#Sir James Lancaster

[ruleof3bobby]

BRUTE FORCE (1947) Grade: B

Really good action film for 1947. It's film-noir, but for 1947, they had to have wide eyes while watching Burt Lancaster be an amazing lead. The composition was also classic golden age Hollywood, love the depth and camera movements.

[scotianostra]

On December 25th in the year 1319 a two year truce between Scotland and England began.

This little known peace treaty is often overlooked, probably due to the Bruce’s government issuing the Declaration of Arbroath the following year.

After Bannockburn King Edward II of England never forgot his humiliation, and he threatened war against Scotland. The Bruce got there first, raiding south as far as York in a bid to capture prisoners to be held for ransom. Edward also had his troubles at home with a trebellion.

The King was also talking to some of the great Northern lords and it looked as if they would do a separate deal with the Bruce to stop him destroying their land. Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, was one of the rebel barons but paid for it with his life after the Battle of Boroughbridge was won by forces loyal to Edward.

Encouraged by ending the civil war in England, Edward came north with a great army, but Bruce deployed the same tactics he had used prior to Bannockburn, destroying anything that could be of use to the English, who were forced to retreat when famine and disease broke out.

In September 1319 The Bruce won a decisive battle at Myton in Yorkshire

Earlier that year Edward II had moved an army North and laid siege to Berwick in an attempt to recapture it from the Scots. In response the army of several thousand Scots, commanded by the Earl of Moray and the Good Sir James Douglas, bypassed the Northern town and marched through the north of England torching all in their path. Their secret objective lay in Edward’s court at York; where they hoped to abduct Edward II’s wife, the 21 year old Queen, Isabella. On September 20th 1319 they neared York and The Battle of Myton ensued.

The outcome of this unequal contest was never in doubt. Formed up according to their custom in a single division, the Scots uttered together a tremendous shout to terrify the English, the Highland charge began racing towards the men from York, who straightaway began to take to their heels at the sound.

The York contingent was an odd mixture of men thrown together to meet the emergency, including priests and monks losses were reported of 3,000, among them Nicholas Flemyng the city mayor.

For Edward II, already at odds with many English nobles, it was another disaster. Meanwhile the victorious Scottish army retreated back across the border into Scotland carrying their ill-gotten gains and prisoners.

Afterwards Edward was forced to raise the siege of Berwick and ultimately agreed to a two year truce.

[nevzatboyraz44]

Kalıntılar korkunç gerçeği ortaya çıkardı: 'Franklin'in Kayıp Seferi'nde mürettebat kaptanı yemiş!

Tarihe geçen seyahatte neler yaşandı?

Sir John Franklin'in Kuzeybatı Geçidi seferi, günümüzde hâlâ büyük ilgi gören ve hayal gücünü tetikleyen tarihi bir olay. Söz konusu sefer Franklin'in Kayıp Seferi olarak da biliniyor. 1846 yılında Arktika'dan çıkmaya çalışırken Terror ve Erebus adlı gemilerin donup buz tutmasıyla yaşamını yitiren denizciler, insan dayanıklılığının ve aynı anda çaresizliğinin de bir kanıtı konumunda. Umutsuzca eve dönüş yoluna çıkmaya çalışan Erebus'un kaptanı James Fitzjames'in kemik kalıntıları ise yürek parçalayan bir hikaye anlatıyor.

1848'de geriye kalan 105 denizci, gemilerini buzun acımasız dişlerine terk ettiğinde Kaptan Fitzjames, seyir günlüğüne kasvetli bir rapor kaleme alıyordu; bu rapor daha sonra Kral William Adası'ndaki bir kayalıkta bulundu:

HMS gemileri Terror ve Erebus, 12 Eylül 1846'dan beri kuşatma altında olduğundan 22 Nisan'da terk edildi. Sir John Franklin 11 Haziran 1847'de öldü ve seferdeki toplam kayıp bugüne kadar 9 subay 15 er olarak kaydedildi.

“Kurtulan” 105 denizci asla evlerine dönemedi ve muhtemelen adadan da hiç ayrılamadı. O zamandan bu yana denizcilerin kemiklerinin çoğu bu ücra kara parçasında bulundu ve nihai huzura kavuşturuldu.

James Fitzjames'in kimliği ise mürettebatın bilinen torunlarının ve akrabalarının bulunması ve bunların DNA'larının Kral William Adası'nda bulunan kemiklerden elde edilen DNA'larla karşılaştırılmasıyla belirlendi.

Franklin'in Kayıp Seferi'nde ne yaşandı? Aslında yolculuk sorunsuz ilerliyordu. Atlantik geçilirken hava şartları zorlasa da sefer devam etti. Lancaster Boğazı'ndan geçen sefer, daha sonra Franklin Boğazı adını alacak boğazda ilerledi. Daha sonra şartlar kötüleşti ve Kral William Adası açıklarında Victoria Boğazı ortasında buzlar arasında sıkışıp kaldılar.

İlk etapta 3 genç denizci öldü. Felaketzedeler gömüldü ve bundan sonra sefer bir trajediye dönüştü. Zira buzlar 1846 ilkbaharında da erimedi ve gemiler bir daha buz kapanından kurtulamadı. Mürettebat 18 ay boyunca buz esaretinde kaldı, erzak tükendi, seferin lideri kaptan Sir John Franklin Haziran 1847'de öldü. 22 Nisan 1848'de sağ kalan mürettebat nihayet gemileri terk etti ve Kuzey Amerika anakarasına içlerine doğru sandallarla ilerlemeye çalıştı.

Yıllar sonra İnuit yerlileri ifadelerinde hastalıklı, zayıf onlarca üniformalı adamın kendilerinden yiyecek ve malzeme dilendiğini belirtmişti. Nihayetinde coğrafyayı tanımayan mürettebatın zaman içinde yaşamını yitirdiği aktarılıyor.

Fitzjames'in soyundan gelen birinden alınan örnek, bugüne kadar kurtulan 400'ü aşkın insan kalıntısından birinin dişinden alınan DNA ile başarılı bir şekilde eşleşti. Bu tanımlama, King William Adası'ndaki Franklin kalıntılarından şimdiye kadar yapılan sadece ikinci kimlik tespiti olarak tarihe geçti.

DNA eşleştirmesi acı gerçeği ortaya çıkardı

Dişte bulunan DNA ile uyumlu çene kemiği Fitzjames'in talihsiz kaderinin en azından bir kısmını gün yüzüne çıkarıyor. Zira çene kemiğindeki çentikler bilinçli kesimle tutarlı; bu da muhtemelen aç ve ölmek üzere olan mürettebatın, kaptanın naaşından olabildiğince faydalandığını yani onu çaresizlikle yediklerini gösteriyor.

Kanada'daki Waterloo Üniversitesi'nden arkeolog Douglas Stenton, “Bu, kaptanın en azından hayatını kaybeden diğer denizcilerin bir kısmından önce öldüğünü ve keşif ekibinin kendilerini kurtarmaya çalıştığı son çaresiz günlerde ne rütbenin ne de statünün belirleyici ilke olabildiğini gösteriyor” ifadelerini kullanmakta.

Bu durum o dönemdeki raporlarla da örtüşüyor: 1850'lerde kayıp kaşifleri bulmak için yola çıkan İngiliz keşif heyetleri, Kral William Adası'ndaki kalıntılarda yamyamlık belirtileri görüldüğüne dair raporlar kaleme aldı. İngilizler o dönemler biraz da ırkçı bir yaklaşımla “yamyamlığı” Kral Williams Adası'nda yaşayan İnuit haklarına atfetmişti.

90'larda yapılan araştırmalar da iddiaların doğruluğunu ortaya koydu: Arkeolojik kazılarda bulunan bireylerden en az dördünün kemiklerinde “kasaplık” yapıldığına dair bulgular mevcuttu.

Ancak bu ne bir suç hikayesi ne de korkunç bir skandalın müstehcen bir öyküsü... Aksine bu trajedi dayanıklılıklarının sınırında olan çaresiz adamların hikayesi. Muhtemelen açlıktan ölüyorlardı, hastaydılar ve uzun süredir yeterli beslenemiyorlardı. Yiyecek kıttı hatta yok denecek kadar azdı. Bu gibi durumlarda, yamyamlık hayatta kalmak için maalesef son çare olabilir.

Kaptan James Fitzjames ve gemisi Erebus. Fotoğraflar: Sotheby's (solda), Wiki Commons (sağda)

Waterloo Üniversitesi'nden antropolog Robert Park, “Bu, Franklin denizcilerinin şimdi bakınca hayal bile etmek istemeyeceğimiz bir şeyi yapmak konusunda ne kadar çaresiz kaldıklarını gösteriyor” şeklinde konuşuyor ve şöyle devam ediyor:

“179 yıl önce keşif gezisinin Arktika'da kaybolmasından bu yana, mürettebatın nihai kaderine dair yaygın bir ilgi oluştu ve bu ilgi birçok spekülatif kitap ve makalenin yanı sıra, son olarak, yamyamlık temalarından biriyle korku hikayesine dönüşen popüler bir mini dizinin dahi ortaya çıkmasına neden oldu. Bunun gibi titiz arkeolojik araştırmalar, gerçek hikayenin de en az onlar kadar ilginç olduğunu ve öğrenecek daha çok şeyimiz olduğunu gösteriyor.”

Bu araştırmayla Fitzjames, Franklin seferinden yamyamlığın ilk tespit edilen kurbanı oldu. Kurtarılan kemikleri, diğerleriyle birlikte bir höyüğe konuldu ve hayatlarını kaybettikleri yere bir anma plaketi yerleştirildi.

Stenton ve meslektaşları, keşif ekibinin diğer torunlarının kendileriyle iletişime geçerek kalıntıların geri kalanını teşhis etmeye çalışmaları çağrısında bulunuyor. Muhtemelen anlatılacak daha çok şey var...

Kaynak: Science Alert, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports / Metin Aktaşoğlu tarafından yerelleştirildi.

[todaysdocument]

Letter from William Lambert of Lancaster County, Virginia to James Monroe, Secretary of State

Record Group 59: General Records of the Department of StateSeries: Letters ReceivedFile Unit: July THRU September 1814

Lancaster County, Virga. July 15th 1814

Sir,

On Tuesday, the 12th instant, at four o'clock P.M. a thick black smoke was discovered from the mouth of Indian creek, in a direction towards Accomac County on the Eastern shore of Virginia, supposed to have arisen from a vessel set on fire in the bay. Yesterday morning, about nine o'clock, five large ships, two of which appeared to be of the line, one brig and a tender, all in company, were seen passing up near the middle of the Chesapeake, from the same point; and at five o'clock, P.M. an additional force, consisting of a brig, three schooners and a small tender. It would seem from this extraordinary movement, that a serious attack somewhere in Virginia or Maryland is contemplated by the enemy.

I am, Sir, with great respect, Your most obedt Servant, William Lambert.

Honble James Monroe, Secretary of State, U. S. }

Kilmarnock Va. July 15 1814} Free

Honble James Monroe,

Secretary of State, U.S.

City of Washington.

[Different hand] Mr Colver Mr Lambert files]

[palecleverdoll]

Ages of English Queens at First Marriage

I have only included women whose birth dates and dates of marriage are known within at least 1-2 years, therefore, this is not a comprehensive list. For this reason, women such as Philippa of Hainault and Anne Boleyn have been omitted.

This list is composed of Queens of England when it was a sovereign state, prior to the Acts of Union in 1707. Using the youngest possible age for each woman, the average age at first marriage was 17.

Eadgifu (Edgiva/Ediva) of Kent, third and final wife of Edward the Elder: age 17 when she married in 919 CE

Ælfthryth (Alfrida/Elfrida), second wife of Edgar the Peaceful: age 19/20 when she married in 964/965 CE

Emma of Normandy, second wife of Æthelred the Unready: age 18 when she married in 1002 CE

Ælfgifu of Northampton, first wife of Cnut the Great: age 23/24 when she married in 1013/1014 CE

Edith of Wessex, wife of Edward the Confessor: age 20 when she married in 1045 CE

Matilda of Flanders, wife of William the Conqueror: age 20/21 when she married in 1031/1032 CE

Matilda of Scotland, first wife of Henry I: age 20 when she married in 1100 CE

Adeliza of Louvain, second wife of Henry I: age 18 when she married in 1121 CE

Matilda of Boulogne, wife of Stephen: age 20 when she married in 1125 CE

Empress Matilda, wife of Henry V, HRE, and later Geoffrey V of Anjou: age 12 when she married Henry in 1114 CE

Eleanor of Aquitaine, first wife of Louis VII of France and later Henry II of England: age 15 when she married Louis in 1137 CE

Isabella of Gloucester, first wife of John Lackland: age 15/16 when she married John in 1189 CE

Isabella of Angoulême, second wife of John Lackland: between the ages of 12-14 when she married John in 1200 CE

Eleanor of Provence, wife of Henry III: age 13 when she married Henry in 1236 CE

Eleanor of Castile, first wife of Edward I: age 13 when she married Edward in 1254 CE

Margaret of France, second wife of Edward I: age 20 when she married Edward in 1299 CE

Isabella of France, wife of Edward II: age 13 when she married Edward in 1308 CE

Anne of Bohemia, first wife of Richard II: age 16 when she married Richard in 1382 CE

Isabella of Valois, second wife of Richard II: age 6 when she married Richard in 1396 CE

Joanna of Navarre, wife of John IV of Brittany, second wife of Henry IV: age 18 when she married John in 1386 CE

Catherine of Valois, wife of Henry V: age 19 when she married Henry in 1420 CE

Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI: age 15 when she married Henry in 1445 CE

Elizabeth Woodville, wife of Sir John Grey and later Edward IV: age 15 when she married John in 1452 CE

Anne Neville, wife of Edward of Lancaster and later Richard III: age 14 when she married Edward in 1470 CE

Elizabeth of York, wife of Henry VII: age 20 when she married Henry in 1486 CE

Catherine of Aragon, wife of Arthur Tudor and later Henry VIII: age 15 when she married Arthur in 1501 CE

Jane Seymour, third wife of Henry VIII: age 24 when she married Henry in 1536 CE

Anne of Cleves, fourth wife of Henry VIII: age 25 when she married Henry in 1540 CE

Catherine Howard, fifth wife of Henry VIII: age 17 when she married Henry in 1540 CE

Jane Grey, wife of Guildford Dudley: age 16/17 when she married Guildford in 1553 CE

Mary I, wife of Philip II of Spain: age 38 when she married Philip in 1554 CE

Anne of Denmark, wife of James VI & I: age 15 when she married James in 1589 CE

Henrietta Maria of France, wife of Charles I: age 16 when she married Charles in 1625 CE

Catherine of Braganza, wife of Charles II: age 24 when she married Charles in 1662 CE

Anne Hyde, first wife of James II & VII: age 23 when she married James in 1660 CE

Mary of Modena, second wife of James II & VII: age 15 when she married James in 1673 CE

Mary II of England, wife of William III: age 15 when she married William in 1677 CE

[saints-who-never-existed]

Rereading The Terror

Chapter Forty-Three: Crozier

This chapter covers Fitzjames and Crozier's excursion to the cairn at Victory point and oddly enough, I don't have as much so say about it as I thought I might. Nevertheless, I persist!

Between Crozier literally falling asleep while walking and rambling unintentionally about his Memo Moira and visions of the future, and the two Captains becoming half-lost in the thick fog, there's a definite eeriness to the start of this chapter.

There are also storms approaching and thunder booming above them. Crozier makes a terrible sort of half-joke about it all: "What could be worse than a thunderstorm in late April with the temperature still below zero?" "Cannon fire," said Crozier. "Cannon fire?" "From the rescue ship that came down open leads all the way from Lancaster Strait and through Peel Sound only to find Erebus crushed and Terror abandoned. They're firing their guns for twenty-four hours to get our attention before sailing away." "Please, Francis, stop" said Fitzjames. "If you continue I may vomit. And I've already done my vomiting for today."

They find Gore's note and observe the mistakes thereon before starting to add to it ("Sir John must have been as tired and confused as we are now." "No one has ever been as tired and confused as we are now" said Fitzjames). And as if to prove that point, he falls asleep and snores softly with his head on his knees while Crozier continues to write.

When roused to sign his name, Fitzjames notices that Crozier hasn't written of where they intend to go next. Crozier begins to explain his feelings on this - how he hasn't really decided where they're going and how it's all completely hopeless anyway. But then, they're interrupted by the sound of something circling them in the fog.

Crozier is the only one armed and he raises his pistol to fire at the thing in the fog, calm and collected. He specifically tries to aim high "so as not to strike that face." which strikes me as odd - why would he want to avoid its face?

He fires and only then do we see that it wasn't Tuunbaq circling them at all, merely a curious juvenile polar bear that, startled, immediately runs away back into the fog. As all tension dissipates, Crozier and Fitzjames descend into hysterical fits of laughter together.

As that laughter subsides, we get a beautiful wee exchange to close the chapter out. "You know what I would give my left bollock for right now?" "What?" "A glass of whiskey. Two glasses, I mean. One for me and one for you. The drinks would be on me, James. I'm standing you to a round." "Thank you, Francis. And I'd lift the first toast to you. I've never had the honour of serving under a better commander or a finer man." Which is just so incredibly lovely! It's reframing a previously very negative and self-destructive thing in Crozier's life in a new positive light. It's no longer something he would do alone to drown his sorrows but something he'd share with others in love and good faith. It's no longer a mechanism for him to endlessly mull over the lifelong disrespect he's received but a mechanism through which he can show respect and have it returned to him in kind. The thing that was previously a symbol of doom for him is suddenly a symbol of hope. And it's then and only then that he adds a final addendum to the Victory Point note: "And start tomorrow, 26th, for Back's Fish River."

[stairnaheireann]

#OTD in Irish History | 18 May:

1401 – John de Stanley is told that he is to be replaced as lieutenant by Thomas of Lancaster (duke of Clarence and second son of Henry IV), who is 12 or 13 years old. Lancaster’s deputy, Sir Stephen le Scrope, will effectively govern Ireland for the next few years. 1613 – James I’s Irish parliament opens in Dublin. 1798 – The 2nd Earl of Kingston is tried amid great pomp by the Irish House of…

[grandmaster-anne]

Court Circular | 8th March 2023

Buckingham Palace

His Excellency the Hon Christopher Dawson was received by The King today upon his appointment as Governor of Western Australia. Mrs Dawson was also received by His Majesty. The King, Sovereign Head, the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem, this afternoon received Professor Mark Compton (Lord Prior). His Majesty held a Council at 4.15 p.m. There were present: the Rt Hon Penelope Mordaunt MP (Lord President), the Rt Hon Oliver Dowden MP (Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Secretary of State in the Cabinet Office), the Lord True (Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords) and the Rt Hon Alister Jack MP (Secretary of State for Scotland). Mr Marcus Jones MP, Ms Kelly Tolhurst MP and Mr Craig Whittaker MP were sworn in as members of His Majesty’s Most Honourable Privy Council. The Rt Hon Maria Eagle MP made affirmation as a member of His Majesty’s Most Honourable Privy Council. At the Council The King approved the List of High Sheriffs for the Counties of England (other than Cornwall and those in the Duchy of Lancaster) and Wales. After the Council, the Rt Hon Oliver Dowden MP had an audience of His Majesty when The King approved the List of High Sheriffs for the Counties of the Duchy of Lancaster. Mr Richard Tilbrook was in attendance as Clerk of the Council. The Rt Hon Sir Clive Alderton (Principal Private Secretary to Their Majesties) and the Rt Hon Sir Edward Young (Joint Principal Private Secretary to His Majesty) were in attendance. The Rt Hon Penelope Mordaunt MP had an audience of The King before the Council. The Rt Hon Rishi Sunak MP (Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury) later had an audience of His Majesty. The Queen Consort, Patron, Women of the World, this afternoon gave a Reception at Buckingham Palace to mark International Women’s Day. The Princess Royal, on behalf of The King, held an Investiture at Windsor Castle this morning. Her Royal Highness, on behalf of His Majesty, held an Investiture at Windsor Castle this afternoon.

Kensington Palace

The Princess of Wales, Colonel, Irish Guards, this morning visited 1st Battalion Irish Guards at Salisbury Plain Training Area, Wiltshire.

St James’s Palace

The Earl of Wessex, Chancellor, University of Bath, this evening held a Dinner. The Countess of Wessex, Patron, Disability Initiative, this morning held a Meeting. Her Royal Highness this afternoon attended a Rehearsal of Sandhurst Military Wives Choir at the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, Camberley, Surrey

St James’s Palace

The Princess Royal, Patron, Opportunity International UK, this evening held a Reception at Windsor Castle.

Kensington Palace

The Duchess of Gloucester, Colonel-in-Chief, Royal Bermuda Regiment, this afternoon received the Governor of Bermuda (Her Excellency Ms Rena Lalgie).

[veganthranduil]

Ooh, James Blackmail?

Ok, so five hundred years ago I read Colonialism and Homosexuality by Robert Aldrich, where he talks (among other things) about homosexual scandals in the colonies, and specifically also about blackmail. I thought about Battersby's speculation that George Barrow's 'base matter' in Singapore might have involved blackmail for homosexual acts, and the thing spun out of control from there!

I'm close to finishing it, I need to wrap up some final scenes, and also decide what I do with the court martial scenes that I wrote basically as court transcripts because I wanted to capture the interrogation style in conversation, and then I accidentally became attached to the format!

Prosecutor: The court enters into the evidence also the following maps of the areas in question, beginning with Lancaster Sound and encompassing Beechey Island, site of the expedition’s first winter, as well as King William Land and the Adelaide Peninsula. Commander James Fitzjames, can you attest the accuracy of this map? Commander James Fitzjames: I cannot, sir. Admiral James Richards: Why? Commander James Fitzjames: We did not chart the southern edge of King William Land. It’s possible that it is not connected by land to the Adelaide Peninsula at all. Admiral James Richards: That is speculation. Commander James Fitzjames: As is this map, sir. Admiral Russell Berkeley: Both Terror’s and Erebus’s log note your opposition to Captain Crozier’s assessment that the Eastern way around King William Land might prove fruitful. What caused you to change your mind? Commander James Fitzjames: I did not change my mind. I simply stated that I cannot attest the accuracy of these maps, as they present geographical speculation as certainty. Currently, we do not know if Captain Crozier was correct in his assessment. We do know that Sir John’s path was beset heavily by pack ice. Admiral James Richards: That wasn’t the question. Commander James Fitzjames: Pardon me, sir.

[lizaliveunenchanted]

Took way longer than you would think

Also Ascorbic Acid (vitamin C) is more bountiful in rosehip oil and black currants than lemons.

If the ascorbic acid in 100 grams of lime juice is assessed at 25 parts, that found in a similar quantity of lemons or oranges is 50, whereas black currants or rose hips contain 200 or more!

“It is the story of a remedy found only to be lost again and again.”

1600, when Sir James Lancaster sailed to the East in the Red Dragon in which there happened to be on board “certain bottles of the juice of lemons.�� This singularly healthy voyage should have established the use of lemons.

the first handbook on naval medicine, The Surgeon’s Male by John Woodall, published in 1617- told of lemons as medicine

Yet it’s 300 years before before Vitamin C is identified!

In 1747, Lind conducts the first controlled dietetic experiment on record on board HMS Salisbury where sailors were given different treatments, including a paste of garlic, mustard seed, and other ingredients, or citrus fruits. By the end of the week, the sailors who were given citrus fruits were well enough to care for the others.

In 1753, Lind published A Treatise of the Scurvy, which included his findings and a review of literature on the disease.

not until 1795 that lemon juice was officially adopted in the British Navy, and not until 1844 that it was laid down by act of Parliament

The word “limey” did not, at first, denote an Englishman, nor was it American in origin. It is derived from the slang word for an emigrant ship carrying lime juice as an antidote to scurvy, according to the regulations laid down by the merchant shipping acts passed in the middle of the 19 th century. These ships were called “limejuicers” by the Australians, and the newcomers to that continent were known as “limeys.” Sometime about 1880 the word spread to the United States, where it began to be applied specifically to Englishmen.

scurvy has got to have one of the biggest disease/treatment coolness gaps of all time. like yeah too much time at sea will afflict you with a curse where your body starts unraveling and old wounds come back to haunt you like vengeful ghosts. unless☝️you eat a lemon

[historydailyfrancischappellblack]

King Richard III Was Defeated and Killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field, Thus Ushering in the House of Tudor. August 22, 1485

Image: Battle of Bosworth, as depicted by Philip James de Loutherbourg (1740–1812) (Wikimedia Commons.)

On this day in history, in the last battle of the War of the Roses, King Richard III was defeated and killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field by Henry Tudor, the Earl of Richmond. After the battle, the royal crown, which Richard wore into action, was plucked out of a bush and placed on Henry's head. His crowning as King Henry VII initiated the rule of the Tudor dynasty over England, one that would last until Queen Elizabeth died in 1603.

History Daily: 365 Fascinating Happenings Volume 1 & Volume 2 - August 22, 1485

Created of dynastic conflicts within the English Houses of York and Lancaster, the Wars of the Roses began in 1455 when Richard, Duke of York, clashed with Lancasterian forces loyal to the mentally unstable King Henry VI. Fighting continued over the next five years, with both sides seeing periods of ascendancy. Following the death of Richard in 1460, the leadership of the Yorkist cause passed to his son Edward, Earl of March. A year later, with the aid of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, he was crowned Edward IV and secured the throne with a victory at the Battle of Towton.

When Edward IV died unexpectedly in 1483, his brother, Richard of Gloucester, assumed the position of Lord Protector for the twelve-year-old Edward V. Securing the young king in the Tower of London with his younger brother, the Duke of York, Richard approached Parliament and argued that Edward IV’s marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was invalid making the two boys illegitimate. Accepting this argument, Parliament passed the Titulus Regius, which saw Gloucester crowned as Richard III. The two boys vanished during this time. Many nobles soon opposed Richard III's reign, and in October 1483, the Duke of Buckingham led a rebellion to place the Lancastrian heir Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, on the throne. Thwarted by Richard III, the collapse of the uprising saw many of Buckingham's supporters join Tudor in exile in Brittany.

That Christmas, Henry announced his intention to marry the late King Edward IV's daughter, Elizabeth of York, to unite the Houses of York and Lancaster and advance his claim to the English throne. On April 16, 1485, Richard's wife, Anne Neville, died, clearing the way for him to marry Elizabeth instead.

This threatened Henry's efforts to unite his supporters with those of Edward IV, who saw Richard as a usurper. Richard's position was undercut by rumors that he had Anne killed to allow him to marry Elizabeth, which alienated some of his supporters. Eager to prevent Richard from marrying his prospective bride, Henry mustered 2,000 men and sailed from France on August 1. Landing at Milford Haven seven days later, he quickly captured Dale Castle. Moving east, Henry worked to enlarge his army and gained the support of several Welsh leaders. Alerted to Henry's landing on August 11, Richard ordered his army to muster and assemble at Leicester.

Before leaving France, Henry communicated with Thomas Stanley, Baron Stanley, and his brother Sir William Stanley to seek their support. Upon learning of the landing at Milford Haven, the Stanleys had mustered around 6,000 men and had effectively screened Henry’s advance. During this time, he continued to meet with the brothers to secure their loyalty and support. Arriving at Leicester on August 20, Richard united with John Howard, Duke of Norfolk, and Henry Percy, Duke of Northumberland.

Pressing west with around 10,000 men, they intended to block Henry’s advance. Henry, an inexperienced military leader, turned command of his army over to John de Vere, Earl of Oxford.

After exchanges of arrows, the two forces collided, and hand-to-hand combat ensued. Oxford's soldiers began to gain the upper hand by forming his men into an attacking wedge. With Norfolk under heavy pressure, Richard called for aid from Northumberland. This was not forthcoming, and the rearguard did not move. While some speculate that this was due to personal animosity between the duke and king, others argue that the terrain prevented Northumberland from reaching the fight. The situation was worsened when Norfolk was struck in the face with an arrow and killed.

With the battle raging, Henry decided to move forward with his lifeguard to meet the Stanleys. Spotting this move, Richard sought to end the fight by killing Henry. Leading forward a body of 800 cavalry, Richard skirted around the primary battle and charged after Henry's group. Richard slammed into them and killed Henry's standard bearer and several bodyguards. Seeing this, Sir William Stanley led his men into the fight to defend Henry. Surging forward, they nearly surrounded the king’s men. Pushed back towards the marsh, Richard was unhorsed and forced to fight on foot. Fighting bravely to the end, Richard was finally cut down. Learning of Richard’s death, Northumberland's men began withdrawing, and those battling Oxford fled.

Losses for the Battle of Bosworth Field are not known with any certainty though some sources indicate that the Yorkists suffered 1,000 dead, while Henry’s army lost 100. The accuracy of these numbers is a subject of debate. After the battle, legend states that Richard's crown was found in a hawthorn bush near where he died. Henry was crowned king later that day on a hill near Stoke Golding. Henry, now King Henry VII, had Richard’s body stripped and thrown over a horse to be taken to Leicester. There it was displayed for two days to prove that Richard was dead. Moving to London, Henry consolidated his hold on power, establishing the Tudor Dynasty. Following his official coronation on October 30, 1485, he pledged to marry Elizabeth of York. While Bosworth Field effectively decided the Wars of the Roses, Henry was forced to fight again two years later at the Battle of Stoke Field to defend his newly won crown.

ON SALE NOW!!!

History Daily: 365 Fascinating Happenings Volume 1

In the United States:

History Daily: 365 Fascinating Happenings Volume 1: January – June: Chappell Black, Francis: 9780991855865: Amazon.com: Books

In Canada:

History Daily: 365 Fascinating Happenings Volume 1: January – June: Chappell Black, Francis: 9780991855865: Books – Amazon.ca

[bitchgomakemymoney3hundoe]

To The Grand Council Of The Sacred Order Of The Ark Of The Covenant Of The Body And Blood Society E.U.

      My Name Anonymous.....

And I Feel That Lancaster,Ny. Ambulance Crew Are Very Nasty To Me Especially Being Harassed On Countless Occasions By Ms. Ward, S. Myers And Chooch All Because I Have A Well Reputation For Being Too Much Of A Hero, Too Catholic, Too Conservative Or Too Holy And/Or Sleeping With Beautiful Women Which On Countless Occasions My Life Was Threatened Just So Lancaster, Ny Ambulance Crew Could Sleep With My Women Over My Cold Dead Rotting Corpse This Misbehavior Is High Treason, Blasphemy, Backstabbery, Braking And Entering, Rape, Assault With A Deadly Weapon, Attempted Murder, Disorderly Conduct And High Treason Or Else Insubordination.

From this Petition That I Have Filed I Shall Like To See Officers James Douglas Macowen And Officer Prearson Arrested For Grand Larceny As To Stealing The 32 Treasure Chests Full Of Euros And Charged Breaking In And Entering Of Which Of Course Will Result In Sentenced To Death Row By The Sharp Edge Of A Guillotine.

Please Sir You Will Investigate This Matter, Yes!?!

                                Sincerely,

Young Judiciary And Supreme Overlord Of The European Union, Honorable Monsieur Justice : Andrâe Paul Un(House Of European-American Du Francaise).

[scotianostra]

On October 14th 1322 a Scottish army led by King Robert I defeated Edward II of England at the Battle of Old Byland.

Eight years after Bannockburn and two years after the Declaration of Arbroath, the First War of Scottish Independence was still going on, most people don’t know that Edward II tried once again, to take Scotland in this year, perhaps because there was no major battle our history books seem to be bereft of the full details, anyway I will give a wee bit of the details of this English campaign, and the response by King Robert.

After he tasted a sound beating in 1314 at Blackburn Edward II of England refused to recognise Bruce as an independent king. Bruce began raiding Northern England and his brother, Edward, led an invasion of Ireland (which was partly an English colony, more on him later). In 1320 Bruce organised Scottish barons to send a letter to the pope making a powerful case for Scottish independence. But Bruce still faces serious threats. The wounds of the civil war have not healed. In 1320 the Soules Conspiracy to kill Bruce was brutally crushed.

In England, having successfully beaten his rebellious lords at the Battle of Boroughbridge in March 1322 and encouraged by this success, Edward II turned his attention to Scotland and marched on Edinburgh with a large army. This was to be his last campaign into Scotland. Robert responded with his scorched earth policy – ahead of the advancing English, driving out livestock, burning, destroying, trampling crops – so that the English would find no sustenance on the way and would turn back. Famously it was said that the only thing left to eat in Lothian was an old lame cow; the Earl of Surrey is supposed to have said ‘this is the dearest cow that I ever beheld; for of a certainty it has cost a thousand pounds and more’.

Edward reached Edinburgh, but due to the wet weather, lack of shelter and food, his army began to suffer and became apathetic, ill and demoralised. Edward ordered the slaughter of remaining Edinburgh inhabitants (a lot had fled); the English army ran amok and then retreated into England, harried by the Scots, and at around half its original numbers. They straggled back towards York, committing appalling atrocities in their retreat.

In response, Robert the Bruce had taken an army of around 20,000 to the west. Edward heard of this while travelling his way south, and ordered northern lords to attend him around Sutton Bank to assist. Robert the Bruce reached Carlisle and Lancaster, laying waste as he went, and then came across the Pennines to Northallerton where he was joined by Sir James Douglas. Their army marched south overnight, hoping to surprise the English who had by then taken refuge on the Hambledon Hills. He received news that Edward II was at Rievaulx Abbey (or Byland Abbey, accounts differ) and planned, if possible, to capture him to bring the Wars of Scottish Independence to an end. The English heard of the Scottish advance and moved at Old Byland to hold the ridge and block the path up to the top. While awaiting reinforcements, Edward spent his time drinking and feasting at the Abbey. Extra reinforcements from the south supplemented the number of men to a probable 65,000 according to the Lanercrost Chronicle (a northern English history of the day).

Robert the Bruce planned that Sir Walter Stewart (one of his commanders) was to break through to Rievaulx, once the English line had been broken at Roulsden Scar. He could have gone round the ridge and then to Rievaulx, around 15 miles, but decided to attack in case the delay allowed Edward more time to escape. The Scots hid in the trees at the foot of the Scar, shrouded by these and by the smoke from fires.

Bruce assaulted the ridge causing the Earl of Richmond (Edward’s commander) to respond by sending thousands of troops to counter, having the advantage of the heights and in numbers, but Highlanders in the Scottish ranks then attacked up the flanks, being used to mountainous conditions. Bruce and some of his men made their way unnoticed, stealthily, up onto Shaws Moor where the English were encamped and then, through the unprotected rear ranks, charged, roaring, crashing through the English lines, causing the subsequent confrontation to end in a rout. The armies below, hearing the triumphant Scots, looked up to see the Scots on the top of the ridge, causing the remaining English to flee for their lives if they could; the Earl of Richmond was captured, along with other notables.

The Scottish cavalry led by Sir Walter Stewart went after Edward, galloping on towards the Abbey and Edward fled, leaving everything behind, desperately trying to reach the coast at Bridlington to board a ship. He had been settling down to a feast at the Abbey but had had to flee in haste for his life. He managed to evade his pursuers in the dark, but at Bridlington discovered no ship available and so turned for York, riding flat out. From York he managed to make his way to Burstwick and from there, back to London.

The remains of the English army made their way to York seeking protection. Edward had left all his finery, treasure and the Great Seal of England at the Abbey – all then captured by the Scots. The victorious Scots raided the abbeys and made their way back north after plundering and moving through into the Wolds as far as Beverley. York was a fortified city and so was spared. Robert’s army set about making castles unusable and demanding payment from towns and villages – those that could not pay were looted and burnt. The monasteries and priories tried to save their wealth by moving their riches south before the Scottish army arrived, but had to pay heavily and never really recovered their former riches. The treasure gathered on the way back to Scotland helped Robert to make a start rebuilding his realm.

It is said that after Byland “the Scots were so fierce and their chiefs so daring, and the English so cowed, that it was no otherwise between them than as a hare before greyhounds.”

If you have ever driven south down the A1 you will no doubt know of Scotch Corner, but there are two Scotch Corners in Yorkshire – one on a well known major road – and the other, thought to be on the site of the Battle of Byland, is a little to the north of the village of Oldstead, on the promontory of the hill by Sutton Bank known as Scots Corner, or Scotch Corner. An old ‘drovers road’ runs through the site, used by the Scots in later centuries to bring livestock south to sell. There used to be an inn there – the Scotch Corner Inn. When this and the farmhouse fell into ruin, rather fittingly a chapel was built out of the old stone in 1957 to honour war dead in the Second World War, on the site of the battlefield.

It would be another 6 years before a formal peace treaty between the two countries was signed.

[hangingfire]

I had other things to do last night, but I ended up sinking a fair bit of time into speedrunning this book. Points of note:

At no point does he say directly "Sir John Ross actually spotted a UFO in Lancaster Sound; the Admiralty's actual intent in sending people there was to make first contact; Franklin went and actually wintered over in Beechey two winters, after which the expedition was wormholed to KWI by aliens, who cut them to bits and cut holes in their heads and did other Alien Visitor Things", but that's basically what he's driving at.

Actual thing the guy wrote: "In another context, we would call these details 'clues'."

The maps were almost certainly done in MS Paint:

The guy uses question marks like he was paid to do it.

Another thing he also wrote: "The doctor aboard Erebus was Dr. Harry Goodsir. Would Dr. Goodsir really have so callously dumped the organs back into Hartnell's body in a mixed mass?"

Latta's big villains are James Clark Ross (allegedly destroyed evidence that could have led to finding Franklin) and John Rae (lied about cannibalism for money and clout, as stated above, and also took the money for participating in the coverup). (The cannibalism accounts, apparently, for the Strange Marks and Holes found in the bones.)

Apparently the scrapping of the Resolute, one of the ships that went looking for Franklin, was part of the coverup? Or a way of getting back at Lady Franklin? Hard to follow, as most conspiracy garbage is, but the best thing is how the author takes a flying leap to link it with every loon's favorite conspiracy, JFK:

Every chapter has an epigraph, all of which are risible, but these two in particular sent me:

Poor David Woodman gets dragged into this, with his documentation of Inuit accounts being cited repeatedly.

Finally, our bold truth-teller concludes on this note:

we’re reading this terrible book on call that’s claiming that there was a big conspiracy surrounding the franklin expedition and its disappearance and i don’t know how this got past any editors. james ross clark.

[adrianoantoine]

Brazilian Days (089): March 30

Brazilian Days (089): March 30

Brazilian Days 089  March 30 . DAY OF: Dia da Anestesia Geral (General Anesthesia) Dia do Futebol Society (Football 7). Dia Mundial da Juventude  (World Youth Day) BRAZILIAN HISTORY: 1922 First crossing of the South Atlantic Ocean by airplane by Gago Coutinho and Sacadura Cabral   1981 Singer Lindomar Castilho killed his ex-wife Eliane de Grammont  1843 Marriage, per attorney, of Pedro…

[blackboar]

Journey to Bosworth: John de Vere, earl of Oxford, the diehard Lancastrian.

The war of the Roses was a period of shifting loyalties. Bosworth itself shows it, as Sir  William Stanley famously 'switched side' in favor of Henry Tudor while his brother and the Earl of Northumberland sat idle. However, some magnates, true to their allegiances, always stayed faithful to their lords. John de Vere, earl of Oxford, might have been an extreme example of that. His fierce loyalty toward the House of Lancaster cost him a heavy price but was eventually fruitful. The de Vere family was a noble and prestigious house of norman descent. It was a local magnate family from the Midlands and East Anglia. As such, John was part of the highest class of society. As a second son, he might have become a respected man of the gentry if dramatic circumstances didn't push him toward a different path. Indeed, John de Vere brutally became earl of Oxford in 1462, after his father and his elder brother were executed for treason by the new Yorkist king, Edward IV, alongside various members of the local gentry. It seems they wanted to kill the new king to restore the deposed Henry VI of Lancaster. We might never know the truth about these accusations, but their executions nonetheless made John the heir of the rich de Vere patrimony. Theoretically, Edward IV could have taken the de Vere lands with proceedings of attainder in Parlement, but he chose not to. As with the duke of Somerset the following year, he certainly hoped to reconcile himself with former Lancastrians and decided to integrate the young John to the Yorkist establishment. John was married to Richard Neville's sister and became the king's cousin by marriage. John de Vere's true allegiance was explicit from an early date. In 1468, he confessed to having a plot favoring the Lancastrians and was pardoned for his offenses. The following year, he joined his brother-in-law Richard Neville and the duke of Clarence in their rebellions against Edward IV and his in-laws, the Wydevilles. This revolt was designed to remove evil councilors from the king's person and was a failure. Another failed rebellion from the Kingmaker forced him to exile in France when he joined the exiled Lancastrian court. There, he might have been paramount in the reconciliation between the Kingmaker, Richard Neville, and Margaret of Anjou, Henry VI's queen. As the Lancastrian heir, Edward of Middleham was promised to Anne Neville; it would have made John de Vere the new king's uncle by marriage. With Richard Neville and the duke of Clarence, Oxford invaded England in 1470 and overthrew the Yorkist king. The restoration of the House of Lancaster, the execution of the Earl of Worcester, John Tiptof, who had executed his brother and father in 1462, and the restoration of his lands was a moment of personal triumph. This moment was short-lived, however, as Edward IV invaded England in 1471 with Burgundian support. At the battle of Barnet, Oxford commanded the right-wing of the Lancastrian army. There, he destroyed Lord Hastings's flank and turned the battle into a possible Lancastrian victory. However, with the fog surrounding the battlefield, his men were mistakenly shot by the Kingmaker's brother, Marquess Montagu. Montagu's former Yorkist loyalties might have prompted Oxford's idea that they were betrayed. With the duke of Gloucester's counterattack, Oxford fled the battlefield, leaving Richard Neville and his brother to their fate. The earl of Oxford wasn't present at the battle of Tewkesbury, but it destroyed his hopes of a Lancastrian restoration as the prince of Wales was executed by the Yorkist after the defeat. As Edward V returned to London in triumph, and his rival Henry VI was likely killed soon afterward in the Tower of London, Oxford fled to France with another Lancastrian magnate, Viscount Beaumont, and his brothers.

In France, Oxford and his allies had simply no pretenders to get behind. The Lancastrian and Beaufort male lines were dead, the dukes of Exeter and Clarence had rallied Edward IV's side, and Henry Tudor was still a teenager hostage in the court of the duke of Britanny. Unwilling or unable to make peace with Edward IV, Oxford, with the help of the French king, turned to piracy. In 1474, his assault on St. Michael Mount in Cornwall turned into a disaster as they were trapped by English forces surrounding the castle and had to surrender in exchange for their lives. Oxford thus spent the next ten years of his life prisoner in the castle of Hammes, near Calais. Despite his attainder condemning him to civil death, he wasn't executed, but his lands were given to various Yorkist loyalists, first and foremost the king's brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester. Gloucester wasn't happily forsaking the share of the de Vere inheritance that John's mother had as a dower. She could transmit her share to other, unattained members of the family as she liked. Gloucester pressured (if not to say harassed) the countess to give up her dower in exchange for a modest pension. This shady deal made with doubtful consent from the part of the elderly countess was nonetheless upheld, and Richard was thus the prime beneficiary of the demise of the de Vere. Richard was conscious of the hostility John de Vere had toward him for the ill-treatment of his mother, as he decided that in 1484, the earl of Oxford had to be transferred to England, certainly for an execution. Fortunately, John de Vere had convinced his goaler, James Blount, to rally Henry Tudor's side, and they rallied Henry Tudor's court in France. The support from an experienced man such as John de Vere, an accomplished military man and a Lancastrian supporter of impeccable loyalty, played heavily in the balance of strength and comforted Henry Tudor's cause.

As Henry Tudor landed in Wales, John de Vere was alongside him, marching toward England and Richard III. For most of the supporters of Tudor's cause, this was a fight against a tyrannical usurper who killed his nephews. Others might have been opposed to his policies, and most wished to take back the lands he took in 1483 against the supporters of Edward V. But John de Vere's feud against Richard III was much older. They fought on each other side at Barnet. Richard III took his lands, bullied his mother into giving up his inheritance, and likely tried to have him executed in 1484. John's grievances against the last Yorkist king were much more private, and looked more like a classic inheritance feud between magnates. Combined with his fierce Lancastrian loyalty, this personal feud made him a reliable commander for Henry Tudor. In a civil war full of surprising betrayals and shifting allegiances, Henry Tudor could count on John de Vere to fight loyally for him.  

At Bosworth, John de Vere was the senior commander of the Tudor force. He did most of the fighting against the forces of John Howard, Duke of Norfolk, and succeeded at killing him and capturing his heir, the earl of Surrey. It might have been Norfolk's fate that decided Richard to make his temerarious charge against Henry Tudor's small force, thus sealing his fate. With Richard III's death, Oxford was vindicated. His family was restored to all their lands, Richard III's takeover of his mother’s dower was annulled, and John de Vere became lord Admiral and Constable of the Tower. His continuous support toward Henry VII led to a Tudor victory at Stoke field in 1487 and the stabilization of the Tudor regime. He died in 1513, after the definitive triumph of the Tudor cause, which was also his.