#Shaft Mounted Speed Reducer Gear Box - Manufacturer
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victoriahale47 · 1 year ago
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Shaft Mounted Speed Reducer Gear Box - Manufacturer
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Makoda Gears have extensive experience in engineering, manufacturing, designing and supplying shaft mounted speed reducer gearboxes. We have some of the most advanced shaft mounted speed reducers that have been designed, tested and approved as per the Indian and international standards. Our shaft mounted speed reducers are available to manufacturers, wholesalers, dealers and end users. Our gear boxes are extremely well-built to withstand extreme pressure and torque while providing the maximum efficiency. We emphasize quality in our products and all products are tested and inspected in our own laboratory to ensure they meet the highest of expectancies. We also offer custom gears and gearing solutions for any requirement. Our customer service team is available round the clock to attend to all your queries. We pride ourselves on providing the best quality gear boxes with competitive price points.
https://makodagears.com/shaft-mounted-speed-reducer-gear-box-manufacturer/
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i-am-an-abyss-of-gender · 3 years ago
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Panzer IV The Panzerkampfwagen IV (Pz.Kpfw. IV), commonly known as the Panzer IV, was a German medium tank developed in the late 1930s and used extensively during the Second World War. Its ordnance inventory designation was Sd.Kfz. 161. Panzerkampfwagen IV Sd.Kfz. 161/VK 622 (Ausf. A) Panzermuseum Munster 2010 0128.JPG A Panzer IV Ausf. G "413" in desert colours, bearing the palm tree insignia of the Afrika Korps, "Friederike" script written on the gun barrel near the mantlet. This tank was on display at the Deutsches Panzermuseum. Type Medium tank Place of origin Nazi Germany Service history In service 1939–1945 (Nazi Germany) 1954[1]–1967 (Syria) Used by Nazi Germany Romania Turkey Hungary Bulgaria Italy Finland Spain Croatia Syria Wars World War II, 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Six-Day War Production history Designer Krupp Designed 1936 Manufacturer Krupp, Vomag, Nibelungenwerk Unit cost ≈103,462 Reichsmarks and 115,962 Reichmarks With 7,5 cm KwK 40 (L/43)[2] Produced 1936–1945 No. built ≈8,553 of all tank variants[3] Variants StuG IV, Jagdpanzer IV, Brummbär/Sturmpanzer IV, Nashorn, Wirbelwind, Ostwind Specifications (Pz. IV Ausf. H, 1943[5]) Mass 25.0 tonnes (27.6 short tons; 24.6 long tons) Length 5.92 metres (19 ft 5 in) 7.02 metres (23 ft 0 in) gun forward Width 2.88 m (9 ft 5 in) Height 2.68 m (8 ft 10 in) Crew 5 (commander, gunner, loader, driver, radio operator/bow machine-gunner) Armor Hull front: 80 mm (3.1 in) Hull side (upper and lower): 30 mm (1.2 in) Hull rear (upper and lower): 20 mm (0.79 in) Hull roof and floor: 10 mm (0.39 in) Schürzen: 5 mm (0.20 in) to 8 mm (0.31 in)[4] Turret front: 50 mm (2.0 in) Turret side and rear: 30 mm (1.2 in) Turret roof: 10 mm (0.39 in) Main armament 7.5 cm (2.95 in) KwK 40 L/48 main gun (87 rounds) Secondary armament 2 × 7.92 mm MG 34 machine guns (3,150 rounds) Engine Maybach HL120 TRM 12-cylinder gasoline engine 300 PS (296 hp, 220 kW) Power/weight 12 PS (8.8 kW) / tonne Transmission (Synchromesh ZF SSG 77) 6 forward and 1 reverse ratios Suspension Leaf spring Fuel capacity 470 l (120 US gal) Operational range 200 km (120 mi) Maximum speed 38 to 42 km/h (24 to 26 mph) maximum, 25 km/h (16 mph) max sustained road speed 16 km/h (9.9 mph) off road The Panzer IV was the most numerous German tank and the second-most numerous German armored fighting vehicle of the Second World War, with some 8,500 built. Its chassis was also used as the base for many other fighting vehicles, including the Sturmgeschütz IV assault gun, the Jagdpanzer IV tank destroyer, the Wirbelwind self-propelled anti-aircraft gun, and the Brummbär self-propelled gun. The Panzer IV saw service in all combat theaters involving Germany and was the only German tank to remain in continuous production throughout the war. It was originally designed for infantry support, while the similar Panzer III was to fight armoured fighting vehicles. However as the Germans faced the formidable T-34, the Panzer IV had more development potential, with a larger turret ring to mount more powerful guns, so the two switched roles. It received various upgrades and design modifications, intended to counter new threats, extending its service life. Generally, these involved increasing the armor protection or upgrading the weapons, although during the last months of the war, with Germany's pressing need for rapid replacement of losses, design changes also included simplifications to speed up the manufacturing process. The Panzer IV was partially succeeded by the Panther medium tank, which was introduced to counter the Soviet T-34, although it continued to be a significant component of German armoured formations to the end of the war. It was the most widely exported tank in German service, with around 300 sold to Finland, Romania, Spain and Bulgaria. After the war, Syria procured Panzer IVs from France and Czechoslovakia, which saw combat in the 1967 Six-Day War. 8,553 Panzer IVs of all versions were built during World War II, a production run in Axis forces only exceeded by the StuG III assault gun with 10,086
vehicles. Development history Origins The Panzer IV was the brainchild of the German general and innovative armored warfare theorist Heinz Guderian.[6] In concept, it was intended to be a support tank for use against enemy anti-tank guns and fortifications.[7] Ideally, each tank battalion in a panzer division was to have three medium companies of Panzer IIIs and one heavy company of Panzer IVs.[8] On 11 January 1934, the German army wrote the specifications for a "medium tractor", and issued them to a number of defense companies. To support the Panzer III, which would be armed with a 37-millimetre (1.46 in) anti-tank gun, the new vehicle would have a short-barreled, howitzer-like 75-millimetre (2.95 in) as its main gun, and was allotted a weight limit of 24 tonnes (26.46 short tons). Development was carried out under the name Begleitwagen ("accompanying vehicle"),[9] or BW, to disguise its actual purpose, given that Germany was still theoretically bound by the Treaty of Versailles ban on tanks.[10] MAN, Krupp, and Rheinmetall-Borsig each developed prototypes,[8] with Krupp's being selected for further development.[11] The chassis had originally been designed with a six-wheeled Schachtellaufwerk interleaved-roadwheel suspension (as already adopted for German half-tracks), but the German Army amended this to a torsion bar system. Permitting greater vertical deflection of the roadwheels, this was intended to improve performance and crew comfort both on- and off-road.[11][12] However, due to the urgent requirement for the new tank, neither proposal was adopted, and Krupp instead equipped it with a simple leaf spring double-bogie suspension, with eight rubber-rimmed roadwheels per side. The prototype had a crew of five; the hull contained the engine bay to the rear, with the driver and radio operator, who doubled as the hull machine gunner, seated at the front-left and front-right, respectively. In the turret, the tank commander sat beneath his roof hatch, while the gunner was situated to the left of the gun breech and the loader to the right. The torque shaft ran from the rear engine to the transmission box in the front hull between the driver and radio operator. To keep the shaft clear of the rotary base junction, which provided electrical power to the turret including the motor to turn it, the turret was offset 66.5 mm (2.62 in) to the left of the chassis center line, and the engine was moved 152.4 mm (6.00 in) to the right. Due to the asymmetric layout, the right side of the tank contained the bulk of its stowage volume, which was taken up by ready-use ammunition lockers.[11] Accepted into service under the designation Versuchskraftfahrzeug 622 (Vs.Kfz. 622), "experimental motor vehicle 622",[10] production began in 1936 at Fried. Krupp Grusonwerk AG factory at Magdeburg.[13] Ausf. A to Ausf. F1 Panzer IV Ausf. A in 1939 Panzer IV Ausf. C 1943 The first mass-produced version of the Panzer IV was the Ausführung A (abbreviated to Ausf. A, meaning "Variant A"), in 1936. It was powered by a Maybach HL108 TR, producing 250 PS (183.87 kW), and used the SGR 75 transmission with five forward gears and one reverse,[14] achieving a maximum road speed of 31 kilometres per hour (19.26 mph).[15] As main armament, the vehicle mounted the short-barreled, howitzer-like 75 mm (2.95 in) Kampfwagenkanone 37 L/24 (7.5 cm KwK 37 L/24) tank gun, which was a low-velocity weapon mainly designed to fire high-explosive shells.[16] Against armored targets, firing the Panzergranate (armor-piercing shell) at 430 metres per second (1,410 ft/s) the KwK 37 could penetrate 43 millimetres (1.69 in), inclined at 30 degrees, at ranges of up to 700 metres (2,300 ft).[17] A 7.92 mm (0.31 in) MG 34 machine gun was mounted coaxially with the main weapon in the turret, while a second machine gun of the same type was mounted in the front plate of the hull.[11] The main weapon and coaxial machine gun were sighted with a Turmzielfernrohr 5b optic while the hull machine gun was sighted with a Kugelzielfernrohr 2 optic.[18] The Ausf. A was protected by
14.5 mm (0.57 in) of steel armor on the front plate of the chassis, and 20 mm (0.79 in) on the turret. This was only capable of stopping artillery fragments, small-arms fire, and light anti-tank projectiles.[19] A total of 35 A versions were produced.[10] The 300 horsepower Maybach HL 120TRM engine used in most Panzer IV production models. PzKpfw IV Ausf. D In 1937 production moved to the Ausf. B.[10] Improvements included the replacement of the original engine with the more powerful 300 PS (220.65 kW) Maybach HL 120TR, and the transmission with the new SSG 75 transmission, with six forward gears and one reverse gear. Despite a weight increase to 16 t (18 short tons), this improved the tank's speed to 42 kilometres per hour (26.10 mph).[20] The glacis plate was augmented to a maximum thickness of 30 millimetres (1.18 in),[19] while a new driver's visor was installed on the straightened hull front plate, and the hull-mounted machine gun was replaced by a covered pistol port and visor flap.[20] The superstructure width and ammunition stowage were reduced to save weight.[20] A new commander's cupola was introduced which was adopted from the Panzer III Ausf. C.[20] A Nebelkerzenabwurfvorrichtung (smoke grenade discharger rack) was mounted on the rear of the hull starting in July 1938[20] and was back fitted to earlier Ausf. A and Ausf. B chassis starting in August 1938.[21] Forty-two Panzer IV Ausf. Bs were manufactured.[10] The Ausf. C replaced the B in 1938.[10][22] This saw the turret armor increased to 30 mm (1.18 in), which brought the tank's weight to 18.14 t (20.00 short tons).[22] After assembling 40 Ausf. Cs, starting with chassis number 80341, the engine was replaced with the improved HL 120TRM. The last of the 140 Ausf. Cs was produced in August 1939. Production changed to the Ausf. D; this variant, of which 248 vehicles were produced, reintroduced the hull machine gun and changed the turret's internal gun mantlet to a 35 mm (1.38 in)[23] thick external mantlet.[22] Again, protection was upgraded, this time by increasing side armor to 20 mm (0.79 in).[16] As the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 came to an end, it was decided to scale up production of the Panzer IV, which was adopted for general use on 27 September 1939 as the Sonderkraftfahrzeug 161 (Sd.Kfz. 161).[10] In response to the difficulty of penetrating the thick armor of British infantry tanks (Matilda and Matilda II) during the Battle of France, the Germans had tested a 50 mm (1.97 in) gun — based on the 5 cm Pak 38 anti-tank gun — on a Panzer IV Ausf. D. However, with the rapid German victory in France, the original order of 80 tanks was cancelled before they entered production.[24] In October 1940, the Ausf. E was introduced. This had 30 millimetres (1.18 in) of armor on the bow plate, while a 30-millimetre (1.18 in) appliqué steel plate was added to the glacis as an interim measure. A new driver's visor, adopted from the Sturmgeschütz III was installed on the hull front plate.[25] A new commander's cupola, adopted from the Panzer III Ausf. G, was relocated forward on the turret eliminating the bulge underneath the cupola.[26] Older model Panzer IV tanks were retrofitted with these features when returned to the manufacturer for servicing. 206 Ausf. Es were produced between October 1940 and April 1941.[3] The short-barreled Panzer IV Ausf. F1. In April 1941, production of the Panzer IV Ausf. F started. It featured 50 mm (1.97 in) single-plate armor on the turret and hull, as opposed to the appliqué armor added to the Ausf. E,[22] and a further increase in side armor to 30 mm (1.18 in).[27] The main engine exhaust muffler was shortened and a compact auxiliary generator muffler was mounted to its left.[25] The weight of the vehicle was now 22.3 tonnes (24.6 short tons), which required a corresponding modification of track width from 380 to 400 mm (14.96 to 15.75 in) to reduce ground pressure. The wider tracks also facilitated the fitting of track shoe "ice sprags", and the rear idler wheel and front sprocket were modified.[28] The
designation Ausf. F was changed in the meantime to Ausf. F1, after the distinct new model, the Ausf. F2, appeared. A total of 471 Ausf. F (later temporarily called F1) tanks were produced from April 1941 to March 1942.[3] Ausf. F2 to Ausf. J On 26 May 1941, mere weeks before Operation Barbarossa, during a conference with Hitler, it was decided to improve the Panzer IV's main armament. Krupp was awarded the contract to integrate again the 50 mm (1.97 in) Pak 38 L/60 gun into the turret. The first prototype was to be delivered by 15 November 1941.[29] Within months, the shock of encountering the Soviet T-34 medium and KV-1 heavy tanks necessitated a new, much more powerful tank gun.[30] In November 1941, the decision to up-gun the Panzer IV to the 50-millimetre (1.97 in) gun was dropped, and instead Krupp was contracted in a joint development to modify Rheinmetall's pending 75 mm (2.95 in) anti-tank gun design, later known as 7.5 cm Pak 40 L/46. Because the recoil length was too great for the tank's turret, the recoil mechanism and chamber were shortened. This resulted in the 75-millimetre (2.95 in) KwK 40 L/43.[31] When the new KwK 40 was loaded with the Pzgr. 39 armor-piercing shell, the new gun fired the AP shell at some 750 m/s (2,460 ft/s), a substantial 74% increase over the howitzer-like KwK 37 L/24 gun's 430 m/s (1,410 ft/s) muzzle velocity.[28] Initially, the KwK 40 gun was mounted with a single-chamber, ball-shaped muzzle brake, which provided just under 50% of the recoil system's braking ability.[32] Firing the Panzergranate 39, the KwK 40 L/43 could penetrate 77 mm (3.03 in) of steel armor at a range of 1,830 m (6,000 ft).[33] The longer 7.5 cm guns were a mixed blessing. In spite of the designers' efforts to conserve weight, the new weapon made the vehicle nose-heavy to such an extent that the forward suspension springs were under constant compression. This resulted in the tank tending to sway even when no steering was being applied, an effect compounded by the introduction of the Ausführung H in March 1943.[34] The 1942 Panzer IV Ausf. F2 was an upgrade of the Ausf. F, fitted with the KwK 40 L/43 anti-tank gun to counter Soviet T-34 medium and KV heavy tanks. The Ausf. F tanks that received the new, longer, KwK 40 L/43 gun were temporarily named Ausf. F2 (with the designation Sd.Kfz. 161/1). The tank increased in weight to 23.6 tonnes (26.0 short tons). Differences between the Ausf. F1 and the Ausf. F2 were mainly associated with the change in armament, including an altered gun mantlet, internal travel lock for the main weapon, new gun cradle, new Turmzielfernrohr 5f optic for the L/43 weapon, modified ammunition stowage, and discontinuing of the Nebelkerzenabwurfvorrichtung in favor of turret mounted Nebelwurfgerät.[35] Three months after beginning production, the Panzer IV Ausf. F2 was renamed Ausf. G.[36] During its production run from March 1942 to June 1943, the Panzer IV Ausf. G went through further modifications, including another armor upgrade which consisted of a 30-millimetre (1.18 in) face-hardened appliqué steel plate welded (later bolted) to the glacis—in total, frontal armor was now 80 mm (3.15 in) thick.[37] This decision to increase frontal armor was favorably received according to troop reports on 8 November 1942, despite technical problems of the driving system due to added weight. At this point, it was decided that 50% of Panzer IV production would be fitted with 30 mm (1.18 in) thick additional armor plates. On 5 January 1943, Hitler decided that all Panzer IV should have 80 mm (3.15 in) frontal armor.[38] To simplify production, the vision ports on either side of the turret and the loader's forward vision port in the turret front were removed, while a rack for two spare road wheels was installed on the track guard on the left side of the hull. Complementing this, brackets for seven spare track links were added to the glacis plate. For operation in high temperatures, the engine's ventilation was improved by creating slits over the engine deck to the rear of the chassis, and cold
weather performance was boosted by adding a device to heat the engine's coolant, as well as a starter fluid injector. A new light replaced the original headlight and the signal port on the turret was removed.[39] On 19 March 1943, the first Panzer IV with Schürzen skirts on its sides and turret was exhibited.[40] The double hatch for the commander's cupola was replaced by a single round hatch from very late model Ausf. G. and the cupola was up-armored from 50 mm (1.97 in) to 95 mm (3.74 in). In April 1943, the KwK 40 L/43 was replaced by the longer 75-millimetre (2.95 in) KwK 40 L/48 gun, with a redesigned multi-baffle muzzle brake with improved recoil efficiency.[41] The longer L/48 resulted in the introduction of the Turmzielfernrohr 5f/1 optic.[42] A Panzer IV Ausf H at the Musée des Blindés in Saumur, France, with its distinctive Zimmerit anti-magnetic mine coating, turret skirts, and wire-mesh side-skirts. The next version, the Ausf. H, began production in June 1943[3] and received the designation Sd. Kfz. 161/2. The integrity of the glacis armor was improved by manufacturing it as a single 80-millimetre (3.15 in) plate. A reinforced final drive with higher gear ratios was introduced.[43] To prevent adhesion of magnetic anti-tank mines, which the Germans feared would be used in large numbers by the Allies, Zimmerit paste was added to all the vertical surfaces of the tank's armor.[44] The turret roof was reinforced from 10-millimetre (0.39 in) to 16-millimetre (0.63 in) and 25-millimetre (0.98 in) segments.[43] The vehicle's side and turret were further protected by the addition of 5-millimetre (0.20 in) hull skirts and 8-millimetre (0.31 in) turret skirts.[4][45] This resulted in the elimination of the vision ports located on the hull side,[43] as the skirts obstructed their view. During the Ausf. H's production run, its rubber-tired return rollers were replaced with cast steel, a lighter cast front sprocket and rear idler wheel gradually replaced the previous components,[43] the hull was fitted with triangular supports for the easily damaged side skirts, the Nebelwurfgeraet was discontinued, and a mount in the turret roof, designed for the Nahverteidigungswaffe, was plugged by a circular armored plate due to initial production shortages of this weapon.[46][47] These modifications meant that the tank's weight increased to 25 tonnes (27.56 short tons). In spite of a new six-speed SSG 77 transmission adopted from the Panzer III, top speed dropped to as low as 16 km/h (10 mph) on cross country terrain. An experimental version of the Ausf H was fitted with a hydrostatic transmission but was not put into production.[34] The Ausf. J was the final production model, and was greatly simplified compared to earlier variants to speed construction. This shows an exported Finnish model. Despite addressing the mobility problems introduced by the previous model, the final production version of the Panzer IV—the Ausf. J—was considered a retrograde from the Ausf. H. Born of necessity, to replace heavy losses, it was greatly simplified to speed production.[48] The electric generator that powered the tank's turret traverse was removed, so the turret had to be rotated manually. The turret traversing mechanism was modified and fitted with a second gear which made hand-operation easier when the vehicle was on sloping terrain.[49] On reasonably level ground, hand operation at 4 seconds to traverse to 12.5° and 29.5 seconds to traverse to 120° was achieved.[49] The resulting space was later used for the installation of an auxiliary 200-litre (53 US gal) fuel tank; road range was thereby increased to 320 km (200 mi),[50] The remaining pistol and vision ports on the turret side hatches were removed, and the engine's radiator housing was simplified by changing the slanted sides to straight sides.[47] Three sockets with screw threads for mounting a 2-ton jib boom crane were welded on the turret roof while the hull roof was thickened from 11-millimetre (0.43 in) to 16-millimetre (0.63 in).[51] In addition, the cylindrical muffler was
replaced by two flame-suppressing mufflers. In June 1944 Wa Prüf 6 had decided that because bomb damage at Panzerfirma Krupp in Essen had seriously jeopardized tank production, all plates which should have been face-hardened for the Panzer IV were instead made with rolled homogeneous armour plate.[51] By late 1944, Zimmerit was no longer being applied to German armored vehicles, and the Panzer IV's side-skirts had been replaced by wire mesh, while the gunner's forward vision port in the turret front was eliminated[52] and the number of return rollers was reduced from four to three to further speed-up production.[53] In a bid to augment the Panzer IV's firepower, an attempt was made to mate a Schmalturm turret — carrying the longer 75 mm (2.95 in) L/70 tank gun from the developing Panther Ausf. F tank design, and partly developed by Rheinmetall from early 1944 onwards — to a Panzer IV hull. This failed and confirmed that the chassis had reached the limit of its adaptability in both weight and available volume.[48] Production Panzer IV production by year[3] Date Number of vehicles Variant (Ausf.) 1937–1939 262 A – D 1940 290 (-24) D, E 1941 480 (+17) E, F 1942 994 F, G 1943 2,983 G, H 1944 3,125 H, J 1945 ~435 J Total ~8,569 all The Panzer IV was originally intended to be used only on a limited scale, so initially Krupp was its sole manufacturer. Prior to the Polish campaign, only 217 Panzer IVs had been produced: 35 Ausf. A; 42 Ausf. B; and 140 Ausf. C; in 1941, production was extended to Vogtländische Maschinenfabrik ("VOMAG") (located in the city of Plauen) and the Nibelungenwerk in the Austrian city of St. Valentin.[3] In 1941, an average of 39 tanks per month were built; this rose to 83 in 1942, 252 in 1943, and 300 in 1944. However, in December 1943, Krupp's factory was diverted to manufacture the Sturmgeschütz IV and, in the spring of 1944, the Vomag factory began production of the Jagdpanzer IV, leaving the Nibelungenwerk as the only plant still assembling the Panzer IV.[54] With the slow collapse of German industry under pressure from Allied air and ground offensives—in October 1944 the Nibelungenwerk factory was severely damaged during a bombing raid—by March and April 1945, production had fallen to pre-1942 levels, with only around 55 tanks per month coming off the assembly lines.[55] Panzer IV: comparison of key production features[56] Version Main gun Superstructure armour mm (inch) Hull armour mm (inch) Turret armour mm (inch) Weight tonnes (long tons; short tons) Engine Notes F S R F S R F S R Ausf. A VK622 7.5 cm KwK L/24 15 (0.59) 18.4 (18.1; 20.3) Maybach HL 108TR 250 PS (246.6 hp; 183.9 kW) SGR 75 transmission Ausf. B 30 (1.2) 15 (0.59) 15 (0.59) 30 (1.2) 15 (0.59) 15 (0.59) 30 (1.2) 15 (0.59) 15 (0.59) 18.8 (18.5; 20.7) SSG 75 transmission Ausf. C 30 (1.2) 15 (0.59) 15 (0.59) 30 (1.2) 15 (0.59) 15 (0.59) 30 (1.2) 15 (0.59) 15 (0.59) 19.0 (18.7; 20.9) Maybach HL 120 TRM 300 PS (300 hp; 220 kW) Ausf. D 30 + 30 † 20 (0.79) + 20 † 20 (0.79) 30 (1.2) 20 (0.79) 20 (0.79) 30 (1.2) 20 (0.79) 20 (0.79) 20.0 (19.7; 22.0) Ausf. E 30 + 30 † 20 + 20 † 20 30 + 30 † 20 + 20 † 20 30 20 20 21.0 (20.7; 23.1) Ausf. F1 50 (2.0) 30 (1.2) 20 (0.79) 50 (2.0) 30 (1.2) 20 (0.79) 50 (2.0) 30 (1.2) 30 (1.2) 22.3 (21.9; 24.6) track width increased from 380 to 400 mm (15 to 16 in) Ausf. F2 7.5 cm KwK 40 L/43 50 30 20 50 30 20 50 30 30 23.0 (22.6; 25.4) single-chamber, globe, muzzle brake Ausf. G 50 + 30 † 30 20 50 + 30 † 30 20 50 30 + 8 (0.31)‡ 30 + 8 ‡ 23.5 (23.1; 25.9) multi-baffle muzzle brake Ausf. H 7.5 cm KwK 40 L/48 80 (3.1) 30 20 80 30 20 50 30 + 8 ‡ 30 + 8 ‡ 25.0 (24.6; 27.6) Zimmerit paste added to vertical surfaces SSG 77 transmission Ausf. J 80 30 20 80 30 20 50 30 + 8 ‡ 30 + 8 ‡ 25.0 (24.6; 27.6) electric motor for turret traverse removed, Rolled homogeneous armour, no Zimmerit † – appliqué armor plate, bolted or welded on ‡ – Schürzen skirts Export The Panzer IV was one of the most widely exported German tanks of the Second World War.[57] In 1942, Germany delivered 11 tanks to Romania and 32 to Hungary,
many of which were lost on the Eastern Front between the final months of 1942 and the beginning of 1943 during the battles around Stalingrad, at which the Hungarian and Romanian troops there were almost annihilated by the attacking Soviet forces.[58] Romania received approximately 120 Panzer IV tanks of different models throughout the entire war.[59] To arm Bulgaria, Germany supplied 46[60] or 91[61] Panzer IVs, and offered Italy 12 tanks to form the nucleus of a new Italian Army armored division. These were used to train Italian tank crews while the-then Italian leader Benito Mussolini was deposed shortly after the Allied conquest of Sicily but were then retaken by Germany during its occupation of Italy in mid-1943.[60] The Falangist Spanish government petitioned for 100 Panzer IVs in March 1943 but only 20 were ever delivered by December that same year.[62] Finland bought 30 but only received 15 in 1944 and in the same year a second batch of 62[60] or 72[61] was sent to Hungary (although 20 of these were subsequently diverted to replace German military losses).[61] The Croatian Ustashe Militia received 10 Ausf. F1 and 5 Ausf. G in the autumn of 1944.[63] In total, 297 Panzer IVs of all models were delivered to Germany's allies.[64] Combat history A Panzer IV Ausf. E with hits on the turret and the edge of the gun barrel. The Panzer IV was the only German tank to remain in both production and combat throughout World War II,[65][66] and measured over the entire war it comprised 30% of the Wehrmacht's total tank strength.[67] Although in service by early 1939, in time for the occupation of Czechoslovakia,[68] at the start of the war the majority of German armor was made up of obsolete Panzer Is and Panzer IIs.[69] The Panzer I in particular had already proved inferior to Soviet tanks, such as the T-26, during the Spanish Civil War.[70] Poland, Western Front and North Africa (1939–1942) When Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, its armored corps was composed of 1,445 Panzer Is, 1,223 Panzer IIs, 98 Panzer IIIs and 211 Panzer IVs; the more modern vehicles amounted to less than 10% of Germany's armored strength.[71] The 1st Panzer Division had a roughly equal balance of types, with 17 Panzer Is, 18 Panzer IIs, 28 Panzer IIIs, and 14 Panzer IVs per battalion. The remaining panzer divisions were heavy with obsolete models, equipped as they were with 34 Panzer Is, 33 Panzer IIs, 5 Panzer IIIs, and 6 Panzer IVs per battalion.[72] Although the Polish Army possessed less than 200 tanks capable of penetrating the German light tanks, Polish anti-tank guns proved more of a threat, reinforcing German faith in the value of the close-support Panzer IV.[73] A British Crusader tank passing a burning German Panzer IV during Operation Crusader, late 1941. Despite increased production of the medium Panzer IIIs and IVs prior to the German invasion of France on 10 May 1940, the majority of German tanks were still light types. According to Heinz Guderian, the Wehrmacht invaded France with 523 Panzer Is, 955 Panzer IIs, 349 Panzer IIIs, 278 Panzer IVs, 106 Panzer 35(t)s and 228 Panzer 38(t)s.[74] Through the use of tactical radios[75] and superior tactics, the Germans were able to outmaneuver and defeat French and British armor.[76] However, Panzer IVs armed with the KwK 37 L/24 75-millimetre (2.95 in) tank gun found it difficult to engage French tanks such as the Somua S35 and Char B1.[77] The Somua S35 had a maximum armor thickness of 55 mm (2.2 in),[78] while the KwK 37 L/24 could only penetrate 43 mm (1.7 in) at a range of 700 m (2,300 ft).[17] The British Matilda II was also heavily armored, with at least 70 mm (2.76 in) of steel on the front and turret and a minimum of 65 mm on the sides,[79] but were few in number. Although the Panzer IV was deployed to North Africa with the German Afrika Korps, until the longer gun variant began production, the tank was outperformed by the Panzer III with respect to armor penetration.[80] Both the Panzer III and IV had difficulty in penetrating the British Matilda II's thick armor, while
the Matilda's 40-mm QF 2 pounder gun could knock out either German tank; the Matilda II's major disadvantage was its low speed.[81] By August 1942, Rommel had only received 27 Panzer IV Ausf. F2s, armed with the L/43 gun, which he deployed to spearhead his armored offensives.[81] The longer gun could penetrate all American and British tanks in theater at ranges of up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft), by that time the most heavily armored of which was the M3 Grant.[82] Although more of these tanks arrived in North Africa between August and October 1942, their numbers were insignificant compared to the amount of matériel shipped to British forces.[83] The Panzer IV also took part in the invasion of Yugoslavia and the invasion of Greece in early 1941.[84] Eastern Front (1941–1945) A PzKpfw IV Ausf. H of the 12th Panzer Division carrying Schürzen skirting operating on the Eastern Front in the USSR, 1944. With the launching of Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941, the unanticipated appearance of the KV-1 and T-34 tanks prompted an upgrade of the Panzer IV's 75 mm (2.95 in) gun to a longer, high-velocity 75 mm gun suitable for anti-tank use. This meant that it could now penetrate the T-34 at ranges of up to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) at any angle.[85] The 75 mm KwK 40 L/43 gun on the Panzer IV could penetrate a T-34 at a variety of impact angles beyond 1,000 m (3,300 ft) range and up to 1,600 m (5,200 ft).[86] Shipment of the first model to mount the new gun, the Ausf. F2, began in spring 1942, and by the summer offensive there were around 135 Panzer IVs with the L/43 tank gun available. At the time, these were the only German tanks that could defeat T-34 or KV-1 with sheer firepower.[87] They played a crucial role in the events that unfolded between June 1942 and March 1943,[88] and the Panzer IV became the mainstay of the German panzer divisions.[89] Although in service by late September 1942, the Tiger I was not yet numerous enough to make an impact and suffered from serious teething problems, while the Panther was not delivered to German units in the Soviet Union until May 1943.[90] The extent of German reliance on the Panzer IV during this period is reflected by their losses; 502 were destroyed on the Eastern Front in 1942.[91] The Panzer IV continued to play an important role during operations in 1943, including at the Battle of Kursk. Newer types, such as the Panther, were still experiencing crippling reliability problems that restricted their combat efficiency,[92] so much of the effort fell to the 841 Panzer IVs that took part in the battle.[93] Throughout 1943, the German army lost 2,352 Panzer IVs on the Eastern Front;[94] some divisions were reduced to 12–18 tanks by the end of the year.[89] In 1944, a further 2,643 Panzer IVs were destroyed, and such losses were becoming increasingly difficult to replace.[95] Nevertheless, due to a shortage of replacement Panther tanks, the Panzer IV continued to form the core of Germany's armored divisions, including elite units such as the II SS Panzer Corps, through 1944.[96] In January 1945, 287 Panzer IVs were lost on the Eastern Front. It is estimated that combat against Soviet forces accounted for 6,153 Panzer IVs, or about 75% of all Panzer IV losses during the war.[97] Western Front (1944–45) A Panzer IV Ausf. G of the 1st SS Panzer Division "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler" near the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, 1942. Panzer IVs comprised around half of the available German tank strength on the Western Front prior to the Allied invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944.[98] Most of the 11 panzer divisions that saw action in Normandy initially contained an armored regiment of one battalion of Panzer IVs and another of Panthers, for a total of around 160 tanks, although Waffen-SS panzer divisions were generally larger and better equipped than their Heer counterparts.[99][100] Regular upgrades to the Panzer IV had helped to maintain its reputation as a formidable opponent.[98] The bocage countryside in Normandy favored defense, and German tanks and anti-tank guns inflicted very heavy
casualties on Allied armor during the Normandy campaign, despite the overwhelming Allied air superiority. German counter-attacks were blunted in the face of Allied artillery, infantry-held anti-tank weapons, tank destroyers and anti-tank guns, as well as the ubiquitous fighter-bomber aircraft.[101] The side skirt armor could predetonate shaped charge anti-tank weapons such as the British PIAT, but could be pulled away by rugged terrain. German tankers in all theaters were "frustrated by the way these skirts were easily torn off when going through dense brush".[98] Pz.Kpfw-IV in Belgrade Military Museum, Serbia. The Allies had also been improving their tanks; the widely used American-designed M4 Sherman medium tank, while mechanically reliable, repairable, and available in large numbers, suffered from an inadequate gun in terms of armor-piercing.[102] Against earlier-model Panzer IVs, it could hold its own, but with its 75 mm M3 gun, struggled against the late-model Panzer IV.[103] The late-model Panzer IV's 80 mm (3.15 in) frontal hull armor could easily withstand hits from the 75 mm (2.95 in) weapon on the Sherman at normal combat ranges,[104] though the turret remained vulnerable. The British up-gunned the Sherman with their highly effective 76 mm QF 17-pounder anti-tank gun, resulting in the Firefly;[105] although this was the only Allied tank capable of dealing with all current German tanks at normal combat ranges, few (342) were available in time for the Normandy invasion.[102] One Sherman in every British troop of four was a Firefly. By the end of the Normandy campaign, a further 550 Fireflies were built.[106] which was enough to make good any losses.[107] A second British tank equipped with the 17-pdr gun, the Cruiser Mk VIII Challenger, could not participate in the initial landings having to wait for port facilities to be ready to land. It was not until July 1944 that American Shermans fitted with the 76 mm gun M1 gun achieved a parity in firepower with the Panzer IV.[108][109] By 29 August 1944, as the last surviving German troops of Fifth Panzer Army and Seventh Army began retreating towards Germany, the twin cataclysms of the Falaise Pocket and the Seine crossing cost the Wehrmacht dearly. Of the 2,300 tanks and assault guns it had committed to Normandy (including around 750 Panzer IVs[110]), over 2,200 had been lost.[111] Field Marshal Walter Model reported to Hitler that his panzer divisions had remaining, on average, five or six tanks each.[111] During the winter of 1944–45, the Panzer IV was one of the most numerous tanks in the Ardennes offensive, where further heavy losses—as often due to fuel shortages as to enemy action—impaired major German armored operations in the West thereafter.[112] The Panzer IVs that took part were survivors of the battles in France between June and September 1944,[dubious – discuss] with around 260 additional Panzer IV Ausf. Js issued as reinforcements.[110] Other users A captured German Pz.Kpfw. IV Ausf. G used for anti-tank weapons testing by the British Eighth Army in Italy in 1943. Finland bought 15 new Panzer IV Ausf. Js in 1944 for 5,000,000 Finnish markkas each.[113] The remainder of an order for 40 tanks and some StuG IIIs were not delivered and neither were necessary German tank instructors provided. The tanks arrived too late to see action against the Soviet Union but instead ended up being used against Nazi Germany during their withdrawal through Lapland. After the war, they served as training tanks and one portrayed a Soviet KV-1 tank in the movie The Unknown Soldier in 1955.[citation needed] The additional weight, going from the 18.4 tons (Ausf. A) to about 25 tons (Ausf. J), of these modifications strained the relatively light chassis. The overloaded and primitive leaf-spring suspension gave its crew a shaky ride, earning the Panzer IV the nickname "Ravistin" ("Shaker") in Finnish service. This not only affected general crew comfort, but also hampered the accurate aiming of the main gun. What exactly caused this vibration that gave the PzKw IV Ausf. J
such a bad name among Finnish tank crews remains somewhat unclear, but the poor suspension seems to be the most likely suspect.[114] After 1945, Bulgaria incorporated its surviving Panzer IVs into defensive bunkers as gunpoints on its border with Turkey, along with Soviet T-34 turrets. This defensive line, known as the "Krali Marko Line", remained in use until the fall of communism in 1989.[citation needed] Twenty Panzer IV Ausf. Hs and ten StuG III Ausf. Gs were supplied to Spain in December 1943, a small fraction of what Spain had originally asked for. The Panzer IV represented the best tank in Spanish service between 1944 and 1954, and was deployed along with T-26s and Panzer Is. Spain sold 17 Panzer IVs to Syria in 1967, with the remaining three left conserved. These can be found in Madrid, Burgos and Santovenia de Pisuerga (Valladolid). Most of the tanks Romania had received were lost during combat between 1944 and 1945. These tanks, designated T4 in the army's inventory, were used by the Army's 2nd Armored Regiment. On 9 May 1945, only two Panzer IVs were left. Romania received another 50 captured Panzer IV tanks from the Red Army after the end of the war. These tanks were of many different models and were in very bad shape[59]—many of them were missing parts and the side-skirts. These German T4 tanks remained in service until 1950, when the Army decided to use only Soviet equipment. By 1954, all German tanks in Romanian military service had been scrapped. An ex-Syrian Panzer IV displayed at the AAF Tank Museum. While their numbers remain uncertain, Syria received around 60 Panzers that were refurbished in France between 1950 and 1952, followed by 50 others purchased from Czechoslovakia in 1954, per the Czechoslovakia-Syria arms deal.[115] A Soviet 12.7mm DShK machine gun on an anti-aircraft mount was retrofitted on the cupola. These ex-German tanks were used to shell Israeli settlements below the Golan Heights, together with Soviet-supplied T-34s, and were fired upon in 1965 during the Water War by Israeli Super Sherman and Centurion tanks.[112] Syria received 17 Panzer IVs from Spain, with these seeing combat during the Six-Day War in 1967.[116] Several of Syria's Panzer IVs were captured by the Israeli Army and donated to the Yad La-Shiryon museum. The AAF Tank Museum in Danville, Virginia later traded a US M5 Stuart light tank to the Latrun museum for one of the Czechoslovak-origin Panzer IVs, which is now an exhibit there.[117] In addition, Turkey was a buyer, with 35 Panzer IVs received until 4 May 1944 in exchange for some chromium ore. Delivery began with the Ausf. G and probably went on with Ausf. H versions.[118] Other sources state only 15 to 22 tanks were delivered in 1943, all of the Ausf G version.[119] Captured Panzer IVs in service The Soviet Army captured significant numbers of German armored vehicles, including Panzer IVs (its Russian designation was "T-4"). Some of them were pressed into temporary service and some others were used for driver or anti-tank training. Sometimes, captured tanks were used in different temporary units or as single tanks. While captured Tiger I/IIs and Panthers were only permitted to be used until they irrecoverably broke down, the simplicity of the Panzer IV and the large number of captured parts allowed for long-term repair and continued use. At least one captured Panzer IV Ausf. H was used by the Warsaw Tank Brigade of the Polish 2nd Corps in Italy during 1944. The 1st GMR (Groupement Mobile de Reconnaissance) of the FFI (French Forces of the Interior), later called 'Escadron Autonome de Chars Besnier', was equipped in December 1944 with at least one Panzer IV. Variants A Jagdpanzer IV tank destroyer, based on the Panzer IV chassis, mounting the 75 mm Pak L/48 anti-tank gun. A Sturmpanzer IV infantry-support gun The Wirbelwind self-propelled anti-aircraft gun. In keeping with the wartime German design expediencies of mounting an existing anti-tank gun on a convenient chassis to give mobility, several tank destroyers and infantry support guns were
built around the Panzer IV hull. Both the Jagdpanzer IV, initially armed with the 75-millimetre (2.95 in) L/48 tank gun,[120] and the Krupp-manufactured Sturmgeschütz IV, which was the casemate of the Sturmgeschütz III mounted on the body of the Panzer IV,[121] proved highly effective in defense. Cheaper and faster to construct than tanks, but with the disadvantage of a very limited gun traverse, around 1,980 Jagdpanzer IVs[122] and 1,140 Sturmgeschütz IVs[123] were produced. Another tank destroyer, the Panzer IV/70, used the same basic 75-millimeter L/70 gun that was mounted on the Panther.[124][125] Another variant of the Panzer IV was the Panzerbefehlswagen IV (Pz. Bef. Wg. IV) command tank. This conversion entailed the installation of additional radio sets with associated mounting racks, transformers, junction boxes, wiring, antennas and an auxiliary electrical generator. To make room for the new equipment, ammunition stowage was reduced from 87 to 72 rounds. The vehicle could coordinate with nearby armor, infantry or even aircraft. Seventeen Panzerbefehlswagen were built on Ausf. J chassis in August and September 1944,[3] while another 88 were based on refurbished chassis.[126] The Panzerbeobachtungswagen IV (Pz. Beob. Wg. IV) was an artillery observation vehicle built on the Panzer IV chassis. This, too, received new radio equipment and an electrical generator, installed in the left rear corner of the fighting compartment. Panzerbeobachtungswagens worked in cooperation with Wespe and Hummel self-propelled artillery batteries.[127] Also based on the Panzer IV chassis was the Sturmpanzer IV (called "Brummbär" by Allied intelligence) 150-millimetre (5.91 in) infantry-support self-propelled gun. These vehicles were primarily issued to four Sturmpanzer units (Numbers 216, 217, 218 and 219) and used during the battle of Kursk and in Italy in 1943. Two separate versions of the Sturmpanzer IV existed, one without a machine gun in the mantlet and one with a machine gun mounted on the mantlet of the casemate.[128] Furthermore, a 105-millimetre (4.13 in) artillery gun was mounted in an experimental demountable turret on a Panzer IV chassis. This variant was called the Heuschrecke ("grasshopper").[129] Another 105 mm artillery/anti-tank prototype was the 10.5 cm K (gp.Sfl.) nicknamed Dicker Max. Four different self-propelled anti-aircraft vehicles were built on the Panzer IV hull. The Flakpanzer IV "Möbelwagen" ("moving van") was armed with a 37-millimetre (1.46 in) anti-aircraft cannon; 240 were built between 1944 and 1945. In late 1944 a new Flakpanzer, the Wirbelwind ("whirlwind"), was designed, with enough armor to protect the gun's crew in a rotating turret, armed with the quadruple 20 mmFlakvierling anti-aircraft cannon system; at least 100 were manufactured. Sixty-five (out of an order for 100) similar vehicles with a single 37 mm anti-aircraft cannon were built named Ostwind ("East wind"). This vehicle was designed to replace the Wirbelwind. The final model was the Flakpanzer IV Kugelblitz, of which only five pilot vehicles were built. This vehicle featured an enclosed turret armed with twin 30-millimetre (1.18 in) Rheinmetall-Borsig MK 103 aircraft cannon.[130] Although not a direct modification of the Panzer IV, some of its components, in conjunction with parts from the Panzer III, were utilized to make one of the most widely used self-propelled artillery chassis of the war—the Geschützwagen III/IV. This chassis was the basis of the Hummel, of which 666 were built, and also the 88-millimetre (3.46 in) gun-armed Nashorn tank destroyer, with 473 manufactured.[131] To resupply self-propelled howitzers in the field, 150 ammunition carriers were manufactured on the Geschützwagen III/IV chassis.[68] Another variant was the Bergepanzer IV armored recovery vehicle. Some were believed to have been converted locally,[132] 21 were converted from hulls returned for repair between October 1944 and January 1945. The conversion involved removing the turret and adding a wooden plank cover with an access hatch over the turret
ring and the addition of a 2-ton jib crane and rigid towing bars.[133] Panzer IV mit hydrostatischem antrieb Another rare variant was the Panzer IV mit hydrostatischem antrieb. In 1944, Zahnradfabrik (ZF) Augsburg plant produced a prototype with an unusual drive concept. A Panzer IV Ausf. H tank received a fluid drive instead of the normal gearbox. Two oil pumps were installed behind the engine, which in turn drove two oil engines. An axial engine drive transmitted the power to the rear drive wheels via a reduction gear. Instead of the two steering levers, the driver had a crescent-shaped steering wheel with the steering movements of which two steering cylinders were operated, which in turn regulated the volume of the oil pumps and thus regulated the adjacent force on the two drive wheels. The only prototype built was not used and was shipped to America after the war to be subjected to driving tests. These finally had to be discontinued due to a lack of spare parts. The only surviving vehicle is now in United States Army Ordnance Training and Heritage Center in Maryland.[134] Production models Production models of Panzer IV[3] Name Production details Ausf.A, 1/BW (Sd.Kfz.161) 35 produced by Krupp-Gruson, between November 1937 and June 1938. Ausf.B, 2/BW 42 produced by Krupp-Gruson, from May to October 1938. Ausf.C, 3/BW 140 produced by Krupp-Gruson, from October 1938 to August 1939. Ausf.D, 4/BW + 5/BW 200 + 48 produced by Krupp-Gruson, from October 1939 to October 1940. Ausf.E, 6/BW 206 produced by Krupp-Gruson, from October 1940 to April 1941. Ausf.F, 7/BW 471 produced by Krupp-Gruson, Vomag and Nibelungenwerke from April 1941 to March 1942. Ausf.F2, 7/BW Umbau (Sd.Kfz.161/1) Temporary designation for Ausf F chassis built with long 7.5cm KwK40 L/43 main gun, later renamed into Auf. G and 8/BW. Ausf.G, 8/BW 1,927 produced by Krupp-Gruson, Vomag and Nibelungenwerke from March 1942 to June 1943. Ausf.H, 9/BW (Sd.Kfz.161/2) ~2,324 produced by Krupp-Gruson, Vomag and Nibelungenwerke from June 1943 to February 1944. Ausf.J, 10/BW ~3,160 produced by Nibelungenwerke and Vomag from February 1944 to April 1945. Variants based on chassis Derivatives of Panzer IV Name Production details Tauchpanzer IV 42 converted from July 1940 as submersible medium support tanks Panzerbefehlswagen Command tank with additional radio equipment, 17 built on Ausf. J and further 88 on rebuilt chassis Panzerbeobachtungswagen IV Artillery spotter tank with special radio equipment, 133 converted from Ausf. J Sturmpanzer IV Heavy Assault gun armed with 150 mm Infantry gun Sturmgeschütz IV Assault gun, similar to StuG III, armed with 7.5 cm gun Jagdpanzer IV and Panzer IV/70 Tank destroyer armed with 7.5 cm gun Nashorn Heavy Panzerjäger armed with 8.8 cm Anti-tank gun Hummel Self-propelled artillery armed with 150 mm Howitzer Flakpanzer IV Multiple variants of Panzer IV chassis armed with various Flak guns Brückenleger IV b+c 20+4 bridge layer tanks built by Krupp and Magirus, on Ausf.C and Ausf.D chassis, from February to May 1940 Brückenleger IV s (Sturmstegpanzer) 4 assault bridge carriers converted from Ausf.C chassis in 1940 Bergepanzer IV 21 armoured recovery vehicles converted from Pz IV chassis from October to December 1944 Panzer IV mit hydrostatischem antrieb 1 Panzer IV Ausf. H with a hydraulic drive by Zahnradfabrik in 1944
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EOT Crane Remote Control in India
Electric Overhead Travelling Crane is commonly preferred, EOT Crane. These cranes are the most common cranes on construction sites and in industry. EOT Crane Remote is used for load lifting and shifting from one place to another place.   Cranes have parallel runways and space is spanned by a traveling bridge. The hoist is placed on this bridge. To operate this crane requires electricity and can be operated via the control room attached to the crane or via a crane pendant. These cranes lifting both light and heavy equipment.
Principle of operation
Radio Remote control for EOT cranes works on three steps that are lifting, trolly lateral movement and longitudinal motion of long travelling crane. The motor has a driving force from the elevator mechanism. This delivers the power to end of high-speed shaft. Gear transfers the force therefore crane hook is driven up and down by using pulleys and wire rope. Similarly completes the half gear coupling.
Crane Configurations of Electric Overhead Traveling
·        Under Running
EOT cranes are supported by the roof structure. The cranes run on the lower wing of the rail girders. One of the advantages of the under running configuration is that a very small trolley dimension takes advantage of the maximum width and height of the building. We can use the existing roof rack to protect the crane runway.
·        Top Running
A beam is the main horizontal support beam of the structure. Supports the smallest bars. It has a fixed track or rail system that is installed on top of the track support. The upper stroke setting has no limitation for the power range. It can handle both small and large loads.
TYPES OF EOT CRANES
There are different types of EOT cranes. Such as,
·        Double Girder EOT Crane
·        Single Girder EOT Crane
·        Jib Crane
Components and Radio remote control for EOT Crane
Following components requires for EOT crane remote control
·        Hoist
·        Trolley
·        Bridge
·        Runway beam
·        Advanced Crane Pendent
·        End Effector
·        Control Panel
·        Radio Remote Control Receiver
·        Thruster Brakes
·        Limit Switches
·        Anti-Collision Device
·        C Track festooning System
·        DSL Busbar
·        Resistance Box
·        Master Controller
·        Radio Remote Control
In the EOT crane, the load is supported with a hook that is linked to the hoist by ropes. A trolley moves horizontally along the crane bridge with help of a hoist. The bridge joints to an end trucks on either side. The end truck break over the track beam.
EOT crane Single Girder
The crane consists of a single girder that is carried by two forklifts and has a trolley lifting mechanism that runs on the lower chord of the bridge girder. Single girder cranes are used in work units where heavy materials need to be moved or lifted. These cranes are used for maintenance and manufacturing purposes only. The main aim of these cranes is to move heavy materials quickly and comfortably. These cranes offer great durability and can perform very well.
Features
·        single girder EOT cranes are much lighter, because of one main bridge.
·        for industrial applications.
·        It has compact structure that minimizes the building loads.
·        It has lifting capacity up to 20 tons.
·        It reduces the total cost on crane components, and structure.
·        Low head rooms reduce the cost of building
EOT crane Double Girder
Double girder EOT cranes are used to lift heavy loads at greater heights. It is lifting heavy loads as compared to a single girder crane.  These cranes give many benefits like the selection of speed, ease of maintenance and, high carrying capacity of up to 150 tons of loads.
Features
·        As it consists of two main bridges, it becomes a sturdy construction.
·        Designed for durable operations.
·        It is cost-effective
·        It is operated at any capacity
·        It consists of steel alloy, toughened, precision-cut gears.
·        It consists of foot mounted hydraulic thruster brakes, which are used for the hoist.
·        It has a full-length platform.
Jib Crane
 a crane that has a horizontal participant known as jib that supports a movable hoist. Jib crane can be mounted on a surface such as wall or floor. It helps to increase efficiency, decrease workplace damages and improve safety. These cranes are easy to operate and require less maintenance.  These cranes have the capability to rotate cranes from 180 to 360 degrees.
Applications of EOT Cranes.
Ceramic     Industries
Power     Plant
Transport     Industry
Construction     Industry
Petrochemical     Industry
Chemical     Industries
Steel     Plant
Dairy     Industries
Foundries
Textile     Industry
Cement     Industry
In     Assembly Line
Paper     and Packing
Petro-Chemical
Shipbuilding
Fertilizers
Features of EOT Cranes
All     the motors of a Crane are electric motors.
It     consists of a heavy-duty cast steel cable guide.
It has     an upper and lower hook portable limit switch.
The     body of the eot crane remote control is corrosion resistance.
It     offers easy operation with less maintenance.
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privateplates4u · 5 years ago
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8 Frankfurt Show Tech Highlights
Every recent auto show has had some sort of “mobility” conference attached to it, and Frankfurt is no exception—the upstairs of Halle 3 rounded up all the usual suspects. But several other upstairs and downstairs booths mounted what looked like Germany��s version of the SAE World Congress. We’ve got the worn-out shoe leather to prove that we covered both the new cars and the new tech present at this far-flung show. Herewith, our tech-highlights reel. GKN eTwinsterX We know and love GKN’s torque-vectoring Twinster differential in applications such as the Ford Focus RS. We also admire the seamless functionality of the two-speed electric front axle in BMW’s i8. GKN supplies both, and now the company is offering the best of both in an even better e-axle solution known as eTwinsterX. The i8’s e-axle locates the motor “off axis” from the differential, but in this new one the electric motor is concentric with the axle, with one half-shaft running back through the middle of it. This greatly reduces the package size and trims a bit of weight, as well. Not all of the gearing packages on the axle centerline—there is a planetary gearset that takes power off the motor output shaft, returning it to the input of the Twinster differential (which uses clutch packs to engage each wheel, negating the need for spider gears). The ratio change also happens with a twin-clutch-type handoff that suffers no torque interruption (the i8’s e-axle interrupts torque, but you never feel it because the combustion engine fills in with rear-axle torque). The unit on display was rated to deliver 161 hp and up to 2,581 lb-ft of torque (after multiplication), with the ability to shift as much as 1,475 lb-ft to an outside wheel. The system can deliver torque at vehicle speeds of up to 155 mph, with the first-second gear shift typically taking place between 40 and 60 mph. The eTwinsterX system can function as an EV’s front and/or rear powertrain or as an add-on e-axle providing all-wheel drive and propulsion assist to a combustion or hybrid drivetrain on another axle. It has completed its initial design phase and is ready for integration and production, but as it made its world debut at the Frankfurt show, no companies have signed on as yet. IBM Cognitive Configurator Imagine for a moment that you were NOT a car person and that you viewed choosing a new car as a major annoyance. Believe it or not, much of the population feels this way, and so IBM is trying to leverage its Watson artificial intelligence to help folks narrow down the vast array of choices. For now it’s envisioned as a feature that would be offered within a manufacturer’s car configurator tool, but enterprising sites—such as maybe perhaps this one (are you reading me, boss?)—could potentially apply it to the entire industry or whole segments of the car landscape. Users would be asked to log in using their Facebook or Twitter accounts. Watson then takes a quick look at these accounts to classify you in five categories, establishing a sense of your own personal likes, dislikes, hobbies, tastes, etc. It then asks a few questions, ranging from the obvious (“what is your budget?”) to the esoteric (“Which of these three pictures do you like best?”). Then it cogitates and suggests a car, launching the configurator function. I love movies and the Netflix AI assistant has never selected something I like, so I have little hope of this system working for me. But car haters? Have fun! Qualcomm 9150 C-V2X Chipset Just days before the Frankfurt show opened, Qualcomm pulled the wraps off its latest development in the vehicle-to-everything connected-car space. You might not know the name Qualcomm, but like Intel it’s “inside” your smart phone. Qualcomm computer chips specialize in “directing traffic” inside a smart phone, assessing the workload and assigning tasks to the various bits of silicon that can most efficiently handle them so that your phone can survive an entire day on its tiny battery. Millions of car owners have been enjoying Qualcomm chips for many years—the company enabled the original OnStar communications in 2003 and has powered OnStar and many other telematics systems ever since. This latest cellular C-V2X technology rolls out next year and will enable direct communication between cars, cell phones, and infrastructure transponder nodes. It will also handle communications over the traditional cellular networks. It’s that direct component that promises vastly faster delivery of safety-critical information. These signals will travel over the globally harmonized 5.9 GHz ITS communications band established for V2X without the need for a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card, cellular subscription, or network assistance. Just having a powered device connects the person, car, or transponder. Network communications via 4G and the coming 5G technology provides the traditional infotainment streams. This technology is seen as a key building block in the quest for improved safety and productivity (traffic jam avoidance), as well as a major enabler of autonomy. Ford, Audi, France’s PSA, and China’s SAIC all expressed intent to utilize this technology at the time of its launch. IBM Blockchain If the word blockchain rings any bells, it’s probably from an online banking or bitcoin perspective. The official definition is “a digital ledger in which transactions made in cryptocurrencies are recorded chronologically and publicly.” No hanky-panky. IBM is bringing this tech to the car biz primarily to help with the seemingly ever-increasing number of safety and other recalls. Today, all too often, when a problem with some component is revealed, an entire model line gets recalled so dealers can look to see if your car is part is one of the bad ones. Blockchain technology tracks these individual parts. The first link in the chain is a subcomponent’s creation. The next might note its assembly into a subsystem. The next might be that subsystem’s shipment to a Tier 1 supplier for assembly into a bigger component. By now many of these chains are interlocking, and they eventually lead to the point where it’s assembled into a car and that car’s VIN gets recorded to the chain. That VIN can now be cross-reference with zillions of component parts, each with their own little part numbers. So now when a supplier discovers that a nest of rats peed all over this one box of parts, possibly compromising their functionality, the automaker can strategically contact just the owners of cars with the peed-on parts. This recall also goes into the block chain, as does every communication about it and the eventual repair. Now NHTSA can openly see what parts have been problematic, what’s been done to contact owners, and how many owners have made the repairs. It also means that if you wander in for an oil change, and your dealer punches in your VIN, he can see that there’s a recall on and fix it—perhaps before you even know it needs fixing. Isn’t the connected world gonna be great? Röchling Seralite German supplier Röchling specializes in aerodynamic aids, including clever underbody paneling to smooth airflow beneath a vehicle. Seralite looks like aluminum, but it’s a composite made from aluminum and lightweight thermoplastics reinforced with fiberglass. It ends up being lighter and cheaper than aluminum, it’s nonflammable, and it won’t absorb oil or other flammable liquids—a bonus when looking to shroud the area under drippy parts such as the engine and transmission. Seralite also boasts good acoustic absorption characteristics. Introduced last year, Seralite is now in production on the Peugeot 3008 crossover. And Three Tech-Savvy Tire Concepts from Continental ContiAdapt This tire and wheel combo features microcompressors that can adjust the tire pressure, inflating and deflating it as necessary, and hydraulics to change the width of the rim so the tire can be fatter with less pressure for improved grip on a slippery road and then can be narrower with higher pressure for a smaller footprint and less rolling resistance for optimal fuel economy on a dry highway.  The technology is still five to 10 years from production. A little closer to production is ContiSense, which adds sensors and a layer of electrically conductive rubber to the inside wall of the tire that can detect when a metal object punctures it. Likewise, a tread depth sensor can tell when you need new tires. In either case, the tire will send a warning to an app on your phone. The app can then locate the nearest outlet and ensure the tires are in stock and the coffee is hot for while you wait for the old tires to be swapped for new. The feature would be ideal for fleet managers managing the health of their trucks constantly on the road. Another sensor acts as a tire health monitor to measure the temperature of the tire and warn when the truck should switch driving modes to change the tire pressure or if the truck should stop to cool down. The assorted ContiSense features are all in development and should be available in the next five years, said Nikolai Setzer, executive board member and head of the Tire Division. Taraxa Gum. Meanwhile, Continental is entering the next phase of its experimentation with dandelions as a replacement for natural rubber. A lab project in Germany has proven promising enough that Continental is building a research facility and will harvest huge fields of Russian dandelions to assess whether easy-to-grow dandelions can be a viable solution. Dandelions can be grown near tire factories, eliminating the need to import rubber from Southeast Asia. Rubber is currently cheap, so there is not a big financial incentive, but that could change.The post 8 Frankfurt Show Tech Highlights appeared first on Motor Trend.
http://www.motortrend.com/news/8-frankfurt-show-tech-highlights/
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tronicpower94-blog · 5 years ago
Text
The Perks Of Implementing Planetary Gear Motors In Your Assignments
There are many varieties of geared motors are handy when searching for the perfect momentum in an engineering project. Considering the technical specifications, which include the required performance or space limitations of the design? We shall dwell much on the planetary gearmotors (German: Planetengetriebemotoren) or epicyclical gear, in this session. This will thoroughly help polish your knowledge, helping you discover the merits and some successful applications.
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The Planetary Gearmotor units are made up of gears whose mechanizations are entirely different from other models. Examples such as the uncrowned end, cyclical (systematically) or spur and helical gears come to mind. How do we classify their elements? 
Sun: This is the central gear. It comprises of a larger size, which rotates on the central axis.
The planet carrier: Its main work is to hold up to three gears of the same size, joined with the sun gear.
Crown or ring: This is an outer ring, which has teeth on its inner side. It is held together with the satellites and comprises of the whole epicyclical train. Moreover, the core can also become a rotation center for the outer ring, allowing easy change of directions.
For purposes of accuracy and reliability, most automatic transmissions currently use planetary gear motors. Besides, this reducer offers excellent versatility and can be employed in very different tasks. Its cylindrical shape makes it easy for it to adapt to an infinite amount of spaces, thereby, ensuring a considerable reduction in a very constricted area. Commonly, such drives can be used in applications requiring higher management levels of precision, like in industrial automation or vending machines and robotics.
Let Us Consider The Primary Rewards Of Planetary Gearmotors
Better repeatability: By being robust and reliable, gives it greater speed radial and axial load, thereby, can effectively minimize the misalignment of the gear. Additionally, with its smooth transmission and low vibrations at different capacities, there is a provision for perfect repeatability.
Perfect precision: When rotating, angular stability effectively improves the accuracy and reliability of the motion. The level of noise is also lowered due to more surface contact. Rolling then becomes much softer, with jumps becoming almost nonexistent.
Greater durability: This comes about due to its torsional rigidity and better rolling features. To improve this, the bearings help reduce the losses that would otherwise have occurred through friction, by the shaft rubbing directly on the box. As a result, greater efficiency of the gear is achieved through smoother operations.
Excellent levels of efficiency: Planetary reducers often have higher productivity. Its design and internal plans can minimize losses during operations. Nowadays, the most sought after of these types of drive mechanisms are those offering greater efficiency.
Increased torque transmission: With more teeth for contact, the mechanism can effectively transmit and withstand more pressure. Moreover, it does it this in a more uniformly, without any hitch.
Optimum flexibility: Its system is included in a cylindrical gearbox, which could be mounted in nearly whatever space.
Cases Of Effective Execution Of Planetary Gearmotors
Get in touch with experts have more than 20 years of experience in the manufacturing of planetary Planetary Gearmotor in a variety of fields. Many solutions in these areas have brought significant technological advances and quality in highly specialized sectors.
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printingproducts0318 · 4 years ago
Text
Cement machinery bearing fault analysis and treatment
The bearing of cement machines equipment is a vulnerable section, its running state directly impacts the performance of the whole equipment. In cement machinery gear, there are many instances of equipment failure caused by the early failure of rolling bearings.Therefore, to learn the origin of the fault, consider remedial measures to eliminate the fault, is among the keys to enhance the machine operation speed.The normal failure mode of rolling bearings is only fatigue spalling in rolling contact.The spalling surface region is roughly 2mm2 and the depth is up to 0.2millimeter ~ 0.3mm, which can be decided by the vibration detection from the monitor.Spalling may happen on the internal seat surface, outer chair, or about the rolling body.Among them, the interior seat ring as a result of high contact stress, the incidence of rupture is more.Among all sorts of diagnostic techniques for rolling bearings, the vibration tracking method is still the most important one. In general, the time-domain analysis method is simple, appropriate for a small noise disturbance, is a simple diagnosis of a fantastic method; Among that the frequency-domain diagnosis methods, the resonance demodulation method is the most mature and reliable, which is suitable for precise diagnosis of bearing faults. The time-frequency analysis method is similar to the resonance demodulation method in that it can properly describe the time and frequency characteristics of fault signals and has more benefits.Analysis of the damage form of rolling bearing and curative measures(1) Overload.Severe surface spalling and wear indicate that the collapse of the rolling bearing because of early fatigue due to overload (along with a particular degree of fatigue due to a too-tight match ).The overload will also bring about critical wear of bearing ball raceways, a large area of spalling, and sometimes accompanied by overheating. The remedy is to decrease the bearing load or increase the bearing ability.(2) Overheating.A change in color of the roller raceway, ball, or retainer suggests signs of the bearing.The increase of the temperature will lessen the part of lubricants so that the oil desert isn't easy to shape or entirely disappear. If the temperature is too high, the material of the raceway and steel ball will anneal and its hardness will decrease. This is largely the warmth disadvantageous or the heavy load, the high-speed state cooling insufficient cause. The solution is adequate heat dissipation and additional cooling.(3) Vibration erosion beneath the low load.Elliptical wear marks at the axial position of each ball indicate failure due to excessive external vibration or low load corrosion once the posture isn't working and no lubricating movie is produced.The remedy would be to isolate the bearing or add anti-wear additives to the bearing grease.(4) Setup problem.Mainly listen to the following aspects: First, look closely at the use of force.If there are intervals of the pit to the raceway, the load has exceeded the elastic limit of this material.This is due to static overload or severe impact (e.g., hammer hitting the bearing during installation).The proper installation system is to apply force only to the ring to be pressed (don't push the outer ring when the inner ring is installed on the shaft).Secondly, focus on the mounting direction of the contact bearings. Angular contact bearings have an elliptical contact zone and then bear axial push only in 1 direction.When the posture is assembled from the opposite direction, the bearing surface will create a groove wear belt because the ball reaches the edge of the raceway.Therefore, attention should be paid to the right direction of setup.Third, listen to alignment.The wear marks of this steel ball are skewed and not parallel to the raceway management, indicating the bearing is not in alignment during installation.If that the deflection > 16000, simple to cause the bearing temperature increase and serious wear.The reason might be that the shaft contains bent, the shaft or the box body has burr, the clamping surface of the surrogate mum isn't perpendicular to the thread axis and thus on. Therefore, the installation needs to pay attention to check the diameter jump condition.Fourth, should pay attention to the correct cooperation.The circumferential wear or discoloration on the contact surface of the outer and inner rings of the posture is caused by the loose match between the posture and its fitting parts.The oxide created by abrasion is a kind of pure brown abrasive. As a result, the bearing will suffer from additional wear, heat, and sound, as well as a collection of issues like diameter jump. Therefore, good coordination should be paid attention to when assembling.For instance, there's a serious spherical wear trail in the base of the racetrack, which indicates the bearing clearance gets smaller due to tight match, and the bearing will soon fail due to fatigue and wear due to the increase of torsional distance and also the increase of bearing temperature. At this stage, provided that the radial clearance is suitably restored and the interference quantity is reduced, this problem can be solved.Fifth, ordinary fatigue failure. Normal fatigue failure is characterized by irregular material spalling on any running surface (for instance, raceway or chunk ) and gradual expansion leading to increased amplitude. If the life of ordinary bearings cannot meet the requirements of usage, only to choose a new more advanced bearing, or enhance the specification of their initial class bearing, to improve the bearing capacity.Sixth, improper lubrication. All rolling bearings require continuous lubrication using a high excellent lubricant to maintain their design performance.The bearing is shielded from the direct connection between compounds by an oil film formed on the rolling body and the chair ring.If it's well lubricated, friction can be lowered so that it does not wear out.Particles in lubricating oil or dirt contamination, though those contaminant particles bigger than ordinary oil film thickness, as a result of hard particles  nevertheless produce abrasion, even though the oil film and bearing surfaces to produce local stress, which radically shortens the posture life. The concentration of water at the lubricating oil or grease, even as low as 0.01%, is enough to shorten the original life of the posture by half.If water melts in oil or grease, the service life of the posture decreases with increasing water concentration. The remedy would be to replace the rancid oil or grease; Better filters should be installed at normal times, sealing should be raised, and clean operation should be paid attention to during storage and installation.Seventh, corrosion.Red or brown spots on raceways, steel balls, retainers, and outer and inner ring surfaces indicate corrosion failure of bearings due to exposure to corrosive liquids or gases. It will cause greater vibration, increased wear, enhanced cerebral clearance, decreased preload, and fatigue failure in the limit. The remedy is to permit fluid to drain out of the posture or to grow the general and outside seal of the posture.Fault causes and therapy of fan bearings according to incomplete data, the failure rate of the fan vibration from the cement plant is 58.6% in the highest, since the vibration will cause the fan operation to unbalance.Among them, improper alteration of posture firming sleeve will result in abnormal temperatures increase and vibration of their posture.Such as a cement plant in the equipment maintenance throughout the replacement of the fan blade. Both sides of the wheel blade are fixed with fixed-wing and bearing housing bearing.The fault of high temperature and higher vibration worth of free posture will occur in the re-test.It's found that the posture roller in a specific place of the rotating shaft also rolls at the non-load area once the upper cover of the bearing housing is eliminated and the mounting clearance might be insufficient. The dimension proves that the internal clearance of the bearing is simply 0.04mm and the eccentricity of the rotating shaft is up to 0.18mm.Due to the large span of the left and right bearing, it is difficult to avoid the deflection of the rotating shaft or the mistake of this bearing installation Angle. Consequently, the large fan adopts the spherical roller bearing that can be mechanically adjusted to the center.But when the inner clearance of the posture is inadequate, the internal rolling regions of the bearing because of the restriction of motion space, its automatic function of the heart is affected, vibration value will boost instead. The internal clearance of the posture decreases with the rise of this match stiffness, as well as the lubricating oil film can't be formed. After the clearance of the bearing operation drops to zero due to the temperature increase, if the heat generated by the bearing operation is still greater than the heat escaped, the bearing temperature will climb rapidly.At that moment, if not instantly stop, the bearing will finally burn. The excess emission of the bearing inner ring and shaft is the cause of the abnormally high temperature of the bearing in this situation.During therapy, eliminate the setting sleeve, readjust the fitting tightness of the shaft and the inner ring, and take 0.10millimeter clearance after replacing the bearing.After reinstallation, restart the enthusiast, and the vibration value and operating temperature of the bearing return to normal.Bearing internal clearance is too small or the layout and manufacturing precision are not great are the principal causes of its large running temperature of the posture, to facilitate the installation, repair, and upkeep of the fan gear, generally at the design of the bearing housing bearing with taper hole posture interior ring. However, it is also easy to cause problems as a result of the negligence of the setup procedure, especially the proper clearance adjustment.The internal clearance of the bearing is too small and the operating temperature climbs rapidly; Bearing inner ring taper hole and tight sleeve match too loose, the bearing isn't hard to lose because of the match surface and burn in a short time.To sum up, bearing failure, needs to maintain the design, maintenance lubrication direction, operation, and other areas of the use of attention.This can reduce the maintenance cost of machinery and equipment and extend the performance speed and service life of machines and equipment.
0 notes
paper1125 · 4 years ago
Text
Cement machinery bearing fault analysis and treatment
The bearing of cement machines equipment is a vulnerable section, its running state directly impacts the performance of the whole equipment. In cement machinery gear, there are many instances of equipment failure caused by the early failure of rolling bearings.Therefore, to learn the origin of the fault, consider remedial measures to eliminate the fault, is among the keys to enhance the machine operation speed.The normal failure mode of rolling bearings is only fatigue spalling in rolling contact.The spalling surface region is roughly 2mm2 and the depth is up to 0.2millimeter ~ 0.3mm, which can be decided by the vibration detection from the monitor.Spalling may happen on the internal seat surface, outer chair, or about the rolling body.Among them, the interior seat ring as a result of high contact stress, the incidence of rupture is more.Among all sorts of diagnostic techniques for rolling bearings, the vibration tracking method is still the most important one. In general, the time-domain analysis method is simple, appropriate for a small noise disturbance, is a simple diagnosis of a fantastic method; Among that the frequency-domain diagnosis methods, the resonance demodulation method is the most mature and reliable, which is suitable for precise diagnosis of bearing faults. The time-frequency analysis method is similar to the resonance demodulation method in that it can properly describe the time and frequency characteristics of fault signals and has more benefits.Analysis of the damage form of rolling bearing and curative measures(1) Overload.Severe surface spalling and wear indicate that the collapse of the rolling bearing because of early fatigue due to overload (along with a particular degree of fatigue due to a too-tight match ).The overload will also bring about critical wear of bearing ball raceways, a large area of spalling, and sometimes accompanied by overheating. The remedy is to decrease the bearing load or increase the bearing ability.(2) Overheating.A change in color of the roller raceway, ball, or retainer suggests signs of the bearing.The increase of the temperature will lessen the part of lubricants so that the oil desert isn't easy to shape or entirely disappear. If the temperature is too high, the material of the raceway and steel ball will anneal and its hardness will decrease. This is largely the warmth disadvantageous or the heavy load, the high-speed state cooling insufficient cause. The solution is adequate heat dissipation and additional cooling.(3) Vibration erosion beneath the low load.Elliptical wear marks at the axial position of each ball indicate failure due to excessive external vibration or low load corrosion once the posture isn't working and no lubricating movie is produced.The remedy would be to isolate the bearing or add anti-wear additives to the bearing grease.(4) Setup problem.Mainly listen to the following aspects: First, look closely at the use of force.If there are intervals of the pit to the raceway, the load has exceeded the elastic limit of this material.This is due to static overload or severe impact (e.g., hammer hitting the bearing during installation).The proper installation system is to apply force only to the ring to be pressed (don't push the outer ring when the inner ring is installed on the shaft).Secondly, focus on the mounting direction of the contact bearings. Angular contact bearings have an elliptical contact zone and then bear axial push only in 1 direction.When the posture is assembled from the opposite direction, the bearing surface will create a groove wear belt because the ball reaches the edge of the raceway.Therefore, attention should be paid to the right direction of setup.Third, listen to alignment.The wear marks of this steel ball are skewed and not parallel to the raceway management, indicating the bearing is not in alignment during installation.If that the deflection > 16000, simple to cause the bearing temperature increase and serious wear.The reason might be that the shaft contains bent, the shaft or the box body has burr, the clamping surface of the surrogate mum isn't perpendicular to the thread axis and thus on. Therefore, the installation needs to pay attention to check the diameter jump condition.Fourth, should pay attention to the correct cooperation.The circumferential wear or discoloration on the contact surface of the outer and inner rings of the posture is caused by the loose match between the posture and its fitting parts.The oxide created by abrasion is a kind of pure brown abrasive. As a result, the bearing will suffer from additional wear, heat, and sound, as well as a collection of issues like diameter jump. Therefore, good coordination should be paid attention to when assembling.For instance, there's a serious spherical wear trail in the base of the racetrack, which indicates the bearing clearance gets smaller due to tight match, and the bearing will soon fail due to fatigue and wear due to the increase of torsional distance and also the increase of bearing temperature. At this stage, provided that the radial clearance is suitably restored and the interference quantity is reduced, this problem can be solved.Fifth, ordinary fatigue failure. Normal fatigue failure is characterized by irregular material spalling on any running surface (for instance, raceway or chunk ) and gradual expansion leading to increased amplitude. If the life of ordinary bearings cannot meet the requirements of usage, only to choose a new more advanced bearing, or enhance the specification of their initial class bearing, to improve the bearing capacity.Sixth, improper lubrication. All rolling bearings require continuous lubrication using a high excellent lubricant to maintain their design performance.The bearing is shielded from the direct connection between compounds by an oil film formed on the rolling body and the chair ring.If it's well lubricated, friction can be lowered so that it does not wear out.Particles in lubricating oil or dirt contamination, though those contaminant particles bigger than ordinary oil film thickness, as a result of hard particles  nevertheless produce abrasion, even though the oil film and bearing surfaces to produce local stress, which radically shortens the posture life. The concentration of water at the lubricating oil or grease, even as low as 0.01%, is enough to shorten the original life of the posture by half.If water melts in oil or grease, the service life of the posture decreases with increasing water concentration. The remedy would be to replace the rancid oil or grease; Better filters should be installed at normal times, sealing should be raised, and clean operation should be paid attention to during storage and installation.Seventh, corrosion.Red or brown spots on raceways, steel balls, retainers, and outer and inner ring surfaces indicate corrosion failure of bearings due to exposure to corrosive liquids or gases. It will cause greater vibration, increased wear, enhanced cerebral clearance, decreased preload, and fatigue failure in the limit. The remedy is to permit fluid to drain out of the posture or to grow the general and outside seal of the posture.Fault causes and therapy of fan bearings according to incomplete data, the failure rate of the fan vibration from the cement plant is 58.6% in the highest, since the vibration will cause the fan operation to unbalance.Among them, improper alteration of posture firming sleeve will result in abnormal temperatures increase and vibration of their posture.Such as a cement plant in the equipment maintenance throughout the replacement of the fan blade. Both sides of the wheel blade are fixed with fixed-wing and bearing housing bearing.The fault of high temperature and higher vibration worth of free posture will occur in the re-test.It's found that the posture roller in a specific place of the rotating shaft also rolls at the non-load area once the upper cover of the bearing housing is eliminated and the mounting clearance might be insufficient. The dimension proves that the internal clearance of the bearing is simply 0.04mm and the eccentricity of the rotating shaft is up to 0.18mm.Due to the large span of the left and right bearing, it is difficult to avoid the deflection of the rotating shaft or the mistake of this bearing installation Angle. Consequently, the large fan adopts the spherical roller bearing that can be mechanically adjusted to the center.But when the inner clearance of the posture is inadequate, the internal rolling regions of the bearing because of the restriction of motion space, its automatic function of the heart is affected, vibration value will boost instead. The internal clearance of the posture decreases with the rise of this match stiffness, as well as the lubricating oil film can't be formed. After the clearance of the bearing operation drops to zero due to the temperature increase, if the heat generated by the bearing operation is still greater than the heat escaped, the bearing temperature will climb rapidly.At that moment, if not instantly stop, the bearing will finally burn. The excess emission of the bearing inner ring and shaft is the cause of the abnormally high temperature of the bearing in this situation.During therapy, eliminate the setting sleeve, readjust the fitting tightness of the shaft and the inner ring, and take 0.10millimeter clearance after replacing the bearing.After reinstallation, restart the enthusiast, and the vibration value and operating temperature of the bearing return to normal.Bearing internal clearance is too small or the layout and manufacturing precision are not great are the principal causes of its large running temperature of the posture, to facilitate the installation, repair, and upkeep of the fan gear, generally at the design of the bearing housing bearing with taper hole posture interior ring. However, it is also easy to cause problems as a result of the negligence of the setup procedure, especially the proper clearance adjustment.The internal clearance of the bearing is too small and the operating temperature climbs rapidly; Bearing inner ring taper hole and tight sleeve match too loose, the bearing isn't hard to lose because of the match surface and burn in a short time.To sum up, bearing failure, needs to maintain the design, maintenance lubrication direction, operation, and other areas of the use of attention.This can reduce the maintenance cost of machinery and equipment and extend the performance speed and service life of machines and equipment.
0 notes
cat0620 · 4 years ago
Text
Cement machinery bearing fault analysis and treatment
The bearing of cement machines equipment is a vulnerable section, its running state directly impacts the performance of the whole equipment. In cement machinery gear, there are many instances of equipment failure caused by the early failure of rolling bearings.Therefore, to learn the origin of the fault, consider remedial measures to eliminate the fault, is among the keys to enhance the machine operation speed.The normal failure mode of rolling bearings is only fatigue spalling in rolling contact.The spalling surface region is roughly 2mm2 and the depth is up to 0.2millimeter ~ 0.3mm, which can be decided by the vibration detection from the monitor.Spalling may happen on the internal seat surface, outer chair, or about the rolling body.Among them, the interior seat ring as a result of high contact stress, the incidence of rupture is more.Among all sorts of diagnostic techniques for rolling bearings, the vibration tracking method is still the most important one. In general, the time-domain analysis method is simple, appropriate for a small noise disturbance, is a simple diagnosis of a fantastic method; Among that the frequency-domain diagnosis methods, the resonance demodulation method is the most mature and reliable, which is suitable for precise diagnosis of bearing faults. The time-frequency analysis method is similar to the resonance demodulation method in that it can properly describe the time and frequency characteristics of fault signals and has more benefits.Analysis of the damage form of rolling bearing and curative measures(1) Overload.Severe surface spalling and wear indicate that the collapse of the rolling bearing because of early fatigue due to overload (along with a particular degree of fatigue due to a too-tight match ).The overload will also bring about critical wear of bearing ball raceways, a large area of spalling, and sometimes accompanied by overheating. The remedy is to decrease the bearing load or increase the bearing ability.(2) Overheating.A change in color of the roller raceway, ball, or retainer suggests signs of the bearing.The increase of the temperature will lessen the part of lubricants so that the oil desert isn't easy to shape or entirely disappear. If the temperature is too high, the material of the raceway and steel ball will anneal and its hardness will decrease. This is largely the warmth disadvantageous or the heavy load, the high-speed state cooling insufficient cause. The solution is adequate heat dissipation and additional cooling.(3) Vibration erosion beneath the low load.Elliptical wear marks at the axial position of each ball indicate failure due to excessive external vibration or low load corrosion once the posture isn't working and no lubricating movie is produced.The remedy would be to isolate the bearing or add anti-wear additives to the bearing grease.(4) Setup problem.Mainly listen to the following aspects: First, look closely at the use of force.If there are intervals of the pit to the raceway, the load has exceeded the elastic limit of this material.This is due to static overload or severe impact (e.g., hammer hitting the bearing during installation).The proper installation system is to apply force only to the ring to be pressed (don't push the outer ring when the inner ring is installed on the shaft).Secondly, focus on the mounting direction of the contact bearings. Angular contact bearings have an elliptical contact zone and then bear axial push only in 1 direction.When the posture is assembled from the opposite direction, the bearing surface will create a groove wear belt because the ball reaches the edge of the raceway.Therefore, attention should be paid to the right direction of setup.Third, listen to alignment.The wear marks of this steel ball are skewed and not parallel to the raceway management, indicating the bearing is not in alignment during installation.If that the deflection > 16000, simple to cause the bearing temperature increase and serious wear.The reason might be that the shaft contains bent, the shaft or the box body has burr, the clamping surface of the surrogate mum isn't perpendicular to the thread axis and thus on. Therefore, the installation needs to pay attention to check the diameter jump condition.Fourth, should pay attention to the correct cooperation.The circumferential wear or discoloration on the contact surface of the outer and inner rings of the posture is caused by the loose match between the posture and its fitting parts.The oxide created by abrasion is a kind of pure brown abrasive. As a result, the bearing will suffer from additional wear, heat, and sound, as well as a collection of issues like diameter jump. Therefore, good coordination should be paid attention to when assembling.For instance, there's a serious spherical wear trail in the base of the racetrack, which indicates the bearing clearance gets smaller due to tight match, and the bearing will soon fail due to fatigue and wear due to the increase of torsional distance and also the increase of bearing temperature. At this stage, provided that the radial clearance is suitably restored and the interference quantity is reduced, this problem can be solved.Fifth, ordinary fatigue failure. Normal fatigue failure is characterized by irregular material spalling on any running surface (for instance, raceway or chunk ) and gradual expansion leading to increased amplitude. If the life of ordinary bearings cannot meet the requirements of usage, only to choose a new more advanced bearing, or enhance the specification of their initial class bearing, to improve the bearing capacity.Sixth, improper lubrication. All rolling bearings require continuous lubrication using a high excellent lubricant to maintain their design performance.The bearing is shielded from the direct connection between compounds by an oil film formed on the rolling body and the chair ring.If it's well lubricated, friction can be lowered so that it does not wear out.Particles in lubricating oil or dirt contamination, though those contaminant particles bigger than ordinary oil film thickness, as a result of hard particles  nevertheless produce abrasion, even though the oil film and bearing surfaces to produce local stress, which radically shortens the posture life. The concentration of water at the lubricating oil or grease, even as low as 0.01%, is enough to shorten the original life of the posture by half.If water melts in oil or grease, the service life of the posture decreases with increasing water concentration. The remedy would be to replace the rancid oil or grease; Better filters should be installed at normal times, sealing should be raised, and clean operation should be paid attention to during storage and installation.Seventh, corrosion.Red or brown spots on raceways, steel balls, retainers, and outer and inner ring surfaces indicate corrosion failure of bearings due to exposure to corrosive liquids or gases. It will cause greater vibration, increased wear, enhanced cerebral clearance, decreased preload, and fatigue failure in the limit. The remedy is to permit fluid to drain out of the posture or to grow the general and outside seal of the posture.Fault causes and therapy of fan bearings according to incomplete data, the failure rate of the fan vibration from the cement plant is 58.6% in the highest, since the vibration will cause the fan operation to unbalance.Among them, improper alteration of posture firming sleeve will result in abnormal temperatures increase and vibration of their posture.Such as a cement plant in the equipment maintenance throughout the replacement of the fan blade. Both sides of the wheel blade are fixed with fixed-wing and bearing housing bearing.The fault of high temperature and higher vibration worth of free posture will occur in the re-test.It's found that the posture roller in a specific place of the rotating shaft also rolls at the non-load area once the upper cover of the bearing housing is eliminated and the mounting clearance might be insufficient. The dimension proves that the internal clearance of the bearing is simply 0.04mm and the eccentricity of the rotating shaft is up to 0.18mm.Due to the large span of the left and right bearing, it is difficult to avoid the deflection of the rotating shaft or the mistake of this bearing installation Angle. Consequently, the large fan adopts the spherical roller bearing that can be mechanically adjusted to the center.But when the inner clearance of the posture is inadequate, the internal rolling regions of the bearing because of the restriction of motion space, its automatic function of the heart is affected, vibration value will boost instead. The internal clearance of the posture decreases with the rise of this match stiffness, as well as the lubricating oil film can't be formed. After the clearance of the bearing operation drops to zero due to the temperature increase, if the heat generated by the bearing operation is still greater than the heat escaped, the bearing temperature will climb rapidly.At that moment, if not instantly stop, the bearing will finally burn. The excess emission of the bearing inner ring and shaft is the cause of the abnormally high temperature of the bearing in this situation.During therapy, eliminate the setting sleeve, readjust the fitting tightness of the shaft and the inner ring, and take 0.10millimeter clearance after replacing the bearing.After reinstallation, restart the enthusiast, and the vibration value and operating temperature of the bearing return to normal.Bearing internal clearance is too small or the layout and manufacturing precision are not great are the principal causes of its large running temperature of the posture, to facilitate the installation, repair, and upkeep of the fan gear, generally at the design of the bearing housing bearing with taper hole posture interior ring. However, it is also easy to cause problems as a result of the negligence of the setup procedure, especially the proper clearance adjustment.The internal clearance of the bearing is too small and the operating temperature climbs rapidly; Bearing inner ring taper hole and tight sleeve match too loose, the bearing isn't hard to lose because of the match surface and burn in a short time.To sum up, bearing failure, needs to maintain the design, maintenance lubrication direction, operation, and other areas of the use of attention.This can reduce the maintenance cost of machinery and equipment and extend the performance speed and service life of machines and equipment.
0 notes
littlecat0520 · 4 years ago
Text
Cement machinery bearing fault analysis and treatment
The bearing of cement machines equipment is a vulnerable section, its running state directly impacts the performance of the whole equipment. In cement machinery gear, there are many instances of equipment failure caused by the early failure of rolling bearings.Therefore, to learn the origin of the fault, consider remedial measures to eliminate the fault, is among the keys to enhance the machine operation speed.The normal failure mode of rolling bearings is only fatigue spalling in rolling contact.The spalling surface region is roughly 2mm2 and the depth is up to 0.2millimeter ~ 0.3mm, which can be decided by the vibration detection from the monitor.Spalling may happen on the internal seat surface, outer chair, or about the rolling body.Among them, the interior seat ring as a result of high contact stress, the incidence of rupture is more.Among all sorts of diagnostic techniques for rolling bearings, the vibration tracking method is still the most important one. In general, the time-domain analysis method is simple, appropriate for a small noise disturbance, is a simple diagnosis of a fantastic method; Among that the frequency-domain diagnosis methods, the resonance demodulation method is the most mature and reliable, which is suitable for precise diagnosis of bearing faults. The time-frequency analysis method is similar to the resonance demodulation method in that it can properly describe the time and frequency characteristics of fault signals and has more benefits.Analysis of the damage form of rolling bearing and curative measures(1) Overload.Severe surface spalling and wear indicate that the collapse of the rolling bearing because of early fatigue due to overload (along with a particular degree of fatigue due to a too-tight match ).The overload will also bring about critical wear of bearing ball raceways, a large area of spalling, and sometimes accompanied by overheating. The remedy is to decrease the bearing load or increase the bearing ability.(2) Overheating.A change in color of the roller raceway, ball, or retainer suggests signs of the bearing.The increase of the temperature will lessen the part of lubricants so that the oil desert isn't easy to shape or entirely disappear. If the temperature is too high, the material of the raceway and steel ball will anneal and its hardness will decrease. This is largely the warmth disadvantageous or the heavy load, the high-speed state cooling insufficient cause. The solution is adequate heat dissipation and additional cooling.(3) Vibration erosion beneath the low load.Elliptical wear marks at the axial position of each ball indicate failure due to excessive external vibration or low load corrosion once the posture isn't working and no lubricating movie is produced.The remedy would be to isolate the bearing or add anti-wear additives to the bearing grease.(4) Setup problem.Mainly listen to the following aspects: First, look closely at the use of force.If there are intervals of the pit to the raceway, the load has exceeded the elastic limit of this material.This is due to static overload or severe impact (e.g., hammer hitting the bearing during installation).The proper installation system is to apply force only to the ring to be pressed (don't push the outer ring when the inner ring is installed on the shaft).Secondly, focus on the mounting direction of the contact bearings. Angular contact bearings have an elliptical contact zone and then bear axial push only in 1 direction.When the posture is assembled from the opposite direction, the bearing surface will create a groove wear belt because the ball reaches the edge of the raceway.Therefore, attention should be paid to the right direction of setup.Third, listen to alignment.The wear marks of this steel ball are skewed and not parallel to the raceway management, indicating the bearing is not in alignment during installation.If that the deflection > 16000, simple to cause the bearing temperature increase and serious wear.The reason might be that the shaft contains bent, the shaft or the box body has burr, the clamping surface of the surrogate mum isn't perpendicular to the thread axis and thus on. Therefore, the installation needs to pay attention to check the diameter jump condition.Fourth, should pay attention to the correct cooperation.The circumferential wear or discoloration on the contact surface of the outer and inner rings of the posture is caused by the loose match between the posture and its fitting parts.The oxide created by abrasion is a kind of pure brown abrasive. As a result, the bearing will suffer from additional wear, heat, and sound, as well as a collection of issues like diameter jump. Therefore, good coordination should be paid attention to when assembling.For instance, there's a serious spherical wear trail in the base of the racetrack, which indicates the bearing clearance gets smaller due to tight match, and the bearing will soon fail due to fatigue and wear due to the increase of torsional distance and also the increase of bearing temperature. At this stage, provided that the radial clearance is suitably restored and the interference quantity is reduced, this problem can be solved.Fifth, ordinary fatigue failure. Normal fatigue failure is characterized by irregular material spalling on any running surface (for instance, raceway or chunk ) and gradual expansion leading to increased amplitude. If the life of ordinary bearings cannot meet the requirements of usage, only to choose a new more advanced bearing, or enhance the specification of their initial class bearing, to improve the bearing capacity.Sixth, improper lubrication. All rolling bearings require continuous lubrication using a high excellent lubricant to maintain their design performance.The bearing is shielded from the direct connection between compounds by an oil film formed on the rolling body and the chair ring.If it's well lubricated, friction can be lowered so that it does not wear out.Particles in lubricating oil or dirt contamination, though those contaminant particles bigger than ordinary oil film thickness, as a result of hard particles  nevertheless produce abrasion, even though the oil film and bearing surfaces to produce local stress, which radically shortens the posture life. The concentration of water at the lubricating oil or grease, even as low as 0.01%, is enough to shorten the original life of the posture by half.If water melts in oil or grease, the service life of the posture decreases with increasing water concentration. The remedy would be to replace the rancid oil or grease; Better filters should be installed at normal times, sealing should be raised, and clean operation should be paid attention to during storage and installation.Seventh, corrosion.Red or brown spots on raceways, steel balls, retainers, and outer and inner ring surfaces indicate corrosion failure of bearings due to exposure to corrosive liquids or gases. It will cause greater vibration, increased wear, enhanced cerebral clearance, decreased preload, and fatigue failure in the limit. The remedy is to permit fluid to drain out of the posture or to grow the general and outside seal of the posture.Fault causes and therapy of fan bearings according to incomplete data, the failure rate of the fan vibration from the cement plant is 58.6% in the highest, since the vibration will cause the fan operation to unbalance.Among them, improper alteration of posture firming sleeve will result in abnormal temperatures increase and vibration of their posture.Such as a cement plant in the equipment maintenance throughout the replacement of the fan blade. Both sides of the wheel blade are fixed with fixed-wing and bearing housing bearing.The fault of high temperature and higher vibration worth of free posture will occur in the re-test.It's found that the posture roller in a specific place of the rotating shaft also rolls at the non-load area once the upper cover of the bearing housing is eliminated and the mounting clearance might be insufficient. The dimension proves that the internal clearance of the bearing is simply 0.04mm and the eccentricity of the rotating shaft is up to 0.18mm.Due to the large span of the left and right bearing, it is difficult to avoid the deflection of the rotating shaft or the mistake of this bearing installation Angle. Consequently, the large fan adopts the spherical roller bearing that can be mechanically adjusted to the center.But when the inner clearance of the posture is inadequate, the internal rolling regions of the bearing because of the restriction of motion space, its automatic function of the heart is affected, vibration value will boost instead. The internal clearance of the posture decreases with the rise of this match stiffness, as well as the lubricating oil film can't be formed. After the clearance of the bearing operation drops to zero due to the temperature increase, if the heat generated by the bearing operation is still greater than the heat escaped, the bearing temperature will climb rapidly.At that moment, if not instantly stop, the bearing will finally burn. The excess emission of the bearing inner ring and shaft is the cause of the abnormally high temperature of the bearing in this situation.During therapy, eliminate the setting sleeve, readjust the fitting tightness of the shaft and the inner ring, and take 0.10millimeter clearance after replacing the bearing.After reinstallation, restart the enthusiast, and the vibration value and operating temperature of the bearing return to normal.Bearing internal clearance is too small or the layout and manufacturing precision are not great are the principal causes of its large running temperature of the posture, to facilitate the installation, repair, and upkeep of the fan gear, generally at the design of the bearing housing bearing with taper hole posture interior ring. However, it is also easy to cause problems as a result of the negligence of the setup procedure, especially the proper clearance adjustment.The internal clearance of the bearing is too small and the operating temperature climbs rapidly; Bearing inner ring taper hole and tight sleeve match too loose, the bearing isn't hard to lose because of the match surface and burn in a short time.To sum up, bearing failure, needs to maintain the design, maintenance lubrication direction, operation, and other areas of the use of attention.This can reduce the maintenance cost of machinery and equipment and extend the performance speed and service life of machines and equipment.
0 notes
sere22world · 4 years ago
Text
Cement machinery bearing fault analysis and treatment
The bearing of cement machines equipment is a vulnerable section, its running state directly impacts the performance of the whole equipment. In cement machinery gear, there are many instances of equipment failure caused by the early failure of rolling bearings.Therefore, to learn the origin of the fault, consider remedial measures to eliminate the fault, is among the keys to enhance the machine operation speed.The normal failure mode of rolling bearings is only fatigue spalling in rolling contact.The spalling surface region is roughly 2mm2 and the depth is up to 0.2millimeter ~ 0.3mm, which can be decided by the vibration detection from the monitor.Spalling may happen on the internal seat surface, outer chair, or about the rolling body.Among them, the interior seat ring as a result of high contact stress, the incidence of rupture is more.Among all sorts of diagnostic techniques for rolling bearings, the vibration tracking method is still the most important one. In general, the time-domain analysis method is simple, appropriate for a small noise disturbance, is a simple diagnosis of a fantastic method; Among that the frequency-domain diagnosis methods, the resonance demodulation method is the most mature and reliable, which is suitable for precise diagnosis of bearing faults. The time-frequency analysis method is similar to the resonance demodulation method in that it can properly describe the time and frequency characteristics of fault signals and has more benefits.Analysis of the damage form of rolling bearing and curative measures(1) Overload.Severe surface spalling and wear indicate that the collapse of the rolling bearing because of early fatigue due to overload (along with a particular degree of fatigue due to a too-tight match ).The overload will also bring about critical wear of bearing ball raceways, a large area of spalling, and sometimes accompanied by overheating. The remedy is to decrease the bearing load or increase the bearing ability.(2) Overheating.A change in color of the roller raceway, ball, or retainer suggests signs of the bearing.The increase of the temperature will lessen the part of lubricants so that the oil desert isn't easy to shape or entirely disappear. If the temperature is too high, the material of the raceway and steel ball will anneal and its hardness will decrease. This is largely the warmth disadvantageous or the heavy load, the high-speed state cooling insufficient cause. The solution is adequate heat dissipation and additional cooling.(3) Vibration erosion beneath the low load.Elliptical wear marks at the axial position of each ball indicate failure due to excessive external vibration or low load corrosion once the posture isn't working and no lubricating movie is produced.The remedy would be to isolate the bearing or add anti-wear additives to the bearing grease.(4) Setup problem.Mainly listen to the following aspects: First, look closely at the use of force.If there are intervals of the pit to the raceway, the load has exceeded the elastic limit of this material.This is due to static overload or severe impact (e.g., hammer hitting the bearing during installation).The proper installation system is to apply force only to the ring to be pressed (don't push the outer ring when the inner ring is installed on the shaft).Secondly, focus on the mounting direction of the contact bearings. Angular contact bearings have an elliptical contact zone and then bear axial push only in 1 direction.When the posture is assembled from the opposite direction, the bearing surface will create a groove wear belt because the ball reaches the edge of the raceway.Therefore, attention should be paid to the right direction of setup.Third, listen to alignment.The wear marks of this steel ball are skewed and not parallel to the raceway management, indicating the bearing is not in alignment during installation.If that the deflection > 16000, simple to cause the bearing temperature increase and serious wear.The reason might be that the shaft contains bent, the shaft or the box body has burr, the clamping surface of the surrogate mum isn't perpendicular to the thread axis and thus on. Therefore, the installation needs to pay attention to check the diameter jump condition.Fourth, should pay attention to the correct cooperation.The circumferential wear or discoloration on the contact surface of the outer and inner rings of the posture is caused by the loose match between the posture and its fitting parts.The oxide created by abrasion is a kind of pure brown abrasive. As a result, the bearing will suffer from additional wear, heat, and sound, as well as a collection of issues like diameter jump. Therefore, good coordination should be paid attention to when assembling.For instance, there's a serious spherical wear trail in the base of the racetrack, which indicates the bearing clearance gets smaller due to tight match, and the bearing will soon fail due to fatigue and wear due to the increase of torsional distance and also the increase of bearing temperature. At this stage, provided that the radial clearance is suitably restored and the interference quantity is reduced, this problem can be solved.Fifth, ordinary fatigue failure. Normal fatigue failure is characterized by irregular material spalling on any running surface (for instance, raceway or chunk ) and gradual expansion leading to increased amplitude. If the life of ordinary bearings cannot meet the requirements of usage, only to choose a new more advanced bearing, or enhance the specification of their initial class bearing, to improve the bearing capacity.Sixth, improper lubrication. All rolling bearings require continuous lubrication using a high excellent lubricant to maintain their design performance.The bearing is shielded from the direct connection between compounds by an oil film formed on the rolling body and the chair ring.If it's well lubricated, friction can be lowered so that it does not wear out.Particles in lubricating oil or dirt contamination, though those contaminant particles bigger than ordinary oil film thickness, as a result of hard particles  nevertheless produce abrasion, even though the oil film and bearing surfaces to produce local stress, which radically shortens the posture life. The concentration of water at the lubricating oil or grease, even as low as 0.01%, is enough to shorten the original life of the posture by half.If water melts in oil or grease, the service life of the posture decreases with increasing water concentration. The remedy would be to replace the rancid oil or grease; Better filters should be installed at normal times, sealing should be raised, and clean operation should be paid attention to during storage and installation.Seventh, corrosion.Red or brown spots on raceways, steel balls, retainers, and outer and inner ring surfaces indicate corrosion failure of bearings due to exposure to corrosive liquids or gases. It will cause greater vibration, increased wear, enhanced cerebral clearance, decreased preload, and fatigue failure in the limit. The remedy is to permit fluid to drain out of the posture or to grow the general and outside seal of the posture.Fault causes and therapy of fan bearings according to incomplete data, the failure rate of the fan vibration from the cement plant is 58.6% in the highest, since the vibration will cause the fan operation to unbalance.Among them, improper alteration of posture firming sleeve will result in abnormal temperatures increase and vibration of their posture.Such as a cement plant in the equipment maintenance throughout the replacement of the fan blade. Both sides of the wheel blade are fixed with fixed-wing and bearing housing bearing.The fault of high temperature and higher vibration worth of free posture will occur in the re-test.It's found that the posture roller in a specific place of the rotating shaft also rolls at the non-load area once the upper cover of the bearing housing is eliminated and the mounting clearance might be insufficient. The dimension proves that the internal clearance of the bearing is simply 0.04mm and the eccentricity of the rotating shaft is up to 0.18mm.Due to the large span of the left and right bearing, it is difficult to avoid the deflection of the rotating shaft or the mistake of this bearing installation Angle. Consequently, the large fan adopts the spherical roller bearing that can be mechanically adjusted to the center.But when the inner clearance of the posture is inadequate, the internal rolling regions of the bearing because of the restriction of motion space, its automatic function of the heart is affected, vibration value will boost instead. The internal clearance of the posture decreases with the rise of this match stiffness, as well as the lubricating oil film can't be formed. After the clearance of the bearing operation drops to zero due to the temperature increase, if the heat generated by the bearing operation is still greater than the heat escaped, the bearing temperature will climb rapidly.At that moment, if not instantly stop, the bearing will finally burn. The excess emission of the bearing inner ring and shaft is the cause of the abnormally high temperature of the bearing in this situation.During therapy, eliminate the setting sleeve, readjust the fitting tightness of the shaft and the inner ring, and take 0.10millimeter clearance after replacing the bearing.After reinstallation, restart the enthusiast, and the vibration value and operating temperature of the bearing return to normal.Bearing internal clearance is too small or the layout and manufacturing precision are not great are the principal causes of its large running temperature of the posture, to facilitate the installation, repair, and upkeep of the fan gear, generally at the design of the bearing housing bearing with taper hole posture interior ring. However, it is also easy to cause problems as a result of the negligence of the setup procedure, especially the proper clearance adjustment.The internal clearance of the bearing is too small and the operating temperature climbs rapidly; Bearing inner ring taper hole and tight sleeve match too loose, the bearing isn't hard to lose because of the match surface and burn in a short time.To sum up, bearing failure, needs to maintain the design, maintenance lubrication direction, operation, and other areas of the use of attention.This can reduce the maintenance cost of machinery and equipment and extend the performance speed and service life of machines and equipment.
0 notes
somar78 · 5 years ago
Text
A Brief History of the Ariel Red Hunter – Everything You Need To Know
Val Page, Ariel, and the Red Hunter
The story of the Ariel Red Hunter began when motorcycle engineer Val Page joined Ariel in 1925, having previously served his apprenticeship with the renowned British engine maker J. A. Prestwich (i.e. J.A.P.). Page had designed the V-twin engines that had powered such iconic British motorcycles as the Brough Superior SS80 and SS100, famous as the motorcycle owned and ridden by T.E. Lawrence, better known as “Lawrence of Arabia”.
By 1926 Val Page had been promoted to the role of Chief Designer and he had set about creating a new range of motorcycles, and also a new OHV single cylinder engine which would subsequently become the heart of the Ariel Red Hunter.
It took until 1927 for a suitable motorcycle to be designed to make good use of Page’s new 500cc OHV single cylinder engine, but even then the engine itself did not yet feature a rocker cover and so was noisy and had a habit of spraying a little oil here and there. For intrepid 1920’s gentlemen motorcyclists this was simply something that gave the bike a bit of character, but for intrepid lady motorcyclists this was not a great selling point. A rocker cover was subsequently designed and fitted which made the Val Page single cylinder quieter and far less prone to oiling the rider’s accoutrements.
In the period just prior to the Wall Street Crash Ariel was a manufacturer who tried to appeal to every nuance of motorcycle taste. This meant that he company made and offered an extensive range of motorcycle models in four stroke and two stroke, side-valve and pushrod overhead valve, and a sloper model simply because the sloping engine had become something of a fashion fad.
As the economic depression began to bite home however such “Roaring Twenties” indulgence could not be sustained and in order to remain viable Ariel was going to need to rationalize its model range, and ensure that Ariel motorcycles were going to be the ones that people would continue to purchase rather than the offerings of Ariel’s competitors.
A Black Ariel Becomes the Red Hunter
It was in 1928 that a freelance motorcycle designer named Edward Turner came knocking on Ariel’s door to see if they were interested in a new and innovative motorcycle engine he had designed. The engine was rather more complex than the single cylinder engines Ariel had been marketing up to that time, it was the “Square Four“, which consisted of two twin cylinder engines joined together by their central geared flywheels.
The head of Ariel, Jack Sangster, was interested in both the engine and the designer of the engine, and so it was that Edward Turner joined the design team of Ariel in 1929 working under the leadership of Val Page.
Val Page left Ariel in 1932, the year the company went bankrupt but was purchased by Jack Sangster who kept it going. Page moved across to Triumph where he took up the role of Chief Designer. Edward Turner became Chief Designer at Ariel that year and he took a long hard look at the company’s models with a view to reducing the model offerings, and making those fewer models more attractive to consumers.
The main engine he decided to keep in production was the Val Page designed single cylinder OHV, which was made primarily as a 500cc, with a 350cc created by sleeving down the 500cc, and a 250cc for those who wanted to remain under the British tax limit.
That Val Page 500cc single was originally made in a double valve version (i.e. four valves for the single cylinder) but that level of complexity was done away with for the rationalized Depression era model line-up and so all the single engines were fitted with conventional single valves (i.e. two valves per cylinder). The other engine Edward Turner kept in production was his own Square Four, initially as a 500cc in 1931, and then in progressively larger capacities from 600cc to 1,000cc.
It might be said that there is a little bit of magpie in every human being: people are attracted to shiny new things, nickel or chrome plating makes a boringly black motorcycle one that immediately catches the eye and a splash of bright red paint is near guaranteed to draw the “magpie” in checkbook wielding customers like moths to a flame.
Edward Turner believed that getting away from Ariel’s tasteful but horribly boring black was going to be one of the secrets to selling motorcycles in the dark days of those depression years. For 1932 Edward Turner installed an interestingly high specification Val Page 500cc OHV double valve single cylinder engine in a rigid single downtube frame with girder front forks and brightened it up with a chrome plated fuel tank replete with instruments and a red painted panel with the Ariel name on it.
This bike was named the “Red Hunter”, conjuring up images of fox hunters on horseback racing through the English countryside with their hounds to reduce the population of lamb and chicken eating foxes. The Red Hunter featured a dry plate clutch connecting the engine to a Burman four speed gearbox. The electrics were by a Lucas “Magdyno” which combined a magneto with a dynamo (i.e. generator) and which proved to be a solid and reliable unit.
To enhance the interest in their new Red Hunter, Ariel provided two types of piston as an option; one being a 7.0:1 standard compression piston enabling the engine to produce 28hp, and a 7.5:1 high compression piston which required a high octane fuel mix of 50/50 petrol and Benzole and which increased power sufficiently to give the bike a claimed top speed in excess of 90 mph.
The Ariel Red Hunters of the 1930s
The engine of the Ariel Red Hunter featured a cast iron cylinder mated with an aluminum alloy vertically split dry sump crankcase. The crankshaft was supported by two large main bearings lubricated by a plunger type oil pump from the separate oil reservoir: Actual engine capacity was 30 cu. in. (497cc) and the Red Hunter could be ordered with single or twin exhausts either high or low mounted.
By the end of the 1930s the Red Hunter’s specifications were as follows:
Engines: 497cc/30 cu. in. single cylinder with bore of 81.8mm and stroke of 95mm or 350cc single cylinder, dry sump. Carburetors were large bore down-draft Amal. The mainshaft was supported on two roller bearings and one ball bearing. Big ends were mounted on two ball bearings races in duralumin cages. Oiling was provided by twin plunger pumps and the engine featured polished flywheels, con-rods, and combustion ports. Compression ratio for 1939 was 7.5:1 and power output was 26 hp @ 5,800rpm.
Transmission: Multi-plate wet clutch and Burman four speed manual gearbox (right foot shift) with an engine shaft shock absorber, oil bath chain primary drive and chain final drive.
Frame and suspension: Rigid single downtube frame with front girder forks.
Brakes: SLS drum brake front and rear.
Wheels and Tires: Front, 26″ x 3″, Rear 26″ x 3.25″. Chrome brake plates, red centers.
Electrical system: Lucas Magdyno magneto and generator combination.
Fuel tank: 12.3 liters, 2.7 gallons (Imperial), 3.25 gallons (US).
Curb weight: 168kg, 370lb.
Top Speed: Approximately 85mph (137 km/hr).
Competition models were equipped with a crankcase under-shield, competition tires, nail catchers, high clearance fenders, detachable rear wheel, chain guard, and fabric rather than cork clutch. The Lucas Magdyno was replaced with a BTH magneto and the smaller fuel and oil tanks from the 350 NH were fitted to the competition 500 VH. A small number of racing 500cc engines were fitted with aluminum-bronze cylinder heads: only about ten bikes are thought to have been so fitted.
  The Wartime Ariels
Once World War 2 was underway Ariel was forced to cease production of motorcycles for the civilian market and instead devote all its energy into the manufacture of dispatch rider motorcycles. These were based on the 350cc Red Hunter but modified for military dispatch rider use. This model was the Ariel W/NG and production began in 1940.
The W/NG was fitted with a trials frame and the bike was given additional ground clearance to make it more suited to off-road use. These bikes were fitted with panniers, a pair of tool boxes, and the headlight was fitted with a black-out mask. These Ariels gained a reputation for rugged dependability and thousands of them were made and deployed.
The Post-War Red Hunters
By 1945 both the British people, and British industry, had suffered the double whammy of the Great Depression of the 1930s and the Second World War which had taken up the first half of the 1940s. The result was that most manufacturers had been unable to devote any attention to the creation of new models and that when Ariel managed to get back into production in 1946 they initially did so producing the same models they had been making in 1939.
By that stage however Edward Turner had left Ariel and gone to work at Triumph, where he had designed the engine considered to be his masterpiece: the Triumph “Speed Twin” parallel twin.
Ariel recognized just how good the parallel twin was and lost no time in creating their own. Ariel made their own twin as a 500cc and began publicizing it in 1946, although the motorcycles were not able to be put into production until 1948.
This meant that Ariel’s Red Hunter model line-up comprised two singles, the 350cc NH and the 500cc VH, and two parallel twins, the 500cc KH, and the De Luxe 500cc KG. The KG De Luxe parallel twin was fitted with a slightly lower compression ratio engine to ensure the smoothest operation while the KH featured a slightly higher compression ratio as befitted a more lightweight sport bike.
The post-war models continued with the same specifications as the pre-war models although for 1946 telescopic forks could be specified instead of the girder forks and these were the first Ariel motorcycles provided with this option. The rear suspension remained rigid however with the Anstey Link plunger type rear suspension being introduced as an option in 1947.
For 1952 and 1953 Ariel offered a version of the Red Hunter equipped with an all alloy engine: this was the VHA Red Hunter and because of its rarity went on to become a much sought after collector bike.
In 1954 the Red Hunter was further modernized and much improved with the fitting of a new duplex frame complete with swing arm rear suspension. The 1954 model also saw the 500cc VH model fitted with an aluminum alloy cylinder head, and the 350cc NH being similarly equipped in 1956. 1956 was also the year that the Red Hunters were fitted with full width alloy hubs.
In the early 1950s a motorcycle racer named Sammy Miller brought the Ariel name into the public spotlight. Miller predominantly rode Ariel motorcycles beginning in 1951 in the 250cc class of the Ulster Grand Prix. Sammy Miller’s most famous bike was his 500cc Ariel HT5 with registration number GOV 132, which he had extensively lightened and modified. Miller’s long list of competition successes included his being British Trials Champion eleven times in a row, and his being five times winner of the Scottish Six Day Trial.
Sammy Miller’s association with Ariel ended in 1964 when Ariel were absorbed into BSA, effectively bringing Ariel to an end.
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Conclusion
Ariel were purchased by rival motorcycle maker BSA during the war in 1944. The company entered the postwar era retaining its independence for a time but the BSA influence progressively reduced the Ariel motorcycle’s attractiveness. For example by 1954 the drop dead gorgeous chrome and red paintwork had been replaced with a dull maroon that made the bikes look reminiscent British Railways rolling stock, a move that has been likened to clothing a supermodel in drab overalls.
The Ariel Red Hunter ceased production in 1959, at a time when the British motorcycle industry was trying to find new direction but were bogged down in traditional ideas of what a British motorcycle should be. These ideas were about to be hit by the motorcycle invasion from the Land of the Rising Sun, an assault that Britain’s motorcycle makers would prove to be unable to withstand.
The Ariel Red Hunter stands out as one of the greatest of Britain’s single cylinder motorcycles. Given that Royal Enfield are currently manufacturing traditional style British motorcycles it is not unreasonable to imagine that a new model Ariel Red Hunter could be created with an expectation that it would sell.
It would need an electric starter, disc brakes, and would need to be clothed in the Edward Turner livery of chrome, red and black: it would then indeed be a supermodel of a motorcycle, a bike that would have its strongest appeal to the retro motorcycle riders, a light and nimble British alternative to the Harley-Davidson.
Photo Credits: Ariel, Bonhams, RM Sotheby’s.
The post A Brief History of the Ariel Red Hunter – Everything You Need To Know appeared first on Silodrome.
source https://silodrome.com/ariel-red-hunter-history/
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josephkitchen0 · 6 years ago
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The Best Small Farm Tractor Buyer’s Guide
When you’re looking for the best small farm tractor for your farm or homestead, you may gravitate toward the tractors of yore; Ford 9Ns, Farmall Cubs, Fordsons, and the such. The attraction is understandable since these are true classics of farming, offering an allure of an iconic nature and an attractive price point. You can find good deals on these, available in various stages of neglect strewn across the pages of those tractor finder magazines, but if you’re hunting for a functional tool for the farm, you may be barking up the wrong tree.
Tractors are not on the cutting edge of science, but you may be unaware of how far they’ve come and just how outdated those antiques are. Manufacturers have developed new systems and unified many interfaces since the age of the Farmall, creating best small farm tractors that are robust, agile, dependable, and easily modified to fit the task at hand. Back in the day, a tractor was a tractor, but today there is a wide array of options available, and that can be overwhelming. Follow along as I clarify a few things about today’s modern lineup, and help you decide what sort of tractor will fit you best.
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What’s The Hitch?
A three-point hitch is the interface we use to attach implements to the back of a tractor. For our purpose, we need to understand the difference between Cat-0 (category zero), Cat-1, and Cat-2. There are more categories but these are the sizes that pertain to the small farmer and homesteader. All these hitches have different pin, hitch arm, and top link dimensions.
Cat-0 implements are miniature versions of Cat-1 implements and are meant to work on the smallest of tractors. Cat-0 is a relatively new size. These implements tend to be expensive, limited in ability, and scarce in the used market. I don’t advise the purchase of a Cat-0 tractor for many reasons, availability of implements is one of them. Cat-0 tractors can only use Cat-0 implements because of size, weight restrictions, and the minimal power associated with Cat-0 tractors. Cat-0 implements are easily identified by their miniature appearance and use of 5/8” lower arm pins.
The 3-point hitch is where implements like these York rakes are attached.
Cat-1 implements are what many consider to be a “standard” implement. Cat-1 is the most common size of hitch, and Cat-1 implements are offered in different widths to match your best small farm tractor. Cat-1 implements are plentiful, readily available, easy to find, and offer you the best chance to find a great deal, especially in the used market. Cat-1 hitches use a 7/8” lower arm pin and many Cat-0 implements can be adapted to fit a Cat-1 hitch. Cat-1 is the most common hitch found on the best small farm tractors.
Cat-2 is a larger, less common hitch size usually reserved for hard use or high horsepower implements. Cat-2 implements tend to be far more robust in their construction, hence they use the larger 1-1/8” lower arm pin size. My tractor is a Cat-2 tractor, so with the exception of my backhoe or scraper box, I need to use sleeves to adapt my Cat-1 implements to my Cat-2 hitch. It can be annoying when you misplace these stupid little sleeves, but having a Cat-2 hitch opens up my options when buying implements and allows me to use a larger backhoe.
Transmissions
Tractors have been using gear and clutch-style transmissions for a very long time, and many experienced operators are more comfortable with this tried and true design. Today, however, the lion’s share of tractors sold have hydrostatic transmissions, which simplify and complicate the act of motivating a tractor all at the same time, especially if you’re used to a clutch. Instead of releasing a clutch and having your tractor lurch forward, you can now select your gear or speed range, then push the forward or reverse pedal to modulate the speed and direction you want to go. This type of transmission is a proven design and tends to last longer than traditional manual transmission clutches. With a hydrostatic transmission, you can creep along without burning up a clutch, which is very useful. If you find yourself feathering a tractor’s clutch often, hydrostatic will serve you well. Try both styles out before you buy to decide which style you’re more comfortable with.
Classy Tractors
Tractor manufacturers now offer many sizes of tractors, typically grouped by “class.” These classes are designed with a target customer in mind so ability, power, options, and price points vary accordingly. Generally speaking, all tractor manufacturers offer a sub-compact, compact, mid-size, and full-size class range. Not all dealerships offer all the classes, so understanding what class you’re shopping for will help when deciding where to shop.
Sub Compact
Sub-compact tractors are the bottom of the power curve and are (generally speaking) a lawn tractor on steroids. Tractors in this class are limited to a Cat-0 hitch because of their size. Most of the sub-compact tractors of today are compatible with front-end loaders, but with load limits of 500 lbs or less at the bucket, they qualify as self-propelled wheelbarrows.
Thanks to the sub-compact craze, manufacturers are now offering mid-ship PTOs in most, if not all tractors. Mid-ship PTOs are “power take off” points, much like the rear PTO spline that can run your bush hog. These mid-ship, or belly PTOs allow a tractor to power a belly mower, like your typical ride-on lawn tractor, only much bigger. Having a mid-ship PTO also opens up the option of adding a front mounted, PTO-driven snow blower, which appeals to those of us in the northern climates. Many sub-compact tractors are now available with diesel engines and four-wheel drive, which is a major upgrade in usability. You can expect horsepower ratings to be in the teens or low 20’s at best, which limits what sort of equipment you can run.
If you want a big lawn tractor with a bucket loader, this just might your ticket, but I don’t advise buying a lilliputian tractor like this for farm use. If you’re serious about farming or homesteading today, you are likely to be disappointed by a sub-compact tractor’s lack of power, ability, or performance. If the biggest load you plan to lift is grass clippings and leaves, then you can expect to pay around $12,000 for this over-sized garden tractor.
Compact
Compact tractors are a bump up from sub-compact, albeit a small bump. Compact tractors are offered in Cat-0 or Cat-1 hitches. A 4×4 seems to be standard at this size, as does a three-cylinder diesel engine, which is good news. All compact tractors I’ve seen are compatible with reasonably robust bucket loaders. Robust or not, these bucket loaders are still rated for under 900 pounds at the bucket, so take that into consideration.
The compact class bridges the emissions gap, meaning many of these tractors offer horsepower ratings either side of 27 hp, which is the cutoff for non-emissions controlled engines. Why should you care? Emissions systems on tractors are a relatively new technology and have yet to be proven in reliability and longevity. Years down the line, you may be looking at expensive emission system repairs, and the inclusion of these systems drive up the purchase price. If three or four pony powers don’t really make a difference to you, and the compact class is where you’re shopping, then shoot for a non-emissions tractor for now.
Compact tractors sit in a precarious spot, bridging both the emissions gap and hitch categories, which means many compact tractors will be a little too wide for a Cat-0 implement, but underpowered for many Cat-1 implements. Despite this, I would advise leaning toward a Cat-1 equipped tractor since I’d rather have the latter problem.
Many of these compact tractors fit on a landscape trailer, which makes them easier to transport than their larger brethren. Because of their size, they also tend to be less intimidating to the first time tractor owner. They also offer a palatable price point, usually somewhere between $15,000 and $23,000 depending on options and model, making them attainable for many people. For these reasons, some people will find their best small farm tractor in this class size.
Mid Size
You get what you pay for, generally speaking, and the mid-size tractor category is a good example. Mid-size tractors offer more versatility, flexibility, horsepower, and conveniences than the smaller compact and sub-compact tractors, such as cab options and remote hydraulic controls. Mid-sized tractors will come with a Cat-1 hitch at a minimum, with many manufacturers offering a Cat-2 hitch with their larger mid-size tractors.
Power ratings and engines vary widely across this category, but most will feature a three-cylinder diesel engine between 35hp and 65hp. If you’re looking for a good all-around farm tractor with the capacity to run a lot of different implements, something close to the 50hp mark should serve you well. When you go north of 50hp, you will also find some manufacturers offer an “economy PTO” option, which is an overdrive for your PTO. When engaged, it allows the engine to spin slower while maintaining proper PTO shaft RPM’s, reducing fuel consumption while running equipment such as farm generators.
Bucket loader capacities vary widely in this category, anywhere between 1,200 pounds to over a ton at the bucket, which sounds excessive to some people but having a machine in this lift capacity range is far more practical for clearing land, lifting materials and moving pallets with a fork bucket. A standard size shipping pallet can handle over a ton of weight, so having a loader that can handle that safely will prove valuable to many farmers and homesteaders.
Mid-size tractors offer a lot of power and options as well as value for your dollar, and of course, that will be reflected in the purchase price. Prices for these models will be comparable to the purchase price of a well-appointed 1-ton pickup truck. I may be biased, but when someone asks me what class to look in for their best small farm tractor purchase, I always suggest this class first.
During my most recent visit to my local Kubota dealer, I priced out a 60hp mid-size tractor with all the fixings; a bucket loader with additional forward controls for bucket thumbs, mid-ship PTO for a snow blower, rear PTO with economy gear, and a fully enclosed cab with air conditioning, heat, and radio speakers. Overkill? Maybe, but for about $40,000 you too can own a luxurious farm tractor that will operate everything on your farm implements list, keep you cool while mowing fields in July, and keep you warm while you push snow in January with a cup holder included.
Full Size
Have a large farm with large implements? If you do, I doubt you’re reading my article, but if you are, you need a tractor from the git-er-done class of full-size tractors. These behemoths start around the 80hp mark and get about as big as you can imagine, plus some. If you need something in this category, be prepared to pay mucho dinero for the real deal. I’m sure you can buy some of these tractors without a cab, but that would be a special order since cabs, air-ride seats, air conditioning, heat, and the such come standard with this sort of tractor. Homesteaders and small farmers who won the lotto would love to own one, but unless you have lots of room to play, they are simply too big to do a lot of what we do. These are big pieces of machinery, and they won’t always fit where we want them to go.
A full-size tractor is above and beyond the needs of many of us, and the price points start around $60,000. The sky seems to be the limit on the larger models, many costing more than the average house. I want one.
Not all bucket attachment systems are the same.
More Things To Consider
When you set out to buy your best small farm tractor, there are a few things you should consider before you spend your hard-earned cash. Here are a few abbreviated notes to think about.
– When choosing a brand or dealership, think beyond the tractor paint colors. Consider the parts, service, and maintenance availability for that brand. Getting a tractor from a brand that doesn’t have many dealerships in the area, or even in your country, can cause you lots of problems when it breaks. Some unknown or unestablished brands sourced from other countries may be offered at bargain prices, but even simple things like oil filters can be hard to come by. I suggest buying from a well-established brand and a dealership that’s been in business for a long time.
-Four-wheel drive is a given these days, but if you happen across a brand that offers tractors with or without 4×4, do yourself the favor and buy 4×4. Traction is king when operating in the dirt, and I can speak from experience when I say you need 4×4. All the best small farm tractors have 4×4, and yours should too.
-Identify how you will be using your tractor, and pick the tire style that best suits your needs. For general farm use, I suggest opting for agricultural cleat style tires, or industrial style if you need a compromise that is road-friendly. Turf tires seldom serve a best small farm tractor well, unless you’re mowing your lawn with it. Also, consider services like ballast tractor tires if you need additional traction.
-Cabs are a luxury, but if you plan to operate in blowing snow, it could mean the difference between misery and relative comfort. Unless you like dressing up as the Michelin Man and being hit full force with winter weather, seriously think about adding a cab to your mid-sized tractor.
Snow blowers are fantastic things to own, but a cab will make sure you don’t have a love-hate relationship with yours.
-Speaking of the white stuff, if you intend to add a front-mounted, PTO-driven snow blower to your tractor, I suggest buying a tractor with a mid-ship PTO already installed, or at least be sure you can add one later. Likewise, if you’re looking at a compact or sub-compact tractor and intend to buy a belly mower for it.
-Tractor brands such as New Holland, Kubota, John Deere and the recently revived Massy Ferguson are well-established brands in the United States and will likely be your best small farm tractor brand, but you will find others such as Kyote, Mahindra, Yanmar, and others. Practice due diligence and research the brand you intend to buy since this will be a long-term investment and you don’t want to buy from a brand that has the potential to disappear (like Daewoo cars, remember them?).
-Pay attention to bucket attachment systems. Some brands are more compatible than others, some have proprietary attachment designs and some don’t even detach, which should be avoided. It’s just one of those things worth considering. Likewise with the loader arms themselves. Most brands allow you to quickly and easily remove the entire loader, which makes maintenance easier.
What abilities do you need in your best small farm tractor? Start the conversation below!
The Best Small Farm Tractor Buyer’s Guide was originally posted by All About Chickens
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itsworn · 6 years ago
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6 New Speed Parts For Car Crafters!
Eddie Motorsports
Accessory Drives
What it is: Serpentine accessory drives for Chevy, Ford, Mopar, and Pontiac
Why you care: Every pulley kit manufactured by Eddie Motorsports is now offered in the all-black Raven version, including their six- and eight-rib kits. Applications include small-block Chevy, big-block Chevy, LS, small-block Ford, Cleveland Ford, big-block Mopar, and V-8 Pontiac. Most kits include a 170-amp Powermaster alternator, Sanden SD-7 A/C compressor, Gates spring-loaded belt tensioner, GM Type II power steering pump, and aluminum water pump (where applicable). Finishes include gloss black, matte black powdercoat, or gloss black anodizing.
How much: starting at $2,125 with a/c and power steering Learn more: Eddie Motorsports; 888/813-1293; eddiemotorsports.com
Howards Cams
Howards Camshafts
What it is: Camshafts for damn near anything
Why you care: Choices are good to have! Howards Cams has a Rattler Camshaft to fit most applications, whether flat or roller tappet, and in a variety of profiles. Depending on the grind, they can be used as OE replacements, as well as in high-performance racing engines. Howards’ camshafts are designed for maximum performance and use the highest-grade race-quality cores available. All hydraulic and mechanical flat-tappet camshafts are 100-percent Rockwell checked and Parkerized to ensure the highest quality-control standards available anywhere. These camshafts are manufactured on dedicated high-precision CNC cam-grinding machines and shipped in a unique, high-impact plastic case that is also reusable. This ensures that your high-quality camshaft arrives in flawless condition.
How much: varies Learn more: Howards Cams; 920/233-5228; HowardsCams.com
Bowler Transmissions
Camaro Trans Crossmember
What it is: Manual swap crossmember for 1967 – 1981 Camaro
Why you care: The first and second-generation Camaros are prime candidates for all kinds of transmission upgrades, and one of the most popular is the Tremec 5- and 6-speed swap. Since those transmissions move the mounting location back a few inches from where they were originally designed, the need for a good quality crossmember becomes important. The tubing is CNC bent 1.25-inch O.D. x .219-inch thick wall steel that is then fixture welded to .250-inch thick steel mounting plates.
How much: $299 Learn more: Bowler Transmissions; 618/943-4856; BowlerTransmissions.com
Borgeson
Quick-Ratio GM Steering Box
What it is: Faster steering
Why you care: This all-new modern quick-ratio power steering box replaces the worn Saginaw/Delphi 800 series unit in most 1965-and-up GM muscle cars, reducing gear slop and speeding up steering input. It has a quick 12.7:1 ratio with a firm modern steering feel and bolts directly to the stock location, using the original power steering pitman arm. (Cars switching from manual steering will require a power steering pitman arm.) The steering box includes adapters to use either O-ring or flare-style hose connections, and uses a ¾-inch, 30-spline input shaft. (All pre-1977 cars will require a new rag joint connector, part No. 990012.)
How much: $495 Learn more: Borgeson; 860/482-8283; www.Borgeson.com
Competition Engineering
Emblems
What it is: Chevy Nova Badging
Why you care: Classic Industries now offers reproduction trunk lid emblems for 1968-’72 Chevy II/Nova models. These freshly minted pieces are manufactured from quality die-cast materials and feature the correct O.E. finish including black satin accents for a true authentic appearance. These emblems also have accurate factory markings on the back as originals, and are officially licensed GM restoration parts. The mounting speed nuts are also included. Part No. CM3070 is one-year only for the 1968 Chevy II trunk lid, part No. 8728940 is for 1969-72 Nova.
How much: $49.99 (1968 Chevy II), $29.99 (1969 – 1972) Learn more: Competition Engineering; 800/854-1280; ClassicIndustries.com
Moroso Performance Products
Big-Block Chevy Valve Covers
What it is: Valve covers that don’t leak
Why you care: Big-block Chevys are great at making power, but their ability to hold fluids are in our experience, well, underwhelming. The more horsepower, the worse it can get. If you’ve got a set of 20-degree Brodix SR20 or Dart Pro 1 heads, don’t get angry, get a pair of these valve covers by Moroso. They’re fabricated from aluminum, and most importantly, they have a one-piece CNC-machined billet rail for positive sealing, and are 3 inches tall to clear the most ambitious valvetrains. (Look for part No. 68489.)
How much: street price around $408 Learn more: Moroso Performance Products; 203/453-6571; Moroso.com
The post 6 New Speed Parts For Car Crafters! appeared first on Hot Rod Network.
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sbknews · 6 years ago
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New Post has been published on Superbike News
New Post has been published on http://superbike-news.co.uk/wordpress/yamaha-introduces-new-2019-yz250f-and-yz85/
Yamaha introduces new 2019 YZ250F and YZ85
Power into the victorYZone Yamaha has been building the most competitive cutting-edge motocross bikes for nearly half a century – and since the company’s first MX world championship win back in 1973, Yamaha has entered and won in every category that matters. Racing is an integral part of the company’s DNA, and the will to win is at the very heart of the company’s operations.
Full line up from 65cc to 450cc From young racers starting out on the YZ65 and then progressing onto the new MY19 YZ85 and YZ125, riders have the opportunity to stick with Yamaha right from the start of their professional racing careers – and with the company’s bLU cRU programme, more than 80 YZ125 riders from 17 European nations are benefitting from professional Yamaha support by participating in the YZ125 bLU cRU Cup.
When it’s time to move on up to the adult categories, machine continuity can be maintained with the YZ250, new MY19 YZ250F or YZ450F, giving aspiring champions the chance to experience Yamaha’s winning performance at every step of their career.
Yamaha YZ motocross bikes offer the very latest technology and performance features designed to make enthusiasts and professional racers alike the best riders possible, win races and become one with their machine – putting them in the victorYZone and atop the podium.
New YZ250F For 2019 season Yamaha introduce the all-new YZ250F, the most sophisticated model in its class. Featuring a newly designed high-performance electric start engine and an agile new chassis, this state of the art 250cc 4-stroke opens up a new era in wireless connectivity and trackside tuneability with its Yamaha Power Tuner smartphone app.
New YZ85 Yamaha’s total commitment to all sectors of the motocross market is reinforced with the launch of the all-new YZ85, the most advanced youth MX bike in its class. Powered by a liquid-cooled 2-stroke engine that features Yamaha’s torque boosting Yamaha Power Valve System (YPVS) technology – and equipped with newly developed suspension systems – this sharp looking race bike delivers more performance and more control for young riders.
Other models in the 2019 YZ Range For 2019 the YZ450F receives a number of technical upgrades, while YZ250 and YZ125 models get all-new graphics. With the launch of the new YZ250F and YZ85 ¬- not forgetting the recently launched YZ65 – Yamaha offers the most complete range of winning models that give racers of all ages the opportunity to be a part of one of the most successful brands in the history of motocross.
2018 season so far With factory supported racers in every major class, Yamaha’s 2018 season is looking strong, with Courtney Duncan dominating the WMX Championship and Yamaha leading the prestigious WMX Manufacturers Championship. In MX2, Kemea Yamaha Official MX2 team riders are challenging hard for the podium at every race on their factory YZ250F machine, and in MXGP Yamaha are holding a strong 2nd overall in the Manufacturers Championship, with Romain Febvre holding 3rd overall on his factory YZ450FM.
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2019 Yamaha YZ250F The 2019 YZ250F boasts an all-new engine design that features an electric starter, a new cylinder head, piston, cam shaft profile, cylinder geometry, larger diameter clutch and more – all working together to deliver top notch power, with even more mid-top power.
Its bilateral beam frame is completely revamped with an optimized engine mounting position to improve the machine’s rigidity balance, which benefits cornering ability, and traction. Redesigned bodywork and ergonomics provide a lighter and more compact feel that bind rider and machine as one. The class leading KYB® suspension with updated internals provides the optimal balance between comfort and race-winning performance.
Along with all the above, the all-new 2019 YZ250F also comes standard with a Communication Control Unit (CCU) allowing riders to connect wirelessly to their bike, and tune it according to their preferences – all they need is a phone and the Yamaha Power Tuner app.
New engine For 2019, Yamaha has refined its distinct rearward-slanted cylinder design for the YZ250F engine. The liquid-cooled, DOHC 4-valve, fuel-injected engine features a forward-positioned straight downdraft intake with symmetrical intake and exhaust ports. Fuel is delivered by a lighter 44mm throttle body, through a new 12-hole Denso® injector.
A new, higher-compression flat-top forged piston features a bridge-box design for additional strength with minimal weight. The piston, rings and DLC-coated piston pin, along with the offset cylinder configuration, all reduce friction loss and contribute to quick response. The YZ250F’s lighter and more upright cylinder, newly designed intake ports, cam profiles, high-strength connecting rod and optimized crank and counterbalancer all work together to produce more potent mid-high-rpm power with user-friendly delivery and exceptional reliability.
The transmission and clutch have been overhauled for a more direct connection as well as enhanced durability. The transmission retains the same proven gear ratios as in the previous model, but the gears are now made of a new alloy which provides stronger shock resistance. Due to the increased strength, the gear teeth could be made thinner, reducing weight and allowing a more compact design. The clutch assembly in the YZ250F features friction plates which are now 1.6mm thicker. The increase in thickness has allowed our engineers to reduce the number of plates to by one to 8.
The radiators and exhaust have also been modified for improved performance and weight distribution. The updated radiators are larger and angled more directly towards the incoming air stream for improved cooling under the most demanding race conditions. The innovative wraparound exhaust pipe design improves mass concentration and improves power development, with revised geometry for 2019. This layout moves the rear end of the exhaust pipe farther forward and enables a muffler position close to the center of mass.
World’s first production 250cc class Power Tuner app The 2019 YZ250F is the world’s first production 250cc motocross bike with a wireless smartphone-based engine tuner. Using Yamaha’s exclusive Power Tuner app, it’s easy to choose the exact power profile for optimum race results at every track.
By connecting wirelessly with the YZ250F’s inbuilt Communication Control Unit (CCU), riders and technicians can instantly and easily adjust air/fuel mixture and ignition timing maps to tune engine performance for various track conditions, record race log information, and monitor a range of data such as coolant temperature, intake air temperature, air pressure, battery stats and also maintenance related data such total run time and more.
The Yamaha Power Tuner App – first released with the 2018 YZ450F – makes it possible to modify engine mapping in even greater detail than before. It also allows users to share settings among their team or with friends (along with other information) thus evolving the system into a tool that helps facilitate communication.
Dual-mode switchable engine mapping Two-mode adjustable engine mapping allows the rider to adjust engine character with the push of a button, making it easy to tune the YZ250F for changing track or weather conditions.
All-new lightweight electric start Utilizing a compact starter motor and ultra-lightweight lithium-ion battery, the 2019 YZ250F brings the convenience of push-button starting for quick and effortless restarts under pressure and relaxed riding when the clock isn’t ticking. Powered by a high-capacity and ultra-lightweight lithium-ion battery, the system adds minimal weight.
New frame and optimized ergonomics The 2019 YZ250F’s compact frame is completely new to further refine the instinctive handling that makes this Yamaha one of the best handling machines in the class. The all-new compact bilateral beam frame features redesigned upper frame bracing, rear frame spars, swingarm pivot area and all new engine mounts that centralize mass and increase rigidity on lateral, horizontal and vertical axis to provide an ideal balance between cornering feel and straight-line rigidity.
Simply, the new frame was designed to improve contact to the ground and provide the best possible balance of stiffness for bump absorption, and effortless cornering.
New compact body and seat design Surrounding this fully redesigned chassis, the 2019 YZ250F features a new lighter, compact body from tip to tail.  The radiator shrouds incorporate a new air duct with a concave shape that not only improves styling, but is also narrower for better knee grip and overall rider movement.  The seat height has been reduced by 8mm towards the front and almost 20mm lower at the tail end, giving the rider better maneuverability on the bike.
Easily tuned KYB® coil spring suspension The industry-leading, fully adjustable KYB® coil spring-type forks with speed sensitive damping receive updated settings, larger pistons and newly designed fork lugs / axle brackets to provide exceptional balance between handling and bump absorption for race-winning performance. The KYB® shock boasts new damping characteristics to match the new chassis as well as a new, lighter weight spring.  The reservoir has been increased 30cc to increase damping control during long motos.
Lighter wheels Careful computer-aided refinement of the EXCEL rim’s cross-sectional profile shaves valuable unsprung weight without sacrificing durability, while more rigid wheel collars provide an improved feeling of contact to the ground when braking and a clear feeling of traction.
YZ250F Technical Highlights •    All-new DOHC 250cc liquid cooled 4-stroke engine •    Power Tuner smartphone app for trackside tuning •    ‘On the fly’ 2-position engine mapping switch •    Lightweight electric starter with lithium-ion battery •    Slim and compact new bodywork and seat •    New stronger bilateral aluminium beam frame •    New larger diameter Air-Oil-Separate front forks •    Lighter rear shock with improved damping performance •    New heavy-duty clutch with lighter feel at lever •    New high-efficiency angled radiator design •    Redesigned air filter box •    Stiffer front axle mounting bracket for better feel •    New high specification cam chain assembly
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2019 Yamaha YZ85 The new Yamaha YZ85 youth motocross bike features a large number of major redesigns that are focused performance and ergonomics. Featuring an all-new engine, suspension, and more, the YZ85 is designed to assist bLU cRU riders to earn their entry into the victorYZone with race winning performance and unrivaled reliability.
All-new engine The 2019 YZ85 utilizes a newly designed 85cc liquid-cooled, 2-stroke engine featuring a case reed-valve intake and a mechanical Yamaha Power Valve System (YPVS). Combined with redesigned cylinder and head, crankcase, crankshaft, connecting rod, transmission, exhaust and CDI unit, this new YZ engine provides broad tractable power across the rev range without losing peak power at high RPM.
Updated chassis and optimized ergonomics The 2019 YZ85’s semi-double-cradle steel frame, removable subframe and redesigned aluminum swing-arm provide a nimble feel, confident handling and ease of maintenance. The ergonomics feature a flat, comfortable seat, four-position adjustable aluminum tapered handlebars and adjustable reach levers to provide comfort and ease of movement for a wide range of young rider sizes.
Uprated brake system For 2019, a new, stiffer front brake line with new routing improves braking feel, while wave-style brake discs offer improved self-cleaning and cooler-running performance. The 220mm front disc and 190mm rear disc deliver strong, precise stopping power.
Easily tuned KYB® coil spring suspension The new YZ85 features KYB®’s race-proven, fully adjustable 36mm coil spring fork with one-piece outer tubes and tapered shape to provide optimal rigidity balance. This provides exceptional handling, bump absorption and ease of set-up for race-winning performance. The KYB® fully adjustable link-type shock utilizes specially designed damping characteristics to match the new chassis.
YZ85 Technical Highlights •    New 85cc liquid cooled 2-stroke engine with YPVS •    Plastic resin reed valve and new expansion chamber •    Increased compression ratio of 8.2-9.6:1 •    New close ratio 6-speed transmission •    Light and efficient large core radiator •    Fully adjustable 36mm KYB® upside down front forks •    New impact resistant fork guards •    New wave discs and brake hoses •    4-position adjustable tapered aluminium handlebars •    New aluminium swingarm for easy chain adjustment •    Link-type Monocross rear suspension •    Sharp styling and factory inspired graphics
2019 YZ450F Following its major redesign for 2018, the flagship YZ450F receives a number of detail technical improvements for 2019. The most significant change has been made to the front end, where the forks are equipped with larger front axle brackets featuring new shape wheel collars that ensure a higher level of front end rigidity.
This increased front end rigidity improves the YZ450F’s overall handling performance by giving more accurate surface feedback and enabling the rider to better assess the level of front wheel traction, giving greater feel and improved control.
Genuine Yamaha Accessories Yamaha offers a wide range of Genuine Accessories for the YZF 4-stroke and YZ 2-stroke models, including a specially developed line up of GYTR® Performance Products including slip-on mufflers, exhaust pipes, billet clutches, wheels and much more.
Yamaha also offers a selection of motocross riding gear, with a choice of styles and designs in the GYTR® and the Zenkai collections that feature riding jerseys, pants, gloves and more.
Yamaha’s Genuine Accessories and clothing ranges are constantly evolving, so please visit www.yamaha-motor.eu for detailed information on the latest designs.
2019 off-road range models price and availability. The 2019 Yamaha YZF and YZ models will be available at Yamaha dealers starting end of June 2018. Please contact your national Yamaha press officer for more detailed information and the local retail price.
MX Pro Tour Yamaha will once again visit various tracks around Europe where customers will be able to test, feel and gain knowledge about the 2019 YZ range, as well as find out more about Genuine Yamaha accessories and GYTR® Performance Products. Details about dates and venues will be live on national Yamaha websites in June.
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chitramachineries · 7 years ago
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DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM
In the process of automatic coating of tablets the coater needs to be supplemented by a correctly designed, versatile coating system.
CHITRA’S Coating System have been designed after a careful study of the needs of expert coaters such as Rotational Speed, Efficient AHU system, inlet & exhaust air cfm & efficient solution spraying system etc.. etc...
CHITRA’S Coating System have very heavy & sturdy structure, made from SS304 pipes & sheets. Complete structure covered from outside. Processing Chamber designed with sealed from all side, in which negative pressure can be achieve. Chamber with 02 nos. of covers with hinges provided on two sides ( left & right ) of the structure to clean and remove / replace the pan.
Perforated pan with drive and mounting facility in the chamber.
Chamber with facility of wash water drain port with manually operated ball valve.
Motor with worm reduction gear unit and a bearing housing with shaft for pan drive. Variable Frequency drive for variable speed of pan.
Inlet air & exhaust air duct with b/f valve and Open – Close type pneumatic actuator, inside the chamber.
A FLP lamp at top of the chamber.
Spray nozzle mounting facility at chamber.
Perforated pan made from 10 SWG, SS316 material and polish to the mirror finish from inside & outside, with baffles & tablet unloading attachment.
AHU with pre filters, inlet air blower, cooling coil, phase & by pass system, heating coil, micro v & hepa filters with temperature sensor and Rh Sensor ( OR Dew point sensor – Optional ) & exhaust air blower.
Inlet and outlet air duct. (Non insulated – 06 meter each)
Solution preparation vessel with spraying system.
Model  available  12”, 24”, 36”, 48”, 60” .
SPECIAL FEATURES : ( WHICH ARE INCLUDED IN BASIC COST OF THE M/C )
Pan fabricated from 2.5 mm thick, SS Sheet of SS 316  quality with 3.0 mm perforation at 4.5 mm triangle pitch for adequate opening area for better performance.
12” & 24” model are on wheel & 36”, 48” & 60” model with Anti vibrating unit provided for proper leveling, hence no requirement of foundation.
AHU with inside SS sheeting + Pre, Micro V & Hepa filter in SS Box + Cooling coil in copper tube and aluminum fins & Heating Coil in SS Tube & Aluminum Fins. ( if steam heated model ) and electrical heaters if electrically heated model.
Rh Sensor at air inlet line.
Differential Pressure Gauge at Hepa Filter.
Differential Pressure Gauge at Process Chamber.
Inlet air, Product Bed & Exhaust air temperature Sensor.
Variable Frequency Drive for (AC Drive) Pan  Drive Motor, Inlet Air & Exhaust Air Blower.
RPM Indication facility.
FLP Lamp.
Port with Spray Ball for CIP. ( CIP system will be in customer scope )
Tablet Discharge Spout.
Inlet Air Blower.
Exhaust Air Blower.
Solution Preparation Vessel with propeller type stirrer with variable rpm facility. (Plain – Non Jacketed – Non FLP Model).
Pan Drive Motor flameproof.
Spraying Nozzle. ( Make - Spraying System – USA ).
Peristaltic Pump. ( Make – Master Flex – USA ).
Manually operated Atomizing Air Pressure Regulator & Fan Width Pressure Regulator.
Butterfly Valve at Inlet & Exhaust air duct with Actuator.
PLC & Touch Screen of Mitsubishi make (Touch Screen).
Inlet & Exhaust air duct – 5 Meter/ each.
OPTIONAL FEATURE WHICH WILL BE PROVIDE AT EXTRA COST, IF REQUIRED :
Dew Point Sensor at inlet air duct, instead of Rh sensor.                                
Velocity Trans-meter at inlet & exhaust air duct.        
Differential Trans-meter at AHU & Process Chamber, instead of D.P.G. (02 nos.)    
Jacketed Vessel instead of plain. (for Solution Preparation.).                  
Flameproof Model Vessel for Solution Preparation.  
Flameproof Motor at inlet & Exhaust air blower.    
Wet Scrubber at exhaust air.    
Steam & Chilled Water Controlling Valve. (02 nos.)
                         Non FLP   / FLP    
Atomizing Air Pressure Regulator & Fan Width Pressure Regulator operating through Touch Screen.
Flameproof/Weatherproof Enclosure for Touch  Screen.
Additional Duct per 1 Meter – Non insulated.
  ( for Inlet & Exhaust air ).  
SPECIAL FEATURES WHICH COMPRISING OF FOLLOWINGS :
Horizontal, cylindrical vessel (Pan) of size 300 mm diameters, capable to coat 0.5 to 1.0 Kg. having welded on torispherical dished ends at both sides. The shell body is perforated properly (triangular pitch) to ensure optimum hot air inlet. The pan having a frontal opening for easy loading and unloading of tablets.
The pan driven by 0.5 HP flameproof motor through suitable reduction gearbox to achieve a variable rotational speed 5 – 25 RPM by means of Variable Frequency Drive (VFD).
Special type baffles with proper spacing are provided inside the pan for exposing all the tablet surfaces to get uniform coating and tablet (rolling) turning while rotating of the pan.
The coating pan is enclosed within double walled cubical, totally enclosed to ensure leak proof operation, provided with side doors for easy excess to the pan, the doors are duly insulated / properly sealed with food grade quality rubber with appropriate shore hardness. Locking device on both the doors and rounded interior corners, which helps easy cleaning and maintenance of coating pan.
A wash sink with proper drainage is provided at the lower plenum of the cabinet to conduct the washing of the perforated pan by increasing the speed of the pan in wash solution.
A luminous flameproof electric lamp is fitted on the top wall at the cubical above the coating pan to ensure sufficient effulgence to the working zone.
A peristaltic pump ( Indian make ) for precise and rapid priming facility for proper and accurate dosing of solution, supply shall be complete with solution transfer tube.
Highly sophisticated and efficient 01 No. Spray gun, ( Spraying System – USA make ) completely free from choking problem, controls both the application rate and the droplet size for all type of coating.
The guns are mounted on SS retractable header with angle adjustable arrangement.
In built type, PUF insulated double skin AHU with inside SS304 sheeting & all filters in SS304 box, comprising of Pre , Micro V & Hepa Filters, Inlet air Blower, cooling coil, Rh & inlet air temperature sensor and electric heating arrangements of 12 KW electrical load.
There are 5 micron pre filters at air inlet prior to the blower.
Centrifugal type blower fan of 100 CFM. The fan shall be dynamically balanced and with backward curved blades. Material of Construction SS304. Direct coupled 0.5 HP non flameproof electric drive motor of 415 V. Prior to inlet blower there shall be 5 micron pre filter.
The cooling section will operate if the process air entering the cooling section with high humidity at the start of the process. The cooling section will reduce the relative humidity of the air entering the air handling unit.
Shell & Tube, extended area, fixed tube sheet made with Copper tube and Aluminum Fins. ( The chilled water will be supplied by customer. )
12 KW electrical heaters made from SS tube will be at AHU for efficient & fast heating arrangement.
Micro V of 3 micron & Hepa filters 0.3 micron with attachments, viz. pressure drop / choking measurement across hepa filter by means of differential pressure gauge,  DOP testing port for checking the integrity of Hepa filter, etc.
Rh sensor & inlet air temperature sensor will be provide at APU.
Phase & by pass system for precise control of inlet air temperature.
Centrifugal type blower fan of 150 CFM. The fan shall be dynamically balanced and with backward curved blades. Material of Construction MS duly painted or powder coated. Direct coupled 1.0 HP non flameproof electric  drive motor of 415 V.
The quantum of exhaust air is higher than inlet air creates a negative pressure at coating zone, thus faster drying will take place.     The quantum of air shall be controlled by means of variable frequency drive to both blowers.
MS power panel duly powder coated or painted comprises of contactors, relays, fuse links with base, transformers, ON-OFF switch etc. Proper ferruling and color coding will be provided for the wirings. It shall be mounted at servicing zone.
Operating panel shall be fabricated from SS304 material.
The automatic tablets coating system is operated through a user-friendly integrated control panel suitable for manual and automatic operation. The panel includes Mitsubishi make PLC & TOUCH SCREEN. The material of construction of the panel shall be of AISI 304Q. The panel having the following features :
Automatically controlled process parameters with indication and display such as :
-    Inlet / Outlet Air Temperature. -    Bed / cabinet temperature. -    Pan RPM. -    Inlet air Rh. -    Spray on time. -    inlet & outlet air cfm. -    RPM of peristaltic pump. -    Air pressure of Atomization air.
Automatic stoppage of spray in case of :
-    Pan rotation stops. -    Exhaust blower stops. -    Hot air blower stops. -    Atomization air pressure falls below set point.
All process contact parts are made of AISI 316 Q Stainless Steel. All non-process contact parts are made of AISI 304 Q Stainless Steel or heavy parts made out of mild steel and claded or covered with SS304 material.
Electric supply              : 15.5 Kw. (Max.) ( In electrically heated model )
Electric supply              : 3.5 Kw. (Max.) ( In steam heated model )
Steam                  : 30 Kgs./Hr.
Air                          : 20 CFM
Chilled water for AC 12”     : 20 GPM : 5 DEG. C. inlet water temp.
0.5 HP FLP FOR MAIN PAN.
0.5 HP NFLP FOR INLET AIR.
1.0 HP NFLP FOR EXHAUST AIR.
0.5 HP NFLP FOR PERISTALTIC PUMP.
0.25 HP FOR STIRRER OF SOLUTION TANK
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purewhim-blog · 7 years ago
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Bricks - The Process
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Background The term brick refers to little units of structure product, typically made from fired clay and secured with mortar, a bonding agent comprising of cement, sand, and water. Long a popular material, brick maintains heat, with-stands corrosion, and withstands fire. Due to the fact that each system is small-- normally 4 inches wide and two times as long, brick is a perfect product for structures in confined spaces, in addition to for curved styles. Additionally, with very little upkeep, brick structures typically last a long time.
For the above-cited practical factors and due to the fact that it is also a visually pleasing medium, brick has actually been used as a structure product for a minimum of 5,000 years. The first brick was most likely made in the Middle East, in between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in exactly what is now Iraq. Lacking the stone their contemporaries in other regions used for permanent structures, early builders here depend on the abundant natural materials to make their sun-baked bricks. These, nevertheless, were of restricted use because they lacked durability and could not be used outdoors; exposure to the components caused them to break down. The Babylonians, who later on controlled Mesopotamia, were the very first to fire bricks, from which many of their tower-temples were built.
From the Middle East the art of brickmaking spread west to exactly what is now Egypt and east to Persia and India. Although the Greeks, having a numerous supply of stone, did not utilize much brick, evidence of brick kilns and structures remains throughout the Roman Empire. Nevertheless, with the decline and fall of Rome, brickmaking in Europe soon reduced. It did not resume until the 1200s, when the Dutch made bricks that they seem to have actually exported to England. In the Americas, individuals began to use brick during the 16th century. It was the Dutch, however, who were considered skilled craftsmen.
Prior to the mid-1800s, individuals made bricks in small batches, depending on relatively inefficient shooting methods. Among the most widely used was an open clamp, where bricks were put on a fire beneath a layer of dirt and utilized bricks. As the fire waned throughout several weeks, the bricks fired. Such approaches gradually became obsolete after 1865, when the Hoffmann kiln was invented in Germany. Better matched to the manufacture of great deals of bricks, this kiln contained a series of compartments through which stacked bricks were transferred for pre-heating, burning, and cooling.
Brickmaking enhancements have actually continued into the twentieth century. Improvements consist of rendering brick shape absolutely consistent, lessening weight, and accelerating the shooting procedure. For example, modern bricks are seldom solid. Some are pressed into shape, which leaves a frog, or anxiety, on their top surface area. Others are extruded with holes that will later speed up the firing process by exposing a bigger quantity of surface area to heat. Both techniques decrease weight without reducing strength.
However, while the production procedure has definitely enhanced, the market for brick has not. Brick does have the biggest share of the nontransparent materials market for business building, and it continues to be utilized as a siding product in the real estate industry. Nevertheless, other siding products such as wood, stucco, aluminum, plaster, and vinyl are strong competitors since they cost up to 50 percent less, and some (especially stucco and plaster) provide built-in insulation. Yet these systems can cost approximately 1.75 times that of brick, which also requires less maintenance. Other materials that take on brick despite their normally greater expense consist of precast concrete panels, glass, stone, artificial stone, concrete masonry, and mixes of these products, due to the fact that advances in manufacturing and style have made such materials more attractive to the home builder. According to the U.S. Industrial Outlook, using brick as a siding material for single-family houses dropped from 26 percent in 1984 to 17 percent in 1989.
Raw Products
Natural clay minerals, including kaolin and shale, comprise the main body of brick. Small amounts of manganese, barium, and other ingredients are combined with the clay to produce various tones, and barium carbonate is utilized to improve brick's chemical resistance to the components. Lots of other ingredients have actually been used in brick, including by-products from papermaking, ammonium compounds, wetting representatives, flocculents (which cause particles to form loose clusters) and deflocculents (which distribute such clusters). Some clays require the addition of sand or grog (pre-ground, pre-fired material such as scrap brick).
A wide range of finish materials and techniques are utilized to produce brick of a particular color or surface area texture. To create a typical covering, sand (the main part) is mechanically mixed with some type of colorant. Often a flux or frit (a glass consisting of colorants) is added to produce surface area textures. The flux decreases the melting temperature level of the sand so it can bond to the brick surface. Other materials including graded fired and unfired brick, nepheline syenite, and graded aggregate can be utilized also.
The Production
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Process The preliminary step in producing brick is squashing and grinding the raw materials in a separator and a jaw crusher. Next, the mix of ingredients wanted for each specific batch is chosen and filtered before being sent on to one of three brick shaping procedures-- extrusion, molding, or pushing, the very first of which is the most adaptable and therefore the most common. Once the bricks are formed and any subsequent procedures performed, they are dried to remove excess moisture that might otherwise cause cracking during the occurring firing procedure. Next, they are fired in ovens and then cooled. Lastly, they are dehacked-- immediately stacked, covered with steel bands, and padded with plastic corner protectors.
Grinding, sizing, and integrating basic materials 1 First, each of the ingredients is conveyed to a separator that eliminates large-scale product. A jaw crusher with horizontal steel plates then squeezes the particles, rendering them still smaller sized. After the raw products for each batch of bricks have been chosen, a scalping screen is typically used to separate the different sizes of material. Material of the appropriate size is sent out to storage silos, and over-sized product goes to a hammermill, which crushes it with quickly moving steel hammers. The hammermill utilizes another screen to manage the maximum size of particle leaving the mill, and discharge goes to a number of vibrating screens that separate out product of inappropriate size before it is sent on to the next stage of production. Extrusion 2 With extrusion, the most common approach of brick forming, pulverized material and water are fed into one end of a pug mill, which uses knives on a turning shaft to cut through and fold together product in a shallow chamber. The mix is then fed into an extruder at the far end of the mill. The extruder normally includes two chambers. The first eliminates air from the ground clay with a vacuum, thus preventing splitting and other problems. The 2nd chamber, a high-pressure cylinder, condenses the material so the auger can extrude it through the die. After it is compressed, the plastic material is displaced of the chamber though a specifically shaped die orifice. The cross-section of the extruded column, called the "pug," is formed into the shape of the die. Areas of preferred length are cut to size with rotating knives or stiff wires. In molding, soft, damp clay is shaped in a mold, normally a wood box. The interior of package is frequently covered with sand, which supplies the preferred texture and helps with eliminating the formed brick from the mold. Water can also be utilized to assist release. Pressing, the third type of brick forming, needs a material with low water content. The product is placed in a die then compacted with a steel plunger set at a desired pressure. More routine fit and sharper in outline than brick made with the other 2 methods, pressed bricks likewise feature frogs.
Chamfering the brick 3 Chamfering machines were developed to produce a furrow in brick for such applications as paving. These makers use rollers to indent the brick as it is being extruded. They are often geared up with wire cutters to do the chamfering and cutting in one action. Such machines can produce as numerous as 20,000 systems per hour.
Coating 4 The choice of sand finishing, also applied as the brick is extruded, depends on how soft or difficult the extruded product is. A continuous, vibrating feeder is used to coat soft product, whereas for textured material the finish may need to be brushed or rolled on. For more difficult materials a pressure roller or compressed air is used, and, for extremely difficult materials, sand blasting is required.
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Drying 5 Before the brick is fired, it should be dried to eliminate excess moisture. If this wetness is not removed, the water will burn off too quickly throughout shooting, causing cracking. 2 kinds of dryers are used. Tunnel dryers utilize cars to move the brick through humidity-controlled zones that avoid cracking. They consist of a long chamber through which the ware is gradually pressed. External sources of fan-circulated hot air are pushed into the dryer to speed the process. 6 Automatic chamber clothes dryers are likewise used, specifically in Europe. The extruded bricks are automatically positioned in rows on two parallel bars. The bricks are then fed onto special racks with finger-like gadgets that hold a number of sets of bars in several layers. These racks are then transferred by rail-mounted transfer cars or by lift trucks into the dryers.
Firing 7 After drying, the brick is filled onto automobiles (generally automatically) and fired to heats in furnaces called kilns. In general, the vehicles that moved the bricks through the drying process are also used to convey them through the tunnel kiln. These cars are pressed through the kiln's constantly maintained temperature zones at a specific rate that depends on the material. The majority of kilns in the United States use gas as a fuel source, though a third of the brick presently produced is fired utilizing strong fuels such as sawdust and coal. Tunnel kilns have changed in style from high-load, narrow-width kilns to shorter, lower-set larger kilns that can fire more brick. This type of design has actually also led to high-velocity, long-flame, and low-temperature flame burners, which have actually improved temperature harmony and reduced fuel usage. Setting and packaging 8 After the brick is fired and cooled, it is unloaded from the kiln automobile through the dehacking procedure, which has actually been automated to the point where almost all manual brickhandling is eliminated. Automated setting makers have been developed that can set brick at rates of over 18,000 per hour and can rotate the brick 180 degrees. Typically embeded in rows eleven bricks large, a stack is wrapped with steel bands and fitted with plastic strips that work as corner protectors. The packaged brick is then delivered to the job website, where it is normally unloaded utilizing boom trucks.
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