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cool-cillian-murphy · 4 years ago

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Refrigerated Vehicle To be used in online , internet based market

What is Refrigerated Vehicle Market? Refrigerated vehicles are used for transportation of vulnerable food, pharmaceutical and healthcare products. The increasing population and consumer spending on food products has surged their production globally. Among food products, dairy products and fresh fruits and vegetables require cold storage and transportation for their sustainability. Free Sample Report + All Related Graphs & Charts @ : https://www.advancemarketanalytics.com/sample-report/11063-global-refrigerated-vehicle-market-1 Latest released the research study on Global Refrigerated Vehicle Market, offers a detailed overview of the factors influencing the global business scope. Refrigerated Vehicle Market research report shows the latest market insights with upcoming trends and breakdown of the products and services. The report provides key statistics on the market status, size, share, growth factors, Challenges and Current Scenario Analysis of the Refrigerated Vehicle. This Report also covers the emerging player’s data, including: competitive situation, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are Carrier Corporation (France),CMA CGM (France),GAH (Refrigeration) Ltd. (United Kingdom),Maersk Line (Denmark),Daikin Industries (Japan),Ingersoll-Rand (Ireland),China International Marine Containers (China),Utility Trailer (United States),Singamas Container (China),Hyundai (South Korea),Schmitz Cargobull (Germany),Fahrzeugwerk Bernard Krone (Germany),KÃ¶gel Trailer (Germany),Great Dane (United States).

Refrigerated Vehicle Market Data Breakdown and Market Segmentation: by Type (FrozenÂ , Chilled), Application (Insulated containerÂ , Refrigerated truck, Multimodal temperature container, Atmosphere controlled container), Mode of Transportation (Roadways, Airways, Other)

What's Trending in Market:

The Growth in Demand for Frozen Perishable Commodities

Challenges:

Maintaining Product Integrity During Transportation of Perishable Commodities

Rising Fuel Costs and High Capital Investment Requirement

Restraints:

Lack of Transport Infrastructure Connectivity and Skilled Manpower in Developing Economies

Market Growth Drivers:

Increasing International Trade of Perishable Commodities

Technological Innovations in Refrigerated Systems and Equipment

Increase in the Use of Advanced Cold Rooms

Enquire for customization in Report @: https://www.advancemarketanalytics.com/enquiry-before-buy/11063-global-refrigerated-vehicle-market-1 Region Included are: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Oceania, South America, Middle East & Africa

Country Level Break-Up: United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, South Africa, Nigeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Germany, United Kingdom (UK), the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Austria, Turkey, Russia, France, Poland, Israel, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, China, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, India, Australia and New Zealand etc. What benefits does AMA research study is going to provide? – Latest industry influencing trends and development scenario – Open up New Markets – To Seize powerful market opportunities – Key decision in planning and to further expand market share – Identify Key Business Segments, Market proposition & Gap Analysis – Assisting in allocating marketing investments Strategic Points Covered in Table of Content of Global Refrigerated Vehicle Market:

Chapter 1: Introduction, market driving force product Objective of Study and Research Scope the Market Keyword without Region market

Chapter 2: Exclusive Summary �� the basic information of the Refrigerated Vehicle Market.

Chapter 3: Displaying the Market Dynamics- Drivers, Trends and Challenges & Opportunities of the Refrigerated Vehicle

Chapter 4: Presenting the Refrigerated Vehicle Market Factor Analysis, Post COVID Impact Analysis, Porters Five Forces, Supply/Value Chain, PESTEL analysis, Market Entropy, Patent/Trademark Analysis.

Chapter 5: Displaying the by Type, End User and Region/Country 2015-2020

Chapter 6: Evaluating the leading manufacturers of the Refrigerated Vehicle market which consists of its Competitive Landscape, Peer Group Analysis, BCG Matrix & Company Profile

Chapter 7: To evaluate the market by segments, by countries and by Manufacturers/Company with revenue share and sales by key countries in these various regions (2021-2026)

Chapter 8 & 9: Displaying the Appendix, Methodology and Data Source Finally, Refrigerated Vehicle Market is a valuable source of guidance for individuals and companies in their decision framework. Avail 10-25% Discount on various license types on immediate purchase @ https://www.advancemarketanalytics.com/request-discount/11063-global-refrigerated-vehicle-market-1 Data Sources & Methodology The primary sources involves the industry experts from the Global Refrigerated Vehicle Market including the management organizations, processing organizations, analytics service providers of the industry’s value chain. All primary sources were interviewed to gather and authenticate qualitative & quantitative information and determine the future prospects. In the extensive primary research process undertaken for this study, the primary sources – Postal Surveys, telephone, Online & Face-to-Face Survey were considered to obtain and verify both qualitative and quantitative aspects of this research study. When it comes to secondary sources Company's Annual reports, press Releases, Websites, Investor Presentation, Conference Call transcripts, Webinar, Journals, Regulators, National Customs and Industry Associations were given primary weight-age. Definitively, this report will give you an unmistakable perspective on every single reality of the market without a need to allude to some other research report or an information source. Our report will give all of you the realities about the past, present, and eventual fate of the concerned Market.

Thanks for reading this article; you can also get individual chapter wise section or region wise report version like North America, Europe or Asia. About Author:

Advance Market Analytics is Global leaders of Market Research Industry provides the quantified B2B research to Fortune 500 companies on high growth emerging opportunities which will impact more than 80% of worldwide companies' revenues.

Our Analyst is tracking high growth study with detailed statistical and in-depth analysis of market trends & dynamics that provide a complete overview of the industry. We follow an extensive research methodology coupled with critical insights related industry factors and market forces to generate the best value for our clients. We Provides reliable primary and secondary data sources, our analysts and consultants derive informative and usable data suited for our clients business needs. The research study enable clients to meet varied market objectives a from global footprint expansion to supply chain optimization and from competitor profiling to M&As. Contact Us:

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scriptlibrarian · 8 years ago

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Archival Terminology

You have a great scene in your story. The hero sets out to the Archive, determined to find that piece of information, that will save the world. And just as you’re building the scene, leading to that moment, the hero looks at the Archivist and all you can type is - ‘I need that thing to help me find that thing.’

Knowing the words and terminology for any particular profession or trade is important. The last thing any writer wants to do is, use the wrong word, throwing themselves and the reader out of the story.

So what does an Archivist sound like? What terminology will they use, while they look up the information for your character?

Well first off a quick history on the building of Archival Terminology.

Archival terminology is a flexible group of common words that have acquired specialized meanings for archivists. Since World War II, archivists worldwide have devoted considerable attention to the definition of these words. In 1964, an international lexicon of archival terminology was published. This dictionary in 6 languages, the work of a committee of the International Council on Archives, provides a basis for international comparison of archival terms.

The Society of American Archivists published its own glossary of archival terms in 1974 after several years of debate, drafting, and review. Definitions in the SAA glossary have been widely accepted as the basis for discussion of archival terminology in North America and have been the starting point for subsequent efforts to define American archival terms. Since publication of the SAA glossary, however, many archivists have concluded that some of its definitions require revision and that additional terms should be included. Teachers of archives administration and authors of basic archival texts, consequently, have developed their own glossaries that revise, update, or expand the 1974 work. At present, no single glossary of archival terms can be considered definitive.

(Source)

What terms would your character use to ask the Archivist or Librarian for information? Well to be honest, Archivist and Librarians are actually used to having someone run into the Archive/Library and ask for that ‘thing - you know that thing, that goes with my project - the historical thing’.

Our first job is to get more information out of the patron, to figure out exactly what they want.

Through your scene, the Archive will use a set of terminology while helping your character find the information they need, they’ll be using a set of descriptions, terms, and tools to find that item. Below is a list of more commonly used terms.

Glossary of Archival Terms:

Access: 1. The ability to locate relevant information through the use of catalogs, indexes, finding aids, or other tools. 2. The permission to locate and retrieve information for use (consultation or reference) within legally established restrictions of privacy, confidentiality, and security clearance.

Acid Free Paper: Paper with a pH of 7.0 or greater when manufactured. (Acid-free papers are distinguished from papers that contain a residue of the acids used to break up wood fibers during manufacture. The residual acid continues to attack the paper fibers, making the paper brittle over time. Archival papers are typically made from alpha cellulose, are lignin free, and often contain an alkaline buffer to counter any trace of acids used in processing or environmental acids.)

Acquisition: Materials received by a repository as a unit; an accession (As nouns, acquisition and accession are synonymous. However, the verb accession goes far beyond the sense of acquire, connoting the initial steps of processing by establishing rudimentary physical and intellectual control over the materials by entering brief information about those materials in a register, database, or other log of the repository's holdings.)

Appraisal: 1. The process of identifying materials offered to an archives that have sufficient value to be accessioned. 2. The process of determining the length of time records should be retained, based on legal requirements and on their current and potential usefulness. 3. The process of determining the market value of an item; monetary appraisal.

Catalog: 1. A collection of systematically arranged descriptions of materials. 2. A listing of items with descriptions. - 3. A publication produced in conjunction with an exhibit that lists the materials exhibited and that may have text that relates to the subject of the exhibit.

Cold Storage: 1. A technique for extending the life expectancy of materials by keeping them at a temperature below room temperature, thereby reducing the rate of deterioration. 2. An area where materials can be kept at below normal room temperature.

Conservation: 1. The repair or stabilization of materials through chemical or physical treatment to ensure that they survive in their original form as long as possible. 2. The profession devoted to the preservation of cultural property for the future through examination, documentation, treatment, and preventive care, supported by research and education.

Deed of Gift: An agreement transferring title to property without an exchange of monetary compensation. (Deeds of gift may be for real, personal, or intellectual property. In archives, deeds of gift frequently take the form of a contract establishing conditions governing the transfer of title to documents and specifying any restrictions on access and use.)

Finding Aid: 1. A tool that facilitates discovery of information within a collection of records. 2. A description of records that gives the repository physical and intellectual control over the materials and that assists users to gain access to and understand the materials.

Flat Filing: 1. A technique to store documents horizontally. 2. A technique to store documents unfolded.

Historical Value: The usefulness or significance of records for understanding the past. 2. The importance or usefulness of records that justifies their continued preservation because of the enduring administrative, legal, fiscal, or evidential information they contain; archival value.

Keyword: One of a small set of words used to characterize the content of a document for use in retrieval systems. 2. In KWIC and KWOC indexes, words in a title or document that serve as access points. 3. Computing · Reserved words in a programming language that has a functional meaning for the compiler or interpreter and that cannot be used for the names of variables, functions, or other entities.

Life Cycle: The distinct phases of a record's existence, from creation to final disposition.

Nitrate - Also Cellular Nitrate: n extruded plastic made from cellulose, usually from wood pulp or cotton, mixed with nitric and sulfuric acids. (Cellulose nitrate was commonly used as the base of photographic and motion picture film from the late 19th century through the early 20th century. It is highly flammable and in advance stages of deterioration can combust spontaneously.)

Off-Site Storage: Facilities for housing materials away from where they are used; remote storage.

Oral History: 1. An interview that records an individual's personal recollections of the past and historical events. 2. The audio or video recordings, transcripts, and other materials that capture and are associated with such an interview.

Patron: An individual who uses the collections and services of a repository; a customer, a researcher.

Permanent Records: Materials created or received by a person, family, or organization, public or private, in the conduct of their affairs intended to be preserved because of the enduring value contained in the information they contain or as evidence of the functions and responsibilities of their creator.

Preservation: 1. The professional discipline of protecting materials by minimizing chemical and physical deterioration and damage to minimize the loss of information and to extend the life of cultural property. 2. The act of keeping from harm, injury, decay, or destruction, especially through noninvasive treatment. 3. Law · The obligation to protect records and other materials potentially relevant to litigation and subject to discovery. Preserve, v. 4. To keep for some period of time; to set aside for future use. 5. Conservation · To take action to prevent deterioration or loss. 6. Law · To protect from spoliation.

Primary Source: Material that contains firsthand accounts of events and that was created contemporaneous to those events or later recalled by an eyewitness.

Record: 1. A written or printed work of a legal or official nature that may be used as evidence or proof; a document. 2. Data or information that has been fixed on some medium; that has content, context, and structure; and that is used as an extension of human memory or to demonstrate accountability. 3. Data or information in a fixed form that is created or received in the course of individual or institutional activity and set aside (preserved) as evidence of that activity for future reference. 4. An instrument filed for public notice (constructive notice); see recordation. 5. Audio · A phonograph record. 6. Computing · A collection of related data elements treated as a unit, such as the fields in a row in a database table. 7. Description · An entry describing a work in a catalog; a catalog record.

Restoration: The process of rehabilitating an item to return it as nearly as possible to its original condition.

Retention Schedule: A document that identifies and describes an organization's records, usually at the series level, provides instructions for the disposition of records throughout their life cycle.

Segregation: The process of separating documents that must be stored separately because of their physical condition or because they contain classified, confidential, or private information.

Series: 1. A group of similar records that are arranged according to a filing system and that are related as the result of being created, received, or used in the same activity; a file group; a record series. 2. Bibliography · A group of items, each with its own title, also bearing a collective title for the group as a whole.

Stacks: An area where materials are stored, especially an area furnished principally with shelving.

Vault: A specially secured room or cabinet. 2. A safe. (In archival repositories, 'vault' connotes a room for storing particularly valuable holdings. Ideally, vaults are fire-resistant and structurally separate from the rest of the building.)

Verification: 1. The process of determining truth or accuracy. 2. A formal declaration, made before an authority such as a notary public, that statements in a document are true. 3. Computing · The process of ensuring that data in backups, copies, or excerpts are identical to the data in the original files, that the data was not corrupted or lost during transfer.

Vinegar Syndrome: Conditions that result from the deterioration of cellulose acetate, especially photographic film, and that include the release of acetic acid. (The effects of vinegar syndrome include brittleness, shrinking, and a harsh, acidic odor; channeling may also be visible.)

For more terms and terminology: The SAA Glossary of Archival Records & Terminology

#archival terminology #society of american archivists

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rodgo23 · 5 years ago

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Bill Gates and Intellectual Ventures Funds Microchip Implant Vaccine Technology

Posted on: Tuesday, April 14th 2020 at 5:30 am

Written By: Celeste McGovern

This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2020

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The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has donated more than $21 million towards developing a vaccine technology that uses a tattoo-like mechanism which injects invisible nanoparticles under the skin that is now being tested in a vaccine against the virus that causes COVID-19.

The microneedle technology is also being wed to injectable technology, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which embeds under the skin a vaccination record visible by near infrared light that can be read by smartphone technology.

The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation is funding the technologies with aims to enable them in “house-to-house” vaccine campaigns undertaken by people with “minimal training.”

Researchers from the University of Pittsburgh reported in their study published April 1 in EBiomedicine, a Lancet Journal, that their microneedle patch vaccine against the SARS CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 “prompted robust antibody production in the mice within two weeks.”

The patches resemble a spiky piece of Velcro, with hundreds of tiny microneedles made of sugar. The needles prick just into the skin and quickly dissolve, releasing the vaccine into the tiny abrasions and inducing a potent immune cell response despite the minute amount of the vaccine material – far more potent than an intramuscular injection.

The researchers had been testing vaccine using the microneedle patch for other coronaviruses, including the one that causes Middle East Respiratory System (MERS) and reported that three different experimental MERS vaccines induced the production of antibodies against the virus. These responses were stronger than the responses generated by regular injection of one of the vaccines along with a powerful immune stimulant (an adjuvant). Antibody levels continued to increase over time in mice vaccinated by microneedle patch—up to 55 weeks, when the experiments ended. The researchers have now turned their technology to the COVID-19 virus, SARS CoV-2.

“Testing in patients would typically require at least a year and probably longer,” senior co-author of the study, dermatology professor Louis Falo said. “This particular situation is different from anything we’ve ever seen, so we don’t know how long the clinical development process will take. Recently announced revisions to the normal processes suggest we may be able to advance this faster.”

Another study funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and published in December, 2019 by researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Institute of Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing and the Global Good, Intellectual Ventures Laboratory in Bellevue, WA, describes how “near-infrared quantum dots” can be implanted under the skin along with a vaccine to encode information for “decentralized data storage and bio-sensing.”

“To maximize the utility of this technology for vaccination campaigns, we aimed to create a platform compatible with microneedle-delivered vaccines that could reliably encode data on an individual for at least five years after administration,” said the MIT paper, titled Biocompatible near-infrared quantum dots delivered to the skin by microneedle patches record vaccination. “In addition, this system also needed to be highly biocompatible, deliver a sufficient amount of dye after an application time of 2 min or less, and be detectable using a minimally adapted smartphone.”

Fridrik Laurusson, an author of the microchip study, is from The Global Good, Intellectual Ventures Labarotory. Its website features Microsoft founder Bill Gates on its front page and describes itself as a “collaboration between Bill Gates and Intellectual Ventures” a company founded by Nathan Myhrvold and Edward Jung of Microsoft. Wikipedia describes Intellectual Ventures in Gates’ home state as a private American company that “centers on the development and licensing of intellectual property” and “one of the top-five owners of U.S. patents, as of 2011.

“Its business model has a focus on buying patents and aggregating them into a large patent portfolio and licensing these patents to third parties,” according to Wikipedia. The company has been described as the country's largest and most notorious patent trolling company, the ultimate patent troll, and the most hated company in tech.

The company has been described as the country's largest and most notorious patent trolling company,[2] the ultimate patent troll[3], and the most hated company in tech.[4]

The website of the Bill and Melinda Gates lists multiple grants awarded to develop the “microneedle array patch” – for use in “house-to-house campaigns via administration by minimally-trained personnel.”

The most recent grant for $370,035 was awarded in February, 2020 to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for an MMR vaccine patch that does not require refrigeration and “enables house-to-house campaigns” via people without medical experience or training.

Bill Gates has awarded much larger grants for microneedle array patch technology to companies and organizations including:

* Vaxxas Pty Ltd in Brisbane, Queensland ($4.99 million in November, 2019) to develop a “microneedle array patch for measles and rubella vaccination that enables house-to-house campaigns via administration by minimally-trained personnel”

Vaxxas was created in 2011 after Mark Kendall's research group at the University of Queensland commercialized the nanotechnology under the company, UniQuest. The company has raised more than $35 million for the nanotechnology. It’s partnered with vaccine manufacturer Merck – a company whose drug Vioxx caused more than 27,000 deaths by heart attack before the company revealed the risks it had hidden from the public. Merck has repeatedly been accused by judges for “egregious” ethical breaches and of “improper testing and data falsification” on its Gardasil HPV and MMR vaccines. Merck made

Micron Biomedical Inc ($6,744,906 in November, 2019) “to develop a microneedle array patch for measles and rubella vaccination that enables house-to-house campaigns via administration by minimally-trained personnel”

Georgia Institute of Technology ($958,849 in December, 2019) “to develop a microneedle array patch for measles and rubella vaccination that enables house-to-house campaigns via administration by minimally-trained personnel”

Vaxess Inc, ($2,967,741 in November, 2016) in Boston, MA “to support the preclinical development and manufacture of a thermostable microneedle patch with the aim of lowering barriers to vaccine access by simplifying dosing and administration, alleviating cold chain constraints, and lowering costs

Cardiff University ($$3,570,376 in December, 2019) “to develop a dissolvable microneedle array patch for the sustained dermal delivery of a progestin contraceptive, including the conduct of preclinical proof of concept studies”

Gates began funding the implantable biotechnology back in 2011 via a small ($100,000) grant to the Santa Cruz based company TransDerm Inc whose Linkedin page links to a website for the pharmaceutical giant Allergan.

Last month Reuters news service reported – falsely -- that a popular Facebook post about Bill Gates planning to use microchip implants to fight the coronavirus pandemic was a “false claim.” The news service linked to the censored Facebook post.

Gates, whose father was the director of Planned Parenthood Federation of America and mother worked for PPFA’s funding affiliate United Way, has been noted for his population control ideology. His wife, Melinda Gates, launched a Family Planning Summit on World Population Day in 2012 with the aim of garnering tax dollars from governments to expand reproductive health services aimed at lowering the global birth rate.

Difficult questions about vaccines are on BOTH sides of this huge debate. Find out the pros and cons and get the knowledge to make your own informed decision. Don't miss The Truth About Vaccines happening April 22-30.

Celeste McGovern is an award-winning independent journalist in Scotland. She reports on medical news, drug scandals, alternative health and more at www.ghostshipmedia.com.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of GreenMedInfo or its staff.

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juniperpublishers-fashion-b-blog · 5 years ago

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Breathable Garments with Thermo — Physiological Wear Comfort — A Review- Juniper Publishers

Abstract

Thermo physiological wear comfort concerns with the heat and moisture transport properties of clothing and the way it helps the clothing to maintain the heat balance of the body during various level of activity. Hence, heat and moisture transfer analysis for clothing and fibrous materials is an important issue for the technological developments and scientific understandings. Continued advances in textile processing technology, the growth of application of nanotechnology have resulted in a wealth of research in order to characterize the behavior of these materials. This paper systematically reviews the recent research on thermo responsive polymers, applications in the field of textiles and development of thermoregulatory breathable garments. The moisture transport properties and various factors affecting it are also discussed. More on that, the limitations of conventional breathable fabrics are overcome by redesigning the textile material surface, operating at a microscopic level using Phase Change Materials (PCMs), Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs), Biomimetics and many more, in the form of smart technology that facilitates active comfort to the wearer are also discussed. The reported testing methods and parameters used for determining heat and moisture are summarized. This article describes the need of heat and moisture transmission in clothing, desired attributes for heat and moisture management and parameters affecting heat and moisture transmission in clothing.

Keywords: Thermoregulatory garments; Phase Change Materials (PCMs); Smart technology

Abbreviations : PCMs: Phase Change Materials; SMPs: Shape Memory Polymers; WVTR: Water Vapour Transmission Rate; WHO: World Health Organization

Introduction

Clothing is an important interface between the human and the environment. Apart from the cultural meaning of clothing it provides insulation against cold, protection against the sun, wind or rain as well as protection from other environmental hazards (chemicals, mechanical). The effect of clothing on thermoregulation depends on the textile materials used. Clothing comfort is determined by a number of clothing properties that affect the thermal conditions at the skin. Skin temperatures and the tactile sensation of the skin (e.g. sticky moist clothing) are the main signals that are fed to the brain and lead to an overall sensation of comfort or discomfort. According to the WHO (World Health Organization) criteria, the internal temperature should be kept between (37±1) °C to make the human organism function normal.

Impacts of clothing

Generally, human thermal comfort depends on combinations of clothing structure and chemical nature of fibers, external conditions and factors related to wearer. Thermal comfort of a clothing system is associated with thermal balance of body and its thermoregulatory responses to the dynamic interactions with the clothing and the environment. Thermo physiological wear comfort concerns with the heat and moisture transport properties of clothing and the way it helps the clothing to maintain the heat balance of the body during various level of activity. Heat and moisture flow through clothing is a complex phenomenon. So, heat and moisture transfer analysis for clothing is an important issue for researchers. To create a comfortable clothing a designer considers fashion and other technical factors, fibre nature and size (micro fibres that have particulars properties), surface modification of fibres (hydrophobic or hydrophilic treatments), hydrophobic (GortexR) or hydrophilic membranes fused to the textile layers, weaving or knitting patterns and abrasion of the fabric surface are parameters by which we can enhance comfort of clothing. Extensive research has been published in the literature on the diverse aspects of simultaneous heat and moisture transfer both theoretically and experimentally. Results shows, that the ability of clothing materials to transport moisture vapour is a critical determinant of wear comfort, especially in conditions that involve sweating. So, for satisfactory performance of clothing comfort researchers recognize that clothing comfort has two main aspects. These are thermo physiological and sensorial comfort. The first relates to the way clothing buffers and dissipates metabolic heat and moisture, whereas the latter relates to the interaction of the clothing with the senses of the wearer, particularly with the tactile response of the skin, which includes moisture sensation on the skin. The wear comfort of clothing is affected by physical processes include heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation, meanwhile, moisture transfer by diffusion, sorption, wicking and evaporation. During higher activity level and/or at higher atmospheric temperatures sweat gland get activated which produce liquid as well as perspiration. When the perspiration is transferred to the atmosphere it carries heat (latent as well as sensible) thus reducing the body temperature. The fabric being worn should allow the perspiration to pass through; otherwise it will result in discomfort. If moisture transfer rate is not adequate during sweating than it may result in heat stress due to increase in rectal and skin temperature. From last few decades the field of dynamic heat and moisture transport behaviour of clothing and their influences on clothing comfort are main interest of researchers.

Thermal insulation

Clothing by its nature has an insulating effect and resists transfer of excess heat and moisture from the body. A still layer of air confined between the skin and fabric or between two fabric layers can make the wearer extremely uncomfortable due to its barrier effect. Thus the most important purpose of clothing is to provide a stable microclimate next to skin by maximizing the rate of heat and moisture loss from the body. If ratio of evaporated sweat and produced sweat is very low, moisture will be accumulated in the inner layer of the fabric system, ultimately affect the thermal insulation of clothing. It means there is some correlation between heat and moisture transmission through fabrics, which play a major role in maintaining a wearer's body in comfort zone. Hence a clear understanding of heat and moisture transmission from clothing is required for designing new high performance fabrics for different application. Clothing thermal insulation is described as the resistance to heat transfer by convection, radiation and conduction. It is determined by the properties of fiber materials and fabric construction, the layers of trapped air in the fabric and the air layers between fabric layers [1]. The most important factor is the thickness of trapped, still air layers, because the air is known as one of the best heat insulator [2].

Studies examining thermal comfort properties of fabrics

Typically, fabrics do not inherently provide thermoregulation. Their thermo-regulation is affected by not inhibiting or rather supporting the thermo-regulation efforts of the body itself. The role of the fabric will be to allow air to circulate around the body and at the same time provide a cushion of insulation (either hot or cold) when the body needs it. The fabric must be able to adjust to the needs of the body over a wide range of external temperatures and activities. Certain combinations of fabric construction, chemical finishes and garment construction can also keep the body warmer or cooler, depending on the environmental conditions. Usually fabrics are geared for one or the other. Cold weather garments must address both radiant and convective heat loss. On the other hand, warm-weather garments must aid evaporative heat loss by increasing moisture movement, and increasing the velocity of heat conduction through the material. Control of airspace in the microclimate between the skin and the garment, or between layers is of prime importance.

Breathability/Moisture management

The absorption and retention of water must be as close to zero as possible and there should be a mechanism to ensure that the moisture is moved away from the skin. One of the basic functions of clothing is to protect human body from the effects of climate change and to support its own thermoregulatory functions in various combinations of environmental conditions and physical activity. The microclimate around the body - it is an interaction of parameters, such as: skin temperature, humidity and air motion. The values of these factors depend on the amount of heat produced by the body and the conditions of heat exchange with the environment. Clothing works as a barrier for the transport of heat and water vapour between the skin and the environment. This barrier is created by:

a. Clothing layers,

b. Air contained between the layers,

c. Air inside the materials.

New fabrics and designs have been introduced with the purpose of improving thermoregulatory properties. The latest manufactures innovation is clothing with integrated channels into synthetic fabric. These channels are proposed to move the moisture away from the body and increase evaporation qualities. If inner and outer channels work, it might offer additional cooling properties which might lead to lower body heat storage and improved performance [3].

Clothing for thermoregulation

The thermoregulatory clothing depending on the level of their “intelligence” of thermoregulation function integrated into textile, respectively, ability to respond to environmental parameter changes.

Active versus Passive Thermoregulation: The functional activity (sense - react - adapt) of smart textiles can provide active comfort regulation function to textile materials. Based on the ability to respond to environmental parameter changes, textiles with thermoregulation function can be divided into passive and active. Passive thermoregulation is present in conventional textiles (eg, silk or wool) which are able to warm or cool depending on environmental conditions. It can also be achieved with textiles made of special fibres (eg, hollow fibres for warming) or with a special textile structure (eg, three- dimensional-structure constructions), as well as with functional multilayer clothing systems (eg, first layer with good vapour and air permeability, second layer with warmth isolation, third layer with protection from environmental conditions such as wind and rain).

Active thermoregulation is the property of smart textiles which can respond to changes in ambient temperature to keep balance in human body microclimate temperatures. Breathable coatings for textile fabrics usually maintain fabric permeability towards air and moisture in addition to other functionalities, depending on their end uses. Coating materials can be permeable, smart, waterproof, etc., which in turn are influenced by polymer, specialty chemicals, additives, process aids, and many other chemicals necessary to produce the specified customer properties of the quality standards and durability demanded [4].

o In the 1970s, WL Gore introduced GoreTex, material which had a high standard of water resistance combined with a high level of breathability. Gore-Tex® is a thin film of expanded PTFE polymer claimed to contain 1.4 billion tiny holes per square centimetre. PTFE polymer can also be used as a coating on textile substrate [1].

o Polyurethane coatings are used in wide applications such as apparel, artificial leather, fuel & water storage tanks, inflatable rafts and so on, owing to several advantages over other polymeric coatings, such as low-temperature flexibility, softer handle, very high tensile, tear, and abrasion resistance. PU has been widely used to prepare microporous films and coatings [5].

o There are various commercial PU-based breathable microporous films:

o Entrant made by Toray Industries and Porelle by Porvair are microporous films and coatings made from PU.

o Permatex launched by J.B. Broadley is a PU-based film designed for either transfer coating or laminating fabrics, or it may be used separately as a drop liner

o Tarka, a microporous PU film, is produced by Acordis (formerly Courtalds) and is applied by a transfer process from the release paper [6].

o Aluminium-coated PU nano webs have also been reported for improved thermal comfort and waterproof breathable performance.

o The two-phase morphology of PUs (consisting of soft and hard segments) allows its properties to be varied widely according to end-use application. The hydrophilic segment can be introduced into hydrophobic PU and can be made breathable [7,8].

o Sympatex polyester film material introduced by Akzo is a hydrophilic membrane in which polyether groups were incorporated to impart hydrophilicity.

o Most highly hydrophilic polymers such as cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyethylene oxide are water soluble and/or too stiff and inflexible for use as coatings on fabrics. Conversely, most nonporous polymers are too hydrophobic to be breathable. However, there are some polymers such as silicones and their blends with PU, some acrylics, and little one-component PUs that lie somewhere between these two extremes [9]. Several other coatings primarily based on PUs, PTFEs, acrylics, polyacrylamide, polyvinyl alchohol and polyamino acids are produced by various manufacturers [10].

o The ADVANSA ThermooCool™ combination is a unique blend of fibres with a hollow core along with fibres with a channelled surface providing benefits beyond what can be expected by just one type of fibre in a single yarn. It protects the user from temperature changes. This also prevents post exercise chill and still allows excess heat to dissipate into the air Wearing these garments helps to keep the body at a comfortable temperature whatever the outside temperature or the physical intensity of your exercise. Without any kind of chemical treatments, ADVANSA ThermooCool™ fabric provides enhanced comfort coupled with moisture management during physical exertion hollow fibres gives a thermo buffering capability that reduces extreme temperature changes on the fabric helping to keep users in the Comfort Zone [11].

Smart technology

By redesigning the textile material surface, operating at a microscopic level, new added-value textile material can be created by smart coating. It can be use of conventional textile fibres and, by modifying a very thin surface layer of the material, to create modern smart textile materials that not only keep us warm, dry, and comfortable but are expected to react and interact with a wide range of stimuli and situations. Facilitated by technological advances in smart coatings, active comfort regulation by smart textiles and clothing has expanded rapidly, providing the specific needs. These fabrics restrict the loss of body warmth by stopping the transfer of vapour and heat at a low temperature, and transfer more heat and water vapour from inside to outside at high-temperature applied SSP copolymer poly (N-tert-butyl acrylamide-ran-acrylamide: 27:73) with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (98%) as a cross-linker and sodium hypophosphite as a catalyst on cotton fabric using a knife-over-blanket arrangement to produce temperature- responsive breathable fabrics [12-14].

Shape memory polymers

Fabrics coated with Shape Memory Polymers (SMP) are termed smart breathable fabrics and act as a switch to control the transmission of water vapour. At lower temperatures, the coating substance on the fabric exists in a swollen state (by absorbing water from the surroundings), which results in the closure of microcracks. At a temperature higher than the transition temperature, the coating exists in a collapsed state (owing to the predominance of hydrophobic interactions), which results in opening of the micro cracks. Another result is diffusion flux, which is governed by changes in both the diffusion coefficient and the diffusion path of water molecules through the swollen and collapsed coating [15-18].

Phase change materials (PCM)

Regarding the type of PCM material, hydrated inorganic salts, linear long chain hydrocarbons, polyethylene glycol, and paraffin wax (octadecane, nonadecane, hexadecane, etc.) can be encapsulated on textile materials. The preferred PCMs for textiles are n-paraffin waxes with various melting and crystallisation points according to their carbon numbers. Octadecane is particularly suitable for clothing because its melting point is about 28.2 °C and it absorbs a large amount of heat and releases that heat in a slush state, which is below the mean skin temperature of 33.3°C ©Outlast Technologies LLC are another class of smart textiles useful for making breathable fabrics. Phase change process is the change of material physical state from one state to another like solid to liquid and vice versa. PCMs are enclosed in small plastic spheres with a diameter of only a few micrometres, known as PCM microcapsules (Figure 1). They are permanently embedded in either the fibres/PU foams/coated on the surface of a textile structure. PCMs absorb heat energy as they change from a solid to a liquid state and release heat as they return to a solid state. By careful selection of the PCM, the fabric can act as a transient thermal barrier by protecting the wearer from the effect of a cold or hot environment within limited temperature conditions. When a sudden change in ambient conditions occurs, PCM fabrics delay the transient response and decrease body heat loss. Fibres, foams and fabrics with PCM microcapsule treatment are widely used today in garments such as ski suits, gloves, socks, sweaters, boots, protective garments and shoes to improve thermo physiological wear comfort in cold climate [19-21].

Fabrics based on biomimetics

Biomimetics is the mimicking of biological mechanisms, with modification, to produce useful artificial products. There is potential to improve the vapour permeability of fabric coatings by incorporating an analogue of the leaf stomata, which opens when the plant needs to increase moisture vapour transpiration and closes when it needs to reduce it. AkzoNobel is marketing the product under the trade name of Stomatex. This is a closed-foam insulating material made from neoprene incorporating a series of convex domes vented (©Outlast Technologies LLC) (Figure 2). These domes mimic the transpiration process that takes place within a leaf, supplying the controlled release of water vapour to provide comfortable wear characteristics (Figure 3). Stomatex is claimed to respond to the level of activity by pumping faster as more heat is produced, returning to a more passive state when the wearer is at rest. Stomatex is used in conjunction with Sympatex [22-24].

Moisture Permeability-Adaptive Fabric

A new type of intelligent fabric with thermal and humidity managing ability was developed by combining with thermo- responsive polymers. When the ambient temperature is high, the formerly swollen polymer films on the fabric surface will switch to the collapsed state. Thus numerous pores form in the thermo-responsive polymer films, leading to the increased flushing of water and heat exchange (Figure 4). Conversely, the water flow is blocked by the “off” state of the pores due to the swelling of the hydrogels. Usually, the water permeability is corresponding to the heat storage and loss. Therefore, the temperature-sensitive polymers on the textile are regarded as moisture and thermo-controlling system, which can be used to make high-performance apparel such as anti-soaking diving suits. Comparing to the conventional wet suit, it can protect the divers from cold hazards and keep warm in cold water [25].

Characterization of thermo-responsibility

Wettability: Contact angle is the angle of liquid/vapor interface on a solid surface. Wettability of surfaces is influenced by two key parameters: the surface chemistry and roughness. The former one was characterized as an important indicator for the success of functionalization. With increasing temperature the contact angle of surface modified by polymers will have a sudden increase. On a smooth surface, the water Contact Angle (CA) increased about thirty degrees. This phenomenon can be explained by the switch between inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding.

Water uptake

The specific volume change of thermo-responsive textiles is expected to control the water uptake. Thus, the liquid management ability is correlated to capability of responding to temperature signals. The relationship can be revealed by studying the swelling/de-swelling or hydration/dehydration kinetics [26].

Air/Moisture permeability

Moisture permeability is an important criterion to evaluate the thermo responsiveness capability. For thermo-responsive textiles, the moisture permeability is not present continuously, but it could be activated “on demand” by sensing the temperature change in the local environment. When the temperature is high, the smart fabric displays as normal cloth with open interspaces having good air and moisture permeability. As temperature falls, interspaces are sealed to resist moisture transmission. Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) measurements can be performed according to the standard UNI 4818-26 or ASTM E96- 80 [27].

Fabric Performance Evaluation

Since the thermo-responsive polymer functionalized fabric is aimed as consumer product, the characteristics of the material in production and use, such as comfort, safety, durability, and mechanical strength, are of vital importance.

Softness/Stiffness

The stiffness is defined as the ability to resist the bending of fabric. And the softness is used to evaluate the opposite characteristics, which is one of the most important properties of fabric. The evaluation of fabric hand can be also guided by AATCC protocols [28,29].

Conclusion

High performance characteristics of apparel are achieved by using innovative technologies. Apart from improving different product properties, innovative technologies incorporate new functionalities with high importance for consumers, with the ultimate goal of improving comfort, increasing protection, and enhancing performance in human activities. To reach these goals, innovative fibres and fabrics, including high-performance and high-functional fibres, smart and intelligent textiles, and coated & laminated textiles have to be used. Consumers will pay more for garments with both functional performance and style appeal, facilitating to gain considerable competitive advantage in their field. The future approach will be focused on fulfilling multifunctional requirements including friction reduction, high strength, elastic recovery, lightness, wind and water resistance and wear comfort along with other characteristics depending on the climatic conditions and physical activity, to develop enhanced performance products.

Conflict of Interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.

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Global Pallet Pooling (Rental) Market,Industry Analysis and Opportunity Assessment, 2017-2027

The global pallet pooling (rental) market is estimated to be valued at nearly US$ 720 Mn by 2017 end and is projected to be valued at nearly US$ 1,400 Mn by 2027 end. Exhibiting a CAGR of 6.6% over the forecast period, the global pallet pooling (rental) market is driven by stringent government regulations related to hygiene issues in pharmaceuticals, demand for high durable pallets, and a simple rental system. The market is estimated to create an incremental dollar opportunity of nearly US$ 700 Mn between 2017 and 2027.

Request For Sample Report : http://www.mrrse.com/sample/3231 Reduction in product damage due to regular pallet repairs and quality checks aids the development of the global pallet pooling (rental) market The main point of attraction of companies that purchase plastic pallets is the reduction in the costs associated with the repair, maintenance and storage of pallets. Rental companies, therefore, eliminate these costs by providing regular quality checks on a monthly, quarterly or an annual basis to avoid any damage to pallets. Due to the renting of pallets, the costs are curtailed by eliminating pallet procurement and disposal programmes to manage inventory. As plastic pallets are more durable than wooden pallets, their market is showing a promising growth Plastic pallets have a long life span of around 10-12 years and don’t shrink, warp or splinter. In addition, they are capable of working efficiently in-house. Also, another major advantage of using plastic pallets is that unlike wooden pallets, plastic pallets don’t incorporate nails, screws, or fasteners, which can possibly protrude, come-off, or loosen to cause damage to stock or injuries to the personnel handling them. In addition, plastic pallets exhibit resistance to different chemicals, resulting in increased reusability and reliability. Due to these factors, various end-use industries such as food and beverage, electronics, FMCG, and others find plastic pallets more durable and hence more attractive than wooden pallets, which is aiding growth of the plastic pallets market. As the cost of wooden pallets is low compared to that of plastic pallets, it acts as a restraint to the growth of the plastic pallet market The cost of wooden pallets is low as compared to that of plastic pallets, which is expected to hamper the plastic pallets rental market. The high cost of plastic pallets is associated with the three types of moulding processes used during their manufacturing; namely injection moulding, blow moulding and rotation moulding. Injection and blow moulding are commonly used processes for bulk orders and for the faster production of pallets. Due to this high cost of moulding and size limitations, the market for rental plastic pallets is hampered.

Browse Full Report With TOC : http://www.mrrse.com/pallet-pooling-market

The drawback that plastic pallets are strongly affected by a change in climatic conditions is also hampering the growth of the plastic pallet rental market Plastic pallets are unable to perform under changing climatic conditions; which is not the case with wooden pallets. Plastic pallets become brittle in cold conditions, soft in hot conditions, and when exposed to direct sun rays, they lose oil and become brittle. Such drawbacks are not experienced with wooden pallets – a main reason why they are preferred for export applications. Demand for pallets that meet hygiene requirements and offer mechanical performance is an upcoming trend Various end-use industries such as food and beverage, FMCG, and pharmaceuticals look for hygienic, washable, and insect-free pallets due to various sanitary issues. Wooden pallets are unable to comply with these industry requirements, due to which the demand for plastic pallets is expected to grow. Plastic pallets are also easy to clean and dry, as they have a smooth and closed surface that eliminates cavities and doesn’t allow dirt from accumulating. Global Pallet Pooling (Rental) Market Attractiveness Analysis by Product Type All the three kinds of pallets have demonstrated their importance in various industries. For instance, nestable pallets are considered best for the shop floor, as they are cheap as compared to the other pallet types. Stackable pallets are considered best for in-house transportation, as they are more expensive than nestable pallets. Rackable pallets are relatively expensive as compared to the other types, and provide high quality and strength to end-user industries. The nestable segment is expected to be an attractive segment in terms of market share and is expected to create a slightly high incremental opportunity as compared to the rackable segment.

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