#Robert H. Milroy

[todaysdocument]

“Freedom To Slaves! . . . , I therefore hereby notify the citizens of the city of Winchester, and of said county of [the Emancipation] Proclamation, and of my intention to maintain and confirm the same.” Brig. Gen. Milroy, 1/5/1863. 

Record Group 109: War Department Collection of Confederate Records

Series: Letters and Telegrams Received by General Robert E. Lee

Transcription:

[blue stamp in upper left corner titled War Records   Copied  1861-1865]

Freedom To Slaves!

Whereas the President of the United States did

on the final day of the present month, issue

his Proclamation dictating "that all persons held

as slaves in certain designated States, and parts

of States, are henceforward and shall be free

and that the Executive Command of the United

States, including the military and naval au-

thorities thereof, would recognize and maintain

the freedom of said persons.

And whereas the county of Frederick is in

cluded in the territory designated by the Proc

lamation of the President, in which the slaves

should become free,I therefore hereby notify

the citizens of the city of Winchester, and of

said county of said Proclamation, and of my

intention to maintain and confirm the same.

I expect all citizens to yield a ready compli-

ance with the Proclamation of the Chief Exec-

utive, and I admonish all persons disposed to

resist its peaceful enforcement, that [illegible]

manifesting such disposition by acts, they will

be regarded as rebels in arms against the law-

ful authority of the Federal Government and

dealt with accordingly.

All persons liberated by said Proclamation are ad-

monished to abstain from all violence, and imme-

diately betake themselves to useful occupation.

The officers of this command are admonished and

ordered to act in accordance with said proclama-

tion and to yield their ready cooperation in its

enforcement.

                   R. H. Milroy

                   Brig. Gen. Commanding

Jany 5th 1863

[si-national-portrait-gallery]

Robert H. Milroy, c. 1860-1870, Smithsonian: National Portrait Gallery

Size: Plate: 9.3 × 6.2 × 0.2 cm (3 11/16 × 2 7/16 × 1/16") Medium: Glass plate collodion negative

https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.81.M1148

[peach-salinger]

✧･*ﾟscottish male names

→ link to my scottish female name masterlist → link to my scottish surnames masterlist

under the cut are a mixture of 281 traditional, modern and uncommon scottish male names. this masterlist was created for all in one breath rp, but feel free to link on your own sites! names are listed in alphabetical order. as always, it's a good idea to google pronunciations (some of them might surprise you!). my favourites are in bold, just because. please like♡ or reblog if you found this useful.

aaron, abhainn, adie, adam, aedan, aibne, ailbeart, ainsley, alasdair, alec, alban, allan, alpin, andrew, angus, archibald, arran, argyle, armstrong, artair, askill, aulay, avery

B

baen, baigh, baird, balloch, banner, barclay, bartholomew, bean, bearnard, birk, blaine, blair, blake, bothan, boyd, braden, bram, brian, brochan, broden, brodric, brody, bruce, bryce, bryson, busby, buzz

C

caddock, caelan, cahal, cailean, calder, callum, camden, cameron, campbell, carson, ciaran, cinead, clement, clyde, coinneach, coby, colin, collum, colwyn, comhnall, constantine, corey, cormac, craig, creighton, crisdean, cuthbert

D

daffyd, daimh, dallas, dalziel, damhan, dand, derrick, davy, dewey, donal, doughall, douglas, duncan, diarmid, domhnall, duff

E

edan, ellar, elliot, emlin, ennis, errol, erskine, eugene, evan, evander, ewan, ewart

F

farlan, farquharson, fergus, fillan, fingal, fingan, finlay, fionn, fletcher, forres, francis, frankin, fraser

G

gair, gareth, gavin, geoffrey, gerwin, gilbert, gillchrist, gillean, gilmore, gilroy, glendon, glenn, godfrey, gordon, gowan, graeme, grant, gregor, griffith, gus

H, I, J

hamish, hamilton, harris, harold, hector, hew, horace, iagan, iain, innes, irvine, irving, isaac, iver, jackson, jacob, jaime, jamieson, jock, jonah

K

kade, kai, kane, keir, kendrew, kennan, kennedy, kester, kevin, kin, kirk, kyle

L

labhrainn, lachlan, lamont, laine, lennox, leod, lewis, llewellyn, lloyd, logan, lorne, lucas, ludovic, luthais, lyall

M

macauley, mackenzie, maddock, magnus, malachy, malcolm, malise, marcus, martainn, maxwell, milroy, mitchell, morgan, montgomery, morrison, morven, murdo, muir, mungo, murdoc, murray, murtagh, myles

N, O, P, Q

nachton, neilan, niall, nichol, ninian, norris, norman, norval, ogilvy, oliphant, ossian, paden, parlan, paton, patrick, peterkin, petrus, quany, quinn

R

ramsay, ray, reed, rhett, ringan, robert, rodrick, ronald, rory, ross, roswald, roy

S

sandy, scott, seth, seumas, shaw, sholto, siomon, sloan, solomon, somerled, sorley, stewart, struan

T

tamhas, taveon, tavin, tavish, teague, thacker, thane, thaxter, theobald, todd, toren, torgeir, torhte, tormaigh, torrence, torrian, torsten, torquil, tristan, tyree, tyrone

U, V, W, Z

urquhart, valentine, wallace, walmond, walrick, walter, watson, zachary

[powellproject]

Discharged and Carpetbagging

A screenshot from the diary of Robert H. Milroy mentioning W. Angelo Powell. The diary is in the General Robert H. Milroy Collection of the Jasper County Public Library, Rensselaer, Indiana.

Discharged

On January 3, 1865, Captain W. Angelo Powell was honorably discharged from the service. Papers in hand, the veteran returned to Hagerstown, Maryland.

For three and a half years, Powell served in a region that witnessed some of the fiercest fighting of the war. With the exception of suffering from “acute rheumatism” (arthritis) and an injury to his left leg, Powell escaped the greatest conflict in American history virtually unscathed. Physical health and mental stability were assets few veterans possessed.

Powell had seen his family sporadically over the past three years. His weight had dwindled and the cavalryman arrived in Hagerstown displaying a hungry gauntness. Cecelia embraced her husband, but daughters Nannie (age four) and Flora (age five) barely recognized their father.  

Never a man of wealth, Powell emerged from the shadow of the war virtually penniless. With little money in hand and five mouths to feed, he began searching for steady work that paid. On February 13, the former captain composed a letter to Major General Winfield Scott Hancock. Hancock, a thirty-nine-year-old Pennsylvania native, had been assigned to lead the ceremonial First Veterans Corps.

Martinsburg W. Va

February 13th 1865

Maj Gen  Handcock [sic]

Vet  Corps.

Sir

I respectfully request to know if  it is possible for me to obtain the position with your Veteran Corps as  Engineer__ On the 3rd of January 1865 I was discharged from the U. S.  Service by means of Paragraph 5. Circular No 75. C. S. A. G. O 1964.

I entered the Service  as Engineer & [illegible] with Genl W. S. Rosecrans in 1861 and served  under him during he campaign of 1861 in Western Va.  Afterwards with Genl Fremont, Genl Sigel,  fortified at Winchester under Genl Piatt, Genl Julius White in 1862. At Harpers Ferry in 1862 and again at  Winchester Va in 1863 with Genl Milroy, and during 1864 under Genl Averell On the Raids into S. W. Va.

I possess all the necessary Engineer instruments for the field and respectfully request that my  application may be duly Considered. and respectfully refer to Genl Schenck — Members of Congress and to E. D. Townsend A. G. War Dept.

I have the Honor to be

Sir with the Respect your Obd

W Angelo Powell

(Late Capt Co A 1st W Va Cav)

The Veteran Corps was conceived as a means to reenlist discharged veterans with disabilities. Originally called the “Invalid Corps,” it was divided into two battalions. The First Battalion was comprised of those whose disabilities were comparatively slight—men who were still able to handle a weapon, march, and perform guard or provost duty. The Second Battalion was made up of men whose disabilities were more serious—those who had lost limbs or suffered other grave injuries. These men were commonly employed as cooks, orderlies, nurses, or guards in public buildings.

Major General Hancock was a well-respected soldier who was severely wounded in the leg at the Battle of Gettysburg. After recuperating, he performed recruiting services for the army. Hancock never regained full mobility but returned to field in 1864. During Lieutenant General Hiram Ulysses Grant’s Overland Campaign, Hancock commanded the II Corps. Although he performed well at the Battle of the Wilderness and other engagements, Hancock surrendered his field command in November 1864.

Unfortunately Powell was unable to secure an engineer’s commission with the Veteran Corps. Turning to the private sector, he composed a letter to General Robert Huston Milroy, one of his former commanders.

Tennessee

In December 1864, General Milroy was transferred to the Western Theater. Having avoided a court-marital for the embarrassment of Second Winchester, the forty-eight-year-old major general was stationed in Tennessee. Old Gray Eagle was ordered to organize the local militia forces and oversee the defenses of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad.  

Milroy’s task was not an easy one. The region under his command was extremely dangerous. Tennessee was the most sectionally divided state of the Confederacy and difficult to control. Only the state of Virginia saw more fighting during the Civil War and his long supply lines were thinly stretched over a vast expanse of territory.

Due to necessity, the Union “occupied and fortified only select towns and railroad crossings, scattering their strength…to prevent mounted raids.” According to James Alex Baggett, author of Homegrown Yankees: Tennessee’s Union Cavalry in the Civil War:

More than anywhere else…the Cumberlands possessed the conditions to foster guerrilla warfare. The section’s isolated territory, much of it “rough and inaccessible,” made it suitable terrain for irregular warfare. Moreover its population clung to those traditions that encouraged the growth of guerilla bands: retribution in kind, family feuds, class conflicts, vigilantism, and backwoods wars against authority.

Milroy’s headquarters were located in Tullahoma, approximately 70 miles southeast of Nashville. Founded as a work camp in 1852, the small town of Tullahoma prospered due to its vital railroad link. Before Milroy’s arrival, the region was a special place—one controlled by neither side and one without a strong base of operations. It consisted of:

…forested hills and mountains, swiftly moving streams, and fertile valleys yielding plentiful crops. Rebels used the area…for sanctuary and for obtaining foodstuffs and horses. It soon became, as preacher J. H. Grimes of Putnam County described it, a place of “rendezvous for bushwhackers and guerillas on both sites.” As he recalled, “stealing, robbery, and murder was the order of the day.”

The white-haired Milroy called himself the “bossguard” of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad and “dispatched mounted detachments to scout and forage in a difficult to defend “no-man’s land” of quasi-Union authority.” One of the senior officers under Milroy’s command was a local Union sympathizer named Shelah Waters. A native of DeKalb County, Tennessee, Major Waters served in 5th Cavalry (First Middle Regiment Union Tennessee Cavalry).

The 5th Tennessee guarded many small-town posts along the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad and scouted the surrounding area. Their area of operations was a large:

…lying east of the Caney Ford river, and west of the Cumberland mountains; and south of the Cumberland river, and north of a line on which [lay] the towns of McMinnville & Sparta.”

The 5th, along with the 10th and 12th Tennessee, were adept at capturing, trying, and executing bushwhackers and guerrillas.

In August 1864, Milroy ordered Major Waters to McMinnville. Located 35 miles northeast of Tullahoma, McMinnville was (and remains) the seat of Warren County. Before the outbreak of the war it was described as a “bustling metropolis” nestled in a predominately agricultural community. The town possessed “a great variety of first-class stores and shops” and drew “high quality lawyers, doctors, and ministers from across the country.”

As the quartermaster stores were being withdrawn from McMinnville, Waters had orders to post pickets around the town. If threatened, his troops were to skirmish with the enemy and gauge their strength. If necessary, Waters was to hold his lines and then “send off his equipment with loyal citizens by rail toward Tullahoma before covering his garrison’s withdrawal on horseback.”

On August 29, approximately 300 Confederates attacked McMinnville. Waters ignored Milroy’s instructions and engaged the enemy surrounding the town for more than three hours.

The 5th Tennessee lost 10 troopers and several wagons. Waters and his remaining men barely escaped with their lives. The major’s decision to circumvent Milroy’s orders was dangerous, but it earned his superior’s respect.  The two officers became fast friends. They also began discussing plans for life after the war.

Milroy, Waters & Company

Shelah Waters resigned from the 5th Tennessee on January 24, 1865. He kept in close contact with Milroy and the two formed a business. “Milroy, Waters & Company” was conceived to deal “in oil and mineral lands, stocks & c.”

On Monday, April 3, Milroy attended a “meeting of the Tenn Legislature with Gov. [William Gannaway “Parson”] Brownlow” in Nashville. The general discussed several potential business ventures with the governor and the negoitians went smoothly. Later that day Milroy wired Angelo Powell “$75.00 to pay expenses out to Tullahoma to act as engineer for our Co.”

On the afternoon of April 9, 1865, Robert E. Lee, the general-in-chief of Confederate forces, and Hiram Ulysses Grant, the commanding general of the United States Army, met in the parlor of Wilmer and Virginia McLean’s house in the village of Appomattox Court House, Virginia. It was Palm Sunday. After four years of fighting and more than 630,000 casualties, General Lee surrendered—signaling the end of the Southern States attempt to create a separate nation.

Powell arrived in Tennessee just days before Lee surrendered. On April 14, his first week in residence, President Lincoln was assassinated.  

Lincoln’s killing was a shocking counterpoint to Grant’s triumph. Powell, along with the rest of the nation, closely followed the pursuit of John Wilkes Booth in the newspapers. Twelve days after the actor’s narrow escape, the assassin was shot and killed in a barn near Bowling Green, Virginia.

Milroy resigned his commission from the army on July 26 and established business operations for Milroy, Waters & Co. in Nashville. Powell worked primarily around McMinnville and Tullahoma.

On September 19, Powell sent his new employer a telegram “asking for funds to enable him to” travel to the state capitol. Milroy wired him $10.00 and, later that afternoon, composed a letter to his wife:

…I have more faith in our oil than in our mineral prospects of wealth. Our oil well at McMinnville is getting along splendidly. Capt. Powell is superintending it & everything goes on like clock work. He is down 75 ft. & has already got oil in considerable quantities & feels certain that he will get a flowing well there by the time he gets down a 100 ft. further.

Powell faced innumerable challenges in his new role as the company’s civil engineer. Prospecting was dangerous work, and the veteran was often confronted by hostile locals. Many viewed him as a carpetbagger and Milroy’s letter to his wife went on to state:

Capt. Powell wants his gun badly; that I forgot to bring with me. I wish you would get Conwell to make a nice box for it & send it to me at this place by Express. I have promised Powell to have it here soon.

Powell’s engineering background helped the veteran secure employment. The gun allowed him to keep it. On January 20, 1866, the 34th Tennessee State Legislature voted to allow:

“Milroy, Waters & Company,”…to purchase, lease, hold, operate, manufacture, transport, refine, erect and dispose of such real estate, leaseholds or parts thereof, mines, oils, minerals, buildings, machinery, tools, and other property…as may be necessary for the legitimate and successful transaction of their business.

The business was granted license to engage in boring and mining for “petroleum, salt-water, iron marble, coal, slate, and other valuable minerals and volatile substances….”  

Hagerstown

The day-to-day operations of Milroy, Waters & Co. did not run smoothly. Shortly after the legislature’s vote, the company folded.

Robert Milroy returned to Indiana to practice law. Shelah Waters, after serving as a clerk in the Office of the Second Auditor of the Treasury, became the Assessor of Internal Revenue in the Tennessee’s Third Collection District. W. Angelo Powell:

…accepted engineering work in Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama, running preliminary lines for different railroad companies, who began to project plans for opening up the rich resources of the South. His duties included the making of reports on mineralogy along the routes and affording details of all kinds to his employers.

Powell also speculated, but was met “with disastrous results financially.”  

In the spring of 1866, Powell returned to Cincinnati. By the time he arrived, the Roebling-designed Cincinnati-Convington Bridge suspension bridge was nearing completion. The engineering marvel spanned more than 1,000 feet and the editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle called it “the stateliest and most splendid evidence of genius, enterprise and skill it has ever been my lot to see.”

Powell spent several weeks in the Queen City, but found it “full of architects.”  The thirty-eight-year-old veteran’s attempts to revive his former practice bore no fruit. He again returned to Hagerstown.

[frvintage]

Políticas linguísticas e Glotopolítica - Referências

Marcos Bagno (2003). A norma oculta. Língua & Poder na sociedade brasileira. São Paulo: Parábola. 

Pierre Bourdieu (1996). A economia das trocas linguísticas: o que falar quer dizer. Trad. S. Micelli et alii. São Paulo: Edusp.

Louis-Jean Calvet (2007). As políticas linguísticas. Trad.I de O. Duarte, J. Tenfen, M. Bagno. São Paulo: Parábola.

_______________.  Linguística e colonialismo (Galiza).  Edicións Laiovento, S.L.; 1ª Edição (1 maio 1993).

Robert L. Cooper (1997). La planificación lingüística y el cambio social. Madri: Cambridge University Press.

Deborah Cameron (1990). Demythologizing Sociolinguistics: Why Language Does Not Reflect Society. IN: JOSEPH, J. E.; TAYLOR, T. J. (orgs) Ideologies of Language. London/New York: Routledge, 1990.

José del Valle (2007). La lengua: patria común: la hispanofonía y el nacionalismo panhispánico. IN: DEL VALLE, J. (org.) La lengua, patria común? Ideas e ideologías del español. Madrid/Frankfurt am Main: Iberoamericana/Vervuert.

Carlos Alberto Faraco e Ana Maria Zilles (2017). Para conhecer norma linguística. São Paulo: Contexto. 

Charles A. Ferguson (1959) Diglossia, Word, 15, p. 325-340.

Josua A. Fishman (1967) . Bilingualism With and Without Diglossia, Diglossia With and Without Bilingualism. Journal of Social Issues, n. 23, p. 29-38).

José Ribamar Bessa Freire (2011). Rio Babel. A história das línguas na Amazônia (Rio de Janeiro: EdUERJ, 2011). Está disponível para download gratuito aqui: https://cutt.ly/7fh1S4U

Einar Haugen (1983). The Implementation of Corpus Planning: Theory and Practice. In: COVARRUBIAS, J.; FISHMAN, J. F. (orgs.) Progress in Language Planning: International Perspectives. Haia: Mouton, p. 269-289. 

Dante Lucchesi (2015). Língua e sociedade partidas. A polarização sociolinguística do Brasil. São Paulo: Contexto.

James Milroy (2011). Ideologias linguísticas e as consequências da padronização. IN: LAGARES, X. C.; BAGNO, M. (orgs.). Políticas da norma e conflitos linguísticos. São Paulo: Parábola, p. 49-87.

Kanavillil Rajagopalan (2000). Sobre o porquê de tanto ódio contra a linguagem "politicamente correta". IN: LOPES DA SILVA, F.; MELO MOURA, H. M. de (orgs). O direito à fala. A questão do preconceito linguístico. Florianópolis: Insular, p. 93-102.

Katryn Woolard (2012). Introducción. Las ideologías lingüísticas como campo de investigación. IN: SCHIEFFELIN, B.; WOOLARD, K. A.; KROSKRITY, P. V. (org.). Ideologías lingüísticas. Práctica y teoría. Madri: Catarata, p. 19-69.

Declaração Universal dos Direitos Linguísticos: novas perspectivas em política linguística. Gilvan Müller de Oliveira (org.) (Campinas: Mercado de Letras & ALB; Florianópolis: IPOL, 2003).

Rafael L.

Ninyoles

Lluis Vicent Aracil.

Rainer Enrique Hamel.

Mídias digitais

Política Linguística: Desafios glotopolíticos (Minicurso de 5 aulas)

Políticas Linguísticas - Bagno e Marcionilo

Políticas Linguísticas, Direitos Linguísticos e Justiça Social - ABRALIN <3

Políticas linguísticas e descrição das línguas africanas no século XXI: caminhos e perspectivas - ABRALIN

Entrevista a Elvira Arnoux 

Políticas linguísticas na globalização: Migrações, fronteiras, diásporas, internacionalização - 

Política linguística perspectivas teóricas e práticas 1

Política linguística: que bicho é esse?

Playlist youtube 

Observações: 1) essa formatação de referências não segue o padrão da ABNT. É uma formatação informal. 2) Grande parte das referências foram dadas no Minicurso do professor Xoán Lagares sobre Políticas Linguísticas  ministrado através da Parábola editorial. Ou foram retiradas do seu livro: Qual política linguística? Desafios glotopolíticos contemporâneos. 3) Continuarei fomentando essa publicação com mais fontes a partir de novas leituras realizadas. 

[corkcitylibraries]

It Seems Like Nothing Changes

April 1917

Paul Cussen

Work gets underway for the new Ford factory on the Marina

STATEMENT BY ROBERT AHERN, 18 Friar's Walk, Cork I was born in the City of Cork, and in April, 1917, joined 'B' Company of the Cork City Battalion, Irish Volunteers. At that time there was only one battalion of Volunteers in the city. Tomás McCurtain, Seán Sullivan, and Seán Scallan were then brigade officers. WS Ref #: 1676, Witness: Robert Ahern, Intelligence Officer IV and IRA

This is the month that Florence O’Donoghue was sworn into the Irish Republican Brotherhood.

One of the first republicans arrested in Cork was Teresa O’Donovan who broke her umbrella over a policeman’s head in April 1917.

By April 1917, the Irish National Aid and Volunteer Dependants’ Fund, set up by Kathleen Clarke and other widows bereaved by the Rising, had collected over £100,000 while the Cork Women’s Emergency Committee, the Soldier and Sailors Refreshment Committee and other charity initiatives continued to support troops and their families.

Leonard and Virginia Woolf took delivery of the hand printing press they required in order to establish the Hogarth Press at their home, Hogarth House in Richmond upon Thames. Their first publication is Two Stories.

“We unpacked it,” she wrote to her sister Vanessa Bell, “with enormous excitement, finally with Nelly’s help, carried it into the drawing room, set it on its stand—and discovered that it was smashed in half!”   Virginia wrote that sorting out type was “the work of ages, especially when you mix the h’s with the n’s, as I did yesterday." Virginia recounted that after two hours of typesetting, Leonard “heaved a terrific sigh” and said: “’I wish to God we’d never bought the cursed thing.’ To my relief, though not surprise, he added ‘Because I shall never do anything else.’ You can’t think how exciting, soothing, ennobling and satisfying it is".

Bloody April was the name given to the British air support operations during the Battle of Arras, during which particularly heavy casualties were suffered by the Royal Flying Corps at the hands of the German Luftstreitkräfte.   The RFC suffered a casualty rate nearly four times as great as their opponents.

Over quarter of a million men lost their lives in the Battle of Arras which was fought from April until mid-May 1917.

April 1 Scott Joplin dies aged 48

The great snowstorm of 1917 continues as this Palm Sunday sees over 12 inches of snow in some parts of Ireland.

April 2 Jeannette Rankin (Rep-R-Mont) begins her term as the first woman member of US House of Representatives.

President Woodrow Wilson appears before the U.S. Congress and gives a speech saying "the world must be made safe for democracy" then asks the Congress for a declaration of war against Germany.

April 3 Lenin arrives in Petrograd from Switzerland [NS=April 16]

Arthur Graeme West, English war poet and military writer is killed in action, (born 1891)

April 6 US declares war on Germany, enters World War I

General Sir Brian Mahon, Commander-in-Chief of British forces in Ireland issues a proclamation to prevent commemorative gatherings which might “promote disaffection”

April 7 Masons’ and plasterers’ societies go on strike for better wages to combat increased living costs while the Cork Carpenters’ Society and the Builders’ Federation dispute is unmediated and leads to more strikes. The INTO complain about pay, conditions and the general approach to education taken by the State

April 8 At 02:00 the clocks change to Summer Time despite Irish objections as the Home Office Committee in Westminster decide that the Summer Time Act will be enforced in Ireland in 1917 and “English made time in Ireland” survives the protests of Irish MPs and Catholic Bishops. Dr Fogarty, the Bishop of Killaloe, says it’s “wholly inapplicable to this country” yet it continues despite independence from English rule

April 9  While in Dublin girls lay wreaths on the graves of Sinn Féin members killed in the Rising, and the tricolour is raised at half mast over the GPO, in Cork Rev. M. O’Sullivan celebrates a memorial mass.

Vimy Ridge, France stormed by Canadian troops

The Battle of Arras began (the British suffer 150,000 casualties during the offensive, while the Germans suffer 100,000)

An English officer remarks on G. B. Shaw’s wit under fire: “The old boy’s got nerve. I was on at the front with him at Arras and there was some pretty lively shelling going on around us. I told him to put on his tin hat, but he wouldn’t do it. I said, ‘those German shell-splinters may get you’ and he laughed and said: ‘if they do me in, then there is no gratitude in this world.’” Shaw felt the bombardment of Arras hadn’t been particularly effective: “The British bombardment of Dublin beat it hollow, I resisted the temptation to say it then.”

Vincent O'Brien, race horse trainer is born in Churchtown, Co. Cork (died 2009)

Johannes Bobrowski, German author is born in Tilsit, East Prussia (died 1965)

Edward Thomas, British poet and prose writer, is killed in action at Arras (born 1878)

R. E. Vernède, English war poet, is killed in action at Havrincourt, (born 1875)

April 13 SS Bandon is torpedoed off Mine Head, Co. Waterford, with the loss of 28 lives. There are four survivors (including Captain P.F. Kelly). There is a model of the Bandon at the National Maritime Museum of Ireland in Dun Laoghaire.

April 14  L. L. Zamenhof, Polish creator of Esperanto, dies in Warsaw (born 1859)

April 16 Lightning strikes around Ireland

[OS Apr 3] Lenin arrives back from exile in Russia at Finland Station, Petrograd to join the Russian Revolution

The French 5th and 6th Armies attack along a 25-mile front south of the Hindenburg Line, however, French Commander-in-Chief, Robert Nivelle's offensive collapses within days with over 100,000 casualties. He is replaced as Commander-in-Chief by General Henri Petain, who must deal with a French Army that is now showing signs of mutiny.

April 17   Henry Ford registers his Irish company Henry Ford & Son Ltd, the only Ford company to have its founder’s full name in its title.

The Times and the Daily Mail print atrocity propaganda of the supposed existence of a German Corpse Factory (Kadaververwertungsanstalt)

April 19 Mansion House conference is held and as a result the national committee or the Mansion House Committee formed (its members were George Plunkett, Arthur Griffith, Father Michael O'Flanaghan, Alderman Tom Kelly, Stephen O'Meara, Thomas Dillon, William O'Brien, Helena Moloney, Sean Milroy, Countess Plunkett and Sean Brown)

April 25   Ella Fitzgerald is born in Newport News Virginia (died 1996)

April 27   The Examiner reports that Ford’s Cork plans “had attracted the jealous notice of vested interests in England” and also praise the way Ford pay high wages, make large profits and still manage to sell cheap cars.

[si-national-portrait-gallery]

Robert H. Milroy, c. 1860-1870, Smithsonian: National Portrait Gallery

Size: Plate: 9.3 × 6.2 × 0.2 cm (3 11/16 × 2 7/16 × 1/16") Medium: Glass plate collodion negative

https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.81.M1148

[peach-salinger]

✧･*ﾟscottish surnames

→ link to my scottish female name masterlist → link to my scottish male name masterlist

under the cut are 733 scottish surnames. this masterlist was created for all in one breath rp at the request of lovely el, but feel free to link on your own sites! names are listed in alphabetical order. ❝mac❞, ❝mc❞ and ❝m❞ are split into three sections because i mean... look at them. please like♡ or reblog if you found this useful.

abbot(son), abercrombie, abernethy, adam(son), agnew, aikenhead, aitken, akins, allan(nach/son), anderson, (mac)andie, (mac)andrew, angus, annand, archbold/archibald, ard, aris, (mac)arthur

B

(mac)bain/bayne, baird, baker, balfour, bannatyne, bannerman, barron, baxter, beaton, beith, bell, bethune, beveridge, birse, bisset, bishop, black(ie), blain/blane, blair, blue, blyth, borthwick, bowie, boyd, boyle, braden, bradley, braithnoch, (mac)bratney, breck, bretnoch, brewster, (mac)bridan/brydan/bryden, brodie, brolochan, broun/brown, bruce, buchanan, budge, buglass, buie, buist, burnie, butter/buttar

C

caie, (mac)caig, (mac)cail, caird, cairnie, (mac)callan(ach), calbraith, (mac)callum, calvin, cambridge, cameron, campbell, canch, (mac)candlish, carberry, carmichael, carrocher, carter, cassie, (mac)caskie, catach, catto, cattenach, causland, chambers, chandlish, charleson, charteris, chisholm, christie, (mac)chrystal, (mac)clanachan/clenachan, clark/clerk, (mac)clean, cleland, clerie, (mac)clinton, cloud, cochrane, cockburn, coles, colinson, colquhoun, comish, comiskey, comyn, conn(an), cook, corbett, corkhill, (mac)cormack, coull, coulthard, (mac)cowan, cowley, crabbie, craig, crane, cranna, crawford/crawfurd, crerar, cretney, crockett, crosby, cruikshank, (mac)crum, cubbin, cullen, cumming, cunningham, currie, cuthbertson

D

dallas, dalglish, dalziel, darach/darroch, davidson, davie, day, deason, de lundin, dewar, dickin, dickson, docherty, dockter, doig, dollar, (mac)donald(son), donelson, donn, douglas, dorward, (mac)dow(all), dowell, (macil)downie, drain, drummond, (mc)duff(ie)/duff(y), duguid, dunnet, dunbar, duncan, dunn, durward, duthie

E, F

eggo, elphinstone, erskine, faed, (mac)farquhar(son), fee, fergus(on), (mac)ferries, fettes, fiddes, findlay, finn, finlayson, fisher, fishwick, fitzgerald, flanagan, fleming, fletcher, forbes, forrest, foulis/fowlis, fraser, fullarton, fulton, furgeson

G

gall(ie), galbraith, gammie, gardyne, (mac)garvie, gatt, gault, geddes, gellion, gibb(son), gilbert, gilbride, (mac)gilchrist, gilfillan, (mac)gill(ivray/ony), gillanders, gillespie, gillies, gilliland, gilmartin, gilmichael, gilmore, gilroy, gilzean, (mac)glashan, glass, gloag, glover, godfrey, gollach, gordon, (mac)gorrie, gourlay, gow, graeme/graham, grant, grassick, grassie, gray, gregg, (mac)gregor(y), greer, greig, grierson, grieve, grimmond, (mac)gruer, gunn, guthrie

H

hall, hamill, (mac)hardie/hardy, harper, harvie, hassan, hatton, hay, henderson, hendry, henry, hepburn, herron, hood, hosier, howie, hugston, huie, hume, humphrey, hunter, (mac)hutcheon, hutcheson

I, J, K

(mac)innes, irving, iverach, ivory, jamieson, jarvie, jeffrey(s), johnson, johnston, jorie, (mac)kay, (mac)kean, keenan, keillor, keir, keith, kelly, kelso, keogh, kemp, kennedy, (mac)kerr(acher), kesson, king, kynoch

L

laing, laird, (mac)laine/lane, lamond, lamont, landsborough, landsburgh, lang/laing, larnach, laurie/lawrie, lees, lennie, lennox, leslie, lindsay, little(son), lithgow, livingston(e), lobban, logan, lorne, lothian, lovat, love, loynachan, luke, luther

MAC-

mac ruaidhrí, mac somhairle, mac suibhne, macadam, macadie, macaffer, macainsh, macalasdair, macallister, macalonie, macalpine, macanroy, macara, macarthy, macaskill, macaskin, macaughtrie, macaulay, macauslan, macbean, macbeath, macbeth(ock), macbey, macbriden, macbryde, maccabe, maccadie, maccaffer, maccaffey/maccaffie, maccalman, maccambridge, maccann, maccance, maccartney, maccavity, maccaw, macdowell, maccheyne, maccodrum, maccomb(ie), maccorkindale, maccormick, maccoll, macconie, macconnachie, macconnell, maccoshin, maccoskrie, maccorquodale, macclaren, maccleary, macclew, maccloy, macclumpha, macclung, macclure, macclurg, maccraig, maccrain, maccreadie, maccrimmon, maccrindle, maccririe, maccrone, maccrosson, maccuaig, maccuidh, maccuish, macculloch, maccurley, macdermid/macdiarmid, macdougall, macdui, macduthy, maceachainn, maceachen, macelfrish, macewan/macewen, macfadyen, macfadzean, macfall, macfarlane/macpharlane, macfater/macphater, macfeat, macfee, macfigan, macgarrie, macgarva, macgeachen/macgeechan, macgeorge, macghie, macgibbon, macgillonie, macgiven, macglip, macgriogair, macgruther, macguire, macgurk, machaffie, macheth, machugh, macichan, macinnally, macindeoir, macindoe, macinesker, macinlay, macinroy, macintosh, macintyre, macisaac, maciver/macivor, macilherran, macilroy, macjarrow, mackail, mackeegan, mackeggie, mackellar, mackelvie, mackendrick, mackenna, mackenzie, mackerlich, mackerral, mackerron, mackerrow, mackessock, mackettrick, mackichan, mackie, mackilligan, mackillop, mackim(mie), mackinven, mackirdy/mackirdie, mackrycul, maclafferty, maclagan, maclarty, maclatchie/letchie, maclaverty, maclearnan, macleay, maclehose, macleish, maclellan(d), macleman, macleod, macleòid, maclintock, macllwraith, maclucas, macluckie, maclugash, macmann(us), macmaster, macmeeken, macmichael, macmillan, macminn, macmorrow, macmurchie, macmurdo, macmurray, macnab, macnair, macnally, macnaught(on), macnee, macneish/macnish, macnicol, macninder, macnucator, macpartland, macphail, macphatrick, macphee, macphedran, macpherson, macquarrie, macqueen, macquien, macquilken, macrae/machray, macraild, macrob(bie/bert), macrory, macrostie, macshane, macsherry, macsorley, macsporran, macsween, mactavish, mactear, macturk, macusbaig, macvannan, macvarish, macvaxter, macvean, macveigh/macvey, macvicar, macvitie, macvurich, macwalter, macwattie, macwhannell, macwhillan, macwhinnie

MC-

mccabe, mccain, mcclelland, mcclintock, mcconell, mccracken, mccune, mccurdy, mcdiarmid, mcelshender, mceuen, mcewing, mcfadden, mcgeachie/mcgeachy, mcgowan, mcilroy, mcinnis, mcivor, mckechnie, mckeown, mclarty, mclennan, mcneill(age/ie), mcowen, mcphee, mcpherson, mcwhirter

M

maduthy, magruder, mahaffie, main(s), mair, major, malcolm(son), malloch, manson, marr, marno(ch), (mac)martin, marquis, massie, matheson, mathewson, maver/mavor, maxwell, may, mearns, meechan, meiklejohn, meldrum, mellis(h), menzies, mercer, micklewain, milfrederick, millar/miller, milligan, milliken, milne, milroy, milvain, milwain, moannach, moat, moffat, mollinson, moncrief, monk, montgomery, moore, moray, morgan, (mac)morran, morrison, morrow, morton, mossman, mucklehose, muir(head), mulloy, munn, munro, (mac)murchie/murchy, murchison, murdoch, murphy

N, O, P, Q

nairn, naughton, navin, neeve, neil, neish, nelson, ness, nevin, nicalasdair, niceachainn, (mac)nichol(son), nicleòid, (mac)niven, noble, ochiltree, ogg, ogilvy, o'kean, oliver, omay/omey, orchard(son), orr, osborne, park, paterson, patrick, patten, peacock, peat, peters, philp, polson, power, purcell, purser, qualtrough, quayle, quillan, quiller, quinn, quirk

R, S

(mac)ranald(son), randall, rankin, reid, reoch, revie, riach, (mac)ritchie, roberts(on), rose, ross, rothes, roy, ryrie, salmon(d), scott, selkirk, sellar, shannon, sharpe, shaw, sheen, shiach, sillars, sim(son/pson), sinclair, skene, skinner, sloan, smith, somerville, soutar/souter, stein, stenhouse, stewart/stuart, strachan, stronach, sutherland, (mac)swan(son/ston), swinton

T, U, V, W, Y

taggart, tallach, tawse, taylor, thom(son), todd, tolmie, tosh, tough, tulloch, turner, tyre, ulrick, urquhart, vass, wallace, walker, walsh, warnock, warren, ward, watt, watson, wayne, weir, welsh, whiston, whyte, wilkins(on), (mac)william(son), wilson, winning, wright, young

[si-national-portrait-gallery]

Robert H. Milroy, c. 1860-1870, Smithsonian: National Portrait Gallery

Size: Plate: 9.3 × 6.2 × 0.2 cm (3 11/16 × 2 7/16 × 1/16") Medium: Glass plate collodion negative

http://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.81.M1148

[powellproject]

The National Archives, Part 2

The muster-in and muster-out rolls for Robert H. Milroy.

After lunch I went upstairs to room 203 to view the physical military records of Samuel W. Powell (another Powell brother) and Robert H. Milroy (Powell's commanding officer in 1863). W. Angelo Powell and Milroy fought for the states of Ohio and Indiana respectively but Form 3 has yet to make the records of veterans who served for these states available. Millroy's dossier was what I was looking for, but the contents only consisted of his muster-in and muster-out rolls. I was really hoping to find some correspondence to or from Powell circa 1863-65. Looks like I need to search elsewhere. Samuel W. Powell turned out to be Samuel M. Powell, so that was a dead end. At this point I do not believe the youngest Powell brother fought during the Civil War.

[powellproject]

Books: Research and Leisure

The book jackets for Homegrown Yankees (2009) and The Power of the Dog (2005)

Over Christmas, I read two books: James Alex Baggett's Homegrown Yankees and Don Winslow's The Power of the Dog.

Baggett's book is an in-depth study of Union cavalry regiments from the Confederate state of Tennessee. Here the description from Amazon:

Of all the states in the Confederacy, Tennessee was the most sectionally divided. East Tennesseans opposed secession at the ballot box in1861, petitioned unsuccessfully for separate statehood, resisted the Confederate government, enlisted in Union militias, elected U.S. congressmen, and fled as refugees into Kentucky. These refugees formed Tennessee's first Union cavalry regiments during early 1862, followed shortly thereafter by others organized in Union-occupied Middle and West Tennessee. In Homegrown Yankees, the first book-length study of Union cavalry from a Confederate state, James Alex Baggett tells the remarkable story of Tennessee's loyal mounted regiments.

A portion of Baggett's book discusses Major General Robert Huston Milroy's role as "bossguard" of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad. It also delves into the actions of Major Shelah Waters of the 5th Tennessee Cavalry.  

I read this book because after W. Angelo Powell was discharged from the service, he worked for Milroy, Waters & Co. as their chief engineer. Powell arrived in Tennessee just days before Robert E. Lee surrendered to U. S. Grant at Appomattox Court House. For the remainder of 1865 and the beginning of 1866, he primarily worked around the town McMinnville, Tennessee.

Winslow's The Power of the Dog is best described as an opus. It is a phenomenal read with dozens of gritty and flawed characters "set in the shifting nexus of power among the Latin American drug cartels, the American mob, and the U.S. government."

I've read several of Winslow's books, but The Power of the Dog was perhaps the most interesting. America's failed War on Drugs serves as the net which binds the story together and it was hard to put down. Winslow is one of the best crime fiction writers of our time.

[powellproject]

Powell's Map of Second Winchester

Portions of the Middle Department, 2nd Division 8th Army Corps, Prepared by Capt. W. Angelo Powell, Engr. of 2nd Div. 8th A.C. Winchester, June, 1863

After the embarrassment of Second Winchester, General Robert Milroy’s command was revoked. The scattered remnants of his troops were assimilated back into the Middle Department and Milroy was ordered to Baltimore. He, along with Captain W. Angelo Powell and three other aides, arrived on Saturday, June 27.

Milroy was placed under arrest for disobeying a direct order to "evacuate Winchester." Three days later, he wrote his wife a letter explaining he had “been deprived of his command & arrested like a common felon.”

Powell remained with his superior and prepared a map of Winchester for the official report. Portions of the Middle Department, 2nd Division 8th Army Corps, Prepared by Capt. W. Angelo Powell, Engr. of 2nd Div. 8th A.C. Winchester, June, 1863, was eventually published in the Atlas to Accompany the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies.

On August 4, a court of inquiry was called to investigate the evacuation of Winchester. The inquiry session lasted nearly three months, and Milroy was eventually called to testify. The forty-seven-year-old general avoided court-marital and was relieved of any culpability.

[powellproject]

Second Winchester

Sept. 19th. Crooks Corps storming to the fort. Battle of Opequon - 2nd battle of Winchester by Alfred Rudolph.

On June 14, Confederate forces attacked Winchester in force. The fighting was fierce.  According to General Milroy:

…up to 6 o’clock on Sunday evening we had repelled every attempt to advance near the works & take[n] [sic] a number of prisoners in the different charges made. At 6 they had massed an immense force behind a mill a mile in rear of the fortification & opened upon my out works with 20 pieces of artillery & they charged on the works in an immense column & all the firing we could do did not check them, though we mowed them down by hundreds. They surged on yelling like dinosaurs over the ditches & ramparts…. 

After the sun set over the mountains, darkness enveloped the Shenendoah Valley. Confusion ensued and Milroy convened a council of war at 9 P.M. The “officers were all for an evacuation or a surrender,” but Milroy “told them that the latter was out of the question….”  The group decided "cut their way through" to Harpers Ferry via the old Charles Town Road and the order was passed to begin evacuations at 1 A.M.  

Lieutenant General Richard S. Ewell, now in command of Jackson’s famed Stonewall Brigade, assumed the Federals would attempt to retreat during the night and ordered his troops to cut off the Charles Town Road. Milroy, his staff, and cavalry slipped through the Confederate’s grasp, but his men were scattered. By the time he arrived at Harpers Ferry, more than 4,000 were missing. Robert E. Lee, yet again, had dealt the Union another significant blow.

That Milroy maintained his position at Winchester against such an overwhelming force can be attributed to the fortifications. According to Theodore F. Lang, author of Loyal West Virginia from 1861 to 1865:

The credit to this piece of engineering is due to Capt. W. Angelo Powell, who displayed a skill in the construction and engineering of said works that was pronounced by many prominent generals and engineers of the army to be the very best constructed during the war. Captain Powell was not only a skilled engineer, but he displayed conspicuous gallantry upon many battlefields. 

Milroy and his officers made their way north to Pennsylvania. In the days following the Second Battle of Winchester, approximately 2,500 of his soldiers turned up near Huntingdon, 120 miles east of Pittsburg. Most believed their commander had been killed—the bounty on his head collected.  Upon seeing Milroy, his soldiers “…yelled & were almost crazy with joy….”  

On June 22, Captain W. Angelo Powell, along with 500 more men, arrived at Bloody Run in Everett, Pennsylvania. When their general met the group, they crowded around to shake his hand.

[powellproject]

Robert Houston Milroy

Brigadier General Robert Houston Milroy

In the spring of 1863, W. Angelo Powell was again stationed in the town of Winchester, Virginia. He served as the chief engineer for Brigadier General Robert Houston Milroy.

The forty-six-year-old Milroy held a Master of Military Science degree from Captain Partridge’s Academy in Norwich, Vermont, and served as captain of the 1st Indiana Volunteers during the Mexican-American War. Before the outbreak of the Civil War, he practiced as a lawyer and judge in Rensselaer, Indiana.

After President Lincoln issued his call for troops, Milroy recruited a company for the 9th Indiana Militia. He served as the company’s colonel and fought with McClellan and Rosecrans in western Virginia. Milroy was promoted to brigadier general on September 3, 1861.

During Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign, Milroy commanded the Cheat Mountain District. He served as a brigade commander and was one of the few Union generals to have success against Jackson. Milroy’s troops nicknamed him “Old Gray Eagle.”

Milroy had a force of approximately 7,000 men stationed at Winchester. Their occupation of the town was severe. The Union soldiers confiscated private property and Milroy ignored the townspeople’s pleas for mercy. His depredations on Winchester’s citizens, who had already suffered through numerous occupations, created so much indignation that the Virginia government offered $1,000 for Milroy’s capture, dead or alive.

[powellproject]

Books: Research and Leisure

The Book Jackets for Six Years of Hell (1996) and Zone One (2011)

Between research for the book and general leisure, I read a lot. On average I try to digest one book every two weeks. And, to keep my sanity, I alternate between fiction and non-fiction.

Last week, I read Chester B. Hearn's Six Years of Hell: Harpers Ferry During the Civil War. W. Angelo Powell was not mentioned in Hearn's book, but it thoroughly detailed the 1862 and 1863 campaigns waged in (and around) the Shenendoah Valley (where Powell was stationed).

Hearn's book also led me to a minor breakthrough in Powell's timeline. During 1863, Powell served as General Robert Milroy's chief engineer. Milroy and the Battle Second Winchester deserve their own tumblr post, but here's where things get interesting.

I started digging through Milroy's personal letters and correspondence on the Indiana Digital Memory Collections website. It turns out that after being discharged from the service in January 1865, Powell went to work for "Milroy, Waters & Co., dealers in oil and mineral lands, stocks & c." in Tullahoma and McMinnville, Tennessee. Powell served as the company's chief engineer.

The months between Powell's discharge and his arrival in St. Joseph, Missouri, in September 1866, had always been a mystery. Reading Hearn's book opened up a new door and will (hopefully) make my book that much better.

To celebrate this breakthrough, I picked up Zone One from the Brooklyn Public Library. I'm a big fan of zombie movies and have been for many, many years. I got tickets to see Danny Boyle's "28 Days Later" at the TriBeCa Film Festival months before it was released.

There's a big difference between watching a zombie movie and reading a zombie book, but Whitehead's novel builds eloquently. Zone One was a refreshing departure from Hearn's book and I highly recommend it.