#Pb3O4

[luciferscrack]

Red Lead

[alsosprachvelociraptor]

Hi @cool-kiryuin​ ! This is a very good question im super happy to answer! 

I personally love too "strange" and unknown minerals, so I'll try to make this list as complete as possible!

(it will be a LONG list under the cut. but i cant help myself!)

COLOUR/ASPECT:

Volkonskoite

formula: Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O hardness: 1 to 2 nickel-strunz classification: 9.EC.40 colours:blue-green to olive-green

Volkonskoite is a... blob of colour. It has a waxy lustre and can be very shiny! It's also very soft and can be scratched easily, but its pretty cute...

Conichalcite

formula: CaCu(AsO4)(OH) hardness: 4½ nickel-strunz classification: 8.BH.35 colour: green, VERY green

this mineral is VERY VERY GREEN. it has the most beautiful green colour and almost always form in botryoidal form (spheres). very pretty. very very pretty.

Serandite

formula: NaMn2+2Si3O8(OH) hardness: 5 to 5½ nickel-strunz classification: 9.DG.05 colour: salmon pink, peach pink, rose-red

it's a bit harder mineral than the ones before, it has a very peculiar orange-red-pink colour! it can be both transparent and opaque.

Pyrargyrite

formula: Ag3SbS3 hardness: 2½ nickel-strunz classification: 2.GA.05 colour: dark red/silver

composed of 60% by silver, its an incredible mineral! under direct light has a silver shine, but if lighted in the right way (mostly from behind or from some angles) its a beautiful dark red colour! 

Proustite is a similiar mineral, but instead of Sb there is As!

Diaboleite

formula: Pb2CuCl2(OH)4 hardness: 2½ nickel-strunz classification: 3.DB.05 colour: deep blue

kinda soft but LOOK AT THAT BLUE!

Eulytine

formula: Bi4(SiO4)3 hardness: 4½ nickel-strunz classification: 9.AD.40 colour: orange, lime, colourless

this mineral can be in two forms: ORB or pyramid! or both together at the same time.

Mcalpineite

formula: Cu3(Te6+O6) hardness: 3 nickel-strunz classification: 7.DE.55 colour: bright green

this mineral only forms in small spheres all pressed together. its cute.

FORMATION:

Triazolite

formula: NaCu2(N3C2H2)2(NH3)2Cl3·4H2O hardness: 2 nickel-strunz classification: none colour: deep blue

called like that because its one of the only two triazolate minerals (the other being chanabayaite). formation is similiar to the Shilovite (my oc) one- guano reacting tochalcopyrite. very very rare.

Similiar minerals are Joanneumite, Shilovite and Ammineite.

Minium

formula: Pb3O4 hardness: 2½ nickel-strunz classification: 4.BD.05 colour: bright orange, bright red

other to have a very cool name, it's the (violent) oxidation of lead, usually by lead mines taking fire. its INCREDIBLY heavy!

Pitticite

formula: (Fe, AsO4, H2O)? varies hardness: 2 to 3 nickel-strunz classification: none colour: yellow to red to brown

amorphous gel (just like opal). it means its very hard to break and has no cleavage (points where it can break easily) but its not really a mineral more of a "mineraloid". grows from oxidation of arsenic minerals, usually in flooded mines and hot spring waters.

COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES

Faizievite

formula: K2Na(Ca6Na)Ti4Li6[Si6O18]2[Si12O30]F2 hardness: 4 to 4½ nickel-strunz classification: 9.CM.10 colour: colourless (blue in UV light)

unique combination of elements, related to both Beryl group and Osumilite group.

Majzlanite

formula: K2Na(ZnNa)Ca(SO4)4 hardness: 2 to 3 nickel-strunz classification: none yet colour: grey with a blue hint

unique combination of elements and new structure! also one of the newest gems to be "officialized", this year in 2020!

Johnkoivulaite

formula: Cs[Be2B]Mg2Si6O18 hardness: 7½ nickel-strunz classification: none yet colour: colourless/dark blue, indigo or purple

unique combination of elements, a very new gem soon to be published (probably next year) but its most interesting property is its incredible pleochroism! (pleochroism is the property of a mineral, depending on where you watch it, it "changes" colours. NOT like alexandrite, its a different thing!) so this mineral is both colourless and dark blue (or indigo or purple depending on the gem) at the same time! it just changes the angle from where you watch it! Related to beryl.

Tlalocite

formula: Cu10Zn6(Te6+O4)2(Te4+O3)(OH)25Cl · 27H2O hardness: 1 nickel-strunz classification: 7.DE.20 colour: aqua blue

named after Tlaloc, the Aztec god of rain and water. has a high water content and its not brittle and breakable like most minerals but more gummy and sectile, not breaking in pieces but slicing if cut.

Nierite

formula: Si3N4 hardness: 9 nickel-strunz classification: 1.DB.05 colour: unknown. pure its colourless, but can be brown. 

incredibly rare mineral, found only in stardust and meteorites. very very hard. related to Diamond and Moissanite.

I hope this helped! if you need more infos, or more minerals, just ask again and i will aswer! 

[juniperpublishersmaterialscience]

Enhancement of Optical Properties of Borate Glass Doped with Vanadium Oxide

Authored by: A M A Henaish

Abstract

In this work we examine physical, structural and optical properties of borate glass via experimental and theoretical techniques. The composition of our glass samples is (50-X) B2O3 + 50 Pb3O4 + X V2O5 encoded into [BPV glass system] where x= (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5) were prepared using melt quenching method. X-ray diffraction technique confirmed the formation of BPV glass system. Characteristic absorption bands were observed in infrared spectra assigned to vibrational modes. The optical properties of the prepared samples were measured using UV-visible spectra and Photoluminescence. The optical energy band gap Eg (direct and indirect) calculated using Tauc,s equation and found that direct energy gap decreases from 2.42 ev to 2.26 ev and indirect energy gap decreases from 2.57 ev to 2.52 ev as vanadium oxide increase and that Urbach energy Eu decreased from 0.21 ev to 0.18 ev. The refractive index increased by V2O5 content increased and steepness parameter increased also. The dielectric constant (ε) and optical conductivity (σ) have the same behavior decrease by increasing vanadium oxide content. Photoluminescence shows an emission wavelength that ranges from 400 nm to 1000 nm.

Keywords: Borate glass; Vanadium oxide; XRD; FTIR; Urbach energy; Photoluminescence

Abbreviations: FTIR: Fourier Transformer Infrared; XRD: X-Ray Diffraction; UV: Ultraviolet Spectroscopy; PL: Photoluminescence; VELF: Volume Energy Loss Function; SELF: Surface Energy Loss Function

Introduction

Glasses are inorganic material come from fusion that has cooled to super cooled liquids, transparent, rigid and amorphous product. For several years the nature of glass was attracted to be studied because of their electronic and optical behavior of different types of glasses. Borate glass is a special material because of bond formation is very strong, reduces thermal expansion, increase toughness and lowering melting point temperature which help to benefits from the properties of glasses at suitable temperature that can be easy to deal with [1-3]. Some of the different borate glass applications is optical fibers and filters, communication and laser or γ-ray attenuation devices [1,4,5]. Glasses containing vanadium oxide is very important because it give the glass some of n-type semiconductor material that return to the nature of vanadium atom that has unpaired electron move between different band states e.g. V4+ and V5+ [6,7]. This behavior helps in many applications that need superconductor character like material forming cathode or in battery usage. The borate glass system we have consist of different V2O5 concentration added on account of B2O3 and constant value of Pb3O4. In lead vanadate glasses fourfold coordinated vanadium [VO4]+ and five sour coordinated vanadium[Vo5] which form various types of units [V2O7]4- and [V2O8]n zigzag chin [3,5]. In general, the B2O3 is good glass formed and found in two ways of boron reported three coordinated boron [BO3] and four coordinated boron [BO4], the three coordinated boron found in our used boron which is B2O3 glass. When added other oxide we called glass modifier. The transition of borate glass bond formation reflects the change of superstructure units. Also, the lead borate glass Pb3O4 showing change in boron superstructure changes as lead oxide content increase. So, we have various changes in the glass system depend on the main component borate glass or other oxides which is added to it that help to give it a variety in the structure which make a development in many applications that can be useful b understanding the behavior. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) was studied to ensure the amorphous and disordered features of glass formed. The study of different optical properties such as the FTIR, UV and PL to study the amorphous nature and determine the different optical parameter. FTIR (Fourier transformer infrared) is the more effective tool to study the amorphous nature and character the absorption peaks at specific wave number for glass materials. UV (ultraviolet spectroscopy) help to have the optical properties of the glass samples by determine the optical band gap, absorption peaks, refractive index and optical conductivity. PL (Photoluminescence) to study the structure changes taking place in the glass system due to the doping concentration. The aim of the present work is to investigate the borate glass with different concentration of vanadium oxide samples have different optical properties using a variable measurement in order to analysis how the vanadium oxide can play a role on the vibrational and optical properties of borate glasses.

Experimental

Sample preparation

Glass samples with chemical composition of (50-x) B2O3 +50 Pb3O4 + X V2O5 [BPV glass system] where x= (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5) were prepared using the melt and quench method. The weighted precursors were fully mixed to get uniform compositional mixture and finely ground taken in porcelain crucibles kept inside the electric furnace for melting. The glass blends were maintained at temperature 800oC about 20 min. The prepared glasses were suddenly molded at 200oC using a stainless-steel pattern to take shape in discs form (Figure 1). The molecular weights of the different samples of BPV glass system shown in Table 1.

Sample characterization

The amorphous character of prepared glasses was confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique with Cu Kα radiation source (λ=1.54nm) Philips model (PW-1729) step size 0.02oC; time per step: 21 sec. The optical properties of the samples were also characterized using FTIR spectrometer by using a PERKIN-ELMER-1430 recording infrared spectra in the range 200 to 4000cm-1. The UV/visible spectrum of the prepared glasses using V-630 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer with doublebeam spectrophotometer have single monochromator. Silicon photodiode detectors. Range 190 to 1100 nm Fixed bandpass of 1.5 nm. High-speed scanning up to 8,000 nm/min.

Photoluminescence (PL) He Cd laser (325nm and 150mW) is directed onto the sample When the laser beam is incident on the sample, photoluminescence occurs and light is emitted from the sample at wavelengths dependent on the sample composition. The sample is oriented such that the reflected laser beam and the PL emission propagate in different directions. The emitted light is directed into a fiber optic cable and then into a spectrometer. A filter may be placed in front of the fiber input to remove any incident laser light. Inside the spectrometer, a diffraction grating diffracts different wavelengths in different directions towards an array of photo-detectors that measure the intensity of each wavelength component. The digital information is interpreted by the computer, which can display a PL spectrum. The spectrum indicates the relative intensities of light of different wavelengths entering the detector.

Results and Discussion

X-ray diffraction (XRD)

The X-ray diffraction (XRD) used to identify the crystalline phase of transparent samples. The amorphous crystalline nature of glass sample is confirmed by XRD. It gives us information of the type of our material according to the distribution of the atoms relative to each other as well as the length scale over which the crystalline order persists. The XRD pattern of the BPV glass system is shown in Figure 2. The Figure provided that the amorphous and disorder features of the BPV glass samples and confirmed the formation of the glass system. As shown in the Figure there is an only peak at 30oC which its intensity was increased by increasing V2O5 content. XRD show absence of any other sharp crystalline peaks which confirm the amorphous and noncrystalline nature of BPV glass system [8,9]. The intensity of the peak increased by increasing of V2O5 content but there is no shift in this peak and we don’t mention the intensity because we only confirmed the amorphous crystalline nature of the material and the intensity values shown in Table 2.

Infrared spectrum (FTIR)

For studying the molecular structure and dynamics of the investigated glasses, FTIR spectra were recorded between 200-4000cm-1 are shown in Figure 3. As shown in Figure 3 The glass compositions show six absorption bands and these peaks positions are assigned to various vibrational modes. The weak reflection at 545 cm-1 can be attributed to V+5 – O2- , Pb+3_ O2- the metallic content [4,10,11]. That band near (830-725 cm-1) is characteristic of Diborate linkage B_O_B inside the borate glassy network [12-14]. The stretching vibration at (1147-952 cm-1) is due to B_O_V+5 and B_O_Pb+3[13,15]. The band located around 1530 cm-1 is characteristic of anti-symmetric stretching vibration of [BO3][16]. Asymmetric stretching relaxation of B_O bonds of trigonal BO3 units at around (1741-1636 cm-1) [17,18]. The band at 3500 cm-1 is due to the vibration of H2O molecule [1,19]. The main absorption bands and the corresponding vibration modes of FTIR spectra of the studied glasses represented in Table 3.

Optical properties

Where A: is the material absorbance and d is the thickness of the material.

α shows an increasing behavior with incident photon energy as shown in Figure 5. On the other hand, it increases as vanadium content increase up to x=0.3 and then decrease for x=0.4 and =0.5. In general, the absorption coefficient for doped glass samples are higher than the undoped one. This increase in absorption coefficient make the possibility of the doped glass samples to be used as absorption layer in solar cell specially the sample x=0.3. The UV absorption band is observed to be shifted to higher wavelength by increasing of V2O5 content. BPV0.1 has more obvious peaks at λ=404.849nm and the second peak at λ=431.325nm. While BPV0.2 and BPV0.3 compact the peaks into shoulder which is located at wavelength λ=443.949nm and λ=452.546nm respectively. Then suddenly the peak changes their positions to lower wavelengths at samples BPV0.4 and BPV0.5, at BPV0.4 it shows shoulder at around wavelength λ=451.8nm and BPV0.5 shows appearance of the two peaks again at wavelengths λ=406.1nm and λ=431.2nm as shown in Figure 5. The optical absorption coefficient of the BPV glass samples for different concentration of V2O5 shown at Figure 5. The optical absorption coefficient of BPV0 at α=11.7 cm-1 then shift to higher values by increasing of V2O5 content in the glass samples firstly BPV0.1 at α=14.2 cm-1, BPV0.2 at α=14.4 cm-1, BPV0.3 at α=22.5 cm-1 then the optical absorption coefficient changes their positions again to lower values at the two samples BPV0.4 at α=18.8 cm-1 and BPV0.5 at α=14.03 cm-1. The presence of V2O5 in the glass system(50-x) B2O3 +50 Pb3O4 + X V2O5 where x= (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5) with different values content affect the particle size values and change it to very small values at x=0.3 equal 8.58 nm and then increase again at x=0.5 to 28.02 nm. The maximum absorption occur at x=0.3due to its very small particle size which give a spread area to absorb more light and enhance the absorption coefficient. The sample x=0.5 has the largest value particle size which lead to the decrease of the absorption coefficient again and become near to the value of 0.1 V2O5 as shown in Table 4.

Where α: the absorption coefficient, λ: is wavelength.

The Figure 6 shows the dependence of K on photon energy for all glass samples. It can be seen that K decrease with incident photon energy conversely the absorption coefficient whereas increase by increasing vanadium oxide content in the range of wavelength from 400-550 nm.

Which are a parameter describe the transition type. The value of n indicate the type of transition and it equals 2 or 1/2 for direct and indirect allowed transition respectively as shown in Figure 7. The calculated values of direct and indirect band gap are given in Table 5. The values of optical activation energy decrease b increasing vanadium content of direct and indirect transition which mean that the optical conductivity increase by increasing vanadium oxide content up to x=0.3.

The optical band gap has two main optical transitions (direct and indirect transitions) can be detected below and near the fundamental absorption edge. The electromagnetic waves interact with electrons in the valence band and moves to the conduction band through the fundamental gap. In the case of glass, the glass forming anions effects on the conduction band and cations play a key role in indirect band transition [28,29].

Where R is the reflectance data, and k is the extinction coefficient. The values of the refractive index of BPV glass samples increases with increase of V2O5 except BPV0.5 change in behavior. The refractive index as a function in wavelength shown in Figure 9 for all glass samples. The refractive index increase up to x=0.3 therefore the fabricated glass samples can be used as photovoltaic solar cells and optical devices.

where Eo is the single-oscillator energy (average of energy gap) and Ed the dispersion energy parameter, which measure the interband optical transition strength. Plotting νs. (hν)2 provides straight lines that intercept the y-axis at (n2―1)-1

Eo/Ed, giving a slope equal to (−1/EoEd), as shown in Figure 10a. The calculated values of Eo and Ed are presented in Table 6. The values of E0 decrease with increasing of vanadium content as we notice it has the same behavior as the optical energy gap. The value of Ed has an inverse performance which mean that dispersion energy increase by increasing of vanadium content.

The calculated λ0 and S0 values are shown in Table 6.

The study of the variation of optical dielectric constant ε\ and optical dielectric loss ε\\ with photon energy of the studied glass samples BPV system shown in Figure 11. The Figure show that the real dielectric constant stay with constant value first then start to make a hump and final sudden increase of real dielectric constant with increase of photon energy as shown in Figure 12a. The imaginary dielectric constant has the same behavior of the real one as shown in Figure 12b.

Where ε1: real dielectric constant, ε2: imaginary dielectric constant. The behavior of the physical quantities (VELF) and (SELF) decreases with increasing of photon energy as shown in Figure 13.

Photoluminescence

Photoluminescence spectrum show that the main peak around 523.6nm. The sample BPV0.4 is the higher intensity of all the samples and there is another peak around 703nm. The appearance of this peak due to deep level trap because of presence of vanadium which indicate the amount of vacancies in the samples at room temperature [6,24]. All the sample have constant acceptable vales of defect (Figure 14).

Conclusion

The BPV glass system has an amorphous and disorder features which confirmed by the result of XRD since the absence of any sharp peaks. The infrared of the glass system have various peaks which is related to different assignments like molecular weight around 3450cm-1 peak position, Asymmetric stretching relaxation of B-O bonds of trigonal BO3 units at around (1741-1636cm-1), vanadium content at 1530cm-1, Stretching vibration of B-O-V+5 and B-O-Pb+3 at around 952cm-1. The observed UV-visible absorption spectrum of BPV glass system show the п – п* electron transition band around 429-452 nm and also there is a shift to higher wavelength of the UV spectrum by increasing of vanadium oxide content. The optical band gap content in the two main optical transitions type (direct and indirect) while the refractive index of BPV glass system increased with increasing of the V2O5 content. When we study the real dielectric constant and imaginary dielectric constant, they have the same behavior which is stay constant value first then start to make hump then finally sudden increase of photon energy and the same behavior was for the optical conductivity. Finally, Photoluminescence shows the main peak at around 523.6nm and stock shift was at constant value [36].

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[cancermin]

安神驅邪的中藥-硃砂

硃砂在台灣是被禁止的中藥，先前某名醫開藥中含有硃砂，致使某議員全家中毒，結果檢驗出來之後藥粉中鉛含量超標五百多倍。

其實硃砂有毒這件事情，已經是舊聞了，許多中醫藥界的老前輩也曾經發表過相關的意見與看法。

硃砂就是硫化汞，化學式是HgS；鉛丹是四氧化三鉛，化學式是Pb3O4。風馬牛不相及，怎麼可能硃砂化學式中檢驗出來的是鉛？

說穿了其實這些病人吃的不是硃砂，是鉛丹。硃砂只是替罪羔羊而已。

【硃砂的功用？安神定魄？】

過去硃砂是中藥處方中的一個用藥，認為可以安神鎮驚，解胎毒痘毒，驅邪魅。

這其實最早是因為古代的道士畫符時使用硃砂，後來發現將其畫符後對於一些癲狂的精神病患者有安定情緒的作用，於是後來便沿用在中醫的藥物中。

但其實這個安神的作用，在現代藥學研究領域中我們知道，這源自於汞本身的神經毒性，它會阻礙神經傳導的效率，進而達到安神定魄的成效。

現代生物研究中也發現硫化汞有增加動物睡眠時間的臨床效果，所以古代人將硃砂視為安神��物，用以治療失眠多夢其來有自。

講直接一點就是，讓你的腦子跟神經反應速度變慢，相對的人就不會發神經了。

老師，原來這個安神定魄的效果是這樣子來的，把人搞到中毒，然後神經跟大腦跑不快，然後還以為病就好了？這不是很白癡的想法嗎？

其實西藥目前的研究也是這概念，用很多其他的方式讓你的腦子跟神經反應變慢，然後就說這是解方了。兩者相較，基本上沒有甚麼不同，也沒有比較高明。

【硃砂的製程影響甚鉅】

古代在硃砂的製成上，多用水飛法，也就是說以水相加，慢速研磨，這樣子不斷以水降低研磨的熱度，便不會因為製成的過程中因為加熱而使得化學式產生變化。

其實汞本身雖然具有毒性，但是硫化汞本身的化學式相當穩定，生物灌食實驗中發現，灌食硫化汞（HgS）並不會對生物臟體造成大量累積，因為其不易解離的特性，使得它在腸道的吸收率相對不佳。

但是當硫化汞如果經過了加熱，會使得原先的化學式中HgS的「硫Ｓ」被加熱燃燒，使得原先的化學式成為了Hg與氧結合，或成為了游離汞Hg+，這兩種化學成分都容易於消化道進入人體，並沉積在大腦與中樞神經中，影響神經活動，並阻礙神經傳導速度。

基本上古代的藥物觀念不清，也曾經造成了很多藥物意外事件，例如知名的唐太宗，在文獻中記載他患有「足太陰痰厥頭病」。也就是類似於現代的眩暈症。貞觀二十二年（648年）王玄策攻打北天竺的時候，吃了那邏爾沙婆寐的「靈藥」之後，記載他「俄而大漸」，也就是突然就暴斃死掉；當時的御醫趕來了，也不知從何急救，立即死亡，此事記載在唐史都處傳中。其實很明顯的就是急性藥物中毒。

估計有可能是因為是藥中可能含有硃砂或是雄黃鍛火後造成的化學式變化形成的問題，例如「傷寒雜病論」中也記載了「雄黃近火，毒如砒。」實際上雄黃跟硃砂近火皆毒砒，雄黃的化學式是As2S3，加熱後就變成三氧化二砷（As2O3）或As2O2，也就是古代的「鶴頂紅」或是「砒霜」。

事實上中國歷代的皇帝中，吃錯藥死掉的還不少，��機會再來寫一寫。

【為甚麼硃砂會被禁？】

衛福部過去在94年便禁止使用硃砂了，事實上在明令禁止硃砂使用之前，當年的行政院衛生署中醫藥委員會還曾委請台大醫學院毒理學研究所進行研究，特別針對硫化汞（硃砂）影響神經的機制後進行了研究，發現口服硫化汞的神經毒性是可逆的，也就是停藥後便可慢慢恢復。且硫化汞（Mgs）的毒性僅為甲基汞（(CH3)Hg+）的千分之一以下。

都是汞，為甚麼用甲基汞來做比對咧？因為無機汞經由微生物作用下多轉化甲基汞，比較有指標性意義。

也就是說，如果正確的使用硃砂（硫化汞），其實是相當安全的藥物，但是即便研究報告是這樣子寫，最後還是被禁了，原因是什麼呢？

因為那是人性跟智商的問題。

約在父執輩的那個年代，硃砂還沒被禁的時候，一斤就要4-5000元，那個時候鉛丹一斤只要50元上下。

殺頭生意有人做，賠錢生意沒人幹。

我們知道有利可圖，就會有違法的事情出現，特別是有暴利的時候。

另外就是，很多中醫藥從業人員或藥商與藥房的基礎化學知識與藥學知識欠缺，常常沒有基礎的涵養，例如古代認為，火斷後的藥物性轉溫補，所以有很多製成的藥物後面會在加上火鍛的工序，那麼沒毒也會變成有毒了。

最後還有一個問題，就是消費者本身如果沒有基礎的藥物概念概念，然後有很多病人常常自己當醫生，不照時間服用藥物就算了，拿著抓好配好的藥方自行拿去加熱，就算沒毒也會變成有毒了。

綜合以上的幾個問題，我們知道，其實被禁也是在情理之內。

【中藥西藥本身都有毒】

我常常聽到人家說：「中醫的效果比較慢，比較固根本。」

其實說實話，這都是觀念不清的錯誤說法；吃藥的時間越長，我們越難控制多種藥物本身在身體內部累積的劑量。

其實黃帝內經對於中藥的紀載文字是「毒藥」。也就是說古代中醫就認為，其實藥本身就是毒，劑量多寡與服用的時間影響巨大，神農本草經中還將其分上中下三品，將其可服用的毒性與服用時間作為分類概念。

所以沒有甚麼中藥比較不毒，西藥比較毒這種東西。

「毒理學之父」帕拉賽瑟斯（Paracelsus, 1493~1541）就說過：「所有的化學物質都有毒，世界上沒有不毒的化學物質；但是依使用劑量的多寡，可將其區分為毒��或藥物。」

所以在毒物學的觀點中，中毒最關鍵的在於累積的劑量。

另外中藥草還有在種植時受到環境汙染的問題，也就是你的藥草可能被旁邊的重金屬汙染，除了本來的療效，你也順便吃到重金屬一起被毒倒了。

這也是為甚麼西方的藥廠已經放棄直接使用藥草進行藥物研製的原因之一。

也不是說有毒就都不用，有毒的意義在於，它的作用效果大又明顯，例如女生上醫美診所常打的「肉毒桿菌毒素」（botulinum toxin），是由肉毒桿菌所產生的一種神經毒蛋白。在毒理學上它的毒性被歸類為超越劇毒的「超級毒」，在動物實驗中只要0.01微克∕公斤的劑量，就會使半數的動物死亡。

但是我們可以將其應用在臉部的皺紋、甚至於斜視、顏面痙攣、斜頸等病人上。

在中國大陸的中醫藥處方中，硃砂與附子等有毒藥物，是國家管制的中藥品，製程與使用都有規定，臨床上也需要醫院的主管簽核才能使用，也是希望不因噎廢食。

最後還是回歸到一個點，很多毒品基本上過去都是藥物，因為藥物濫用而最後變成的毒品，追根究柢就是人性的問題。

絕大多數的醫藥從業人員都是很愛惜自己的羽毛，但藥商需要秉持良心做事，也需要進修基礎的藥物與生物學知識。

硃砂本身真的只是一個替罪羔羊而已。

【作者為中醫博士．於對岸執業，兩岸三地間教學多年，內文為診間與教室內的心得紀錄。】

------------------------------------------------------------

．礦物類中藥材安全性制定之前導研究-市售朱砂之藥理機制研究 Studies on hte guidelines for safty regualtions on the Chinese mineral druge- The pharmacological effects and mechanism of cinnabar(HgS compound). 1999

．De gradibus et compositionibus receptorum naturalim, 1526.

．新編中藥大辭典　新文豐出版社 1982

．李時珍．本草綱目　人民衛生出版社 1957

．中藥毒理學　啟業書局 1989

．神農本草經　商務印書館 1955

．《舊唐書·郝處俊傳》載，唐太宗李世民「服胡僧長生藥，遂致暴疾不救。」「時議者歸罪於胡人，將申顯戮，又恐取笑夷狄，法遂不行。」

[ukiyoe-reproduction]

https://youtu.be/6hhfD-G1NkE

Introducing of Red Lead "鉛丹en-tan".

"According to the literatures of the Meiji era, en-tan had been  made by mixing of lead and alum or saltpeter , and heating .Probably the manufacturing method of the Edo period is also that method.

This paint has the property of turning black over time, so its use  on a print often be visible to the naked eye. (You can see an example in the picture below.)

It is said that bengala(red iron oxide), vermillion, and Lead Tan were often mixed with safflower red in the edo period.I would like to investigate the regularity and rules of those red  colors mixing in the future."

Special Thanks: KoujiSugahara and Yousuke Suemitsu

Note: Red lead(en-tan) is an oxide of lead made from the Greek and Roman times.

Red Lead  / Chemical Formula Pb3O4

According to the literature of the first half of the 18th century, the production areas are Senshu Sakai and other Osaka, and the literature of the beginning of the 20th century also states that "it's exclusively manufactured in Sakai City  ".

So it can be seen that it had been carried out  around Sakai in Japan from ancient times.

The purpose of adding saltpeter and alum is to accelerate oxidation, but it seems that there were cases where it was not added depending on the manufacturing method.

Reference:

・「万金産業袋 6巻」

三宅也来[他]

1732

・「西洋百工新書. 外編」　

宮崎柳条 編

1876

・「On Japanese pigments」

Takamatsu Toyokichi

1878

・「化學工業全書. 第7卷」

高松豐吉, 丹波敬三, 田原良純 編

1901

・「絵の具製造法」

矢野道也

1904

（↓Example of the color changing of en-tan. You can see that at the upper left side of the photo.This is close look of “Mashiba Hisayoshi,acter Bandou Hikosaburo” , painted by Utagawa Kunisada, published in 1863, from my private collection. ）

[doctoralerts]

Is It Safe To Apply Kohl (Kajal, Surma) In Newborn Baby's Eyes?

Is It Safe To Apply Kohl (Kajal, Surma) In Newborn Baby’s Eyes?

Is It Safe To Apply Kajal (Kohl, Surma) In Baby’s Eyes? Kajal for Babies Eyes: Is It Safe? Introduction

Commercially available Kajal comprises of galena (PbS), minium (Pb3O4), amorphous carbon, magnetite (Fe3O4), and zincite (ZnO). Therefore, kajal contain high levels of lead.

Indian homemade kajal is prepared by combining the soot from oil lamps with ghee or castor oil i.e. Homemade Kajal is…

[derler28]

Kurşun Oksit

Kurşun oksit, optik camlarda, elektrik endüstrisi camlarında ve mutfak gereçlerinde yaygın olarak kullanılır. Kurşun oksit, camın kırılma indisini yükseltir. Bu kristal camının pırıltılı olmasının bir nedenidir. Aynı zamanda camın elle şekillendirilmesini daha kolay hâle getirir, ergime sıcaklığını düşürür, çalışma aralığını genişletir ve kesme, parlatma işlemleri için daha yumuşak bir cam oluşturur. Bunun sonucunda; kristal cam adı verilen ve ışığı çok iyi yansıtan parlak cam elde edilir. Aracı oksitlerden biridir. Kurşun oksidin cam içinde özel bir durumu vardır. Sadece PbO ve SiO2’den oluşan ikili sistemlerde çok yüksek oranlarda (yaklaşık % 80 mol) PbO içeren camlar kolayca oluşturulabilir. Kurşun iyonlarının silis tetrahedralarının köşe oksijenleri arasında köprü oluşturacak camın ağ yapısına katılabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu, camın daha düşük sıcaklıklarda ergitilmesini ve rahat işlenebilmesini sağlar. Genellikle kırmızı kurşun (Pb3O4) formunda temin edilir. Kırmızı kurşun toz hâlinde bir maddedir ve bu madde ile işlem yapılırken veya taşınırken son derece dikkatli olunmalıdır. Kurşun oksit aynı zamanda kurşun monosilikat olarak ön üretimi yapılmış hâlde de temin edilebilir. Tipik bir kompozisyon %85 PbO, %15 SiO2 içerir. Litarj (PbO)’da aynı zamanda bir kurşun kaynağı olarak kullanılmaktadır.

Cam yapımında kurşun oksidin ana kaynağı kırmızı kurşundur fakat litarj ve kurşun silikatlar da kullanılır. Kırmızı kurşun, kurşunun Pb3O4 formül yapısına sahip oksit bileşiğidir. PbO formuna kıyasla daha fazla oksit içermektedir ve bu, cam yapımında elverişli bir durumdur. Kırmızı kurşun, ergimiş kurşunun kontrollü şekilde oksidasyonu ile elde edilir. Sağlık sorunlar yaratabilir, toksiktir ve ince tane iriliği nedeni ile havada toz hâlinde kalma eğilimindedir ve nakil araçlarına, giysilere bulaşabilir. Tozuma problemini önlemek için, kırmızı kurşunun yağ ile nemlendirilmesi yoluna gidilebilir. Litarj kurşunun sarı renkli ve PbO formül yapısın sahip oksijen bileşiğidir. Kurşun silikatlar, kurşunla silisin oluşturduğu bileşiklerdir ve çok çeşitli kimyasal pozisyonlarda bulunabilirler. Tribazik kurşun silikat 3PbO.SiO2’dir. Kurşun monosilikat PbO.SiO2 ve 2PbO.SiO2 karışımıdır. Bu kurşun silikatlar granüle yapıdadır ve tozumaları kırmızı kurşuna kıyasla çok daha azdır. Ergime sıcaklıkları düşüktür ve kırmızı kurşuna oranla fırın atmosferine daha az kayıp verdikleri bilinmektedir. Belli ölçüde kristal cam yapımında kullanılmıştır.

[lazilytoofury-blog]

鉛板中鉛泄漏采取正確應對措施

　　1、應該切斷火源。戴好防毒面具，穿好一般消防防護服。用潔淨的鏟子收集於干燥淨潔有蓋的��器中，用水泥、瀝青或適當的熱塑性材料固化處理再廢棄。如大量泄漏，收集回收或無害處理後廢棄。 　　鉛板 　　2、當水體受到污染時，可采用中和法處理，即投加石灰乳調節pH到7、5，使鉛以氫氧化鉛形式沉澱而從水中轉入污泥中。用機械攪拌可加速澄鉛條清，淨化效果為80%~96%，處理後的水鉛濃度為0、37~0、40mg/L、而污泥再做進一步的無害化處理。對於受鉛污染的土壤，可加石灰、磷肥等改良劑，降低土壤中鉛的活性，減少作物對鉛的吸收。 　　①對於泄漏的PbCl4和Pb(ClO4)2，應戴好防毒面具等全部防護用品。用干砂土混合，分小批倒至大量水中，經稀釋的污水放入廢水系統。 　　②對於泄漏的PbO、四甲(乙)基鉛和Pb3O4，應戴好防毒面具等全部防護用品。鉛板用干砂土混合後倒至空曠地掩埋；污染地面用肥皂或洗滌劑刷洗，經稀釋的污水放入廢水系統。 　　③對於泄漏的PbF2，應戴好防毒面具等全部防護用品。在泄漏物上撒上純堿；被污染的地面用水衝洗，經稀釋的污水放入廢水系統。 　　④對於泄漏的Pb(BrO3)2、PbO2和Pb(NO3)2，應戴好防毒面具等全部防護用品。被污染的要面用水衝洗，經稀釋的污水放入廢水系統。 　　⑤對於泄漏的烷基鉛，用不燃性分散劑制成乳液刷洗。如無分散劑可用砂土吸收，倒至空曠地方掩埋；被污染的地面用肥皂或洗滌劑刷洗，無鉛焊錫經稀釋的污水放入廢水系統。

[redleadsuppliersinbangalore]

Red Lead Suppliers in India | alloy company in Bangalore - Ever shine Smelting Alloy Pvt Ltd

Red Lead is a bright red to orange, red powder which is utilized as a part of influencing Lead to glass and red colors; paint made with Red Lead is generally used to shield iron and steel from rusting. Artificially, Red Lead will be Lead tetra oxide, Pb3O4, a water-insoluble aggravate that is set up by the oxidation of metallic Lead or of litharge (Lead monoxide). The business item in sometimes  contains litharge as a polluting influence.

 Red Lead preliminary is one of the most established and most ordinarily utilized against erosion colors connected to metal surfaces. Orange-red in shading, Red Lead frames the prime coat for the vast majority of the biggest extensions on the planet. Red Lead Suppliers in India is additionally utilized as groundwork for the vast majority of the unpredictable steel structures of structures worked in the twentieth century. Impervious to try and salt water, Red Lead was generously connected to the structures and decks of a large number of boats. Ordinarily, 85% Red (Lead focus = 85%) was connected to these steel surfaces. Afterward, Red Lead preliminaries containing as much as 95% to 98% Lead were utilized.

 Red Lead Suppliers in Bangalore is for all intents and purposes insoluble in water and liquor. Be that as it may, it is solvent in hydrochloric corrosive present in stomach, thusly it is poisonous when ingested. It breaks up in hydrochloric corrosive, cold acidic corrosive, and weakened blend of nitric corrosive and hydrogen peroxide.

 Red Lead is utilized to a specific degree in the earthenware production and glass, paints and colors and explosives enterprises.

 Our assembling plant for Red Lead have a Barton plant as the initial step to create messicoat. The required info is refined Lead ingots of least 99.97% immaculateness. The Barton plant yield is steered to Red Lead heater with their hardware in conjunction with a residue gathering plant, transports, processor and violent wind sack house filtration unit courses of action, coming full circle in a pressing and capacity module.

Characteristics

·         Chemical Formula-Pb3O4

·         Molecular Weight-686

·         Color-Red / Orange as Powder

·         Gravity-9.35 – 9.45 microns

·         Density-19 – 25 g/cc

·         Melting Point-500oC (Decomposes)

·         Solubility-Insoluble in Water & Alcohol

Applications: Red Lead is used in a wide range area

·         Red Lead is used or utilized in battery manufacture (for Battery Plates)

·         Red Lead is also used for manufacturing of Ceramics and Anti-Acid coatings.

·         Red Lead is used for the protection of ferrous metal surfaces as a Primer.

·         Red Lead is used as week oxidizer in chemical industry.

http://evershinealloy.com/red-lead.php

mahaeshine@gmail.com

+91 9845599900

[eevershinealloy]

Lead Sub Oxide Bangalore - Ever shine Smelting Alloy Pvt Ltd

There are three oxides of Lead with business applications:

Lead Sub-Oxide (2PbO.Pb.H2O), otherwise called Gray/Lead Oxide,

Litharge (PbO)

Red Lead Oxide (Pb3O4) or Lead Orthoplumbate.

The company gives comprehensive (off the shelf) solutions for the manufacturing of each of the three Lead Oxides normally named as Lead Sub Oxide (Gray Oxide/Battery Oxide), Red Lead Oxide (Lead Tetra Oxide) and Litharge Oxide with the required procedure inputs.

Sub Oxide/Gray Oxide Plant

Grey Oxide is utilized on a extensive scale for planning of plates in Lead Acid Batteries which requires production to strict determinations .Refined Lead (99.97% virtue) ingots are the required input for our LSO manufacturing plant, which utilizes the ball process. It involves a little Lead Melting Furnace, operating in accordance with a hemispherical ball-casting machine, which bolsters the balls to the ball mill .In the ball mill  process, Lead is converted to Lead Sub Oxide Suppliers in Bangalore, in an exothermic procedure, in states of a kept up temperature scope of 135-145 degrees centigrade and consistent wind stream. The Gray Oxide is reaped through a high proficiency violent wind, sack house filtration unit and acceptance draft fan game plan. It is in a grey powder form. The desired particle size and free Lead content is guaranteed through appropriate plant arrangement and exact control of ID Fan suction .The plant provided by Gravita can deliver up to 350 work estimate LSO powder, be designed for any coveted creation limit and finish with the required accessories and material handling systems.

LSO Typical Specifications

ATTRIBUTE : COMPOSITION

Color : Blackish to Greenish Gray

Gem Structure: Tetragonal

Spot:     1.4 - 1.6

Retention on 63 micron (max%):6

Retention on 325 work %):          8

Water Absorption mg/gm):        110-120

Corrosive Absorption mg/gm):  160-200

Free Lead (% Max):         25-40

Lead Monoxide (%):       60-75

Ever shine Smelting Alloy Pvt Ltd. is profoundly engaged with manufacturing a world class cluster of Pure Lead. These items are known for accurate composition and and cost-adequacy.

http://evershinealloy.com/leadoxide.php

mahaeshine@gmail.com

+91 9845599900

[leadsuppliersinbangalore]

Alloy company, Red Lead Alloy Suppliers in Bangalore - Ever shine Smelting Alloy Pvt Ltd

Ever shine smelting alloy pvt Ltd is one of the Renowned Red Lead manufacturers in Karnataka, India that is efficiently successful for the past two decades in this line of production and extending a wide array of high quality Red Lead chemically called Lead Tetra Oxide (Pb3O4).

The Red Lead powder that we manufacture is reddish orange in color and finds its widespread application as raw material in storage batteries, Apart from this Red Lead forms the base for the manufacture of positive plates and tubular plates in Storage Batteries. Being a well Renowned Red Lead Alloy Suppliers in Bangalore Karnataka.

Red Lead is orange red powder. Red Lead is a Lead Oxide contains approximating Pb3O4. Commercially Red Lead contains varying amounts of Lead Monoxide (PbO). It is soluble in Nitric Acid (HNO3) and hot Alkali. Red Lead Alloy is stored in a dry place and must keep away from heat, sunlight and fire.

Applications: Red Lead is used in a wide range area

. Red Lead is used or utilized in battery manufacture (for Battery Plates)

. Red Lead is also used for manufacturing of Ceramics and Anti-Acid coatings.

. Red Lead is used for the protection of ferrous metal surfaces as a Primer.

. Red Lead is used as week oxidizer in chemical industry.

Characteristics

Chemical Formula-Pb3O4

Molecular Weight-686

Color-Red / Orange as Powder

Gravity-9.35 – 9.45 microns

Density-19 – 25 g/cc

Melting Point-500oC (Decomposes)

Solubility-Insoluble in Water & Alcohol

http://www.evershinealloy.com

http://www.evershinealloy.com/red-lead.php

mahaeshine@gmail.com

9845599900

[ubongeh]

Health effect of Lead paint; symptoms and how to identify lead paint

Health effect of Lead paint; symptoms and how to identify lead paint

Lead paint is a kind of paint which contains lead compound. Lead are commonly used as pigment in paint in the form of: lead(II) chromate (PbCrO4, “chrome yellow”), Lead(II,IV) oxide, (Pb3O4, “red lead”), and lead(II) carbonate (PbCO3, “white lead”) to speed up drying, increase durability, maintain a fresh appearance, and resist moisture that causes corrosion. Lead is one of the main health…

[donbon]

Several Applications of Lead Oxide

Lead oxide is a term that can be either litharge lead tetra oxide, lead monoxide, and gray/black oxide. The color of lead oxide is generally red and its crystal is opaque in tetragonal shape and it is generally well striated.

The lead oxide reacts with silica and forms low melting lead silicates of deep character and high gloss. It is the heaviest oxide present in nature and  in incredible colors (red, black, yellow). It also has flow characteristic (viscosity- in a molten state) and also has blemish healing.

Lead is often used with boric oxide to improve crazing problems and the solution is resistance to chemical attack.

The lead oxide is used in many different types of industries. In this article, I am going to mention some of the applications of lead oxide.

Lead oxide in batteries: This is the most prominent application where the lead oxide is used. Oxides required for battery application is again divided into three categories.

Stationary batteries: This type of batteries are called as stand up batteries and are widely used in case of main power supply failures in telecom networks, hospitals, small industries, computer installations, power stations etc. Lead oxide (Pb3O4) is commonly used in such type of batteries.

SLI batteries: SLI stands for Starting, Lighting, and Ignition. It is widely used in vehicles that have lead acid battery uses and it requires 5-6 kg of lead oxide in its production.

Traction batteries: It is designed for multiple charge and discharge cycle. Lead oxide is used in a great amount for the manufacturing of such batteries. These batteries are used to supply power to a forklift truck, golf cart etc.

Lead oxide in glass: Leaded glass contains near about 26-28 percent of lead oxide. The presence of lead oxide improves the density and clarity of the glass. It is also present in television tube which helps in absorbing harmful radiation. Optical fibers are also depended on lead oxide to increase the refractive index. It is also used in x-ray protection glasses.

Lead oxides in ceramics: It has been used in glazes and enamels. It enhances the color, thermal and wears properties of coatings.

Lead oxides in PVC: It is used as lead stabilizers in the processing of PVC. The presence of lead in stabilizers improves the thermal stability of PVC, improves electrical and UV resistance properties and allows high-temperature processing.

Lead oxide also has an important market in the industries like dry colors, soaps, and lead chemicals industries.

So, friends, these are some of the areas where lead oxides are widely used. If you have any doubt, please mention it in the comment section below.

[bisakimia]

Jual Pb3O4 ( Timbal Tetraoksida )

Jual Pb3O4 ( Timbal Tetraoksida )

Pb3O4 merupakan senyawa anorganik yang terdiri dari Pb (timbal) dan O (oksigen). Pb3O4 ini berwarna kekuningan dan fisiknya padahatan. bentuk kristalnya ialah seperti dibawah ini.

(more…)

[redleadsuppliersinbangalore]

Alloy company, Red Lead Alloy Suppliers in Bangalore | Ever shine Smelting Alloy Pvt Ltd

Red Lead (Pb304) is soft orange and red colored powder. It is a helpful element for the capacity battery, glass and artistic industry and it involves a vital place in the Paint Industry for its rust inhibiting character. It is for all intents and purposes insoluble in water and liquor. In any case, it is solvent in the hydrochloric acid present in the stomach, in this way it is lethal when ingested. It breaks up in hydrochloric acid, cold acidic acid, and a weakened blend of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide.

RED LEAD

Red Lead is utilized to a specific degree in the pottery and glass, paints and shades and explosives businesses. Waldies Griffin mark Red Lead Non-Setting is an exceptionally predominant quality item and is the market pioneer.

Ever shine smelting alloy pvt Ltd is one of the Renowned Red Lead manufacturers in Karnataka, India that is effectively fruitful for as far back as two decades in this line of creation and broadening a wide exhibit of fantastic, Red Lead Alloy Suppliers in Bangalore, Red Lead chemically called Lead Tetra Oxide (Pb3O4). The Red Lead powder that we produce is reddish orange in shading and discovers its far reaching application as crude material away batteries, Apart from this Red Lead forms the base for the fabricate of positive plates and tubular plates in Storage Batteries. Being a very much Renowned Red Lead Manufacturers Karnataka.

Red Lead is orange red powder. Red Lead Supplies in Bangalore is a Lead Oxide contains approximating Pb3O4. Financially Red Lead contains varying measures of Lead Monoxide (PbO). It is dissolvable in Nitric Acid (HNO3) and hot Alkali. Red Lead is put away in a dry place and should avoid warmth, daylight and fire.

The material specifications of both Red Lead Ordinary and Red Lead Nonsetting are accessible in the datasheets joined previously.

http://evershinealloy.com/red-lead.php

mahaeshine@gmail.com

+91 9845599900

[redleadsuppliersinbangalore]

Alloy company, Red Lead Alloy Suppliers in Bangalore - Ever shine Smelting Alloy Pvt Ltd

Ever shine smelting alloy pvt Ltd is one of the Renowned Red Lead manufacturers in Karnataka, India that is efficiently successful for the past two decades in this line of production and extending a wide array of high quality Red Lead chemically called Lead Tetra Oxide (Pb3O4).

The Red Lead powder that we manufacture is reddish orange in color and finds its widespread application as raw material in storage batteries, Apart from this Red Lead forms the base for the manufacture of positive plates and tubular plates in Storage Batteries. Being a well Renowned Red Lead Alloy Suppliers in Bangalore Karnataka.

Red Lead is orange red powder. Red Lead is a Lead Oxide contains approximating Pb3O4. Commercially Red Lead contains varying amounts of Lead Monoxide (PbO). It is soluble in Nitric Acid (HNO3) and hot Alkali. Red Lead Alloy is stored in a dry place and must keep away from heat, sunlight and fire.

Applications: Red Lead is used in a wide range area

. Red Lead is used or utilized in battery manufacture (for Battery Plates)

. Red Lead is also used for manufacturing of Ceramics and Anti-Acid coatings.

. Red Lead is used for the protection of ferrous metal surfaces as a Primer.

. Red Lead is used as week oxidizer in chemical industry.

Characteristics

Chemical Formula-Pb3O4

Molecular Weight-686

Color-Red / Orange as Powder

Gravity-9.35 – 9.45 microns

Density-19 – 25 g/cc

Melting Point-500oC (Decomposes)

Solubility-Insoluble in Water & Alcohol

http://www.evershinealloy.com

http://www.evershinealloy.com/red-lead.php

mahaeshine@gmail.com

9845599900