Austria), and Honeywell (U.S) among others.

Technological advancements, intelligent control systems with features of automated daylight/natural light control, color, temperature, occupancy, and movement among the other parameters would increase opportunities for players in the market. Hence the players of the market are increasingly investing in R&D to develop advanced smart Lighting concepts for enhancing building integration and also on developing emitter systems that have a longer lifetime.

Market Synopsis and Scenario

The global Smart Lighting Market is highly fragmented with the presence of several large and small players operating in the market. Though the well-established large companies have a larger presence in international markets as well, the emergence of several newcomers will still give them a tough competition. Large vendors such as OSRAM and Philips are splitting their businesses into several units to provide greater flexibility in adapting to new markets. Similarly, the trend of collaboration is also being followed for example; Vodafone has announced in March 2016 about its agreement to become an IOT managed partner with Philips. The two companies get agreed to implement smart street lighting system in the market.

The development of smart cities is one of the major trends that will gain traction in the market in the next four years. Smart lighting is an important aspect for constructing smart cities as it helps conserve energy and assists in reducing operational costs. Several governments across the world have started investing in smart city projects and are adopting smart solutions such as smart street lighting, smart grids, urban mobility, and smart parking.

Access Report Details @ https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/smart-lighting-market-991

Regional Analysis

Europe dominated the Global Smart Lighting Market with the largest market share due to increasing disposition of smart lighting in commercial, infrastructural and industrial sectors in the region, and therefore accounting for a huge market  and is expected to grow over previous growth records by 2027. Smart Lighting Market in North America market is expected to grow at a significant rate of CAGR by 2027. The Asia-Pacific market for Smart Lighting Market is expected to grow at a considerable rate of CAGR (2017-2027).

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An IoT-based smart lighting and environment monitoring system uses sensors and connected devices to collect and analyze data about the environment and lighting | An IoT-based Smart Environment Monitoring System | Smart Lighting and Internet of Things | IoT Smart Lighting Systems: Future of Energy Efficiency | Environmental monitoring system using IoT project report | Design IoT mesh enabled environment monitoring device | IoT environmental monitoring PPT | IoT in environmental protection | IoT projects for environment | Environmental monitoring project.***********************************************************If You Want To Purchase the Full Working Project KITMail Us: svsembedded@gmail.comTitle Name Along With You-Tube Video LinkWe are Located at Telangana, Hyderabad, Boduppal. Project Changes also Made according to Student Requirementshttp://svsembedded.com/                  https://www.svskits.in/ http://svsembedded.in/                  http://www.svskit.com/M1: 91 9491535690                  M2: 91 7842358459 We Will Send Working Model Project KIT through DTDC / DHL / Blue Dart / First Flight Courier ServiceWe Will Provide Project Soft Data through Google Drive1. Project Abstract / Synopsis 2. Project Related Datasheets of Each Component3. Project Sample Report / Documentation4. Project Kit Circuit / Schematic Diagram 5. Project Kit Working Software Code6. Project Related Software Compilers7. Project Related Sample PPT’s8. Project Kit Photos9. Project Kit Working Video linksLatest Projects with Year Wise YouTube video Links157 Projects  https://svsembedded.com/ieee_2022.php135 Projects  https://svsembedded.com/ieee_2021.php 151 Projects  https://svsembedded.com/ieee_2020.php103 Projects  https://svsembedded.com/ieee_2019.php61 Projects    https://svsembedded.com/ieee_2018.php171 Projects  https://svsembedded.com/ieee_2017.php170 Projects  https://svsembedded.com/ieee_2016.php67 Projects    https://svsembedded.com/ieee_2015.php55 Projects    https://svsembedded.com/ieee_2014.php43 Projects    https://svsembedded.com/ieee_2013.php1100 Projects https://www.svskit.com/2022/02/900-pr...***********************************************************1. An IoT Based Real-Time Environmental Monitoring System,2. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT,3. Arduino Environmental Monitoring - Arduino Project Hub,4. Design of an IoT based Real Time Environment Monitoring,5. IOT Based Environmental Monitoring System using Arduino,6. IoT Based Environment Monitoring Robotic with an Arduino,7. IOT based environmental pollution monitoring system – IRJET,8. IOT Based Smart Environmental Monitoring Using Arduino,9. Smart Environmental Monitoring through Internet of Things,10. A Novel Environmental Monitoring System for Real Time using,11. IoT Based Energy Efficient Environmental Monitoring Alerting,12. IoT based Temperature and Humidity Controlling using,13. Advances in Smart Environment Monitoring Systems Using,14. IoT Empowered Real Time Environment Monitoring System,15. An IOT Based Environmental Monitoring System,16. Arduino Environmental Monitoring System using Grove,17. IOT BASED ENVIRONMENTAL WEATHER MONITORING ,18. IoT Based Humidity and Temperature Monitoring Using ,19. An inexpensive environmental monitoring system with IoT,20. IOT based Weather Monitoring System using Arduino,21. LoRa IOT Home Environment Monitoring System : 11 Steps,22. IOT based Greenhouse Monitoring and Control System Project,23. IoT Based Smart Environmental Monitoring Using,- IJAREEIE,24. IOT BASED ENVIRONMENT,- MyGov Innovation,25. IoT Based Pollution Monitoring System for Effective Industrial,26. IoT based patient health monitoring system ppt,27. The Design and Implementation of GPS Controlled,28. IoT-based monitoring of environmental conditions to improve ,29. IOT BASED GARBAGE MONITORING USING ARDUINO By,30. Water Quality Monitoring System Based on IOT – Research,31. Web Based Greenhouse Environment Monitoring and,32. 30 IoT Projects | Awesome IoT Project Ideas for Enthusiasts,33. Smart Environmental Sensing Robotic Vehicle for the,- IJEDR,34. (IOT) Based Weather Monitoring system – IJARCCE,35. An Arduino UNO Based Environment Monitoring System,36. IoT based Pollution Monitoring and Controlling using Arduino,37. Arduino: Make an IoT environment monitor | Udemy,38. WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT AND,- SERSC,39. Design and Implementation of an IDC Environmental,40. IOT Based Air Pollution Monitoring System – IJSER,