#Potassium Hydroxide Solution

[shaktichemicals]

Shakti Chemicals - Manufacturer and Exporter of Oil Drilling, Food Grade & Commercial Chemicals

Shakti Chemicals is a company based in Vadodara, Gujarat, India that specializes in the manufacturing and exporting of various chemical products such as:

Ammonium Bisulphite 70% Solution

Ammonium Bisulphite Catalyst

Potassium Hydroxide Solution

Potassium Sulphite (K2SO3)

Potassium Bisulphite (KHSO3)

Ammonium Bisulphite 70% Solution is a clear, colorless liquid that is commonly used in the food industry as a preservative and antioxidant. It can also be used in the production of various chemicals, such as sodium metabisulphite and ammonium thiosulfate.

Potassium Hydroxide Solution is a strong alkali that is commonly used in the production of various chemicals such as detergents, fertilizers, and pharmaceuticals. It is also used in the production of biodiesel.

Potassium Sulphite (K2SO3) and Potassium Bisulphite (KHSO3) are both used as preservatives in the food industry to prevent the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms. They are also used in the production of photographic chemicals, dyes, and pharmaceuticals.

Shakti Chemicals also specializes in the production of Oxygen Scavenger chemicals. Oxygen Scavengers are used in various industries to prevent corrosion and extend the shelf life of products by reducing the amount of oxygen present in a given environment.

Shakti Chemicals offers a range of Oxygen Scavenger products designed to meet the specific needs of different industries. Their products are used in industries such as oil and gas, food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, and water treatment.

The company is committed to providing high-quality products that meet or exceed industry standards. They use advanced manufacturing processes and rigorous quality control measures to ensure that their products are of the highest quality.

Shakti Chemicals also offers excellent customer service and technical support. They work closely with their clients to understand their needs and provide customized solutions to meet their specific requirements. The company has a strong reputation for reliability, quality, and innovation, and is widely recognized as a leader in the Oxygen Scavenger industry.

Overall, Shakti Chemicals specialize in the production of a range of chemical products that have a variety of uses in different industries. To get best quote or more details to buy our chemical products call Mr. Rahul Madan Shimpi (+91-9825043369) or mail us at info@shaktichemicals.com.

[sciencesolutions]

[best-element-poll]

(the 2 most voted elements will continue onto round 2!)

More info about each element (and propaganda for the ones I like) under the cut. pleeeeeeeeease read some of them at least the one about francium

(disclaimer: these are based off short wikipedia reads and my crumbling high school chemistry knowledge. correct me if I'm wrong about anything.)

HYDROGEN: Hydrogen is the lightest element (consisting of only one proton and one electron). It is also the most abundant element in the universe, it's a gas (at room temperature) and it can explode. It's also quite representative of acids, having the (Arrhenius) definition of an acid straight up saying that it has to dissociate in water to form H+ ions. It's also quite an efficient fuel. Hydrogen is anywhere and Hydrogen is everywhere. If you like explosions, sour beverages, or acid in general, consider voting Hydrogen!

LITHIUM: Lithium, under standard conditions, is by far the least dense metal and the least dense solid element! You may primarily know him from your phone's Lithium-ion batteries. There are Lithium-based drugs used to treat mental illnesses. You can throw a block of lithium in water and it will make a really big explosion. The metal is soft and silvery. I'm running out of things to say about him. If you like batteries vote Lithium? (edit: just realised lithium is used for batteries, and batteries are connected to robotics and engineering. if you like robots and cool mechanical stuff vote lithium!)

SODIUM: You must know him from table salt. That's actually NaCl, his best known involvement. There are many more very important and very commonplace compounds that involve sodium, such as baking soda (NaHCO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (that's probably the most famous base?). It's also very important to the human body (you shouldn't eat more than 2300mg a day). If you've ever used table salt or baking soda while cooking, consider voting Sodium!

POTASSIUM: Their name was based on the word potash, which was based on an early and easy way of obtaining potassium, from putting ash in a pot, adding water, heating, and evaporating the solution. It's used in a lot of fertilisers because it's an essential plant nutrient. It's also involved in a ton of important compounds: KOH (a strong base), KNO3 (often used as salt bridges in electrochemical cells), K2CrO7 (an oxidising agent often used in organic synthesis), and K2CrO4 (I don't know what this one does). If you have ever eaten food from fertilisers consider voting Potassium!

RUBIDIUM: Rubidium compounds are sometimes used in fireworks to give them a purple color. They've also got a cool name, based on the latin rubidius, for deep red (the color of its emission spectrum). I'll be real, I don't really know much about them beyond that, but that is one cool name. Vote for Rubidium if you like cool names.

CAESIUM: Caesium is used in the definition for a second, meaning that an entire SI unit is based on it! A second can be defined as "the duration of 9,192,631,770 cycles of microwave light absorbed or emitted by the hyperfine transition of caesium-133 atoms in their ground state undisturbed by external fields". It was also discovered from mineral water. Did you know that they had to use 44000 liters of water to find her? If you've ever experienced time or had a conception of it in terms of units, consider voting Caesium!!!

FRANCIUM!!!: Caesium... TWO! It's sad that no one will probably read this far but this is my favourite element in this poll. This element is characterised by instability. Her longest half-life is 22 minutes. Her entire existence was conjoint with Caesium before they discovered that she was her own element. She has never been seen. They literally never confirmed what color she is. She was born in a wet cardboard box all alone. Through the hands of different scientists, she was going to be named after Russia, Virginia, or Moldavia at different points in time. At one point the name catium was proposed (for "cation", since she was believed to be the most electropositive cation), but was rejected because it sounded like a cat element. Which is so fucking sad. We could've had cat element but we ended up with France element. That's right she's also named after France. Just tragic fascinating existence overall. Also isn't it just insane that her half-life is only 22 minutes? Dude, you don't get it, the most of her that's ever existed in one place is a mere 300000 atoms. She's here and she's gone. What the hell.

The charm of Francium can be summarised by the wise words of my good friend Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart:

[tauforged]

i do find it incredibly funny how i’m the only person in my entire department with absolutely zero chemistry background or lab experience. my supervisor has a phd my coworker is fresh outta college after majoring in environmental chemistry and volunteering with half the organizations we REPORT to and meanwhile i’m just some art school dropout with four years experience working at petco under his belt who just happens to be so insanely autistic about water quality and aquatic animal care that they hired me anyway and are just letting me learn as i go. it rocks. my supervisor asks me how i would do the math to determine how much potassium hydroxide i need to weigh out to make 100mls of 8 normal solution and i have to admit to her that i have no idea what she’s talking about and instead of getting mad at me or frustrated she just shows me where to find the information i need and lets me figure it out and then once she’s sure i know what i’m doing to a level where i’m not going to blow anything up she sets me loose in the lab to apply my newfound knowledge . and i’m getting PAID to do this shit

[nevermore117]

figured I might talk a little about how I've been making soap so yall can judge my dirty ass workstation

I'm making a new batch this evening so it seems like a good way to show everything from the top. This is a long post, I just like sharing my hobbies and I think soapmaking is fucking cool ok

Part 1:

Essentially, when you make soap you're mixing sodium hydroxide (or another similar base like potassium hydroxide) with water and oils and blending them up. When mixed they go through a process called saponification, during which (from my rudimentary understanding) the fatty acid tails break off from the fat structure because the hydrogen atom in the NaOH (sodium hydroxide) really wants to bond in that spot instead. The Na is an ion and breaks off from the molecule in water anyways, and it and the remaining O bond with the fatty acid tail and make a soap. Don't ask me any more please I'm not out of gen chem 2 yet.

All that means is, you take some water and some oils and some sodium hydroxide and mix it together, let it react, and you get soap. The key is the ratios of oils, water, and sodium hydroxide.

The thing is, sodium hydroxide is a strong base. Which is kind of like a strong acid in how bad it is to touch. You don't want it on your hands, you don't want it in your mouth, and jesus fucking christ it WILL blind you if you get it in your eyes. So PPE (personal protective equipment) is a must. And not just some gardening gloves either, you need proper eye and skin protection.

I have latex gloves, a long-sleeved denim shirt I got from my old job for free, and some decent protective goggles. All of this goes on before the lye is opened and doesn't come off until I'm completely done with everything. PPE isn't a joke.

Anyways. When you're making soap you need stuff like measuring bowls of course, since like I mentioned it's the ratios that matter. I measure everything by the gram with a digital scale. Silicone spatulas are also a must, I have two.

I also have an immersion blender. You COULD stir by hand, but I'm not eager to splash 10M lye around willy nilly so I got the blender. It just makes it easier and gives a better final product. I keep my tools separate from anything I would eat with bc, yknow,

, so no smoothies for this bad boy. Not pictured are plain spoons for adding stuff to the measuring bowls. I use glass bowls bc the lye can corrode metal.

Once I measure out an oil/butter I dump it into a big glass measuring cup. I could use a bowl but the measuring cup has a handle and I'm gonna be heating it up later.

Did you think I was done fearmongeroing about sodium hydroxide? Nope! It isn't just bad to touch, it's also bad to breathe! And it generates heat when you dilute it! That's hardly unique to lye, but it's still a little scary and cool.

The lye comes in little round pellets that I have to dissolve into a specific amount of water to get the right concentration of sodium hydroxide solution, and while that's happening it gives off vapors that SUCK to breathe. Ask me how I know. It's not "gonna kill you, call 911 asap", but it's "OWCH my LUNGS". You know if you breathed some in, it stings for a bit when you breathe in like something irritated the lining of your esophagus. Because it did.

So you have to make soap (or at least dilute your sodium hydroxide) in a well-ventilated area. Hence why I do this in my dirty ass garage instead of a nice clean kitchen. I have a big fan set up right next to my water bath (for keeping the lye cooler as I dilute it plus emergency water for washing), and I open the garage door to get that shit out. No enclosed spaces for me, please.

Now... actually making the soap look and smell nice. I have fragrance oils I add, plus I can also add stuff like soap colorant (NOT FOOD DYE), clay (like a clay mask), exfoliants, etc. I just kinda fuck around with trying new oils together. The appeal of this hobby for me is trying new things and experimenting.

I'll update more with actual in-progress photos once I'm done. I took these after cleaning all my supplies, I have some work I have to do before actually making soap bc it takes a while to measure everything out. Hopefully I'll find some time later this afternoonnnn

[mcatmemoranda]

Doing review questions.

Hyperkalemia is a known side effect of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers such as olmesartan. The risk of hyperkalemia is increased with chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, moderately severe to severe heart failure, NSAID use, and older adults. Chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide can cause hypokalemia.

In men who are diagnosed with hypogonadism with symptoms of testosterone deficiency and unequivocally and consistently low serum testosterone concentrations, further evaluation with FSH and LH levels is advised as the initial workup to distinguish between primary and secondary hypogonadism. If secondary hypogonadism is indicated by low or inappropriately normal FSH and LH levels, prolactin and serum iron levels and measurement of total iron binding capacity are recommended to determine secondary causes of hypogonadism, with possible further evaluation to include other pituitary hormone levels and MRI of the pituitary. If primary hypogonadism is found, karyotyping may be indicated for Klinefelter’s syndrome.

Daily use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution has been found to be more effective than lactulose, senna, or magnesium hydroxide in head-to-head studies. Evidence does not support the use of fiber supplements in the treatment of functional constipation. No adverse effects were reported with PEG therapy at any dosing regimen. Low-dose regimens of PEG are 0.3 g/kg/day and high-dose regimens are up to 1.0–1.5 g/kg/day. Ref: Tabbers MM, DiLorenzo C, Berger MY, et al: Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: Evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014;58(2):258-274. 2) Gordon M, MacDonald JK, Parker CE, et al: Osmotic and stimulant laxatives for the management of childhood constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;(8):CD009118. 3) Lauters R, Saguil A: Laxatives for the management of childhood constipation. Am Fam Physician 2017;96(7):433-434

Primary hyperaldosteronism should be suspected as a cause for hypertension if a patient has a spontaneously low potassium level or persistent hypertension despite the use of three or more antihypertensive medications, including a diuretic. This can be evaluated by checking a serum renin activity level and a serum aldosterone concentration and determining the aldosterone/renin ratio. Primary hyperaldosteronism typically presents with a very low serum renin activity level and an elevated serum aldosterone concentration. A 24-hour urine collection for 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) would be used to evaluate for a neuroendocrine tumor, which can present as chronic flushing and diarrhea. Cortisol levels can be checked if Cushing syndrome is suspected. Hypertension can be present in Cushing syndrome, but it is typically associated with other signs such as obesity and an elevated blood glucose level due to insulin resistance.

Psychogenic tremor is characterized by an abrupt onset, spontaneous remission, changing characteristics, and extinction with distraction. Cerebellar tremor is an intention tremor with ipsilateral involvement on the side of the lesion. Neurologic testing will reveal past-pointing on finger-to-nose testing. CT or MRI of the head is the diagnostic test of choice. Parkinsonian tremor is noted at rest, is asymmetric, and decreases with voluntary movement. Bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability are generally noted. For atypical presentations a single-photon emission CT or positron emission tomography may help with the diagnosis. One of the treatment options is carbidopa/levodopa. Patients who have essential tremor have symmetric, fine tremors that may involve the hands, wrists, head, voice, or lower extremities. This may improve with ingestion of small amounts of alcohol. There is no specific diagnostic test but the tremor is treated with propranolol or primidone. Enhanced physiologic tremor is a postural tremor of low amplitude exacerbated by medication. There is usually a history of caffeine use or anxiety.

Ref: Crawford P, Zimmerman EE: Tremor: Sorting through the differential diagnosis. Am Fam Physician 2018;97(3):180-186.

I got 100% on the first quiz! :)

[deliciousdreamcat]

Chemicalsupplier15821839875@proton.me

Dimethyl ether, carbon tetrachloride, sodium thiohydrate, pyridine, hydrogen bromide, barium hydroxide, barium sulfide, phenol, hydrochloric acid, dibromomethane, sodium hydroxide, n-butylene ether, 3-methylpyridine, bromoethane, aluminum trichloride solution, benzene, ethanethiol, octadecyl acetamide, acetonitrile, N N-diisopropylethylamine, hydrogen fluoride [anhydrous], potassium antimony tartrate, n-butylacetate, ethylene oxide, cyclohexane, potassium hydroxide, aluminum trichloride [anhydrous], 2-nitroanisole, 1, 2-dichloropropene, n-butanol, magnesium, O O ≤-diethylthiophosphoyl chloride, phenol solution, N-(phenylethyl-4-piperidine) propionamide citrate, ethyl acetate, 1,4-xylene, 2-aminopropane, isophthaloyl chloride, 2-chlorotoluene, cyclopentene, propionic acid, hydrofluoric acid, 2-butenaldehyde, 2-methylpentane, ethylamine, bromine, coal tar pitch, ethyl formate, ammonia solution [containing ammonia > 10%] 1-aminohydrin, 4-ethoxyphenylamine, diisopropylamine, sodium ethanolate, nitrifying asphalt, hydrazide hydrate [containing hydrazide ≤ 64%], dimethyl sulfate, acetic acid [content > 80%], acetaldehyde, 2-butylketone, aluminum borohydrate, phenylethanolnitrile, 2-chlorobenzoyl chloride, sodium hypochlorite solution [containing available chlorine > 5%], 2-aminophenol, chloroplatinic acid, barium chloride, tert-butylbenzene, tribromide, methyl sulfide, Diphosphate pentasulfide, diethylamine, chlorobenzene, n-butylbenzene, 1,3-xylene, hydrogen peroxide solution [content > 8%], terephthaloyl chloride, red phosphorus, tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide, methanol, propionaldehyde, 2-methoxyphenylamine, bleach powder, triethyl propropionate, 1-bromobutene, cyclohexanone, di-(tert-butylperoxy) phthalate [paste Content ≤ 52%], tetrahydrofuran, trichloroethylene, magnesium aluminum powder, formic acid, sodium ethanol ethanol solution, isopropyl ether, acetic acid solution [10% < content ≤ 80%], 2-methyl-1-propanol, diethyl carbonate, sodium aluminum hydroxide, 2-methylpyridine, n-butylamine, toluene, thiourea, magnesium alloy [flake, banded or striped Containing magnesium > 50%], methyl benzoate, hydrobromide, 4-methylpyridine, iodine monochloride, sodium sulfide, 3-bromo-1-propene, 2-propanol, potassium borohydroxide, triethylamine, ammonia, 4-nitro-2-aminophenol, 1, 2-epichlorohydrin, 1-propanol, cyclopentane chloride, n-propyl acetate, bromoacetic acid, zinc chloride solution, trichloromethane, 1-bromopropane, monoamine [anhydrous], perchloric anhydride acetic anhydride solution, 1-bromopropane Potassium hydroxide solution [content ≥ 30%], boric acid, sodium borohydrate, hydroacetic acid bromide solution, acrylic acid [stable], cyclopentane chloride, ammonium hydrogen sulfate, calcium hydroxide, 2-ethoxyaniline, dimethyl carbonate, sodium nitroso, monomethylamine solution, zinc chloride, hydrogen sulfide, trimethyl acetate, iodine trichloride, nitric acid, sodium hydroxide solution [content ≥ 30%], trimethyl orthoformate, hydrogen chloride [anhydrous], 4-methoxyaniline, sulfur, succinile, acetic anhydride, dipropylamine, methyl acetate, isopropylbenzene, propionyl chloride, ethyl formate, phosphorus pentoxide, formaldehyde solution, nitrogen trifluoride, acetone, ethanol [anhydrous], white phosphorus, 1, 2-xylene, 1, 3-dichloropropene, 1, 1, 1-dichloroethane, N N-diethylethanolamine, sulfuric acid, N, N-dimethyl formamide, methyl mercaptan, 4-chlorotoluene, 1, 2-dichloroethane, dichloromethane, succinyl chloride, 2, 3-dichloropropene, xylene isomer mixture, tartrate nicotine, cyclopentane, petroleum ether, bromocyclopentane Potassium perchlorate, potassium chlorate, aluminum powder, chromic acid, iron chloride, lead nitrate, magnesium powder, nickel chloride, nickel sulfate, perchloroethylene, phosphate, potassium dichromate, sodium dichromate, zinc nitrate

[villainessbian]

for reference of why no one in their right mind would drink Fehling's solution, it has a pH of around 13. That's like 10~15% bleack. Potassium hydroxide has a pKb of .5, it is reactive.

shit i’ve heard chemistry majors say

- *student in a lab coat, cutting in the cafeteria line* YOU DON’T UNDERSTAND I DON’T HAVE A LOT OF TIME MY EXPERIMENT IS GOING TO CATCH FIREEEE

- *loud pop*    student, in very calm voice: well that was painful

- lab assistant, seeing me frantically pulling on gloves: oh no. what did you do now

- professor: come on guys, don’t hate on social sciences majors… it’s not their fault they were born this way

- so i was grading your tests last night. i wanted to kill someone.

- you have five minutes until the end of class to finish the test. but i want to go outside for a smoke, so three

- *section of lab report titled “applications of compound”* i heard that a drug cartel used it to dissolve bodies, should i list that?

- “i’m synthesizing this compound in my next lab class, what kind of stuff effects the success rate and yield?” “dunno man, it depends on your karma”

- based on my recent lab assignments, i have come to the conclusion that the professor wants me to get killed

- dude, Fehling’s solution contains glucose, what if it tastes like lemonade?   *proceeds to dip finger in and lick it*   well that was a disappointment. the potassium hydroxide makes it kinda bitter.

- professor: you’ll understand this concept in your fifth year   student: sir, this is a four-year program   professor: oh, then never

[causticpellets]

Trusted Source for Potassium Hydroxide Pellets Worldwide

Atlas Pellets are proud to be a trusted source for potassium hydroxide pellets worldwide. We are delivering premium quality pellets for various industrial applications. Our potassium hydroxide pellets is perfect for uses in chemical processing, agriculture, pharmaceutical. Those pellets are manufactured with precision and strict to the highest industry standard. We can providing them superior reliability and efficiency that’s why our pellets are making them perfect choice for businesses globally.

Atlas Pellets is leading supplier in industry. We can make sure that each batch of potassium hydroxide pellets compete to the strict quality control to guarantee customer satisfaction. Our commitment to innovation and excellence has helped us build reputation for reliability and accuracy in the market. We are focusing on customer needs and we deliver product that empower industries to achieve operational success with confidence. Atlas Pellets is known for their quality you can count on no matter where you are in the world.

Discover the premium quality potassium hydroxide pellets with exceptional purity from Atlas Pellets that your trusted source worldwide. Visit Our Website today causticpellets.com to explore our product range and find reliable solution for all your industrial needs.

[avachemicals6]

POTASSIUM CITRATE

Applications -

Potassium Citrate is used as a flavoring, stabilizing agent and acidulant in food Industry.

It is also used as an alkalizing agent in the treatment of mild urinary tract infections such as cystitis.

Potassium Citrate is used as a pharmaceutical aid in veterinary practice.

It is also used in many pharmacopoeia and other preparations like potassium hydroxide solution, Cresol solution, Soap solution etc.

It works as a buffer for juices like real, R-cola etc.

[shaktichemicals]

The Versatile Powerhouse: Discover the Multifaceted Applications of Potassium Hydroxide Solution by Shakti Chemicals

Overview of Potassium Hydroxide Solution

Potassium Hydroxide Solution, also known as caustic potash, is a powerful and versatile chemical compound that has numerous applications across various industries. At Shakti Chemicals, we specialize in manufacturing high-quality Potassium Hydroxide Solution that meets the strictest industry standards. From agriculture and food processing to soap making and water treatment, Potassium Hydroxide Solution plays a vital role in a wide range of processes. In this article, we will explore the multifaceted applications of Potassium Hydroxide Solution and how Shakti Chemicals is leading the way in delivering top-notch products to meet the diverse needs of our customers.

 Industrial Applications of Potassium Hydroxide Solution

Potassium Hydroxide Solution is widely used in various industrial applications due to its exceptional chemical properties. A significant application of this substance is in the manufacturing of biodiesel. The alkali nature of Potassium Hydroxide Solution facilitates the transesterification process, allowing for the conversion of vegetable oils or animal fats into biodiesel fuel. This environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fossil fuels is gaining popularity, and Shakti Chemicals is proud to play a significant role in supporting this growing industry.

Another important industrial application of Potassium Hydroxide Solution is in the production of fertilizers. As an essential compound in the manufacturing process, Potassium Hydroxide Solution enriches the soil with potassium, promoting healthier crop growth and improving overall agricultural productivity.

Additionally, Potassium Hydroxide Solution is widely used in the production of various chemicals like detergents, soaps, and cleaning agents. Its ability to dissolve fats and oils make it an ideal ingredient in these products, ensuring effective cleaning and grease removal.

At Shakti Chemicals, we understand the critical role Potassium Hydroxide Solution plays in industrial applications. That's why we prioritize quality in every step of our manufacturing process, ensuring that our products consistently meet the stringent standards required by our customers. Whether you're looking for Potassium Hydroxide Solution for biodiesel production, fertilizer manufacturing, or chemical production, Shakti Chemicals is your reliable partner in meeting all your industrial needs.

Conclusion: The Diverse Range of Uses for Potassium Hydroxide Solution by Shakti Chemicals

In conclusion, the multifaceted applications of Potassium Hydroxide Solution make it a versatile powerhouse in various industries. However, it is crucial to handle this highly corrosive substance with caution. Wearing appropriate protective gear, storing it properly, and following disposal guidelines are essential for maintaining a safe working environment.

[downtroddendeity]

HOW 2 INVENT SOAP:

INVENT TALLOW. Get some animal fat. Chop it up, add some salt and water, and cook it for a few hours. Scoop the melted liquid fat off the top and filter it through something to get any meaty bits that might still be in there out. When it cools down, it will turn back into solid fat, and you can repeat the process as many times as you want to get more non-fat stuff out.

INVENT POTASH. Fill a container with wood ashes (hardwoods work best). Then pour in rain water. Then let it soak. After a while, collect the liquid, which will now be a horrible caustic alkali solution. If you dry this out, you'll get crystals of potassium hydroxide, but you don't really need to, because the next step is...

MELT THE TALLOW AND PUT SOME POTASH WATER IN IT. This will be stupid hot and there will visibly be chemistry happening. Stir it up good for a while while absolutely not getting it on your hands.

Congratulations, you have now invented soap. Aren't you glad you did this part before you tried the penicillin?

I can understand how "modern person thrown into the past gets by pretending to be a healer/doctor" is as surprisingly common of a trope as it is. I mean I'm fluent enough at bullshitting to be pretty sure I could pull it off to impersonate a doctor in any time pre-1800s. If I have no idea what something is or how to treat it, I could just get the opinion of the other whatever-passes-as-medical-professionals around, but if their suggestions sound like bullshit I'm not doing it. And I'll beat the shit out of anyone suggesting bloodletting or mercury. With my healing stick. I've tied little bells on it, that jingle comically with every smack.

The awesome curative powers of my healing stick come from two separate sources: Placebo, and me using it to beat anyone trying to give my patients mercury.

[sciencesolutions]

[dh5ryxhgbctgr]

Alkaline Fuel Cell Market Overview and Future Growth Pathways 2024 - 2032

The alkaline fuel cell (AFC) market represents a pivotal segment of the renewable energy landscape, providing an efficient and eco-friendly solution for power generation. With the global shift towards sustainable energy sources, alkaline fuel cells are gaining traction due to their numerous advantages, including high efficiency, low operating costs, and reduced environmental impact. This article explores the dynamics of the alkaline fuel cell market, covering its drivers, challenges, segmentation, regional insights, and future trends.

Overview of Alkaline Fuel Cells

What are Alkaline Fuel Cells?

Alkaline fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert chemical energy from hydrogen and oxygen into electricity, with water and heat as byproducts. They utilize an alkaline electrolyte, typically potassium hydroxide, which facilitates the movement of ions and enhances efficiency.

Advantages of Alkaline Fuel Cells

High Efficiency: AFCs can achieve efficiencies of up to 60%, making them highly effective for power generation.

Cost-Effectiveness: The use of non-precious metals as catalysts reduces costs compared to other fuel cell technologies.

Environmental Benefits: With only water and heat produced as byproducts, AFCs offer a clean energy solution, contributing to lower greenhouse gas emissions.

Market Dynamics

Growth Drivers

Increasing Demand for Clean Energy Solutions

Growing awareness of climate change and the need for sustainable energy sources are driving investments in alkaline fuel cell technology.

Government Initiatives and Support

Many governments are promoting the use of hydrogen as a clean energy carrier through incentives and regulatory support, which boosts the AFC market.

Technological Advancements

Innovations in fuel cell technology, including improved catalysts and materials, are enhancing the performance and reducing the costs of AFCs.

Challenges

Competition from Other Fuel Cell Technologies

The alkaline fuel cell market faces competition from other types of fuel cells, such as proton exchange membrane (PEM) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), which may offer better performance in certain applications.

Hydrogen Production and Infrastructure

The need for a reliable hydrogen supply chain and infrastructure remains a significant barrier to widespread adoption of alkaline fuel cells.

Temperature Sensitivity

AFCs are sensitive to temperature fluctuations, which can affect their performance and efficiency.

Market Segmentation

By Application

Transportation

AFCs are increasingly being used in fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) and public transportation systems.

Stationary Power Generation

Applications include backup power systems, grid support, and off-grid power solutions.

Portable Power

Used in portable electronic devices, AFCs provide a lightweight and efficient power source.

By Region

North America

Europe

Asia-Pacific

Middle East & Africa

Latin America

Regional Analysis

North America

North America is a significant player in the alkaline fuel cell market, driven by advancements in hydrogen production technologies and supportive government policies. The region is home to various research initiatives focused on improving fuel cell technologies.

Europe

Europe is at the forefront of the hydrogen economy, with several countries investing in alkaline fuel cell research and development. The European Union's commitment to reducing carbon emissions is propelling the demand for AFCs in both transportation and stationary applications.

Asia-Pacific

The Asia-Pacific region, particularly countries like Japan and South Korea, is witnessing rapid growth in the alkaline fuel cell market. Investments in hydrogen infrastructure and government initiatives aimed at promoting clean energy technologies are driving market expansion.

Middle East & Africa

The Middle East and Africa hold potential for the alkaline fuel cell market due to their abundant hydrogen resources and growing interest in renewable energy solutions. Governments in the region are increasingly recognizing the importance of diversifying their energy sources.

Future Trends

Innovations in Hydrogen Production

The development of cost-effective and sustainable hydrogen production methods, such as electrolysis powered by renewable energy, will significantly enhance the viability of alkaline fuel cells.

Integration with Renewable Energy Sources

Alkaline fuel cells are likely to be integrated with renewable energy systems, providing a stable and efficient energy solution that can balance intermittent energy sources like solar and wind.

Advancements in Materials and Technology

Ongoing research into advanced materials and catalysts will further improve the performance and longevity of alkaline fuel cells, making them more competitive in the energy market.

Conclusion

The alkaline fuel cell market is poised for significant growth as the world shifts towards sustainable energy solutions. With their high efficiency, low environmental impact, and government support, alkaline fuel cells are becoming an increasingly viable option for various applications, from transportation to stationary power generation. While challenges remain, innovations in technology and infrastructure development will likely propel the market forward, solidifying alkaline fuel cells as a key player in the future energy landscape.

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[tauforged]

had a good day at work today btw. supervisor taught us how to make a potassium hydroxide solution 😀 and we got to do bleach titrations again which was sooo fun it’s probably the coolest chemical reaction we get to do (i am partial to the calcium and alkalinity titrations too though. the transition is much more gradual yeah but they make such pretty shades of pink and blue and purple)

[helen0086]

Study on Acid Value Determination Method for Coenzyme Q10 Soft Capsules in Healthy Care Foods

With the improvement of living standard, people pay more attention to improve their immunity by consuming health products [1-2]. Coenzyme Q10 is one of the important coenzymes in human body, which has the effects of improving human immunity [3-4], scavenging free radicals [5-6], lowering blood pressure [7], and antioxidant [8-9], and has a good effect in preventing and assisting in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases [10-11], diabetes [12-13], tumors, and other chronic diseases [14-15], so the softgel capsules of coenzyme Q10 are widely used in health products. Therefore, Coenzyme Q10 softgels are widely used in health food products, and acid price is an important indicator of the quality of oil products in health food [16-18].

Acid value is a measure of the number of free carboxylic acid groups in a mixture, which is expressed as the milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free fatty acids in 1 g of fat[19-20] . If the acid value is too high, it will lead to gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhea and liver damage [21-22]; the smaller the acid value is, the better the quality of oils and fats [23-24] and the higher the nutritive value, therefore, acid value is often used to measure the quality of oils and fats [25-26].

At present, there is no standard for the acidity testing of softgel capsules of Coenzyme Q10 in health food, and the testing methods adopted are mostly GB 5009.229 "Determination of Acidity in Foods, National Standard for Food Safety" [27]. In addition, in order to ensure the level of food testing, it is necessary to analyze the uncertainty of the testing method. Measurement uncertainty is the basis for judging the measurement results and an indicator for assessing the level of measurement, and it is used as a means to improve the level of quality evaluation and quality control, providing support for the future testing of health food [28-29].

Due to the special nature of the contents of Coenzyme Q10 softgel capsules in health food, when the room temperature is high, the contents are in liquid state, and when the room temperature is low, the contents are in solidified state. Therefore, the study was conducted to optimize the sample pretreatment, so that the contents can be completely dissolved by the mixed solution into a clarified oil sample at room temperature or low temperature, and the acid value test can be carried out by phenolphthalein indicator titration and cold solvent automatic potentiometric titration. It is convenient to use phenolphthalein indicator titration and cold solvent automatic potentiometric titration for acid price determination. In addition, the phenolphthalein indicator titration method is less costly than the automatic potentiometric titration method, simpler in operation, more accurate, and more suitable for lighter-colored oil and grease specimens, which can be used as a reference for laboratories and testing institutes to conduct the acid value testing of softgel capsules of health food products.

1.Materials and Methods

1.1 Instruments and Reagents

Instruments: Automatic Potentiometric Titrator Model G20S, Electrode (DG-i116-Solvent), Analytical Balance Model ME204/02, Constant Temperature Water Bath Model HH-M4.

Reagents: anhydrous ether (content ≥99.5%), isopropyl alcohol (content ≥99.7%), sodium hydroxide (content ≥96.0%), anhydrous ethanol (content ≥99.7%).

1.2 Test Methods

1.2.1Pre-Test Preparation

Pre-treatment of oil samples: Take Coenzyme Q10 softgel capsules, squeeze the contents into a 250 mL conical flask and place it in a 50 ℃ water bath to melt the contents into a liquid state.

Prepare a neutral ether/isopropanol (1/1, V/V) mixture in a stoppered reagent bottle and place in a water bath at 30 °C to keep the mixture slightly warm.

1.2.2 Test Methods

Refer to GB 5009.229 "National Standard for Food Safety: Determination of Acid Price in Food".

1.2.3 Calculation formulae

Where: X-acid price , mg/g;

V-volume of standard titrant consumed , mL;

V0 - Blank consumption of standard titrant volume , mL;

C- Concentration of the titration solution , mol/L;

m - weighed amount of test material for titration , g.

2. Results and Analysis

2.1 Detection Method Results

2.1.1 Phenolphthalein Indicator Titration Method

The method was tested according to the first method of GB 5009.229 after pre-treatment of the samples, and the acid price was measured to be 1.031 1 mg/g with an RSD of 0.45% after 6 parallel tests.

The results of the phenolphthalein indicator titration test are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Phenolphthalein indicator titration test results

2.1.2 Automated Potentiometric Titration with Cold Solvents

The method was tested according to the second method of GB 5009.229 after pre-treatment of the samples, and the acid price was measured to be 1.029 8 mg/g with an RSD of 0.42% after 6 parallel tests.

The results of the cold solvent automated potentiometric titration test are shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Results of cold solvent automated potentiometric titration tests

2.1.3Hot Ethanol Indicator Titrations

The method was carried out by automatic potentiometric titration with 6 parallel measurements. The acid price was 1.132 6 mg/g with RSD of 0.45%.

The results of the hot ethanol indicator titration test are shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Results of the hot ethanol indicator titration method

When the contents were in solid state at the low temperature in the room, the contents and the ether/isopropanol mixture were placed in a water bath and tested by the first and second methods of GB 5009.229 and compared with the third method of GB 5009.229. As shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3, there was no significant difference in the results of acidity testing among the three methods, which indicates that the optimized pretreatment method did not affect the acidity testing, and the measurement results were closer to the real values. It can be seen from Tables 1, 2 and 3 that there is no significant difference between the results of the three methods, which indicates that the optimized pretreatment method does not affect the determination of the acid price of Coenzyme Q10 softgel capsules, and the results of the measurement are closer to the real value of the test results.

The determination of acidity in softgel capsules of Coenzyme Q10 for health food is a difficult task, and the use of different methods at different temperatures may lead to bias in the acidity test results. It has been shown that cold solvent auto-potentiometric titration can effectively avoid color interference and is suitable for samples with darker colors.

In addition, the results are more accurate, but the method is laboratory intensive[23] , the potentiometric titration is slower than manual titration with an indicator, and the results are affected by the longer duration of the titration process. When an automatic potentiometric titrator is not available, hot ethanol indicator titrations and cold solvent indicator titrations can be used, but hot ethanol indicator titrations are only suitable for solid oils and fats samples and, as shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3, the hot ethanol indicator titration consumes more titration volume.

In the above analysis, the use of phenolphthalein indicator titration method is simpler and more convenient, not only to improve the test efficiency, save reagents, but also extend the life of the equipment, and the method is more suitable for lighter-colored oil and grease samples, and is more suitable for the daily testing in the laboratory.

2.2 Uncertainty Evaluation

2.2.1 Sources and Analysis of Uncertainty

The uncertainties arising from the tests were evaluated using the Class A method. The uncertainty is due to the standard deviation of the repeatability of a single determination, u(1), as a result of repetitive testing.

Uncertainties due to systematic effects are evaluated using a Type B method, including uncertainty u(2) due to weighing of the sample, uncertainty u(3) due to the 50 mL brown buret, uncertainty u(4) due to the concentration of the sodium hydroxide standard titrant, and uncertainty u(5) due to the molar mass of sodium hydroxide.

2.2.2 Evaluation of Uncertainties

The uncertainty component urel(1) introduced by the repeatability of the acid price measurement results. The uncertainty introduced by the repeatability of the measurements can be evaluated by the Class A evaluation method using the measurement columns obtained from successive measurements. The measurements were repeated 6 times and the results are shown in Table 1. The average mass of the sample was 10.138 5 g, the average acid price was 1.031 1 mg/g, the standard deviation was 0.004 6 mg/g, and the relative standard deviation was 0.004 5. The relative uncertainty introduced by the reproducibility of the acid price measurement of the samples was urel(1) 0.004 5.

The uncertainty component urel (2) was introduced by weighing the sample. The average mass of the weighed samples is 10.138 5 g. Combined with the maximum permissible deviation of the analytical balance, the maximum permissible error of the analytical balance is ± 0.5 mg for 0 ≤ M ≤ 50 g. Considering a uniform distribution, k = √ 3, then  0.5 = 0.289 mg. 2 weighings (tare, gross mass) combined not √ 3

Determination u(2) = √0.000 2892 + 0.000 2892 = 0.000 409 g.

urel(2) = = 0.000 04.

u(3) = √0.028 92 +0.000 682 +0.052   =0.057 8.

Uncertainty u (4) for the standard titrant of sodium hydroxide. The standard solution of sodium hydroxide was purchased directly, and the extended uncertainty urel=0.3% was obtained from the certificate of identity of the standard substance, with 95% confidence probability, and the concentration was 0.100 1 mol/L. Assuming a normal distribution, the table shows that Kp=1.960, so the relative standard uncertainty urel(4) =0.001 53.

The uncertainty u (5) arises from the molar mass of potassium hydroxide. The atomic weights and uncertainties of the elements in potassium hydroxide from the latest edition of the IUPAC table of atomic weights are given in Table 4. For each element, the standard uncertainty is calculated as a rectangular distribution of the uncertainties listed by IUPAC with extreme deviations.

The atomic weights and uncertainties of the elements of potassium hydroxide are shown in Table 4. Table 4 Atomic weights and uncertainties of the elements of potassium hydroxide.

2.2.3 Calculation of Synthetic Standard Uncertainty

The components affecting the results are independent of each other, and the relative synthetic uncertainty is:

urelC= √0.004 52+0.000 042+0.031 12+0.001 532 =3.15%.

Extended uncertainty: take the inclusion factor k = 2, then the extended uncertainty Urel = 3.15% × 2 = 6.30%.

2.2.4 Measurement Extended Uncertainty Report

The acid value in Coenzyme Q10 softgels was determined by manual titration with a measurement uncertainty of Urel=6.30%, k=2 for a value of 1.031 1 mg/g. The value of 1.031 1 mg/g was determined by manual titration with a measurement uncertainty of Urel=6.30%, k=2.

3.Conclusion

Due to the complex composition of health food products, there are various interferences, and the appropriate sample pretreatment and detection method are the key factors affecting the determination of acid price. According to the characteristics of the contents of Coenzyme Q10 softgel capsules in health food, the sample pretreatment was optimized, and the contents could be dissolved by the mixed solution to form a clarified oil sample at room temperature or low temperature. In this way, both phenolphthalein indicator titration and cold solvent auto-potentiometric titration could be used to determine the acid price. The standard deviation of the phenolphthalein indicator titration was 0.004 6 mg/g, the relative standard deviation was 0.45% and the extended uncertainty was 6.30%. The results showed that the determination of acid price by phenolphthalein indicator titration is a feasible method, which is simple, reproducible, accurate and suitable for light-colored edible oils and fats samples, and can quickly determine the acid price of Coenzyme Q10 softgel capsules in health food products without the need of special instruments, which lays a foundation for the determination of acid price of similar products in the future.

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