#SS Industrial Shed Manufacturers

[blueiscoool]

2,000-Year-Old Roman Lead Bars Found in Spain Shed Light on Ancient Mining

Archaeologists recently analyzed three ancient lead bars discovered in Spain, shedding light on the mining industry in the Roman era.

The three-sided bars — referred to as ingots — were unearthed during the construction of a gas pipeline in Córdoba, southwestern Spain, in the 1990s. But until now, they have never been studied in depth.

The ingots, which weigh between 50 and 70 pounds, date to the first century A.D., making them around 2,000 years old, according to a study published on May 3 in the Journal of Roman Archaeology.

They’re stamped with the letters “SS,” which refers to Societas Sisaponensis, an ancient mining company active in the region.

The company’s name came from the city of Sisapo in the Roman province of Baetica. The lands in the province were home to rich deposits of minerals, which were the main money source for wealthy Roman families in the region.

The company is well-documented in historical literature, being referred to by the Roman politician Cicero and author Pliny the Elder.

According to the accounts from the latter, the materials mined by the company were exported to Rome.

The objects were used to manufacture a variety of commonplace tools, including spoons, pipes and tiles, according to a news release from the University of Córdoba.

The discovery of the ingots provides further evidence that the company’s mines in the region served as an important center for the Roman Empire.

Other Roman ingots have been discovered throughout the Mediterranean, but typically they have been recovered from shipwrecks — whereas land-based finds are more rare.

By Brendan Rascius.

[fullyautomaticcomposter]

Choosing the Right Material for Industrial Tanks: Exploring the Benefits of MS SS Tanks

Choosing the Right Material for Industrial Tanks: Exploring the Benefits of MS SS Tanks

In the realm of industrial storage solutions, the choice of materials for tanks plays a pivotal role in ensuring durability, longevity, and performance. Among the array of options available, MS SS tanks stand out as a versatile and reliable choice for various applications. In this blog, we delve into the characteristics and benefits of MS SS tanks, shedding light on why they are a preferred choice in many industries.

Understanding MS SS Tanks:

MS SS tanks combine the strengths of two distinct materials: Mild Steel (MS) and Stainless Steel (SS). This hybrid approach leverages the affordability and structural integrity of mild steel with the corrosion resistance and hygiene properties of stainless steel, resulting in a robust and cost-effective storage solution.

The Best of Both Worlds: Key Advantages

1. Corrosion Resistance:

Stainless steel, with its chromium content, forms a protective oxide layer that prevents rust and corrosion. By incorporating stainless steel components or linings in critical areas, MS SS tanks offer superior resistance to corrosive substances, ensuring longevity and reliability even in challenging environments.

2. Strength and Durability:

Mild steel provides structural strength and rigidity to the tank, making it capable of withstanding the demands of industrial operations. When combined with stainless steel, which boasts high tensile strength and impact resistance, SS Industrial Storage Tanks offer a durable and robust storage solution for various liquids and chemicals.

3. Cost-Effectiveness:

One of the primary advantages of MS SS tanks is their cost-effectiveness compared to fully stainless steel alternatives. By strategically using stainless steel components where corrosion resistance is essential, manufacturers can achieve significant cost savings without compromising on performance or durability.

4. Hygiene and Cleanliness:

Stainless steel is inherently hygienic and easy to clean, making it ideal for applications where sanitation is paramount, such as in the food and beverage industry. MS SS tanks maintain product purity and integrity, ensuring compliance with stringent quality standards and regulations.

5. Versatility and Customization:

MS SS tanks can be specified to meet specific requirements, including size, shape, and features. Whether for storing water, chemicals, or food products, these tanks offer versatility and adaptability to suit diverse industrial needs.

Applications of MS SS Tanks:

MS SS tanks find applications across a wide range of industries, including:

Chemical Processing: Storage of acids, alkalis, solvents, and other corrosive chemicals.

Food and Beverage: Processing and storage of dairy products, beverages, oils, and sauces.

Water Treatment: Potable water storage, wastewater treatment, and chemical dosing.

Pharmaceuticals: Bulk storage of pharmaceutical ingredients and products.

Oil and Gas: Storage of crude oil, refined products, and specialty chemicals.

Conclusion: A Winning Combination

In the realm of industrial storage solutions, Chemical Storage Tanks offers a winning combination of strength, durability, corrosion resistance, and cost-effectiveness. By harnessing the strengths of mild steel and stainless steel, these tanks provide a reliable and versatile storage solution for a wide range of applications. Whether in chemical processing plants, food and beverage facilities, or water treatment plants, MS SS tanks stand as a testament to innovation and practical engineering, ensuring the safe and efficient storage of valuable liquids and chemicals in industries worldwide.

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Unveiling the Excellence of Stainless Steel 304L Pipe

Stainless steel has revolutionized the world of engineering with its exceptional corrosion resistance, durability, and versatility. Among the array of stainless steel grades, 304L stands out as a popular choice for various applications, including piping systems. Stainless Steel 304L pipes offer remarkable strength, reliability, and corrosion resistance, making them indispensable in industries such as petrochemical, pharmaceutical, food processing, and more. In this blog, we'll delve into the features, applications, fabrication methods, and advantages of Stainless Steel 304L pipes, shedding light on their significance in modern engineering.

Understanding Stainless Steel 304L Pipe

Stainless Steel 304L is an austenitic stainless steel alloy with low carbon content, offering enhanced weldability and corrosion resistance compared to standard SS 304. Stainless Steel 304L pipes inherit these advantageous properties, making them ideal for applications requiring superior corrosion resistance, longevity, and structural integrity in diverse operating conditions.

Key Features of Stainless Steel 304L Pipe

Corrosion Resistance: Stainless Steel 304L pipes exhibit excellent resistance to corrosion, oxidation, and chemical attack, ensuring durability and reliability in aggressive environments exposed to acids, alkalis, and corrosive media.

Weldability: The low carbon content in 304L enhances its weldability, allowing for easy fabrication of welded joints with minimal risk of sensitization and intergranular corrosion, making it suitable for welding without post-weld annealing.

Strength and Durability: Stainless Steel 304L pipes offer high tensile strength, impact resistance, and structural stability, enabling reliable performance in high-pressure and high-temperature applications without deformation or failure.

Versatility: Stainless Steel 304L pipes are versatile and adaptable to various fabrication techniques, including seamless and welded manufacturing methods, catering to diverse application requirements.

Applications of Stainless Steel 304L Pipe

Petrochemical Industry: Stainless Steel 304L pipes find extensive use in petrochemical plants for conveying corrosive fluids, gases, and hydrocarbons in pipelines, reactors, and storage tanks, ensuring safe and efficient operation.

Food and Beverage Industry: In the food processing and beverage industry, 304L pipes are utilized for transporting potable water, beverages, dairy products, and food-grade liquids, maintaining hygienic conditions and product purity.

Pharmaceutical Sector: Stainless Steel 304L pipes are employed in pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities for transporting pharmaceutical-grade chemicals, solvents, and sterile fluids in compliance with stringent quality standards and regulatory requirements.

Architectural and Construction: In architectural and construction applications, 304L pipes serve as structural components, handrails, and decorative elements in building facades, bridges, and infrastructure projects, offering aesthetic appeal and durability.

Fabrication Methods for Stainless Steel 304L Pipe

Seamless Pipe Manufacturing: Seamless Stainless Steel 304L pipes are produced through hot extrusion or piercing of solid billets, ensuring uniform composition, dimensional accuracy, and smooth surface finish, ideal for high-pressure and critical applications.

Welded Pipe Fabrication: Welded Stainless Steel 304L pipes are manufactured through processes such as TIG (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding), MIG (Gas Metal Arc Welding), or ERW (Electric Resistance Welding), offering cost-effective solutions for various applications.

Advantages of Stainless Steel 304L Pipe

Corrosion Resistance: Stainless Steel 304L pipes provide superior corrosion resistance, ensuring longevity and reliability in corrosive environments, reducing maintenance requirements and lifecycle costs.

Weldability: The weldability of 304L pipes facilitates ease of fabrication and installation, allowing for efficient assembly of piping systems with minimal risk of weld defects or failure.

Hygiene and Cleanliness: Stainless Steel 304L pipes offer hygienic properties, making them suitable for applications requiring sanitary conditions, such as food processing, pharmaceutical, and beverage industries.

Conclusion

Stainless Steel 304L pipes stand as versatile and reliable conduits in industrial piping systems, embodying durability, corrosion resistance, and performance excellence in diverse applications. By harnessing their advantageous properties and fabrication methods, engineers and plant operators can enhance the efficiency, safety, and sustainability of their processes across various industries. Embrace the craftsmanship and reliability of Stainless Steel 304L pipes to elevate your piping infrastructure and embark on a journey towards unparalleled performance and operational excellence.

[fasteners-bolts]

STAINLESS STEEL 310/310S STUD BOLTS

Introduction:

In the realm of industrial materials, few substances match the versatility, durability, and reliability of stainless steel. Among the plethora of stainless steel grades available, Stainless Steel 310 stands out as a formidable choice for various applications across industries. Recognizing its significance, DC Engineering is proud to shed light on the exceptional qualities and applications of Stainless Steel 310.

Stainless Steel 310: The Unyielding Alloy:

Stainless Steel 310 is a high chromium-nickel alloy renowned for its exceptional resistance to high-temperature environments. Composed primarily of iron, chromium, and nickel, with additions of manganese and silicon, SS 310 exhibits superior oxidation resistance even under cyclic conditions.

Key Attributes of Stainless Steel 310:

High Temperature Resistance: One of the most prominent features of Stainless Steel 310 is its ability to withstand elevated temperatures. It retains strength and oxidation resistance at temperatures up to 2100°F (1149°C), making it ideal for applications in heat treatment furnaces, radiant tubes, and other high-temperature environments.

Corrosion Resistance: SS 310 offers excellent resistance to oxidation and corrosion in various atmospheric environments. Its chromium and nickel content form a protective oxide layer, enhancing its durability and longevity in corrosive settings, including chemical processing plants and marine environments.

Superior Mechanical Properties: With its combination of high chromium and nickel content,Stainless Steel 310 boasts excellent mechanical properties, including high tensile strength, toughness, and ductility. This makes it suitable for structural components, piping systems, and pressure vessels subjected to high stress and temperature fluctuations.

Applications of Stainless Steel 310:

Heat Treatment Furnaces: Due to its exceptional high-temperature resistance, SS 310 is commonly used in the construction of heat treatment furnaces, where it ensures prolonged service life and reliable performance under extreme thermal conditions.

Chemical Processing Equipment: In chemical processing industries,Stainless Steel 310 finds extensive use in reactors, heat exchangers, and piping systems handling corrosive chemicals and high-temperature fluids, where its resistance to oxidation and corrosion is paramount.

Aerospace and Power Generation: The aerospace and power generation sectors rely on SS 310 for components exposed to extreme temperatures and demanding operating conditions. Its high-temperature strength and oxidation resistance make it indispensable for gas turbine engine components, exhaust systems, and aerospace structures.

Petrochemical Industry: Stainless Steel 310 plays a vital role in the petrochemical industry, where it is utilized in refinery equipment, distillation columns, and piping systems for its ability to withstand aggressive environments and high-temperature processes.

DC Engineering: Your Trusted Partner for Stainless Steel Solutions:

At DC Engineering, we pride ourselves on delivering premium-grade stainless steel products tailored to meet the diverse needs of our clients. With a commitment to quality, innovation, and customer satisfaction, we offer a comprehensive range of Stainless Steel 310 products engineered to excel in the most demanding applications.

From customized fabrications to off-the-shelf components, our experienced team employs state-of-the-art manufacturing processes and stringent quality controls to ensure the highest standards of excellence. Whether you require heat-resistant furnace components, corrosion-resistant piping systems, or precision-engineered structural components, DC Engineering is your trusted partner for superior stainless steel solutions.

Conclusion:

Stainless Steel 310 stands as a testament to the ingenuity and resilience of modern metallurgy, offering unparalleled performance in high-temperature and corrosive environments. With its remarkable attributes and diverse applications, SS 310 continues to be a cornerstone material across industries, driving innovation and progress.



[shreeashapurasteel]

STAINLESS STEEL 904L SEAMLESS PIPE

Stainless steel is the backbone of many industries, providing durability, corrosion resistance, and reliability. Among the array of stainless steel grades, one stands out for its exceptional performance in corrosive environments and extreme conditions: Stainless Steel 904L. In this blog, we explore the characteristics, variants, and applications of Stainless Steel 904L Seamless Pipe, shedding light on its unparalleled qualities and why it's a preferred choice in critical applications.

Understanding Stainless Steel 904L Seamless Pipe:

Stainless Steel 904L, also known as UNS N08904, is a high-alloy austenitic stainless steel with low carbon content. It exhibits superior corrosion resistance in various environments, including acids, chloride solutions, and seawater. This makes it ideal for applications in industries such as chemical processing, petrochemical, pharmaceuticals, and more.

Features of Stainless Steel 904L Seamless Pipe:

Corrosion Resistance: One of the most notable features of Stainless Steel 904L is its exceptional resistance to corrosion, especially in acidic and chloride-rich environments.

High Alloy Content: With high levels of chromium, nickel, and molybdenum, 904L Seamless Pipe offers enhanced corrosion resistance and durability.

Low Carbon Content: The low carbon content in 904L improves weldability and resistance to sensitization, reducing the risk of intergranular corrosion.

Excellent Formability: Stainless Steel 904L can be easily formed, welded, and fabricated, allowing for the creation of complex structures and components.

Exploring Variants and Specifications:

When it comes to Stainless Steel 904L Seamless Pipe, various variants and specifications cater to diverse application requirements. Some commonly used variants include:

DIN 1.4539 Seamless Tube: Compliant with DIN standards, this seamless tube ensures quality and reliability, meeting European market demands and specifications.

ASME SA673 SS 904L Polished Pipe: Polished pipes offer enhanced surface finish and aesthetics, making them suitable for architectural and decorative applications.

UNS N08904 Seamless Mirror Finish Pipe: Mirror finish pipes provide a sleek and reflective surface, ideal for applications where aesthetics play a crucial role.

ASTM A673 SS 904L Boiler Pipe: Specifically designed for boiler applications, these pipes offer high-temperature resistance and corrosion resistance, ensuring reliable performance in demanding environments.

Applications of Stainless Steel 904L Seamless Pipe:

Stainless Steel 904L Seamless Pipe finds extensive applications across various industries, including:

Chemical Processing: Used in equipment such as reactors, storage tanks, and piping systems handling corrosive chemicals and acids.

Petrochemical Industry: Widely employed in offshore platforms, heat exchangers, and piping systems for its resistance to seawater and chloride solutions.

Pharmaceuticals: Utilized in pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment, where hygiene, corrosion resistance, and durability are paramount.

Oil and Gas: Commonly used in oil refineries, desalination plants, and gas processing facilities due to its resistance to corrosion in aggressive environments.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Stainless Steel 904L Seamless Pipe stands out as a premium choice for applications requiring superior corrosion resistance, durability, and reliability. Its high alloy content, coupled with low carbon content, ensures excellent performance in corrosive environments and extreme conditions. Whether it's chemical processing, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, or oil and gas, Stainless Steel 904L Seamless Pipe delivers unmatched performance, making it an indispensable component in critical applications.

#StainlessSteel #904LStainlessSteel #SeamlessPipe #CorrosionResistance #HighAlloyContent #IndustrialApplications

[arcellorcontrols]

What Is the Function of a Needle Valve? And Types of it - Arcellor Controls

What Is the Function of a Needle Valve? And Types of it - Arcellor Controls India

A needle valve provides accurate regulation and control over fluid flow in fluid control systems. As a leading needle valve manufacturer and supplier, Arcellor Controls India is dedicated to providing high-quality SS needle valves and other instrumentation valves. 

In this blog post, we will explore the functions, types, and applications of needle valves, shedding light on the wide range of valves available for different industries. 

Let's dive in and discover the world of precision fluid control!

Understanding Needle Valves

Needle valves are crucial components in fluid control systems, manufactured by instrumentation valves manufacturers like Arcellor Controls India. It is a type of valve in instrumentation. These valves enable precise regulation of fluid flow, making them essential for various industries. With their slender and tapered design, needle valves provide exceptional control and accuracy in flow adjustments, ensuring precise measurements in instrumentation. Whether you are looking for a needle valve supplier or want to understand the types of valves used in instrumentation, this article has got you covered.

The function of Needle Valves

The primary function of needle valves is to control the flow of fluids, allowing for precise regulation in various systems. Here are some key functions and benefits of needle valves:

Precise Flow Control:

Needle valves are known for their ability to provide precise flow control. The tapered stem and plunger design allow for gradual adjustments, giving operators the ability to fine-tune the flow rate according to specific requirements. This precise control is essential in applications where even slight changes in flow can significantly impact the overall process.

Flow Regulation:

In fluid control systems, needle valves are used to regulate the flow of liquids or gases. By adjusting the position of the plunger, operators can increase or decrease the flow rate through the valve. This capability makes needle valves valuable in applications where flow regulation is necessary, such as in laboratories, industrial processes, and instrumentation systems.

Shut-off Valve:

Needle valves also serve as effective shut-off valves. By fully closing the valve, the tapered stem creates a tight seal, preventing any fluid from passing through. This feature is particularly useful when immediate and reliable shut-off is required, such as during maintenance or emergency situations.

Fine Metering:

The precise control offered by needle valves makes them ideal for applications that require fine metering. In industries like pharmaceuticals, chemical processing, and laboratory sciences, accurate measurement and dispensing of fluids are critical. Needle valves allow for precise dosing and metering, ensuring the desired quantities are delivered with accuracy.

Compatibility with High-Pressure Systems:

Certain needle valve designs, such as high-pressure needle valves, are specifically engineered to handle systems operating under extreme pressure conditions. These valves are built to withstand high pressures while still providing the necessary flow control and shut-off capabilities. Their robust construction and sealing mechanisms make them suitable for demanding industries such as oil and gas, where safety and reliability are paramount.

Types of Needle Valves Offered by Arcellor Controls India

At Arcellor Controls India, we take pride in offering a wide range of needle valves to cater to various industry needs. Here are some of the types we provide:

High-Pressure Needle Valves:

With us, we offer a wide range of high-pressure needle valves, designed to handle demanding systems operating under extreme pressure conditions. These valves, available in materials such as stainless steel and alloy steel, are specifically engineered to ensure reliable performance in critical applications across industries like oil and gas, petrochemical, and power generation. Trust our expertise as a needle valve manufacturer and supplier to provide you with the right solution for your high-pressure needs.

Integral Bonnet Needle Valves:

Our range includes integral bonnet needle valves, known for their compact design and integrated structure. These valves, manufactured with precision by our team, combine the bonnet and body into a single unit, eliminating the risk of bonnet leakage. This makes them ideal for industries such as chemical processing, pharmaceuticals, and laboratory equipment, where space constraints and leak prevention are of utmost importance. Choose Arcellor Controls India as your reliable instrumentation valve supplier for superior integral bonnet needle valves.

Integral Bonnet Needle Valves 2:

For specialized requirements, we offer integral bonnet needle valves 2 that come with additional features such as enhanced pressure ratings, extended temperature ranges, or specialized sealing capabilities. These valves cater to specific industry needs, delivering superior performance under demanding conditions. As a trusted needle valve manufacturer, we ensure that each valve meets the highest standards of quality and reliability.

M X M Angle Type Needle Valves:

Our product lineup also includes M X M angle-type needle valves designed with an angled configuration for ease of accessibility and operation in tight spaces or complex piping systems. The unique design minimizes flow restrictions, making them suitable for applications where space is limited. These valves find their applications in hydraulic systems, process control, and instrumentation panels. As your preferred instrument valve supplier, we offer M X M angle-type needle valves to meet your specific needs.

M X F Needle Valves Hex Body:

At Arcellor Controls India, we provide versatile M X F needle valves with hex bodies, combining the advantages of a hexagonal shape with a male-to-female connection. The hex body design offers a convenient grip for installation and maintenance, while the M X F configuration ensures compatibility with different types of fittings and connectors. These needle valves are widely used across industries like HVAC, plumbing, and pneumatic systems, delivering reliable fluid control solutions.

M X F Needle Valves:

Our range of M X F needle valves is designed with a male-to-female connection, allowing for easy integration into various fluid control systems. These valves offer reliable shut-off and precise flow control, making them suitable for a wide range of applications, including hydraulic circuits, fuel systems, and industrial machinery. 

Male Type Needle Valves:

As an instrumentation valve manufacturer, we offer male-type needle valves designed with a male-threaded connection, ensuring excellent sealing properties and reliable control in applications where connecting to female ports is necessary. These valves find their applications in industries such as automotive, aerospace, and instrumentation, providing effective fluid control solutions.

Needle Valves (F X F) Hex Body:

We do also offer needle valves with hex bodies and female-to-female (F X F) connections. These valves offer the convenience of a hexagonal shape while allowing easy integration into existing piping systems. With their secure connections and precise flow control, they find applications in chemical plants, water treatment facilities, and refineries.

Needle Valves (F X F):

Our range of needle valves with female-to-female (F X F) connections offers versatility in fluid control systems. These valves ensure secure connections and precise flow control, making them suitable for applications that require compatibility with female ports and connectors. Industries such as pharmaceuticals, food processing, and laboratory sciences rely on F X F needle valves for their fluid control needs.

Needle Valves OD Type:

We understand the importance of precise tubing connections, which is why we offer needle valves with OD (Outside Diameter) type configuration. These valves are specifically designed to accommodate different tubing sizes, ensuring seamless and leak-free connections in tubing systems. Industries such as refrigeration, air conditioning, and hydraulic systems rely on OD-type needle valves for their reliable fluid control.

Needle Valves (M X M):

Our comprehensive range includes needle valves with M X M (male-to-male) connections. These valves offer precise flow control, secure sealing, and easy integration into various industries, including chemical processing, oil and gas, and water treatment. Trust Arcellor Controls India as your preferred needle valve manufacturer and supplier for high-quality M X M needle valves.

Why One Should Choose Arcellor Controls India for Your Needle Valve Needs!

Exceptional Quality and Reliability:

Arcellor Controls India takes pride in delivering needle valves of exceptional quality and reliability. We understand the critical role that needle valves play in fluid control systems, and our commitment to maintaining the highest standards ensures that each valve meets stringent quality requirements. Our valves are manufactured using premium materials, including stainless steel, alloy steel, carbon steel, duplex, super duplex, Hastelloy, Monel, and Inconel, ensuring durability, corrosion resistance, and optimal performance.

Extensive Range of Needle Valve Types:

We offer an extensive range of needle valve types to cater to diverse industry needs. Whether you require high-pressure needle valves, integral bonnet needle valves, angle-type needle valves, OD-type needle valves, and so on, we have the perfect solution for you. Our comprehensive product lineup ensures that you can find the right needle valve to meet your specific application requirements.

Customization Options:

At Arcellor Controls India, we understand that each customer's needs may vary. That's why we provide customization options for needle valves to ensure a perfect fit for your unique requirements. From material selection and pressure ratings to specialized features and sealing capabilities, we work closely with our customers to deliver tailor-made solutions that precisely meet their specifications.

Compliance with International Standards:

We adhere to stringent quality control processes to ensure that our needle valves comply with international standards. Our valves are designed and manufactured in accordance with industry norms and guidelines, guaranteeing their performance, safety, and reliability. Additionally, our needle valves comply with NACE MR01-75, a widely recognized standard for corrosion resistance, further enhancing their suitability for critical applications.

Global Reach and Competitive Pricing:

Arcellor Controls India has established a strong global presence as an exporter of needle valves. We have successfully served customers in Oman, Qatar, the USA, Germany, the UK, Brazil, Turkey, UAE, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, and many other countries. Our competitive pricing ensures that you get the best value for your investment without compromising on quality or performance.

Customer-Centric Approach:

We prioritize customer satisfaction and believe in building long-term relationships based on trust and reliability. Our team of experts is dedicated to providing exceptional customer service, assisting you in selecting the right needle valves, addressing your queries, and ensuring a seamless buying experience. Your needs and requirements are at the forefront of everything we do.

Timely Deliveries:

We understand the importance of timely deliveries to keep your projects on schedule. With our efficient supply chain management and streamlined processes, we ensure that your needle valves are delivered on time, wherever you are located. Our logistics team works diligently to ensure that your orders reach you promptly and securely.

Applications of Needle Valves

Needle valves are widely used in various industries and applications due to their precise flow control capabilities. Here are some common applications of needle valves:

Fluid Controls

Pressure Regulation

Starting a pump

Turbine bypass

Discharge

Reservoir inlets

Laboratories and Scientific Research

Process Control in Industrial

Instrumentation and Controls System

Medical and Healthcare Applications

HVAC and Refrigeration systems

Testing and Calibration Equipment

Aerospace and Automotive 

Water Treatment, Desalination, and so on. 

Final Thoughts!..

Needle valves are indispensable components in fluid control systems, offering precise flow control and accuracy. At Arcellor Controls India, we take pride in our extensive range of needle valve types, catering to diverse industry needs and applications. As a leading needle valve manufacturer, stockist, supplier, and exporter, we are committed to providing high-quality products, including SS needle valves, while ensuring customer satisfaction. Trust us for all your needle valve requirements and experience excellence in fluid control. Contact us today to learn more about our products and discuss your specific needs.

[abiengineering]

Our company ABI Engineering is a leading mane in the market involved in manufacturing and supplying wide range of products. We are a Partnership based firm established in the year 2015, located at Chennai, Tamil Nadu, (India).

[mikesavagenewcanaan]

Mike Savage New Canaan Classic Cars - The Best Muscular Tissue Cars And Trucks

The Merriam-Webster thesaurus defines muscle mass cars as, "any one of a team of American-made 2-door sporting activities coupes with effective engines designed for high-performance driving."

Although point of views differ, it is often mentioned that the 1949 Oldsmobile Rocket 88 is the initial muscle mass automobile ever before produced. It was developed with speed as well as power in mind, utilizing an effective engine with a lightweight body.

By the mid-1970s several of this market merged right into individual luxury efficiency vehicles, therefore starting a period where personal luxury overtook light-weight rate.

Performance-type vehicles began to make a return in the USA throughout the 1980s, however with new laws governing safety as well as air pollution combined with boosted manufacturing costs, these brand-new automobiles were not developed to the formula of the traditional low-priced muscular tissue vehicles. Introducing electronic gas shot and also overdrive transmission to the remaining muscular tissue vehicle survivors like the Ford Mustang, Chevrolet Camaro as well as Pontiac Firebird helped suffer a market share for them alongside personal deluxe sports cars with performance bundles.

Mike Savage New Canaan

Karl Brauer, editor-in-chief of the online automobile testimonial aggregator "Overall Cars and truck Rating" is a self-described fanatic who defines muscle mass cars as his "main interest." He assembled a list of what he thinks about 10 traditional American muscle mass automobiles, claiming, "Classic car collection agencies think about these must-haves!"

Karl Brauer's listing:

- 1970 Oldsmobile 442 W-30

- 1974 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am SD455

- 1970 Buick GSX Phase 1

- 1970 Chevrolet Chevelle SS 454 LS6

- 1970 Pontiac GTO Judge Ram Air IV

- 1968 Ford Mustang GT500KR

- 1969 Ford Employer 429 Mustang

- 1969 Dodge Charger Daytona Hemi

- 1971 Plymouth Hemi 'Cuda.

- 1969 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1.

Car lovers in some cases describe traditional muscular tissue automobiles as "subdued iron monsters" due to the fact that these cars were built to provide and defeating and additionally to take one. They typically shed rubber, as well as were anything but nimble. Big, heavy, loud as well as rude, they personified every little thing that was fantastic regarding the American auto industry of the 1960s as well as 1970s.

American car-maker Chevrolet supplied various types, beginning with the Corvette in 1953, including the Impala, Chevelle, El Camino, as well as Nova to its rankings throughout the years.

Dodge threw their hat into the ring beginning with the 1966 Charger, adding the Opposition as well as Super Bee after that.

Mike Savage New Canaan

Other American car-makers offerings consist of:.

- AMC's AMX as well as Javelin.

- Buick's Grand National.

- Ford's Mustang and also Thunderbird.

- Mercury's Cougar.

- Oldsmobile's Olds 442.

- Plymouth's Barracuda as well as GTX.

- Pontiac's Firebird and also GTO.

Restoring.

When bring back muscle automobiles, people have varying views on whether remaining true to the initial factory's job is the most effective way to go, or whether improving anything you can is much better. Something to bear in mind is that a well-documented reconstruction carried out by a renowned shop will certainly always hold even more value than one that's undocumented or finished by an unknown shop or people.

Tailoring.

Muscle mass automobiles are experiencing a rebirth in appeal, nonetheless locating one in mint condition is near difficult. Discovering one that requires to be recovered, and/or tailored is a various story. A lot of various features of these autos can be tailored, it is best to do your research on what functions you would like to personalize before getting a bid from a person.

More than likely individuals who have personalized car shops are massive vehicle followers who have actually found out the skills to do something they absolutely appreciate doing. Ask to see several of their job prior to selecting a personalized cars and truck shop, and remember it's alright to barter when requesting custom work to be done to your muscular tissue vehicle.

[a3group]

We are offering a broad assortment of Ms Structure Fabrication In Punjab to our customers. For more Details call us @ 9815160082.

[lands-rover-group]

We are one of the best Industrial Shed Contractors in Hyderabad, India. Our company has been manufacturing industrial sheds for more than 15 years now. We are a leading manufacturer of Industrial Sheds in Hyderabad, India and we have been providing our services to many clients across India.

Being one of the best shed manufacturers, we incorporate different steps during the manufacturing process, such as Site Inspection, Planning, Design, Components Fabrication, Installation, etc. Among the processes, the most valuable step is fabricating components to maintain standards, endurance, and many other benefits. Also, we can construct these sheds of different sizes – big or small to meet your specific needs.

Lands Rover Group is a leading manufacturer of Industrial Sheds in Hyderabad, India. We provide our services at competitive rates according to your specifications and requirements. The main objective behind providing these services is to remain ahead in this industry by innovating new ideas and working towards achieving perfection with every project that we undertake for our clients across the country. For more details, contact Lands Rover Engineers at +91 7993724558.

Visit our website: https://www.landsrovergroup.com/

[bloggerpost2w322]

Stainless Steel 304H Pipes

In the realm of industrial piping systems, stainless steel reigns supreme for its exceptional corrosion resistance, longevity, and versatility. Among the myriad stainless steel grades, 304H stands out as a high carbon variant renowned for its elevated temperature strength and enhanced creep resistance. Stainless Steel 304H pipes embody these qualities, serving as reliable conduits for conveying fluids, gases, and solids in diverse industrial sectors. In this blog, we'll delve into the features, applications, fabrication methods, and benefits of Stainless Steel 304H pipes, shedding light on their indispensable role in modern engineering.

Understanding Stainless Steel 304H Pipes

Stainless Steel 304H is an austenitic stainless steel alloy with a higher carbon content than its counterpart, SS 304. This increased carbon content enhances the alloy's high-temperature strength and creep resistance, making it suitable for applications involving elevated temperatures exceeding 500°C. Stainless Steel 304H pipes inherit these advantageous properties, making them preferred choices for demanding environments in industries such as petrochemical, chemical processing, and thermal power generation.

Key Features of Stainless Steel 304H Pipes

High Temperature Strength: Stainless Steel 304H pipes exhibit excellent mechanical properties at elevated temperatures, retaining their strength and structural integrity under thermal stress and cyclic loading conditions.

Corrosion Resistance: Like other stainless steel alloys, 304H pipes offer superior corrosion resistance, protecting against corrosion, pitting, and crevice corrosion in aggressive chemical environments and corrosive media.

Creep Resistance: The presence of carbon in SS 304H enhances its creep resistance, allowing the pipes to withstand prolonged exposure to high temperatures without deformation or failure.

Versatility: Stainless Steel 304H pipes are versatile and adaptable to various fabrication techniques, allowing for seamless integration into complex piping systems and assemblies.

Applications of Stainless Steel 304H Pipes

Petrochemical Industry: Stainless Steel 304H pipes are extensively used in petrochemical plants for conveying corrosive fluids, hydrocarbons, and chemical reagents at high temperatures and pressures.

Chemical Processing: In chemical processing facilities, 304H pipes serve as conduits for transporting acids, solvents, and corrosive solutions in reactors, distillation columns, and storage tanks.

Thermal Power Generation: Stainless Steel 304H pipes play a crucial role in thermal power plants, where they form essential components of steam pipelines, boiler tubes, and heat exchangers, ensuring efficient energy generation and distribution.

Aerospace and Automotive: In aerospace and automotive applications, Stainless Steel 304H pipes are utilized for exhaust systems, turbochargers, and engine components requiring high-temperature performance and durability.

Fabrication Methods for Stainless Steel 304H Pipes

Seamless Pipe Manufacturing: Seamless Stainless Steel 304H pipes are produced by hot extrusion or piercing of solid billets, ensuring uniform composition, dimensional accuracy, and smooth surface finish.

Welded Pipe Fabrication: Welded Stainless Steel 304H pipes are manufactured through processes such as TIG (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding), MIG (Gas Metal Arc Welding), or ERW (Electric Resistance Welding), offering cost-effective solutions for various applications.

Benefits of Stainless Steel 304H Pipes

Longevity: Stainless Steel 304H pipes exhibit exceptional durability and longevity, minimizing maintenance requirements and lifecycle costs over extended service periods.

Reliability: With their superior mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, 304H pipes offer reliable performance in harsh operating conditions, ensuring uninterrupted flow and process integrity.

Sustainability: Stainless Steel 304H pipes are recyclable and environmentally sustainable, contributing to resource conservation and eco-friendly manufacturing practices.

Conclusion

Stainless Steel 304H pipes stand as stalwart conduits in industrial piping systems, embodying durability, reliability, and performance excellence in high-temperature and corrosive environments. By leveraging their advantageous properties and versatility, engineers and plant operators can enhance the efficiency, safety, and sustainability of their processes across diverse industries. Embrace the resilience and craftsmanship of Stainless Steel 304H pipes to elevate your piping infrastructure and embark on a journey towards unparalleled performance and operational excellence.

[carbonbrushtech]

Stainless Steel ERW Pipe: What is it & how is it Used?

Stainless steel ERW pipes are not the same as regular seamless pipes. Their application is different as well. Know all about ERW pipes and their use below. 

Stainless steel pipes come in multiple variations for different applications. There are welded pipes, seamless pipes, ERW pipes, EFW pipes, etc. Each has a specific purpose in industrial application, and hence should be bought and used accordingly. For this article, we will shed some light on ERW pipes; what it is, and how it is different from the other varieties. 

What is an ERW pipe? 

ERW stands for electric resistance welding. ERW stainless steel pipes are manufactured using high-frequency or low-frequency resistance. The variety comes in different shapes like longitudinal, rectangular, square, steel sheet, etc. ERW pipes are extensively used for multiple engineering purposes, such as scaffolding, fencing, line pipes, etc. They are available in multiple qualities, thicknesses, and diameters, which one has to choose as per the application needs. The major applications for ERW pipes are:

Water pipelines

Gas pipelines

LPG/ non-toxic gas pipelines

Irrigation and agricultural pipes

Oil pipes

What are the two basic variations of ERW SS pipes?

There are two basic varieties of electric resistance welded pipes;

DC welded pipes

AC welded pipes

AC welding can be categorized into low frequency, intermediate frequency, super intermediate frequency, and high frequency. The pipes are welded at a different frequency based on the application. Manufacturers use high-frequency welding to produce thin-walled steel pipes or ordinary thick-walled pipes. High-frequency welding can be induction or contact welding.

DC welding is typically utilized for the manufacture of steel pipes with small diameters. High-frequency welding is used for the manufacturing of longitudinal pipes, which are widely used across multiple sectors, including oil and gas. 

What makes ERW different? Its resistance welding process of manufacture separates it from the rest varieties. Moreover, the process of resistance welding is low cost, saves a lot of material, has high production efficacy, and comes with easy automation capabilities. If you are buying the product from SS pipe fittings suppliers in UAE, they can further help you with specific details concerning the ERW pipes in their inventory. 

Conclusion

ERW SS pipes have multiple applications and are one of the most widely used varieties of stainless steel pipes. When sourcing the products from a manufacturer or supplier, make sure that you specify your application and purpose for the purchase of the pipes. A supplier of well-reputed Mogul Electromech with its extensive inventory of stainless steel pipes and pipe fittings can help you with getting the right pipes in perfect dimensions, suitable for your application. Check out their website to know more about the products and the SS brands they offer their customers. 

[thestructurepipe]

MS Channel

MS Channel - U.K & Sons - Suppliers - Distributors

U.K Sons are the dealers, Suppliers and Distributors of MS Channel Since 1990. We are the regular supplier of ISMC to various Industries such as Tractor and Automobile manufacturing companies, Like Eicher etc. It is widely used in Structure industries such as Industrial Sheds, Canopy's, Farm Houses, Fencing and Building support. The best quality of ISMC is firstly, the strength and secondly, the low corrosion properties which makes it all weather product.

ISMC-dealer-supplier-distributor-u.k&Sons

Application of MS Channel

ISMC or MS Channel are used in variety of application such as Industrial, Domestic, and Agriculture usage. Automobile IndustriesIndustrial shedsAgriculture IndustriesStructure Steel fabricationTruck and Trailer Frame supportBridgesPolesMachinery Frames and SupportBuilding Frames and SupportScaffolding supportFreight CarsContainers manufacturingLastly, Industrial equipment frame and support nevertheless list goes on.

Types of Indian Standard MS Channel

There are three different types of channels such as Medium Weight Channels, Junior Weight Channels, Light Weight Channels other are referred as Provisional Sections. Firstly, Indian Standard Medium Channels (ISMC)Secondly, Indian Standard Junior Channels ( ISJC)Thirdly, Indian Standard Light Channels ( ISLC)Lastly, Indian Standard Medium Channels Provisionals ( IMCP)

Standard and Grades of MS Channel

OriginStandardGradesIndian StandardISIS 2062 E 250/ E 275 / E 300 / E 350 / E 410 A / BR / BO/ C IS 2062 E 450 A/BR with and without CuAmerican Society for Testing MaterialASTMASTM A36 / ASTM A572/ ASTM A992 / ASTM A588European StandardENEN 10025 S235 / S355 JR / JO/ J2 / K2Japanese Industrial StandardJISJIS G 3101 SS 400/ SS 490 JIS G 3106 SM 400/ SM 490Canadian Standards AssociationCSACSA 300 WT / CSA 350 WTDeutsches Institut für Normung German StandardDINDIN 17100 St 44.3/52.3Any other StandardAny GradeOn OrderOrder Now - U.K &SONS

Dimensional Norms of ISMC / ISJC/ ISLC

DescriptionStructural SectionNormsother NormsLengthFor Prime For Non Prime For Short Length10 -13 meter (-0/+100 mm) 10 -13 meter (-0/+100 mm) AS per lot Information13 meter, Length Tolerance as per normsDimensional Norms (for Prime and Short Length)ChannelsAS per IS 808AS per UIC/ EN/ IRS norms as applicable.Surface ConditionFor Prime For NON Prime /Short LengthBlue with slight atmospheric rust. Superficial rust to slight rusted material to be acceptableAS per UIC/ EN/ IRS norms as applicable.Packingfor allBare , Loose, Bundle max of 5 ton.Dimensional norms of Mild Steel C Section/ISJC/ISLC - Structurepipe

MS Channel - U.K &Sons

Weight Chart of MS Channel

S.NoSize in MMWeight in Kilogram / FeetWeight in Kilogram / Meter175 x 40 2.172 kg/feet7.126 kg /meter2100 x 502.925 kg/feet9.597 kg /meter3125 x 65 3.992 kg/feet13.098 kg /meter4150 x 755.120 kg/feet16.799 kg /meter5175 x 755.973 kg/feet19.5971 kg /meter6200 x 756.796 kg/feet22.298 kg /meter7250 x 809.326 kg/feet30.599 kg /meter8300 x 9011.063 kg/feet36.298 kg /meter9400 x 10015.270 kg/feet50.300 kg /meterWeight Chart of MS Channel - U.K & SONS

SIZE and SECTION Weight of CHANNELS of SAIL

Steel Authority of India Limited Dimension & Section Chart such as Bhilai Steel Plant S.No.Section SizeWeight Per MeterLength Standard175 x 40 4.80 mm7.14 kg /meter10 meter to 12 meter210 x 50 x 5 mm9.56 kg /meter10 meter to 12 meter3250 x 82 x 9 mm34.20 kg /meter10 meter to 12 meter4300 x 90 x 7.80 mm36.30 kg /meter10 meter to 12 meter5400 x 100 x 8.8 mm50.10 kg /meter10 meter to 12 meterBhilai Steel Plant MS Channel - U.K & SONS

Durgapur Steel Plant - MS Channel weight and Dimension Chart

S. No.Section SizeWeight Per MeterLength Standard1125 x 65 x 5.3 mm13.10 kg /meter10 meter to 11.50 meter 2125 x 66 x 6.0 mm13.70 kg /meter10 to 11.50 meter 3150 x 75 x 5.70 mm16.80 kg /meter10 meter to 11.50 meter4150 x 76 x 6.50 mm17.70 kg /meter10 to 11.50 meter5175 x 75 x 6.0 mm19.60 kg /meter10 meter to 11.50 meter6200 x 75 x 6.20 mm22.30 kg /meter10 to 11.50 meter7200 x 76 x 7.50 mm24.30 kg /meter10 meter to 11.50 meterDurgapur Plant MS Channel Dimension chart - U.K & Sons

Vizag Plant MS ISMC Dimension Chart

S.No.Size in MMSection Weight in Kilogram /meter140 x 32 x 5.00 mm4.82 kg /mtr.275 x 40 x 4.80 mm7.14 kg /mtr.3100 x 50 x 5.00 mm 9.56 kg /mtr.4125 x 65 x 5.30 mm13.10 kg /mtr.5150 x 75 x 5.70 mm16.80 kg /mtr.Vizag Plant MS Channel Dimension - Weight Chart - U.K & SONS

Dealer of MS Channel

ISMCms channelc channelismc 100ismc 150metal channelchannel ironismc 200ismc channelc channel steelismc 75u channel steelismc 250ismc 125c channel priceismc 300ms c channelismc 100 x 50channel section steelms channel price liststeel channel priceismc 75 x 40ismc 400ms channel price listismc 150 sizems channel priceismc 200 size100x50 channelismc meaningc channel ironismc 150 x 75iron channel pricec section beamc channel section75x40 channelismc 50ismc 100 sizemild steel hollow sectionismc 200 x 75u section steel150x75 mild steel C sectionismc 350ismc 175angle C section beamc lip Sectionrolled steel ISMCismc 125 x 65

Supplier of MS ISMC

rolled steel ISMC sectionismc 100c beam steelISMC 100x50x5u ISMC irontypes of steel c sectionISMC 100x50x64 inch c ISMCms ISMC 100 x 50ismc 75 sizetata steel ISMC sectionsc ISMC msmild steel ISMCc ISMC 100x50x5ismc price listismc 150 c ISMC steel near meismc 100 properties3 inch c ISMC6 inch c ISMCmild steel ISMC sizesmetal ISMC pricems ISMC 75 x 40rolled ISMC sectionismc price list100x50 c ISMCmild steel box section sizesms C Section Steel ismc 50x50x6 standard sizesteel hat ISMCismc 150 ismc 100 propertiesperforated c ISMC200x75 ISMCfurring hat ismc 50x50x6mild steel hollow2 inchISMC150 c ISMCc shape ismc 50x50x6channelISMC100x50mild steel t sectionsteel ISMC shapes3 inch ISMC ironismc angle75mm c ismc 50x50x6mild steel u ismc 50x50x6sizesc Section galvanized steelismc c Sectionismc 50x50x6

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Buy Online Other Products MS Angle Profiles and Section MS Pipes Valves For more info please call 9821946252, 95736186252, 9555086252 or mail us at ukindustries_in@yahoo.com Read the full article

[kaygun]

Latent Semantic Analysis in Clojure

Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) is a very neat application of Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) in Natural Language Processing (NLP).

Let us start with declaring a namespace and importing stuff we need.

(ns lda   (:import opennlp.tools.sentdetect.SentenceDetector            opennlp.tools.sentdetect.SentenceDetectorME            opennlp.tools.sentdetect.SentenceModel            opennlp.tools.stemmer.PorterStemmer            java.io.File)   (:require [clojure.string :as st]             [clatrix.core :as cc]))

If you are running this at home, put a deps.edn file in the directory you are going to run this and put the following inside the file:

{:deps {org.apache.opennlp/opennlp-tools {:mvn/version "1.9.1"}         clatrix {:mvn/version "0.5.0"}}}

In order to do what I need to do, I am going to need a sentence detector which needs a pre-trained sentence model. You can find sentence models needed at OpenNLP’s website.

(def detector (SentenceDetectorME. (SentenceModel. (File. "resources/en-sent.bin"))))

A sentence detector extracts a sentence from a given text. This is not a trivial task. Consider the following example:

(def example-text "This is a sentence with acronyms such as I.B.M. that can be used in combination with things like Mr. Smith, M.D. and Mrs. Smith, Ph.D.  And this is another sentence.") (into [] (.sentDetect detector example-text))

#'lda/example-text ["This is a sentence with acronyms such as I.B.M. that can be used in combination with things like Mr. Smith, M.D. and Mrs. Smith, Ph.D." "And this is another sentence."]

Next, I need a stemmer. A stemmer is a language specific tool that reduces a word to its root. OpenNLP has several stemmers for the English language. One of the simplest ones is the Porter Stemmer.

(def stemmer (PorterStemmer.))   (->> ["triangulation" "contributing" "terminated" "trees" "deliciousness"]      (map #(.stem stemmer %))      (into []))

#'lda/stemmer ["triangul" "contribut" "termin" "tree" "delici"]

We are going to represent sentences as bags of words. In this representation, we disregard the word order and consider a sentence just an unordered collection of words appearing in that sentence. Let us write a function for that

(defn bag-of-words [sentence stemmer stop-words]    {sentence (as-> sentence $                    (st/lower-case $)                    (st/replace $ #"[^\s\p{Isletter}]" "")                    (st/split $ #"\s+")                    (filter #(not (stop-words %)) $)                    (map #(.stem stemmer %) $)                    (into #{} $))})

#'lda/bag-of-words

The function takes a sentence, a stemmer and a collection of stop-words and returns a bag-of-words representation of the sentence. A stop word is a word that appears so frequently in a text that it loses any significance for the overall structure of a text. I am going to need a collection of stop words which I already collected for an earlier project:

(def stop-words    (as-> (slurp "resources/remove-en") $            (st/replace $ #"\p{IsPunctuation}" "")            (st/split $ #"\s+")            (into #{} $))) stop-words

#'lda/stop-words #{"else" "itself" "us" "more" "hers" "since" "isnt" "im" "got" "his" "him" "couldnt" "hadnt" "thing" "none" "are" "ive" "very" "under" "who" "which" "ones" "of" "this" "after" "once" "up" "off" "she" "among" "nor" "three" "youll" "two" "etc" "yours" "not" "hes" "every" "it" "over" "wouldnt" "however" "cant" "also" "by" "something" "is" "although" "why" "onto" "ever" "about" "they" "you" "thus" "without" "its" "than" "those" "where" "id" "just" "for" "should" "theres" "cannot" "my" "again" "yes" "whom" "because" "any" "most" "hed" "whether" "can" "were" "shell" "did" "was" "that" "if" "let" "both" "another" "always" "youve" "had" "must" "what" "oh" "an" "nothing" "even" "or" "youre" "have" "am" "their" "a" "so" "them" "didnt" "upon" "never" "many" "almost" "on" "but" "when" "until" "anything" "be" "hasnt" "out" "and" "whod" "do" "myself" "i" "shes" "here" "too" "one" "might" "between" "such" "youd" "how" "other" "from" "would" "wasnt" "these" "while" "no" "with" "around" "now" "some" "will" "himself" "all" "then" "could" "through" "has" "thats" "much" "being" "our" "dont" "shall" "before" "only" "your" "yet" "to" "into" "unless" "get" "may" "we" "as" "he" "me" "at" "the" "though" "theyre" "her" "theyd" "been" "there" "in" "shed"}

Let us test our bag-of-words function:

(into {} (mapcat #(bag-of-words % stemmer stop-words) (into [] (.sentDetect detector example-text))))

{"This is a sentence with acronyms such as I.B.M. that can be used in combination with things like Mr. Smith, M.D. and Mrs. Smith, Ph.D." #{"us" "thing" "smith" "md" "like" "acronym" "phd" "sentenc" "ibm" "mr" "combin"}, "And this is another sentence." #{"sentenc"}}

Now that we have bag-of-words representation, next we need to construct a matrix from a text. The columns of the matrix are going to be labeled with the sentences appearing in the text while the rows are labeled with the words appearing in the sentence. The entries are going to be either 0 or 1. For a (word, sentence) pair, the corresponding entry in the matrix is 1 if the word appears in the sentence, and 0 otherwise. The interesting thing about this matrix $A$ is the following: If we look at $A^t A$ we get a matrix whose rows and columns are labeled with sentences appearing in our text. Each entry labeled with a pair $(sentence_1,sentence_2)$ counts the number of words common to both sentences. On the other hand, $A A^t$ is another matrix whose rows and columns are labeled with words and each entry labeled with a pair $(word_1,word_2)$ count the number of sentences that these words appeared together.

In the next step we use SVD to decompose the matrix as a product $$ A = U\Sigma V^t $$ where $\Sigma$ is a diagonal matrix consisting of singular values of $A$. Then the largest singular value corresponds to the dominant topic of the document. From the point of view of LDA, a topic is a probability distribution over the set of words. So, we take the first column of the singular matrix as this probability distribution below:

(defn score [text detector stemmer stop-words]    (let [ss (into [] (.sentDetect detector text))          raw (into {} (mapcat #(bag-of-words % stemmer stop-words) ss))          ws (->> (vals raw) (reduce concat) (into #{}) (into []))          n (count ss)          m (count ws)          A (cc/zeros m n)]       (doseq [i (range n)]          (doseq [w (get raw (nth ss i))]             (cc/set A (.indexOf ws w) i 1)))       (let [topic (-> A cc/svd :left cc/cols first cc/t)]          (map (fn [s v] {:sentence s :position (.indexOf ss s) :value (Math/abs (cc/dot v topic))}) ss (cc/cols A)))))

#'lda/score

Let us test:

(def test-text (slurp "data/textc")) (def res (score test-text detector stemmer stop-words))

#'lda/test-text #'lda/res

Here is a summary. For this one, I am displaying all those sentences whose weights are greater than or equal to 2.2. One has to determine the filter parameter heuristically for the text at hand.

The Obama administration has backed down in its bitter dispute with Silicon Valley over the encryption of data on iPhones and other digital devices, concluding that it is not possible to give American law enforcement and intelligence agencies access to that information without also creating an opening that China, Russia, cybercriminals and terrorists could exploit. With its decision, which angered the FBI and other law enforcement agencies, the administration essentially agreed with Apple, Google, Microsoft and a group of the nation’s top cryptographers and computer scientists that millions of Americans would be vulnerable to hacking if technology firms and smartphone manufacturers were required to provide the government with “back doors,” or access to their source code and encryption keys. In the paper, released in July, Mr Neumann and other top cryptographers and computer scientists argued that there was no way for the government to have a back door into encrypted communications without creating an opening that would be exploited by Chinese and Russian intelligence agents, cybercriminals and terrorist groups. Mr Obama and his aides had come to fear that the United States could set a precedent that China and other nations would emulate, requiring Apple, Google and the rest of America’s technology giants to provide them with the same access, officials said.  According to government officials and industry executives, Mr Cook told Mr Obama that the Chinese were waiting for an opportunity to seize on administration action to insist that Apple devices, which are also encrypted in China, be open to Beijing’s agents.

and here is the full text:

The Obama administration has backed down in its bitter dispute with Silicon Valley over the encryption of data on iPhones and other digital devices, concluding that it is not possible to give American law enforcement and intelligence agencies access to that information without also creating an opening that China, Russia, cybercriminals and terrorists could exploit.

With its decision, which angered the FBI and other law enforcement agencies, the administration essentially agreed with Apple, Google, Microsoft and a group of the nation’s top cryptographers and computer scientists that millions of Americans would be vulnerable to hacking if technology firms and smartphone manufacturers were required to provide the government with “back doors,” or access to their source code and encryption keys.

Companies like Apple say they are protecting their customers’ information by resisting government demands for access to text messages. A standoff has grown between the sides as the companies have embraced tougher encryption. Peter G Neumann, a computer security pioneer, says “there are more vulnerabilities than ever. Security experts like Richard A. Clarke, the former White House counterterrorism czar, also signed the letter to Obama. That would enable the government to see messages, photographs and other data now routinely encrypted on smartphones. Current technology puts the keys for access to the information in the hands of the individual user, not the companies.

The first indication of the retreat came on Thursday, when the FBI director, James B Comey, told the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee that the administration would not seek legislation to compel the companies to create such a portal.

But the decision, made at the White House a week ago, goes considerably beyond that.

While the administration said it would continue to try to persuade companies like Apple and Google to assist in criminal and national security investigations, it determined that the government should not force them to breach the security of their products. In essence, investigators will have to hope they find other ways to get what they need, from data stored in the cloud in unencrypted form or transmitted over phone lines, which are covered by a law that affects telecommunications providers but not the technology giants.

Mr Comey had expressed alarm a year ago after Apple introduced an operating system that encrypted virtually everything contained in an iPhone. What frustrated him was that Apple had designed the system to ensure that the company never held on to the keys, putting them entirely in the hands of users through the codes or fingerprints they use to get into their phones. As a result, if Apple is handed a court order for data — until recently, it received hundreds every year — it could not open the coded information.

Mr Comey compared that system to the creation of a door no law officers could enter, or a car trunk they could not unlock. His concern about what the FBI calls the “going dark” problem received support from the director of the National Security Agency and other intelligence officials.

But after a year of study and extensive White House debate, President Obama and his advisers have reached a broad conclusion that an effort to compel the companies to give the government access would fail, both politically and technologically.

“This looks promising, but there’s still going to be tremendous pressure from law enforcement,” said Peter G Neumann, one of the nation’s leading computer scientists and a co-author of a paper that examined the government’s proposal for special access. “The N.S.A. is capable of dealing with the cryptography for now, but law enforcement is going to have real difficulty with this. This is never a done deal.”

In the paper, released in July, Mr Neumann and other top cryptographers and computer scientists argued that there was no way for the government to have a back door into encrypted communications without creating an opening that would be exploited by Chinese and Russian intelligence agents, cybercriminals and terrorist groups.

Inside the White House, the Office of Science and Technology Policy came largely to the same conclusion. Those determinations surprised the FBI and local law enforcement officials, who had believed just months ago that the White House would ultimately embrace their efforts.

The intelligence agencies were less vocal, which may reflect their greater capability to search for and gather information. The National Security Agency spends vast sums to get around digital encryption, and it has tools and resources that local law enforcement officials still do not have and most likely never will.

Disclosures by the former N.S.A. contractor Edward J. Snowden showed the extent of the agency’s focus on cracking and circumventing the encryption of digital communications, including those of Apple, Facebook, Google and Yahoo users.

There were other motivations for the administration’s decision. Mr Obama and his aides had come to fear that the United States could set a precedent that China and other nations would emulate, requiring Apple, Google and the rest of America’s technology giants to provide them with the same access, officials said.

Timothy D Cook, the chief executive of Apple, sat at the head table with Mr Obama and Xi Jinping, the Chinese president, at a state dinner at the White House last month. According to government officials and industry executives, Mr Cook told Mr Obama that the Chinese were waiting for an opportunity to seize on administration action to insist that Apple devices, which are also encrypted in China, be open to Beijing’s agents.

In January, three months after Mr Comey began pressing companies for special government access, Chinese officials had threatened to do just that: They considered submitting foreign companies to invasive audits and requiring them to build back doors into their hardware and software. Those rules have not been put into effect.

The Obama administration’s position was also undercut by officials’ inability to keep their own data safe from Chinese hackers, as shown by the extensive cyberattack at the Office of Personnel Management discovered this year. That breach, and its aftermath, called into question whether the government could keep the keys to the world’s communications safe from its adversaries in cyberspace.

White House officials said they would continue trying to persuade technology companies to help them in investigations, but they did not specify how.

“As the president has said, the United States will work to ensure that malicious actors can be held to account, without weakening our commitment to strong encryption,” said Mark Stroh, a spokesman for the National Security Council. “As part of those efforts, we are actively engaged with private companies to ensure they understand the public safety and national security risks that result from malicious actors’ use of their encrypted products and services. However, the administration is not seeking legislation at this time.”

But here in Silicon Valley, executives did not think the government’s announcement went far enough.

According to administration officials and technology executives, Mr Cook of Apple has pressed the White House for a clear statement that it will never seek a back door in any form, legislative or technical — a statement he hoped to take to Beijing, Moscow and even London. Prime Minister David Cameron of Britain has threatened to ban encrypted devices and services, like the iPhone and Facebook’s popular WhatsApp messaging service, but has done nothing so far to make good on that threat.

Technology executives are determined to reassure customers abroad that American intelligence agencies are not reading their digital communications. It is an effort driven by economics: 64 percent of Apple’s revenue originates overseas.

Apple, Google, Facebook and Microsoft argue that people put not only their conversations but their entire digital lives — medical records, tax returns, bank accounts — into a device that slips into their pocket. While Mr Obama has repeatedly said he is sympathetic to the concerns of law enforcement officials, he made clear during a visit to Silicon Valley in February that he was also aware of privacy concerns and that he sought to balance both interests.

Technologists responded that, with regard to encryption, no such balance existed. “The real problem is, I don’t see any middle ground for dumbing down everything to make special access possible and having the secure systems we need for commerce, government and everything else,” Mr Neumann said.