#Polymer-drug Conjugates

[colinwilson11]

Non-Viral Transfection Reagents - A Safer Alternative For Gene Delivery

One of the earliest and simplest methods of non-viral transfection is through physical disruption of the cell membrane. Physical transfection methods such as electroporation apply an electric pulse to cells, causing the formation of temporary pores in the membrane through which nucleic acids can pass into the cell. Electroporation is a cost-effective technique that is widely used in research and industrial applications. However, it can be relatively toxic to cells and has low transfection efficiency compared to viral and other chemical methods. A related physical approach is particle bombardment or biolistics, which uses a gene "gun" to literally fire DNA-coated microscopic gold or tungsten particles into cells. While effective in some cell types, biolistics can damage cells and has limitations in scale-up for therapeutic use.

Cationic Lipid And Polymer-Based Transfection Agents

More advanced non-viral vectors take advantage of the natural ability of cationic lipids and polymers to condense and complex with negatively charged nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. When cationic molecules bind to nucleic acids, they form nano-sized particles called lipoplexes or polyplexes that are able to fuse with and enter cells. Some of the most popular cationic lipids used in research and therapies include DOTMA, DDAB, and DOTAP. Common cationic polymers used include polyethyleneimine (PEI) and poly-L-lysine. These cationic complexes protect nucleic acids from degradation while facilitating cellular uptake primarily through endocytosis. Cationic lipid- and polymer-based agents provide reasonable transfection efficiencies and scalability while displaying lower cytotoxicity compared to viral vectors. Continuous improvements aim to enhance transfection rates and reduce toxicity further.

Dendrimers And Other Nanoparticle Carriers

More engineered nanoparticles are also being explored as Non-Viral Transfection Reagents. Dendrimers are synthetic, nanoscale macromolecules with a highly branched treelike structure and numerous chemical functionalities on their surface. Their architecture makes them ideal for uniformly encapsulating drugs or genes. Positively charged dendrimers readily complex with nucleic acids through electrostatic interactions. Early generations showed some cytotoxic effects, but newer designs demonstrate efficient gene transfer capabilities comparable to viral vectors with significantly reduced toxicity. Gold nanoparticles, silica nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes and other inorganic nanomaterials are also being investigated as platforms for nucleic acid delivery. Surface functionalization allows conjugation of targeting ligands to facilitate cellular internalization. These novel carrier systems offer intriguing prospects as safer, targeted gene therapy vectors.

Cell-Penetrating Peptides (CPPs)

Cell-penetrating peptides represent another class of non-viral transfection agent. These are short, cationic peptide sequences often derived from naturally occurring proteins that are taken up efficiently by many cell types. A widely used CPP is TAT (trans-activating transcriptional activator) peptide from HIV-1. Others include penetratin and transportan. In combination with nucleic acids, CPPs are believed to traverse the plasma membrane and endosomal barriers, enabling direct cytoplasmic and nuclear delivery. CPP conjugation can significantly boost transfection compared to transfection reagents alone, while avoiding safety issues linked to viral or non-biodegradable carriers. CPPs face technical hurdles like aggregation and off-target effects that require addressing, but they offer a promising biocompatible approach. Further advances may yield CPP vectors effective enough for clinical gene therapy.

Combination Strategies And In Vivo Applications

Given the benefits and limitations of individual classes of Non-Viral Transfection Reagents, combination approaches hold promise to maximize desirable properties. For instance, cationic lipids or polymers can condense genes into nanoparticles for protection and increased cellular association, while CPPs or targeting ligands incorporated at the surface facilitate internalization and destination. Sequential layer-by-layer assembly enables tailoring of vector components for optimized transfection profiles in different cell types and disease contexts. Non-viral vectors also continue enhancing for in vivo gene delivery applications. These include functionalization with PEG to evade immune detection and cell-specific targeting with antibodies or other moieties.Successful non-viral gene therapy demonstrations in animal models have been reported for conditions like cancer, pulmonary disease, cardiovascular defects and CNS disorders. Well-designed combination systems may one day achieve viral-level gene transfer efficiencies needed for widespread clinical gene therapy with improved safety.

Get more insights on this topic: https://www.trendingwebwire.com/non-viral-transfection-reagents-alternative-methods-for-efficiently-introducing-nucleic-acids-into-cells/

Author Bio

Vaagisha brings over three years of expertise as a content editor in the market research domain. Originally a creative writer, she discovered her passion for editing, combining her flair for writing with a meticulous eye for detail. Her ability to craft and refine compelling content makes her an invaluable asset in delivering polished and engaging write-ups. (LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/vaagisha-singh-8080b91)

*Note: 1. Source: Coherent Market Insights, Public sources, Desk research 2. We have leveraged AI tools to mine information and compile it

[troskal]

Why Gold Particles Are Essential in Modern Scientific Research

Gold particles have become increasingly important in scientific research due to their unique optical, electronic, and molecular properties. With sizes ranging from 2 to 100 nanometers, these particles have found applications across various fields, including medicine, electronics, and chemistry. In this blog post, we will explore the significance of gold particles in modern scientific research and how they are revolutionizing the way we approach various scientific challenges.

The Unique Properties of Gold Nanoparticles

Gold particles possess several characteristics that make them invaluable in scientific research:

Optical Properties: Gold particles exhibit a strong interaction with light, known as surface plasmon resonance (SPR). This phenomenon occurs when light illuminates the particles, causing the conduction electrons on the surface of the gold to resonate with the changing electric field of the light. The resonance leads to the absorption and scattering of light, resulting in a characteristic vibrant colour that depends on the particle's size and shape. This property is exploited in various applications, such as biosensors and imaging agents.

High Surface-to-Volume Ratio: Nanoparticles have a significantly higher surface area compared to their volume. This property enables them to interact more efficiently with their surroundings, making them highly effective as catalysts and in applications where surface reactions are critical, such as drug delivery and biomedical sensing.

Chemical Stability: Gold is chemically inert and resistant to oxidation, corrosion, and reaction with biological molecules. This stability ensures that gold nanoparticles remain intact and functional in various environments, including inside the human body, making them ideal for medical applications.

Biocompatibility: Gold nanoparticles are generally considered biocompatible, meaning they can interact with biological systems without causing harmful effects. This property is essential for their use in medical diagnostics, drug delivery, and biomedical research.

Easy Functionalization: The surface of gold nanoparticles can be easily modified with various molecules, such as polymers, proteins, or antibodies. This functionalization allows for specific targeting, enhanced solubility, and improved stability, making them versatile tools in a range of applications.

Applications in Medicine and Biotechnology

Gold particles have found numerous applications in the fields of medicine and biotechnology:

Drug Delivery: Gold particles can be used as carriers for drugs, genes, and other therapeutic agents. Their small size and functionalized surfaces allow them to bypass biological barriers and deliver their payload directly to target cells or tissues. For example, Herceptin-coated gold nanoparticles have been investigated for their potential in targeted cancer therapy, aiming to minimize side effects and improve treatment efficacy.

Medical Imaging: The optical properties of gold nanoparticles can be utilized for medical imaging techniques. They can enhance contrast and improve the detection sensitivity of techniques like computed tomography (CT) and photoacoustic imaging. Gold nanoparticles can also be designed to target specific tissues or cells, providing more accurate and detailed images for diagnosis and treatment monitoring.

Diagnostics: Gold nanoparticles are used in diagnostic tests, such as lateral flow assays, similar to home pregnancy tests. They can enhance the sensitivity and speed of detection for various biomarkers, including hormones, proteins, and nucleic acids. For example, gold nanoparticles conjugated with antibodies specific to a particular disease marker can provide a rapid and visual indication of the presence of that marker.

Photothermal Therapy: Gold nanoparticles can absorb light and convert it into heat, a property exploited in photothermal therapy for cancer treatment. When exposed to near-infrared light, the nanoparticles generate heat, leading to the destruction of cancer cells while minimising damage to surrounding healthy tissue.

Advancements in Electronics and Nanotechnology

Gold particles also play a crucial role in the advancement of electronics and nanotechnology:

Electronics: Gold's excellent electrical conductivity and stability make gold particles ideal for use in electronic devices. They can be used in the fabrication of conductive inks for printed electronics, flexible circuits, and transparent conductive films. Gold nanoparticles also find applications in memory storage devices, interconnects, and electroluminescent displays.

Nanotechnology: Gold nanoparticles are used in the development of nanomachines and nanodevices. Their unique optical and electronic properties enable applications in nanoscale optics, plasmonics (the study of plasmon-mediated phenomena), and nanoelectronics. Additionally, gold nanoparticles can be assembled into complex nanostructures, opening up possibilities for creating advanced functional materials.

Plasmonics and Photonics: The plasmonic properties of gold nanoparticles have led to their use in plasmonic devices, where they can manipulate light at the nanoscale. This includes applications in sensing, photovoltaics, and data storage. Gold nanoparticles can also enhance the transmission and modulation of light, making them valuable in photonics and optical communications.

Challenges and Future Directions

While gold nanoparticles have shown great promise in various fields, there are still challenges to be addressed. One challenge is the potential toxicity of gold nanoparticles, particularly in medical applications. Although gold is generally considered biocompatible, the behavior and effects of nanoparticles can differ from those of bulk gold. Therefore, thorough toxicity assessments and the development of safe synthesis and functionalization methods are crucial.

Furthermore, the synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles with precise control over their size, shape, and surface functionality remain active areas of research. Advancements in these areas will enable a better understanding of the structure-property relationships and the design of more effective nanoparticles for specific applications.

Conclusion

Gold particles, especially at the nanoscale, have become indispensable in modern scientific research. Their unique properties and diverse applications across multiple fields have opened up new possibilities and driven innovation. As researchers continue to explore and harness the potential of gold nanoparticles, we can expect further advancements and breakthroughs in medicine, electronics, nanotechnology, and beyond.

[axispharm]

Bioconjugation Service

Bioconjugation Service at AxisPharm

Bioconjugation is the process of linking molecules/polymers or biomolecules/biopolymers together by covalent bonds. Conjugation can enhance drug efficacy by improving pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and by reducing plasma protein binding. For instance, introducing polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polysaccharide reduces toxicity and improves solubility and stability.

AxisPharm offer our clients with affordable and high quality custom bioconjugation service that covers:

Early de-risking and optimization

Process development and optimization

Formulation development

Analytical method development

Drug substance manufacture

Drug product manufacture

Payload and linker manufacturing

Our bio conjugation service delivers affordable and high-quality custom bioconjugation service, using combinations of payloads, linkers, and conjugation methods.

Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs)

Antibody-Oligonucleotide Conjugates (AOCs)

Protein-drug Conjugation

Fluorophore Conjugation (products: fluorescent dyes)

Biotin conjugation (products: biotin peg)

Polymer–drug conjugation (products: polymer peg)

Polymer-drug-target ligand conjugation

PEGylation and cross-linking

Cysteine-based conjugation

Lysine-based conjugation

Thio-engineered antibody

Carbohydrate-based conjugation

Unnatural amino acids-based conjugation (product: amino peg)

Analytical – AxisPharm has the analytical tools and experience that are critical for this field. We are equipped with sophisticated mass spectrometers for small and large molecules to analyze and quantify protein, antibody and their conjugates. We routinely use high resolution mass spectrometer on real time analysis of drug-antibody ratio for bioconjugation synthesis, process optimization and quality control. Please click for real time analysis case study.

Synthetic Chemistry and Biology Expertise – AxisPharm has a large collection of ADC linker, such as PEG linker, Peptide Linker, Sugar Liner, Dye Probe in stock and has extensive experience in synthesis, purification and characterization of both small and large molecules to support bioconjugation R&D.

[rlavate]

Novel Drug Delivery Systems Market Forecast 2024 to 2032

Novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) are innovative approaches and technologies designed to enhance the delivery, targeting, and release of pharmaceutical compounds within the body. These systems aim to improve the efficacy, safety, and convenience of drug therapies by optimizing the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drugs. Novel drug delivery systems offer various advantages over traditional methods of drug administration, allowing for more precise control over drug release, reduced side effects, improved patient compliance, and enhanced therapeutic outcomes.

The Novel Drug Delivery Systems Market was valued at USD 264.29 Million in 2022 and is expected to register a CAGR of 1.96% by 2032.

The growing burden of chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders, creates a demand for NDDS that can provide long-lasting, sustained drug release to manage these conditions effectively.

Get a free sample PDF Brochure By Types: Liposomes PEGylated Proteins & Polypeptides Polymer Nanoparticle Protein-drug Conjugates By Applications: Hospitals & Clinic Cancer Treatment Centers By Market Vendors: Amgen Teva UCB (Union Chimique Belge) Roche Celgene Sanofi Merck Johnson & Johnson Takeda Gilead Sciences Pfizer Dr Reddy Samyang Biopharmaceuticals TOLMAR Astellas AMAG Pharmaceuticals AstraZeneca AbbVie Bausch＆Lomb TWi Pharmaceuticals Novartis Aspen Shire Breckenridge Pharmaceuticals Galen Read More

[domesticsupplies]

The Many Uses Of Peptides

Peptides consist of short polymers made up of monomers that are linked together by peptides. Peptides are differentiated from proteins by their size. They typically contain less than 50 monomer unit. Two or more amino acid molecules are joined to form a peptide. The peptide molecule is formed when the amino acid sequences do not exceed 50. Larger sequences of amino acids are called proteins. A peptide link is used to connect the amino acids. This special linkage involves the binding of the nitrogen atom from one amino acid with the carboxyl-carbon atom in another.

Every living cell contains peptides, which are biochemically active and have a wide range of functions. Peptides are found in enzymes and hormones. They can also be antibiotics or receptors. The carboxyl or C-terminus from one amino acid is coupled to the N-terminus or amino group of another amino acid.

Peptides are essential for the fundamental biochemical and physiological functions of living organisms. Since decades, the field of peptide science has grown. Recently, they have gained prominence in molecular biology for a number of reasons. First, they enable the production of antibodies by animals without having to purify their protein. It involves creating antigenic peptides from sections of the desired protein. These are used in the production of antibodies against that protein by a mouse or rabbit. The mass spectrometry process has also increased interest in peptides. This allows identification of protein of interest using peptide sequences and masses. best place to buy steroids online

Recent studies have used peptides to study protein structure and functions. Synthetic peptides, for example, can be used to probe protein-peptide interaction sites. Clinical research also uses inhibitors to study the effect of these compounds on cancer proteins, and other diseases.

The interest in peptides is growing, and so are the techniques to manufacture it. The library, for example is a new technique developed to study protein-related issues. The library is a collection of many proteins that are systematically combined with amino acids. It can be used for a number of biochemical and pharmaceutical purposes, including drug design.

Interest in peptides will likely continue to grow. In the future, clinical trials of peptides will increase, as well as their conjugation to proteins, carbohydrates and antibodies. The use of peptides as active ingredients in new drugs will also be expanded to include their "addiction" as a drug. The range of indications for which peptides are used will also grow. Commercial use of peptide-based compounds will continue. It is almost certain that peptides are going to be used more often in the treatment of obesity, metabolic syndromes, and type 2 diabetes. The use of peptides will be expanded to include the treatment of symptoms and diseases that are currently untreatable with medications.

[delicatemagazinedreamer]

Polymer-drug conjugates are well-known and are becoming increasingly popular for improving drug efficacy in therapeutic applications

Polymeric prodrug or Polymer-drug Conjugates is a well-known and rapidly increasing technology for improving drug utilisation in therapeutic applications. Polymer conjugated medications have a longer half-life, are more stable, are water soluble, have lower immunogenicity and antigenicity, and can be targeted to specific tissues or cells. 

Polymers are utilised as carriers for medicines, proteins, targeting moieties, and imaging agents in polymeric prodrugs/macromolecular prodrugs. Many medications on the market for the treatment of various diseases have already demonstrated the promise of Polymer-drug Conjugates.

Polymers employed in Polymer-drug Conjugates have particular physical and chemical qualities that allow them to pass through the kidneys and liver without being filtered out, allowing the medications to be used more efficiently. Enzymatic activity and acidity can degrade traditional polymers used in polymer-drug conjugates. Polymers are presently being created to be used in a variety of applications.

Read more @ https://digitalgrowinfo.blogspot.com/2022/02/polymer-drug-conjugates-may-improve.html

[martynnx-blog]

Polymer-drug Conjugates Market To Exhibit Ravishing Growth By 2026

Polymer-drug conjugates are nano-sized drug products currently used for treating cancer and hepatitis. Polymers are now being synthesized to be sensitive to specific enzymes that are apparent in diseased tissue. Conventional polymers are used in polymer-drug conjugates such as cellulose and chitin can be degraded through enzymatic activity and acidity. The drugs remain attached to the polymer and are not activated until the enzymes associated with the diseased tissue are present. This process significantly minimizes damage to healthy tissues. Click To Read More On Polymer-drug Conjugates Market

Ask For Sample Copy of This Business Report @ https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/insight/request-sample/2260

Market Driver

New pipeline drugs developed using polymer-drug conjugation are expected to propel growth of the polymer-drug conjugates market. For instance, in march 2016, National Cancer Institute (NCI) started undergoing phase II clinical study for CRLX101, a nanoparticle drug conjugate composed of 20(S)-Camptothecin conjugated to a linear, cyclodextrin-polyethylene glycol-based polymer, for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer and the trial is expected to complete by March 2020.

Key players operating in polymer-drug conjugates market include, Access Pharma, Abeona Therapeutics, Inc., ADAMA India Private Limited, Avadel., GlaxoSmithKline plc. JenKem Technology USA, Lipotek, Sansheng Pharmaceutical Group, Landec Corporation, and Gowan Company.

Polymer-drug Conjugates Market – Regional Analysis

On the basis of region, the global polymer-drug conjugates market is segmented into North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East, and Africa.

North America is projected to hold dominant position in the global polymer-drug conjugates market due to increase in number of clinical trials in the U.S. For instance, in January 2018, Apellis Pharmaceuticals announced to conduct phase III clinical study for APL-2 in the U.S. APL-2 is a synthetic cyclic peptide drug conjugated to a polyethylene glycol polymer for the treatment of geographic atrophy associated with age-related macular degeneration.

Furthermore, increasing research on novel Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) in Asia Pacific is expected to contribute to significant growth of the polymer drug conjugates market in the region during the forecast period. For instance, in August 2018, Osaka University, in collaboration with Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan, developed a DDS using polyethylene glycol and polylysine block copolymer, with ubenimex conjugate (PEG-b-PLys (Ube). Intravenous injection of ubenimex with these polymers in mice, found to reduce the tumor size significantly. Such results are expected to be a positive traction for growth of the market during the forecast period.

Browse Complete Report For More Information @ https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/ongoing-insight/polymer-drug-conjugates-market-2260

[poonamcmi]

Which polymer is incorporated into Dendrimers and Polymer Drugs Conjugate?

PAMAM, or poly(amidoamine), is the most well-known dendrimer. To generate the generation-0 (G-0) PAMAM, a diamine (usually ethylenediamine) is treated with methyl acrylate and subsequently with another ethylenediamine.

Dendrimers are utilised in medicine delivery for a variety of reasons.

Dendrimers and Polymer Drugs Conjugate have gotten a lot of attention in recent years because of their unusual features. Because of their uniform size, water solubility, adjustable surface functionality, and available internal cavities, they are of great relevance in drug delivery applications.

Read More @ https://medium.com/@poonamdcmi/different-classes-of-dendrimers-and-polymer-drugs-conjugates-are-currently-under-investigation-for-bc74e8f01712